03‐09‐2019

Fluid Flow‐Some more basics

Some Math
Del Operator:

Laplacian Operator:

Gradient:

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More Math
Vector Gradient:

Divergence:

Directional Derivative:

Navier-Stokes Equation
Set of non-linear partial differential
equations that describe fluid flow

Very difficult equation to solve

Also used to model weather patterns, ocean

currents, and airflow around objects

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Navier stokes equation

• For a small fluid element rate of change of
momentum (Newton’s second law)

• The various forces acting on this element are

– Body forces
– Surface forces

Surface forces

  yx 
 yx  y  y   x z
 
Y

 xx y z  xx

 xx   x   y z
X  x 

Z
 yx x z

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Formulating The
Forces
• Net forces along X direction

(Normal stress) (Shear stress)

(Body force)

So combining the force and acceleration terms we  
get :

For x direction
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Navier-Stokes Fluid Dynamics

Velocity field u, Pressure field p
 Viscosity v, density d (constants)
 External force f

Navier-Stokes Equation:

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Continuity
Equation
• Continuity equation for incompressible flow.

– Here u is velocity vector
– The differential form is

Navier-Stokes Equation
Derived from momentum conservation condition
4 Components:
 Advection/Convection
 Diffusion (damping)
 Pressure
 External force (gravity, etc)

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Understanding Terms

Advection term :

Diffusion term :  

Pressure term :  

Body force term :

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Mass Conservation Condition

Velocity field u has zero divergence
 Net mass change of any sub-region is 0
 Flow in == flow out

 Incompressible fluid

Comes from continuum assumption

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Change in Velocity

Derivative of velocity with respect to 
time

Change in velocity, or acceleration
 So this equation models acceleration of 
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fl id

Advection Term
Change in
Velocity

Advection term
 Force exerted on a particle
of fluid by the other particles
of fluid surrounding it
 How the fluid “pushes 
itself around”

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Diffusion Term
Change in
Velocity Advection

Viscosity constant     controls velocity diffusion

Essentially, this term describes how fluid motion 
is damped

Highly viscous fluids stick together
 Like maple syrup

Low‐viscosity fluids flow freely
 Gases have low viscosity

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Pressure Term
Change in
Velocity Advection Diffusion

Pressure follows a diffusion process
 Fluid moves from high‐pressure
areas to low‐pressure areas p=0 p=1

Moving == velocity Time…

 So fluid moves in direction of
largest change in pressure p = 0.5
 This direction is the gradient

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Body Force

Change in
Velocity Advection Diffusion Pressure

Body force term represents external 
forces that act on the fluid
 Gravity
 Wind
 Etc…

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Summary

Change in
Velocity Advection Diffusion Pressure

Add mass conservation (1 liter in == 1 liter out) 
constraint: 

Need to simulate these equations…

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Navier-Stokes Equation

Rate Change in Viscous

Momentum Density Term
Body
Pressure Gradient Forces

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Application of Navier Stoke

Equation
• It is used in pipe flow problems.
• Parallel plate fluid flow is also solved using this  
equation.
• Boundary layer equations are derived using
navier‐stokes.

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Incompressible Euler Equations

self-advection forces

incompressible

(Navier-Stokes without viscosity)

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Navier-Stokes equations for Newtonian

fluid
Continuity equation for incompressible flow:

Navier‐Stokes equation for incompressible flow :  
In x‐ direction:

In y‐ direction

In z‐ direction:

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Parallel Plate
Flow
From continuity equation

Assuming h<<<<L
Assuming 2D ,w=0
Assuming fully developed ,
V=Vwall=0

Y‐momentum equation

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Parallel Plate
Flow
• As V=0
We get P=P0–ρgy
• Now for this is not a function of y.
• X‐momentum eqn:

The flow being fully developed,steady,2‐D and V=0;gx =0 we get

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Parallel Plate
Flow
• The LHS is not a function of y but u is only a
function of y.
• For the equation to hold both have to be
independently constant.
• Integrating the equation and setting the  
boundary condition v(0)=v(h)=0 , we get

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Momentum Conservation
From Newton' s second law : Force  (mass)(acceleration)
Consider a small element xyz as shown below.
The element experiences an acceleration
    
DV  V V V V 
m   ( x y z )  u v w 
Dt  t x y z 
y as it is under the action of various forces:
normal stresses, shear stresses, and gravitational force.

x   yx 
z  yx  y  y   x z
 

 xx y z   xx 
  xx   x   y z
 x 
 yx x z

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Momentum Balance (cont.)

Net force acting along the x-direction:
 xx  
 x y z  yx  x y z  zx  x y z   g x x y z
x x x

Normal stress Shear stresses (note: zx: shear stress Body force
acting on surfaces perpendicular to the z-
axis, not shown in previous slide)

The differential momentum equation along the x-direction is

 xx  yx  zx  u u u u 
    gx     u v w 
x x x  t x y z 
similar equations can be derived along the y & z directions

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Euler’s Equations
For an inviscid flow, the shear stresses are zero and the normal stresses
are simply the pressure:   0 for all shear stresses,  xx   yy   zz   P
P  u u u u 
   gx     u v w 
x  t x y z 
Similar equations for y & z directions can be derived
P  v v v v 
  gy     u  v w 
y  t x y z 
P  w w w w 
   gz    u v w
z  t x y z 

Note: Integration of the Euler’s equations along a streamline will give rise to the
Bernoulli’s equation.

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Navier and Stokes Equations

For a viscous flow, the relationships between the normal/shear stresses and the rate of
deformation (velocity field variation) can be determined by making a simple assumption.
That is, the stresses are linearly related to the rate of deformation (Newtonian fluid). (see
chapter 5-4.3) The proportional constant for the relation is the dynamic viscosity of the
fluid (). Based on this, Navier and Stokes derived the famous Navier-Stokes equations:

 u u u u  P   2u  2u  2u 
 u v w    gx    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  P  2v 2v 2v 
 u v w    gy    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  P  2 w 2 w 2 w 
 u v w        2  2  2 
z 
g
 t x y z  x y z 
z

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