mrs.

Klfha úldYh

bÈrsm;A lsrsu ( rð;a úÿrx. fma%unkaÿ

cd;sl ;reK fiajd iud.u”
uyr.u’
mrs.Kl ;dlaIKfha ÈhQKQj Wfoid'''''

 mrs.Kl ksmoùfï ;dlaIKfha l%ñl

ÈhQKQj“

 mrs.Kl ks¾udK lafIa;%fha kj

fidhd.ek_ï“

fya;= mdol úh’

 b;sydifhka ì|la’’’’’
jI_h ksmehQu ksmehQïlre igyk
1642 meial,hska íf,ahia m%:u ls%hdldÍ
hka;%h meial,a .Ks;lu_
hka;%h
1823 wdka;r tkaðu pd,aia
(Difference nefíca
Engine)
1834 úYaf,aIl pd,aia äcsg,a
hka;%h(Analyti nefíca mrs.Klhla
cal Engine) ksmoùfï m%:u
mshjr
1946 ENIAC uekaÉ,s iy m%:u
bl¾Ü bf,lafgdksl
mrs.Kk hka;%h
jI_h ksmehQu ksmehQïlre igyk

1949 EDSAC úlalSia m%:u jevigyka

mrs.Klh

1953 701 IBM m%:u IBM

bf,lafgdksl
mrs.Klh

1956 System 305 IBM oDv ;eáhlA iys;

m%:u mrs.Klh
(305 RAMMAC)
1960 PDP-1 DEC m%:u ñkS
mrs.Klh
1964 System 360 IBM fj<|m,g ksl=;al,
m%:u mrs.Kl
ud,dj
jI_h ksmehQu ksmehQïlre igyk

1964 6600 CDC m%:u úÌ;Aul

iQmsrs mrs.Klh
1971 Intel 4004 Intel m%:u uhsfl%da
fm%dafiirh

1971 8 “ Floppy Disk IBM m%:u äiAlÜgQj

1974 8080 Intel ÑmA iys; m%:u

nyQld¾h
mrs.Klh( 8-
bit)
1981 CD (Digital Philips & Sony m%:u Y%jH
Audio) ixhQlA; ;eáh
jI_h ksmehQu ksmehQïlre igyk
1981 IBM PC IBM fm!oA.,sl mrs.Kl
(Personal Computer)
hQ.fhA iudrïNh
1985 CD – Rom Philips m%:u ixhQlA; ;eá
lshùfï WmlrKh

1990 HTML áï n¾k¾iA ,S HTML ;dlAIKh

;dlAIKh wkQidrfhkA f,dAl
jHdmA; cd,h(world
wide web) ks¾udKh
ùu’

1993 Pentium Intel Intel iud.u Pentium

fm%dfiirh y÷kAjdÈu’

1995 Windows 95 Microsoft Microsoft iud.u m%:u

moAO;s uD¥ldx.h
y÷kAjdÈu’
jI_h ksmehQu ksmehQïlre igyk
1997 AMD K6 AMD AMD iud.u ;u
fm%dfiirh m%:u
y÷kAjdÈu’

2001 Windows XP Microsoft Microsoft iud.u

Windows XP uD¥ldx.h
y÷kAjdÈu’

2002 Pentium 4 Intel m%:u 3 Ghz (64 – bit)

3 Ghz fm%dfiirh y÷kAjdÈu’

2004 Pentium 4 Intel kefkdA ;dlAIKh

Precott u.skA ksmojQ m%:u
fm%dfiirh y÷kAjdÈu’
2006 Pentium D Intel tlA fm%dfiirhlA ;=,
Dual-Core fm%dfiir 2 lA wvx.=
fm%dfiir t<s ƒlSu’
jI_h ksmehQu ksmehQïlre igyk
2006 HD-DVD Sony wêl Odrs;djlA iys; o;A;
Blue –Ray Panasonic .nvd ;eá (optical Storage
Media)
2007 Core 2 Quad Intel tlA fm%dfiirhlA ;=,
Processor fm%dfiir 4 lA wvx.= u,Aá
fm%dfiir t<s ƒlSu’

2008 Ubuntu 8.10 Canonical LTD. újD; iy ksoyiA uD¥lx.

f,dj mQrd ckm%sh ùu’

2008 Intel Core i7 Intel Nehalem ;dlAIKh Ndú;d

lr ksmojQ ix.Dys; u;l
md,l (intergrated memory
controller) wvx.= fm%dfiir’
2009 Windows 7 Microsoft Microsoft iud.u kj;u
Windows 7 fufyhQï
moAO;sh y÷kAjdÈu’
 mrs.Kl ;dlAIKfhA úldYh hQ. lsysmhlg
f.dkQ l< yel’
 hdkA;%sl mrs.Kl hQ.h ^1642)1945&
 m<uQ mrïmrdj ) rslA; k< ^1945)1955 &
 fojk mrïmrdj-g%dkAiAisiAgr ^1955-1965&
 f;jk mrïmrdj)ix.Dys; mrsm: IC ‘s
^1965)1980&
 y;rjk mrïmrdj)uhsfl%d úmA VLSI ^1980
isg fï olAjd&
 miAjk mrïmrdj)lD;su nQoAêh^j¾;udkfhA
isg bÈßhg&
hdkA;%sl mrs.Kl hQ.h ^1642)1945&
meial,hska hka;%h^1642&
íf,ahia meial,a f,dj m%:u ls%hdldÍ .Kl
hkA;%h ksmehQfõh’
tl;= lsrsu“wvQlsrsu .Ks; lu_ isÿl< yel’
 wdka;r tkaðu(Difference Engine)
• pd,AiA nefíÊ (1823) úiskA fidhd .kAkd ,§’
• tl;=lsrsu“ wvQlsrsu .Ks; lu_ isÿl< yel’
• .Ks; j.= iy kdúl .Kkh lsÍï ioyd Ndú;d úh’
• Wmßu b,lAlï(digit) 32 lA iys; ixnHd .Ks; lu_ j,g
,lA l< yel’
 úYaf,aIl hka;%h(Analytical Engine)
• uQ,Au nyQld¾h hkA;%h’
• tl;=lsrsu“ wvQlsrsu ,.=K lsßu “fn§u .Ks; lu_ isÿl< yel’

uQ,sldx.
 o;A; .nvdj^u;lh&-Store (Memory)

 ieliQï tAllh –Mill (Computation Unit –CPU)

 wdˉk tAllh-Input Unit(punch card Reader)

 m%;sˉk tAllh-Output Unit(punched & pritned output)

• mß.Kl jevigykA flA;kh l< yel’(Programmable)

fuu hkA;%h Ndú;d fldg wvd T.iAgd m%:u uDÿldx.

jevigyk yÿkAjd fok ,§’
 m<uQ mrïmrdj ) rslA; k< ^1945)1955 &
ENIAC(Electrical Numerical Integrator & Computer)
• fojk f,dAl hQO iufhA wefußldkQ yuQˉ ld,;=jlAl= j,
b,lAl ,nd .eksu yd ÿr .Kkh lsßug yÿkAjd fok ,§’
uQ,sldx.
• 17468 rslA; k< (Vaccum tubes),1500 relays

• 7000 m%;sfrdAOl (resistors)

• 6000 Manual Switches(72 m2 size )

• nr fgdkA 30“úÿ,s mßfNdAckh 140 kw

• ;mAmrhlA ;=, .Kkh lsßï 5357 isÿl< yel’

• ñ, $5000 jQ w;r 1955 § Ndú;fhkA bj;A lrk ,§’

 fojk mrïmrdj-g%dkAiAisiAgr ^1955-1965&
• ßlA; k, j,g wdfoAYl g%dkAiAisiAgr f,i fhdˉ .kAkd ,§’
• kHIAál n,d.dr j, ld¾hkA i|yd fï ;dlAIKh fhdˉ ksmo
jQ mß.Kl uQ,skAu fhdˉ .eksks’ miQj uQ,H yd jHdmdßl
lghQ;= i|yd fhdˉ .eksks’
• mß.Klh ;=, jevigykA .nvd l, yels jQ ksid WiiA
mß.Kl NdId ìysúh’ Wˉ(ALGOL,COBOL,FORTRAN
• IBM 1400 mß.Kl fj<| m,g ksl=;A lrk ,§’
 f;jk mrïmrdj)ix.Dys; mrsm: IC ‘s^1965)1980&
• 1958 § celA ls,Aì IC fidhd .ekSu;A iu. wdrïN úh’
• mß.Kl lAfIA;%fhA iS>% ÈhQKQjlA we;s lsßug fyA;= úh’
• is,slkA wO_ ikAkkdhl u; igykA l, mßm: mß.Kl j,
úYd,;Ajh l=vd lsßug;A úÿ,s mßfNdAckh wvQ lsßug;A bjy,A
úh.
• fufyhQï moAO;sh ksid úúO jevigykA mß.Klh ;=,
iïnkAëlrkh fldg Ndú; lsÍug yels úh’
• IBM system 360 mß.Kl yd Unix fufyhQï moAO;s ksmojk
,§’
 y;rjk mrïmrdj)uhsfl%d úmA
VLSI ^1980 isg fï olAjd&
 IC ñ,shk .KklA tlA l=vd ÑmhlA ;=,
wvx.= lr ksuejQ uhsfl%dfm%dfiir u.ska
ld¾hlAIu;dj by, n,j;A È.=l,A
mj;sk ñf,kA wvQ mß.Kl ksmoúh yels
úh’
 m%:u uhsfl%d úmh (Intel 4004)1971§ Intel
iud.u ksmojQfhAh’ fï i|yd frdnÜ
fkdhsia“f.dAvkA uQj¾ yd wekAä f.%dA hk
úµd{hkA uQ,sl úh’
 tA wkQj 1981§ IBM iud.u (IBM PC)
fm!oA.,sl mß.Kl;A 1984§ Apple
iud.u Macintosh mß.Kl;A fj<| m,g
ksl=;A lrk ,§’
 1981§ ñ,shk 2 lAj mej;s mß.Kl ixnHdj jirlA ;=,
ñ,shk 5’5 olAjd jeä jQ w;r bÈß jir 10 wjikA jk úg
ñ,shk 65 olAjd jO_kh úh’
 mß.Kl ksji“ld¾hd,h“jHdmdßl f,dAlh hk ish,Af,ysu
jHdmA; úh’Desktops isg Laptops,Plamtops,Note books olAjd
mß.Kl myiQfjkA ´kEu ;eklg /f.k hdyels(Portable)
f,i ;dlAIKh ÈhQKQ úh’
 mß.Kl cd, ;dlAIKh ,enQ iS>% ÈhQKQj ksid LAN(Local Area
Networks) yd WAN(Wide Area Networks) yryd f,dAl jHdmA;
cd,h(World Wide Web / WWW) yd wkA;¾cd,h ìys ù ishQ¨
fokdg f;dr;=re yQjudre lr .; yels wê ;dlAIKsl hQ.hlA
werôKs’
 miAjk mrïmrdj)lD;su nQoAêh^j¾;udkfhA
isg bÈßhg&
 fuu mrmQrg wh;A mß.Kl lD;%su nQoAêh u; mokï jQjlA
jk w;r ;ju;A m¾fhAIK uÜgfï mj;S’
uQ,sldx.
 Parallel processing ;dlAIKh yd iQmsß ikAkdhl Ndú;h’

 Voice Recognition Yío y¥kd.; yelsùu’

 Programming to make decisions in real.;¾ldkQl=, ;SrK .ekSug

flA;kh lsßu
 Understand Natural Human Language udkj NdId u.skA

ikAksfjokh lsßug yelsùu’

 Intelligent Robotics úúO ixfõok j,g m%s;spdr ±lAúh yels ùu’

 Neural Networks fkdlvjd ;u o;A; ixú;h hdj;Ald,Sk lsßu’

 Use of Quantum Computation ,molecular & nano Technology. lAjkAgï

mß.Kkh yd kefkdA ;dlAIKh Ndú;h’

iA;+;shs’