Step-by-Step Pushover Analysis Using CSiBridge

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
USING CSIBRIDGE
WSP CANADA | VANCOUVER, BC
QI ZHANG, M.A.Sc., EIT
OCTOBER 25, 2018

INTRODUCTION ........................................................ 1
TABLE OF EXAMPLE 1: PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF A
CONTENTS HOLLOW SECTION RC COLUMN ................................. 2
Step 1: Open CSiBridge Advanced Version ........................... 3
Step 2: Define Materials ......................................................... 3
Step 3: Define Frame Sections............................................... 5
Step 4: Define the Structure ................................................... 8
Step 5: Define Fiber Hinges ................................................... 8
Step 6: Assign Fiber Hinge to Frame...................................... 9
Step 7: Define Dead Loads ...................................................10
Step 8: Define Lateral Loads .................................................11
Step 9: Output Results ..........................................................13
EXAMPLE 2: PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF A WELL
CONFINED SOLID RC COLUMN ................................. 16
Step 1: Open CSiBridge Advanced Version ..........................17
Step 2: Define Materials ........................................................17
Step 3: Define Frame Sections..............................................17
Step 4: Define the Structure ..................................................19
Step 5: Define Fiber Hinges ..................................................19
Step 6: Assign Fiber Hinge to Frame.....................................19
Step 7: Define Dead Loads ...................................................19
Step 8: Define Lateral Loads .................................................20
Step 9: Output Results ..........................................................20
REFERENCE ................................................................ 24
STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

Presented by: Qi Zhang, EIT (Qi.Zhang@wsp.com) October 2018
WSP CANADA GROUP LIMITED Page i
INTRODUCTION
This document is intended for engineers who may not have performed the pushover functionality using
fiber elements to obtain damage states (code defined material strain limits) in CSiBridge software.
The document presents two examples of pushover analyses that are validated against testing results. The
first example is a hollow circular section concrete column tested at the EUCentre in Pavia, Italy. Details of
the column and the testing program can be found in Petrini et al. (2008). In this example, an unconfined
concrete model is used, since the confinement effect is minimal for the hollow section. The second example
is a well confined solid circular section. The column was tested at UC Berkeley by Lehman and Moehle
(2000). In this second example, a Mander confined concrete model is used for core concrete and an
unconfined concrete model is used for cover concrete.
The two examples use fiber elements to model the nonlinearity. Compared with concentrated plastic hinge
modeling (e.g. Caltrans hinge), fiber elements generate more accurate results as they simulate the
propagation of the nonlinear effects over the cross-section and along its length. A concentrated plasticity
model is illustrated in Figure 1. In this model, the plasticity is concentrated and represented by cross section
moment curvature. A fiber model is illustrated in Figure 2, which explicitly simulates different materials at
different locations. Material strains can be directly obtained from a fiber based model, not a concentrated
plastic hinge model.
In the presented examples, measured material properties (e.g. yielding strength) from coupon testing are
used without applying any factors from the design code. When using the Canadian Highway Bridge
Design Code, engineers need to apply appropriate factors depending on the analysis purpose (e.g.
expected resistance factors for extensive and probable replacement performance levels).
Figure 1: Concentrated Plastic Hinge Model Figure 2: Fiber Model

Presenter: Qi Zhang, M.A.Sc., EIT (Qi.Zhang@wsp.com) October 2018
WSP CANADA GROUP LIMITED Page 1
EXAMPLE 1: PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF A HOLLOW SECTION RC COLUMN
Experimental results by Petrini et al. 2008 and CSiBridge prediction

Step 1: Open CSiBridge Advanced Version
Step 2: Define Materials
Go to Components---Material
Properties
Define Concrete Material
C39. Modulus of Elasticity:
27,325 MPa; Expected
Concrete Compressive
Strength: 39 MPa. Note that
CSiBridge pushover analysis
only uses the concrete strength
defined in Expected Concrete
Strength. The Specified
Concrete Compressive
Strength is used for non-
seismic design, which is set to
be 1 kPa in this example.

Define Steel Material S514.
Modulus of Elasticity: 2E5
MPa; Minimum Yield Stress
and Minimum Tensile Stress:
514 MPa. Note that for rebar
properties, CSiBridge
pushover analysis uses
Minimum Stress (Fy and Fu)
for fiber hinges, rather than
Expected Stress. The
Expected Stress is set to 1 kPa
as it doesn’t affect pushover
results.
Based on a conservation with
CSi Support, this setting may
change in future. It is
confusing that the software
uses minimum stresses for
rebar but expected stresses for
concrete.

Step 3: Define Frame Sections
Go to Components---Frame Properties
Use Section Designer to define a section named Column

Click Draw Structural Shape then select Pipe
Click Draw Reinforcing Shape then select Circular Pattern

Right click on the pipe shape, define its Outer Diameter as 0.45 m, Wall thickness as 0.085 m. The pipe
material is C39. Right click on the rebar, define Diameter of the circular pattern as 0.4 m. No. of Bars is
18 and Bar size is 10M.
Go to Define Fiber Layout. Select Cylindrical Coordinate and Calculate Moment Curvature Using
Fibers. Define at least 8 fibers in tangent direction and 3 fibers in radial direction. Make sure each rebar
is represented a fiber element. This example uses 50 in tangent and 30 in radial direction.

Step 4: Define the Structure
Draw a 1.56 m frame using the column section that has been defined. Draw a 0.44 m rigid frame
representing half of the pier cap height. The base of the column is fixed and the top is free. Pushover load
is applied on node 3 at the top.
Pushover load
Rigid Frame
Column Section
Step 5: Define Fiber Hinges

Go to Define Section Properties---Hinge Properties---Add New Property
Define a Fiber P-M2-M3 hinge. In this example, the hinge length is 0.5 m.

Step 6: Assign Fiber Hinge to Frame
Go to Frames---Assign Hinges
Assign the defined hinge FH1 to Relative Distance of 0.16 (measured from End I (the start) of the frame
object). This location should be the centroid of the hinge (0.5÷2÷1.56). Cracked stiffness still needs to be
manually defined for the frame elements since fiber hinge only accounts for a small percent of the overall
length of the column. The cracked stiffness ratio can be defined in the section property modifier.

Step 7: Define Dead Loads
Dead load is 76.44 kN and is defined as a static nonlinear analysis. Turn on P-Delta effect.

Step 8: Define Lateral Loads
Define a Load Pattern Pushover then assign Joint Forces to the centroid of pier cap, which is a unit force
in Y direction at node 3. There are other ways of applying pushover load, for details please read:
http://docs.csiamerica.com/help-files/csibridge/Getting_Started/NonLinear_Static_Pushover_Analysis.htm

Go to Analysis and define a Nonlinear Static analysis as shown below. The program will apply the load
defined in load pattern until node 3 reaches the monitored displacement of 0.1 m. Turn on P-Delta plus
Large Displacements.

Step 9: Output Results
Click Show Static Pushover Curve as shown below to view the pushover curve. A comparison with
experimental results can be seen at the beginning of this example (page 3 of these notes).

Go to Show Tables, select Pushover in Load Cases (Results) and select Frame Fiber Hinge States 02 –
Individual Fibers in the Analysis Results. Select Step-by-Step in Nonlinear Static Results to see stress
and strain in each fiber and each step.
The following is a table presenting the fiber stresses and strains in each step of lateral loading.
When using fiber hinges, ignore the displayed fiber state (A to B). Hinge states A, B, C, D, and E are used
to define the moment-rotation curve of a coupled P-M2-M3 hinge. These parameters are not applicable to
fiber P-M2-M3 hinges, therefore fiber-hinge state is always given as A to B. Please read this page for
details: https://wiki.csiamerica.com/display/kb/Hinge+FAQ.

As per the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code 2014, relevant material strain limits are:
Minimal Damage:
Concrete compressive strain: -0.004; steel strain: 0.002
Repairable Damage:
Steel strain: 0.015
Extensive Damage:
Concrete compressive strain: -0.004 (assuming confinement effect is minimal)
Steel strain: 0.05
Export the fiber result table to a spreadsheet. Look for the steps corresponding to the interested material
strains then calculate corresponding displacements. The calculated displacements are to be compared with
displacement demands from response spectrum analysis. In this example, the strains and steps are
summarized in the following tables. The steel strain of 0.05 (extensive damage) is not reached within the
applied displacement.
Rebar damage states and corresponding displacement
Damage states Strain Step Disp. (m)
Minimal 0.002 3 0.010
Repairable 0.015 15 0.050
Extensive 0.05 na na
Concrete damage states and corresponding displacement

Damage states Strain Step Disp. (m)
Minimal & Extensive -0.004 16 0.053
The following figure shows the pushover curve with damage states

EXAMPLE 2: PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF A WELL CONFINED SOLID RC
COLUMN
Note that any steps that are similar/identical to Example 1 are not spelled out in detail here. Please refer to
Example 1 for further details.
Experimental results by Lehman et al. 2008 and CSiBridge prediction

Step 1: Open CSiBridge Advanced Version
Step 2: Define Materials
Concrete strength: 31 MPa; Longitudinal steel yield strength: 469 MPa; Spiral yield strength: 668 MPa.
The ultimate tensile stresses are set the same as yield stress to simulate elastic-perfectly plastic behavior.
Step 3: Define Frame Sections

Go to Components---Frame Properties
Use Section Designer to define a section Column
Draw a Caltrans Round Shape and define the section using Caltrans Section Properties
Select Mander-Confined model for Core Concrete and Mander-Unconfined model for Outer Concrete

Click Show to see the Concrete Model (e.g. = Concrete compressive strength, Ultimate concrete strain
capacity). The following screenshot shows that the ultimate concrete strain is 0.0169.

Go to Define Fiber Layout. Select Cylindrical Coordinate and Calculate Moment Curvature Using
Fibers. Define at least 8 fibers in tangent direction and 3 fibers in radial direction. This example uses very
refined mesh as the computation time is still very short. Sensitivity study may be needed if a large amount
of sections are defined.
Step 4: Define the Structure

The column to be modeled is shown on page 17 at the beginning of Example 2. The clear height of the
cantilever column is 2.2 m, which is modeled using the frame section defined in Step 3. Above the
column frame, a 0.23 m height rigid frame is used to model the cap.
Step 5: Define Fiber Hinges

Calculate hinge length and define a Fiber P-M2-M3 hinge.
Step 6: Assign Fiber Hinge to Frame

Assign hinge to the centroid of hinge length. As was noted in Example 1, cracked stiffness still needs to
be manually defined for the frame element since the fiber hinge only accounts for a small percent of the
overall length of the column.
Step 7: Define Dead Loads

Define a dead load of 653 kN. Turn on P-Delta effect.

Step 8: Define Lateral Loads
Define a unit force in Y direction. Go to Analysis and define a Nonlinear Static analysis. The program
will apply the load defined in load pattern until the monitored node reaches the target displacement. Turn
on P-Delta plus Large Displacements.
Step 9: Output Results

As per the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code 2014, relevant material strain limits are:
Minimal Damage:
Concrete compressive strain: -0.004
Steel strain: 0.002
Repairable Damage:
Steel strain: 0.015
Extensive Damage:
Concrete compressive strain: -0.0169 (ultimate strain of confined concrete); steel strain: 0.05
See Example 1 for obtaining outputs. The pushover curve is shown below. A comparison with the
experimental results can be seen at the beginning of this example (on page 17 of these notes).

Export the table for Frame Fiber Hinge States 02 – Individual Fibers to determine the displacements
corresponding to various damage states.
Based on the testing results, initial spalling occurred when the concrete strain was about -0.0064. Final
spalling occurred when concrete strain reached -0.0207. The researchers identified various damage states
on the cyclic loading results as shown below. The damage states predicted by CSiBridge (represented by
vertical lines) are also shown in the same figure for comparison.
As can be seen from the following figures, damage states predicted by CSiBridge are closely related to
the measured/observed results. For initial yielding and initial spalling, CSiBridge results coincide with the
test result. Immediately following initial spalling, the yellow line represents the steel strain of 0.015.
Then, the steel strain of 0.05 (orange line) occurs at approximately the same displacement when bar
fracture was observed in the testing. Based on the CSiBridge result, the concrete core would not crush.

Strains corresponding to different damage states as measured in the experimental study are shown in the
following table. It should be noted that strains corresponding to different damage states in the research are
not always consistent with CHBDC 2014 criteria.

To help visualize damage states defined in the code, the following photos are extracted from Lehman and
Moehle (2000) to illustrate repairable damage and extensive damage.
Repairable Damage:
Extensive Damage:

REFERENCE
Monteiro, R., Ribeiro, R., Marques, M., Delgado, R., & Costa, A. (2008). Pushover Analysis of RC Bridges Using
Fiber Models or Plastic Hinges. In Proceedings of the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Beijing,
China October12–17.
Example 1
Priestley, N., Calvi, M., Petrini, L., & Maggi, C. (2007). Effects of damping modelling on results of time-history
analysis of rc bridges. In 1st US-Italy Seismic Bridge Workshop, Pavia, Italia.
Petrini, L., Maggi, C., Priestley, M. N., & Calvi, G. M. (2008). Experimental verification of viscous damping
modeling for inelastic time history analyzes. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 12(S1), 125-145.
Example 2
Lehman, D., Moehle, J., Mahin, S., Calderone, A., & Henry, L. (2004). Experimental evaluation of the seismic
performance of reinforced concrete bridge columns. Journal of Structural Engineering, 130(6), 869-879.
Lehman, D. and Moehle, J. (2000). Seismic Performance of Well-Confined Concrete Bridge Columns. PEER Report
1998/01, UC Berkeley.


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STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS

OCTOBER 25, 2018

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

Figure 1: Concentrated Plastic Hinge Model Figure 2: Fiber Model

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

Experimental results by Petrini et al. 2008 and CSiBridge prediction

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

Click Draw Reinforcing Shape then select Circular Pattern

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

Step 5: Define Fiber Hinges

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

Concrete damage states and corresponding displacement

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

Experimental results by Lehman et al. 2008 and CSiBridge prediction

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

Step 3: Define Frame Sections

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

Step 4: Define the Structure

Step 5: Define Fiber Hinges

Step 6: Assign Fiber Hinge to Frame

Step 7: Define Dead Loads

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

Step 9: Output Results

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

STEP-BY-STEP PUSHOVER ANALYSIS USING CSiBridge WSP

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