Understanding Binary Numbers

f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok
;dlaIKh
8 fYa%‚h
lshùï fmd;
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

m<uq jk uqøKh - 2018
fojk uqøKh -- 2019
f;jk uqøKh -- 2020
ishü ysñlï weúß‚'
ISBN 978-955-25-0295-8
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

nlaó.ia jej mdr" fmdaf¾" w;=re.sßh" 164$4 ork ia:dkfha
msysá ms%kaÜ tlafi,a ^mqoa.,sl& iud.fuys
uqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È'
Published by : Educational Publications Department

Printed by : PrintXcel (Pvt) Ltd
ii
iii
wms fjuq tl ujlf. orefjda
tl ksjfiys fjfikd
tl mdge;s tl reêrh fõ
wm lh ;=< ÿjkd
tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhda

tl f,i tys jefvkd
Ôj;a jk wm fuu ksjfia
fid¢k isáh hq;= fõ
ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkS

fj<S iu.s oñkS
rka ñKs uq;= fkd j th u h iem;d
lsis l, fkdu Èrkd
wdkkao iurfldaka
iv
fmrjok
oshqKqfõ ysKsfm; lrd .uka lrkd j;auka f,djg" ks;e;skau wjeis jkqfha
jvd;a kjH jQ wOHdmk l%uhls' tu`.ska ks¾udKh l< hq;af;a ukq.=Koï imsreKq
yd l=i,;dj,ska hqla; ore mrmqrls' tlS W;a;=x. fufyjrg cj n,h imhñka"
úYaùh wNsfhda. iòyd Èßfhka uqyqK Èh yels isiq mrmqrla ks¾udKh lsÍu iòyd
iydh ùu wmf.a mru j.lSu jkafka h' bf.kqï wdOdrl iïmdok ld¾hh
fjkqfjka il%Sh f,i ueÈy;a fjñka wm fomd¾;fïka;=j ta fjkqfjka odhl;ajh
,nd fokafka cd;sfha oreoeßhkaf.a keK myka o,ajd,Sfï W;=ï wÈgfkks'
fm<fmd; úfgl oekqï fldaIaGd.drhls' th ;j;a úfgl wm úkaokd;aul

f,djlg o leòjdf.k hhs' tfiau fï fm<fmd;a wmf.a ;¾l nqoaêh jvjd,kafka
wfkalúO l=i,;d mqnqÿ lrjd.kakg o iqúi,a t<s oyrla fjñks' úÿìfuka iuq.;a
Èkl jqj wmßñ; wdorfhka iaurKh l< yels u;l" fm<fmd;a msgq w;r oejà
Tn iu`.ska w;aje,a neò tkq fkdwkqudk h' fï fm<fmd; iu`.u ;j ;j;a
oekqï wjldY msß biõ fj; ks;s mshuksñka mßmQ¾K;ajh w;a lr.ekqug Tn ieu
ksr;=rej wem lem úh hq;= h'
ksoyia wOHdmkfha uydk¾> ;Hd.hla fia fï mqia;lh Tn foda;g msßkefï'

fm<fmd;a fjkqfjka rch jeh lr we;s iqúi,a OkialkaOhg w¾:iïmkak w.hla
,nd Èh yelafla Tng muKs' fuu mdGH .%ka:h ukdj mßYS,kh lrñka keK .=K
msß mqrjeishka ù wkd.; f,dj taldf,dal lrkakg oefha ish¨ ¥ orejka fj; Èßh
iúh ,efíjdhs yoj;ska iqn m;ñ'
fm<fmd;a iïmdok ld¾hh fjkqfjka wm%udK jQ iïm;Aodhl;ajhla

iemhQ f,aLl" ixialdrl yd we.hqï uKav, idudðl msßjrg;a wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ld¾h uKav,fha ieug;a udf.a yomsß m%Kduh mqolrñ'

mS' tka' whs,mafmreu
wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a
biqremdh
n;a;ruq,a,
2020'06'26
v
kshdukh yd wëlaIKh
mS' tka' whs,mafmreu wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a"
fufyhùu -
ví,sõ ta' ks¾u,d mshiS,s wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia îxj¾Ok&"
iïnkaëlrKh -
tia' olaIsKd lia;=ßwdrÉÑ ksfhdacH flduidßiaa" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
ixialdrl uKav,h
wdpd¾h m%idoa úu,r;ak wxYdêm;s" ikaksfõok yd udOH ;dlaIK wOHhkdxYh"
fld<U úYajúoHd,hSh mß.Kl wOHhkdh;kh" fld<U 07
wdpd¾h tÉ' t,a' fma%ur;a; fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h" fld<U úYajúoHd,hSh mß.Kl
wOHhkdh;kh" fld<U 07
wdpd¾h mS' tï' à' î' ikaÈß.u fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h" mß.Kl bxðfkare fomd¾;fïka;=j"
bxðfkare mSGh" fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h" fmardfoKsh
tia' ta' tia' f,dfrkaiq fyajd fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h" mß.Kl úoHd wOHhkdxYh" reyqK
úYajúoHd,h" ud;r
fla' mS' tï' fla' is,ajd lÓldpd¾h" fld<U úYajúoHd,hSh mß.Kl wOHhkdh;kh"
fld<U
tia' olaIsKd lia;=ßwdrÉÑ ksfhdacH flduidßiaa" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
f,aLl uKav,h
ta' iqks,a iurùr .=re WmfoaYl" l,dmSh mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dkh"
lE.,a,
whs' wd¾' tka' tÉ' lreKdr;ak uOHia:dk l<ukdlre" l,dmSh mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dkh"
ckdêm;s úoHd,h" uyr.u
fla' ù' tia' tï' fudydka,d,a mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dk WmfoaYl" l,dmSh mß.Kl
iïm;a uOHia:dkh" fo‚hdh uOH uyd úoHd,h" fo‚hdh
ví' tï' ta' tia' úfÊfialr uOHia:dk l<ukdlre ^úY%dñl&" yd,swe, mß.Kl iïm;a
uOHia:dkh" yd,swe,
à' fla' m,a,sh.=ref.a mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dk WmfoaYl" nm$ch$Y%S hfYdaOrd
uyd úoHd,h" msÜgq.," ud,fí
mS' fÊ' fla' ly.,a, mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dk WmfoaYl" l,dmSh mß.Kl
iïm;a uOHia:dkh" Y%S rdyq, nd,sld úoHd,h" ud,fí
NdId ixialrKh
rxð;a b¨mamsáh ksfhdacH flduidßiaa" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

msg ljr ks¾udKh
pñkao ymqwdrÉÑ wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
mß.Kl wlaIr ixfhdackh

mS' tA' ã' ksixi,d i|ud,s wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
vi
mgqk
msgq wxl

1 ixLHd moaO;s 1
fufyhqï moaO;sh Ndú;fhka mß.Klhla úkHdi

2 11
lsÍu iy isgqjï lsÍu
3 joka ieliSu 34
4 l%uf,aL f.dvke.Su 39
5 fN!;sl wd.Kkh iòyd uDÿldx. Ndú;h 55
6 wka;¾cd,fha ießiruq 63
vii
6 - 11 fY%aKs f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fm<fmd;aj,
wka;¾.; lreKq iy isiqkaf.a ks¾udKYS,s;ajh j¾Okh ms<snò
fhdackd iy .=Kfodia feedbackicttextbook@gmail.com hk
,smskhg tjkafka kï lD;{ fjuq'
ixialdrl uKav,h
viii
1 ixLHd moaO;s
fuu mdvfuka Tng"

²² ixLHd moaO;shl ixfla;
²² ixLHd moaO;shl mdoh
²² oaúuh ixLHd moaO;sh
²² oYuh ixLHd moaO;sh
²² oYuh ixLHd oaúuh ixLHd njg yerùu
²² oaúuh ixLHd oYuh ixLHd njg yerùu
²² oaúuh ixfla; weiqßka o;a; ksrEmKh
ms<snò wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yels h'
1'1 ixLHd moaO;sj, wjYH;dj
ñksid ;u ld¾hhka myiqfjka" 101101001…..

ksjerÈj yd jvd;a ld¾hlaIu;dfjka
bgqlr .ekSu iòyd mß.Kl Ndú; lrhs' Hello
ñksidg iqmqreÿ NdIdj,ska mß.Klhg o;a;
yd Wmfoia ,nd ÿkak o tajd ta wdldrfhka
u f;areï .ekSfï yelshdjla mß.Klhg
fkdue;' ^rEmh 1'1 n,kak'&
ta wkqj" ñksid úiska ,nd fokq
,nk mdG (text)" ixLHd (numbers)" rEm
(image)" Yío (sound) iy ùäfhda jeks iEu
wdldrhl u o;a; iy Wmfoia mß.Klh
ixLHd;aul w.hhka f,i y`ÿkd .kshs'
^rEmh 1'2 n,kak'&
rEmh 1'1 - mßYS,l yd mß.Klh
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs 1

mdG (text) Yío (audio)
ICT or Information and
Communication Technology
is the infrastructure and
components that enable ...
10010100...1010010
101101....01010 101010.....01011010 0110101....000101
………….....………
………….....………
11110101..000101 10010011.....010010 0110...110101010
101.....00101010010
1010101.....1010001
mß.Kl u;lh
(computer memory)
rEm (image) ùäfhda o¾Yk (video)

rEmh 1'2 - úúO o;a; mß.Kl u;lh ;=< oaúuh wdldrfhka mj;ajd .ekSu
ixLHd moaO;shla hkq l=ula o?

ixLHd moaO;shla hkq ixLHd ,sùug Ndú; l< yels l%ufõohls' ixLHd
moaO;s lsysmhla mj;shs' tla tla ixLHd moaO;sh iòyd ksYaÑ; ixfla; m%udKhla
fhdod .efka'
1'2 úúO ixLHd moaO;s

lsishï ixLHdjla wh;a jkafka l=uk ixLHd moaO;shlg oehs oelaùug
tys mdoh fhdod .kq ,efí' ixLHd moaO;sfha we;s tlsfklg fjkia jQ ixfla;
(symbols) .Kk tys mdoh (base) fõ'
wm úiska wOHhkh l< hq;= ixLHd moaO;s y;rla we;' tu ixLHd moaO;sj,
ixfla; yd mdoh my; 1'1 j.=fõ iòyka mßÈ fõ'
j.=j 1'1 - úúO ixLHd moaO;s
ixLHd moaO;sh (number system) ixfla; (symbols) mdoh (base)
oaúuh (Binary) 0, 1 2
wIaguh (Octal) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 8
oYuh (Decimal) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
Iâ oYuh (Hexadecimal) 16
A, B, C, D, E, F
2
igyk - 8 fY%aKsfha § oaúuh ixLHd iy oYuh ixLHd moaO;s
muKla wOHhkh flf¾'
1'3 ixLHdjl mdoh oelaùu

ixLHdjla wh;a jk ixLHd moaO;sh oelaùug tys mdoh fhdod .efka' ixLHdjg
ol=Kq mi my< fl<jf¾ mdoh olajkq ,efí'
Wod - oaúuh ixLHd - 1012 , 1110112 wIaguh ixLHd - 1018 , 5738
oYuh ixLHd - 10110 , 4710 Iâ oYuh ixLHd - 10116 ,7B16
l%shdldrlu iòyd jevfmdf;a 1'1 n,kak'
1'4 oYuh ixLHd moaO;sh

ñksidg yqremqreÿ ixLHd moaO;sh oYuh (decimal) ixLHd moaO;sh fõ' wms
fuys ixfla; b,lalï f,i ye`Èkaùug mqreÿ ù isáuq' ish¨ wxl .Ks;uh lghq;=
iòyd ñksid oYuh ixLHd Ndú; lrhs'
oYuh ixLHd moaO;sfha ixfla; - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
ixLHdjla ,shk úg tys ixfla; msysgk ia:dkh wkqj ixLHdfõ jákdlu

fjkia fõ'
Wod - 1" 2" 3 hk ixfla; fhdod .ksñka ,súh yels ixLHd my; oelafõ'
123 132 213 231 312 321
wvq u w.h jeä u w.h

oYuh ixLHdjla iE§ we;s wdldrh wOHhkh lruq'
231" .Kl rduqjl ksrEmKh lsÍu 231 úysÿjd oelAùu
ia:dkSh w.h
Wod - 23110 = 2 × 102 + 3 × 101 + 1 × 100
} }
} }
} }

= 2 × 100 + 3 × 10 + 1 × 1
100 10 1
ishfha oyfha tfla = 200 + 30 + 1
tajd tajd tajd

102 101 100 = 231
10 , 10 , 10 ... u.ska oYuh ixfla;j, ia:dkSh w.h ksrEmKh flf¾'
0 1 2
3
1'5 oaúuh ixLHd moaO;sh

tlsfkl fjkia ixfla; folla muKla Ndú; flfrk ixLHd moaO;sh"
oaúuh (binary) ixLHd moaO;sh f,i ye`Èkafõ' tu ixfla; fol 0 yd 1 fõ'
oaúuh ixLHd moaO;sfha ixfla; - 0, 1
oaúuh ixfla; jk 0 fyda 1" ìgqjla (bit) f,i kï lr we;'
Bit = B inary dig it 0 fyda 1
oaúuh ixLHdjla iE§ we;s wdldrh wOHhkh lruq'

1012 .Kl rduqjl ksrEmKh lsÍu 1012 úysÿjd oelAùu
Wod - 1012 = 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
} }
} }
} }

=1×4+0×2+1×1

4 2 1
= 4 + 0 + 1
y;f¾ fofla tfla
tajd tajd tajd = 510
22 21 20
20, 21, 22 ... u.ska oaúuh ixfla;j, ia:dkSh w.h ksrEmKh flf¾'
hïlsis ixLHdjla tla ixLHd moaO;shlska fjk;aa

1'6
ixLHd moaO;shlg yerùfï wjYH;dj
wm úiska mß.Klhg fokq ,nk ish¨ wdodk mß.Klh ;=< oaúuh
wdldrfhka mj;ajd .efka' ;j o mß.Klh ;=< oaúuh wdldrfhka mj;sk o;a;
ilia lr f;dr;=re f,i m%;sodkh lrkq ,nkafka mdG" rEm" Yío" ùäfhda jeks
wdldrj,sks'
mßYS,l úiska h;=re mqjrefjka wdodkh lrkq ,nk ixLHdjla mß.Klh
;=< igyka flfrkqfha tys oaúuh iajrEmfhks' tfy;a th kej; mßYS,lhdg
fmfkk f,i ixo¾Ylfha Èia lrkqfha oYuh f,isks' ^rEmh 1'3&
4
fudksgrh u; wxl 9 o¾Ykh
3 ùu Processor (CPU)
Document
Home Insert Page Layout Mail Merge
9
1 2
mßYS,l ilikh
9 u.ska th
h;=re
mqjrefõ 00001001
00001001
wxl 9 f,i ìgq
fnd;a;u rgdjlska
tîu y`ÿkd
.ekSu
9 = 00001001
Digit Binary number
rEmh 1'3 - ixLHdjla oYuh f,i wdodkh l< úg oaúuh wdldrhg yerùu
tneúka hïlsis ixLHdjla tla ixLHd moaO;shl isg fjk;a ixLHd

moaO;shlg yerùu wmg jeo.;a fõ'
1'6'1 oYuh ixLHd oaúuh ixLHd njg yerùu
oYuh ixLHdj foflka fnod b;sß w.h igyka lrñka wjidkfha b;sß
w.h f,i 0 ,efnk f;la È.ska È.g u fnokq ,efí' bka miq j wjidkhg ,o
ìgqfõ isg uq,ska u ,o ìgqj olajd igyka lrkq ,efí'
Wod - 1310 ixLHdj oaúuh ixLHdjla njg yerùu
2 13 fn§u ,íêh fYaIh

1310 = 11012 13/2 6 1
2 6 - 1
- 6/2 3 0
2 3 0
- 3/2 1 1
2 1 1
1/2 0 1
0 - 1
5

2 17 -
3410 = 1000102 34/2 17 0
0
- 17/2 8 1
2 8 1
- 8/2 4 0
2 4 0
4/2 2 0
2 2 - 0
2/2 1 0
2 1 - 0
1/2 0 1
0 - 1

4910 = 1100012 49/2 24 1
2 24 - 1
24/2 12 0
2 12 - 0
12/2 6 0
2 6 - 0
6/2 3 0
2 3 - 0 3/2 1 1
2 1 - 1 1/2 0 1
0 - 1
1'6'2 oaúuh ixLHd oYuh ixLHd njg yerùu
oaúuh ixLHdfõ tla tla ìgqjg wkqrEmSj foflys n,fhka tu ìgqfjys

w.h .=K lr ,efnk w.hhka tl;= lsÍfuka oYuh w.h .Kkh lrkq ,nhs'
^rEmh 1'4 n,kak&
} } } } } } } }
oaúuh ixLHdj 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
(binary)
ia:dkSh w.h 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 101010002= 16810
oYuh ixLHdj 128 0 32 0 8 0 0 0
(decimal) 128 + 0 + 32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 168
rEmh 1'4 - oaúuh ixLHd oYuh ixLHd njg yerùu
6
Wod 1 - 2 ys n,
20 = 1
24 23 22 21 20 21 = 2
1 0 1 1 1 = 1×24 + 0×23 + 1×22 + 1×21 + 1×20 22 = 4

= 1×16 + 0×8 + 1×4 + 1×2 + 1×1 23 = 8
24 = 16
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1
25 = 32
= 2310
26 = 64
101112=2310 27 = 128
Wod 2 - 28 = 256
29 = 512
24 23 22 21 20 210 = 1024
1 0 0 1 0 = 1×24 + 0×23 + 0×22 + 1×21 + 0×20

= 1×16 + 0×8 + 0×4 + 1×2 + 0×1
= 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0
= 1810
100102=1810
Wod 3 -
24 23 22 21 20
1 1 1 1 1 = 1×24 + 1×23 + 1×22 + 1×21 + 1×20

= 1×16 + 1×8 + 1×4 + 1×2 + 1×1
= 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1
= 3110
111112=3110
7
1'7 mß.Klh 0 iy 1 Ndú;fhka o;a; ksrEmKh
lsÍu
mß.Klh ''ON'' fyda ''OFF'' hk

wjia:dj,ska iukaú; úoHq;a ix{d Ndú; lrhs'
''ON'' wjia:dj ''1'' u.ska o" ''OFF'' wjia:dj" ''0''
u.ska o ksrEmKh flf¾' ta wkqj mß.Klh
o;a; ksrEmKh lrkafka 0 yd 1 ys wkqlu % hla
^ìgq rgdjla& wdldrfhks'
wm úiska mß.Klhg wdodkh lrkq ,nk mdG" Yío yd rEm wdÈ o;a; iy
Wmfoia mß.Kl u;lh ;=< ;ekam;a jkafka oaúuh ìgq wkql%u jYfhks' tneúka
mß.Klh ish¨ u wdldrfha o;a; ieliSug fmr oaúuh wdldrhg yerùu l< hq;=
fõ'
Wod -
ñksid o;a; olsk wdldrh mß.Klh o;a; olsk wdldrh

rEmh oaúuh wxlkhg yerùu 1010...101010

11...11010101
........................
y`v oaúuh wxlkhg yerùu 11..1100101.0

010111...0101
....................
A wlaIrh oaúuh wxlkhg yerùu

1000001
9 b,lalu oaúuh wxlkhg yerùu

0001001
ta wkqj ish¨ u wdodk mß.Klh ;=<g oaúuh wdldrfhka ,ndf.k oaúuh

wdldrfhka ilid tu f;dr;=re mdG" rEm" Yío yd ùäfhda wdldrhg u wod<
m%;sodk Wmdx. fj; ,nd fohs'
8
mdG" rEm" Yío wdÈ f,i o;a; ,nd.ekSu
wdodk
oaúuh wdldrfhka o;a; ieliSu
ieliSu
oaúuh wdldrfha isg kej;" mdG" rEm" Yío wdÈ f,i ,nd§u
m%;sodk

mß.Klh ;=< ish¨ ld¾hhka 0 (OFF) yd 1 (ON) hk wjia:d fol
wkqidrfhka l%h s d;aul fõ' o;a; oaúuh wdldrfhka mß.Klfha m%Odk u;lh fj;
,nd .efka' bka wk;=rej tu oaúuh ìgq rgdj ilikh fj; hjd th y`ÿkdf.k
ieliSfuka miq kej; u;lh fj; fhduq flf¾' bka miqj wod< m%;os dk Wmdx.h
fj; fhduq flf¾' ta wkqj mß.Klfha ish¨ wdodk" ieliqu yd m%;os dk ld¾hhkag
wod< oaúuh wdldrfha mj;sk o;a; mß.Klfha ixrplj,g .,d hk wdldrh rEmh
1'5 u`.ska oelafõ'
110...101
m%Odk u;lh laIqø ilikh

(main memory) 2
(microprocessor)
rEm (image)
1110...11
äðg,a leurdj 010...10

(digital camera) 1
3
1010...10 ixo¾Ylh
(monitor)
mdG (text) moaO;s tallh
h;=re mqjrej
(keyboard) (system unit)
rEmh 1'5 - mß.Kl moaO;sh ;=< oaúuh o;a; yqjudre ùu
9
mß.Klhg h;=re mqjrej" äðg,a leurdj jeks wdodk Wml%u Tiafia o;a;
we;=<;aùu" m%Odk u;lh ;=< ;djld,slj;a" oDV ;eáh ;=< iaÒrj;a ;ekam;a lr
.ekSu" ilikh u.ska o;a; ieliSu iy ilik ,o o;a; ^f;dr;=re& m%;sodk
Wml%u fj; heùu hk ld¾hhka ish,a, 0 yd 1 hk wjia:d fol weiqßka isÿflf¾'
idrdxYh
ixLHd
oaúuh (binary) oYuh (decimal)
moaO;sh
ixfla; 0, 1 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
mdoh (base) 2 10
ixLHd
ksrEmK 1110102 36710
WodyrKhla
hïlsis oaúuh isg oYuh olajd oYuh isg oaúuh olajd
ixLHdjla
tla 11011001 fYaIh
2 156
moaO;shl 1 × 20 = 1 × 1 = 1
2 78 - 0
isg wfkla 0 × 21 = 0 × 2 = 0
moaO;shg 0 × 22 = 0 × 4 = 0 2 39 - 0
yerùu 1 × 23 = 1 × 8 = 8 2 19 - 1
isÿlrkq 1 × 24 = 1 × 16 = 16 2 9 - 1
,nk 0 × 25 = 0 × 32 = 0 -
2 4 1
wdldrh 1 × 26 = 1 × 64 = 64
2 2 - 0
1 × 27 = 1 × 128 = 128 -
2 1 0
1 + 8 + 16 + 64 + 128 = 217 0 - 1
15610 = 100111002
10
2
fufyhqï moaO;sh Ndú;fhka mß.Klhla
úkHdi lsÍu iy isgqjï lsÍu
fuu tallh yeoEÍfuka Tng"

²² mß.Klhl Èkh" fõ,d l,dmh (time zone)" fõ,dj" uqo,a tall"
ixLHd iy tajdfha wdlD;s isgqjï lsÍu (format settings)
²² mß.Kl f.dkq .=Kdx. úkHdih (file attribute configuration)
²² mß.Klhl f.dkq fiùu (file searching)
²² mß.Klhl oDVdx. ir, fodaI" fodaIdfõlaIKh lr úi`§u
²² mß.Kl uDÿldx. ir, fodaI" fodaIdfõlaIKh lr úi£u
hk lreKq ms<snò wjfndaOhla ,efnkq we;'
mß.Klhl Èkh" fõ,d l,dmh" uqo,a tall

2'1
iy ixLHd wdlD;s isgqjï lsÍu
uf.a Trf,daiqfõ fõ,djhs fï

mß.Klfha fõ,djhs fjkia'
uu Bfh;a mß.Klfha fõ,dj
yeÿjd' wo wdfh;a fjkia
uf.a mß.Klfha uqo,a tallh fj,d'
yeuodu;a fvd,¾ i,l=K' ug
tal remsh,aj,g fjkia lr
.kak úÈhla keoao@
Th fokakf.a u
m%Yakj,g úi`ÿï fufyhqï
moaO;sfha ;sfhkjd' wmsg
wjYH jkafka tajd ksjerÈj
isgqjï lr .ekSuhs'
11
mß.Klhl jvd;a M,odhS l%shdldß;ajhla iòyd tys Èkh" fõ,d l,dmh"
fõ,dj" uqo,a tall" ixLHd iy tajdfha wdlD;s (formats) wdÈ o;a; th Ndú;
lrkq ,nk rgg .e<fmk f,i isgqjï lr ;eîu jeo.;a h'
2'1'1 mß.Klhl Èkh" fõ,d l,dmh" fõ,dj
mß.Klhl Èkh" fõ,d l,dmh iy fõ,dj isgqjï lsÍfï jeo.;alu
my; oelafjk ld¾hhj, § we;s úh yels ndOl bj;a lr .ekSug bka

yelsfõ'
²² uDÿldx. ia:dmkh lsÍu (install) fyda tajd hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu (update)

²² fhÿï uDÿldx. iu. lghq;= lsÍfï § hï uDÿldx.hla kshñ;
fõ,djl § l%shd;aul ùu" jid oeóu" hdj;ald,Sk ùu hk lreKq
iòyd Wmf,aLk lsÍu (scheduling)
²² fufyhqï moaO;sh hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu (update)
²² uDÿldx. n,m;% il%sh lsÍu (activation)
mß.Klhl Èkh iy fõ,dj
fufyhqï moaO;sh úiska f.dkq iq/lSu"

f.dkq fiùu" isys leòùu" jHdmdr ,sms heùï
hkdÈfha § mß.Klfha Èkh iy fõ,dj
Ndú; lrk neúka mß.Klfha Èkh iy
fõ,dj ksjerÈ j ilia lr mj;ajd f.k hdu
jeo.;a h'
mß.Klhl fõ,d l,dmh
cd;Hka;r iïu;hg wkqj f,dalfha rgj,a

fõ,d l,dmj,g fnod we;' fõ,d l,dm
kS;suh" jdKsc iy iudc wruqKq iòyd
wkkH jQ iïu; fõ,djka mj;ajdf.k hhs'
Wod - Y%S ,xldfõ fõ,dj fm'j 6'00 jk úg
tx.,ka;fha fõ,dj fm'j 1'30 fõ'
12
uqo,a tall iy tajdfha wdlD;s
mß.Klhl idudkHfhka isgqjï (default

setting) lr we;af;a fufyhqï moaO;sh
ksmojQ rfÜ uqo,a tallhhs'
tu ksid wm rfÜ Ndú;hg wod< uqo,a

tallh wm ilid .; hq;= h'
ixLHd ,sùfï wdlD;s
cd;Hka;r jYfhka Ndú; lrkq ,nk

ixLHd iy uqo,a ,sùfï iïu; wdlD;s
fkd;sîu wka;¾cd,h yryd lrk
lghq;=j, § ndOl njg m;a úh yels h'
2'1'2 mß.Klhl f.dkq .=Kdx.
mß.Klhl we;s iEu f.dkqjlg u wod< jQ .=Kdx. (attributes) lsysmhla

we;' tajd my; rEmh 2'1 ka oelafõ'
f.dkq .=Kdx. (file attributes)
f.dkqfõ m%j¾.h" f.dkqfõ f.dkqj f.dkqj wjika jrg f.dkqfõ

f.dkq kduh" úYd,;ajh iq/lS we;s ks¾udKh f.dkqfjys whs;sjdislï
f.dkq È.=j ia:dkh l< Èkh fjkialï (rights)
Wod - l< Èkh
text.doc,
rEmh 2'1 - f.dkq .=Kdx.
mypresention.ppt
13
igyk - f.dkqfõ È.=fjka tys m%j¾.h oelafõ' WodyrKhla f,i
th mß.Klfha l%shd;aul l< yels (executable) f.dkqjlA o pdf
f.dkqjla o wdÈ jYfhks'
f.dkq .=Kdx.j, m%fhdack fudkjd o@

²² f.dkqj ms<snò jeo.;a úia;r f.dkq .=Kdx. u.ska ,nd foa' ;j o
f.dkqfõ whs;sjdislï fjkia lsÍfuka my; oE l< yels h'
◦◦ f.dkqj o¾Ykh fkdù i`.jd ;nd .ekSu (hidden) l< yels h'
◦◦ f.dkqj wdrlaId lr .ekSfï l%shdjla f,i wka whg f.dkqj
o¾Ykh jqj o ixialrKh lsÍfï yelshdj je<elaùu (read only)
l< yels h'
2'1'3 mß.Klhl f.dkq fiùu (file search)
mß.Klhl iqrlsk ,o f.dkqjla miqj kej; újD; lsÍug

wjYH jQ úfgl tu f.dkqfõ ku fyda iq/ls ia:dkh fyda
wu;l jqj fyd;a tu f.dkqj fidhd .ekSu iòyd f.dkq
fiùu (file search) fhdod .; yels h'
fï iòyd úúO l%u fufyhqï moaO;sh ;=< we;s w;r

f.dkqfõ ku (file name)" f.dkq È.=j (file extension)"
iqrlsk ,o Èkh jeks Wmldrl u.ska f.dkq fidhd .ekSu
WodyrK f,i oelaúh yels h'
idudkHfhka f.dkqjl m%j¾.h (file type) wmg wu;l

fkdfõ' tf,i u f.dkq kdufha È.=j (file extension) u.ska
f.dkqfõ m%j¾.h olajk neúka tu Wmldrlh Ndú; lr
f.dkqjla fidhk wdldrh l%shdldrlula f,i lr n,uq'
14
mß.Klj, uQ,sl fodaIdfõlaIKh
2'2
(Troubleshooting) iy kv;a;=j (Maintenance)
mß.Klh iu. lghq;= lrk Tng fndfyda úg uqyqK§ug isÿ jk uQ,sl
.eg¨ j¾. folla we;' wms tajd y÷kd .ksuq'
mß.Kl wdY%s; fodaI
oDVdx. fodaI uDÿldx. fodaI
fhÿï uDÿldx. fodaI fufyhqï uDÿldx. fodaI
uq,ska u wms oDVdx. wdY%s; fodaI fudkjd oehs úuid n,uq'

mß.Klhl oDVdx. fodaI y`ÿkd .ekSug thg wfkl=;a Wmdx. iïnkaO
lrk flfjks (ports) y`ÿkd .ekSu jeo.;a h ^rEmh 2'2 n,kak&'
1 PS2 flfjksh
h;=re mqjrej$uQislh i|yd
2 VGA flfjksh
VGA iïnkaOlh iys; ixo¾Ylh i|yd
3 DVI flfjksh
DVI iïnkaOlh iys; ixo¾Ylh i|yd
15
4 HDMI flfjksh
ixo¾Ylh i|yd rEmjdyskshla iïnkaO
lrk úg fhdod .; yels h' fuu /yeka
u.ska Y%jH iy oDYH (audio and video)
wdodk iy m%;sodk l< yels h'
5 USB
mß.Klhg iïnkaO l< yels USB j¾.fha

iïnkaOl iys; ish¨ Wmdx. i|yd
6 RJ45 B;¾fkÜ flfjksh
mß.Kl cd,.; lsÍug fhdod .kakd

RJ45 iïnkaOl iys; /yeka i|yd
7 eSata flfjksh
ndysr wdphk (external storage) Wmdx.

i|yd
8 HD Audio flfjksh
by< ;;a;ajfha Y%jH i|yd
9 Display flfjksh mß.Klhg äðg,a ixo¾Yl iòyd

jk VGA iy DVI jeks fjk;a o¾Yl
iïm%odhkag jvd Wiia ld¾h idOkhla
,nd §u iòyd
rEmh 2'2 - mß.Klhl flfjks

16
by; oelafjk flfjksj,g wu;rj fïi mß.Klj, fuka u Wl=¿
mß.Klj," geí iy cx.u ÿrl;kj, we;s flfjks lsysmhla my; rEmh 2'3 ys
olajd we;' wms tu flfjks o y÷kd .ksuq'
Parallel flfjksh uqølh i|yd fndfyda úg Ndú; fõ' tfy;a

kùk uqølj, we;af;a USB iïnkaOl /yeka
ksid kùk mß.Klj,ska fuu flfjksh bj;a
lr we;'
Micro USB flfjksh
cx.u ¥rl:k" MP 3 Odjl" photo printer"
äðg,a leurd jeks iqyqre Wmdx. iïnkaO
lsÍug fhdod.efka'
SD card reader
SD card lshùu i|yd Ndú; flf¾' Wl=¿

mß.Kl geí jeks WmlrKj, olakg ,efí'
rEmh 2'3 - mß.Kl flfjks
mß.Klhg iïnkaO lrk úúO Wmdx. i|yd Ndú; flfrk flfjks

.Kkdjla u wms y÷kd.;suq' úúO Wmdx.j, fodaIdfõlaIKh i|yd fuu oekqu
b;d jeo.;a fõ' oeka wms mß.Klhg iïnkaO lr we;s úúO Wmdx.j, fodaI
.fõIKh lr tajdg úi÷ï fidhuq'
2'2'1 oDVdx. fodaI
²² mß.Klh l%shd;aul fkdùu

²² h;=re mqjrej (keyboard) l%shd;aul fkdùu
oDVdx. ir,
²² uQislh (mouse) l%shd;aul fkdùu
fodaI iòyd
²² ixo¾Ylh (monitor) l%shd;aul fkdùu
WodyrK
²² kdol (speakers) l%shd;aul fkdùu
²² cd,h yd iïnkaO fkdùu
17
mß.Klh n, .ekaùfï fnd;a;u (power button) tnQ úg
.eg¨j 01 (
mß.Klh l%shd;aul fkdùu'
wk;=reodhlhs æææ
fuu mdvug wod< hï hï l%shdldrlï w;r úÿ,sh
iïnkaOj lrk l%shdldrlïj, § oeä wjOdkhlska
hq;=j .=re;=udf.a fyda .=re;=ñhf.a fyda wëlaIKh
hgf;a lghq;= lrkak'
úÿ,s /yeka mÍlaId lsÍfï § m%Odk úÿ,s iemhqu

úikaê lrkak'
fujeks wjia:djl § l< hq;af;a l=ula o@
úi`ÿu 01 (
mß.Klhg úÿ,sh imhk m%Odk flfjksfha isg mß.Klh olajd úÿ,sh

imhk /yeka iy iïnkaOl ksjerÈj iïnkaO lr we;s oehs mÍlaId lsÍu'
mß.Klhg úÿ,sh imhd we;af;a wkjr; úÿ,s iemhqï Wmdx.hla (UPS)
yryd fyda Rcqj u fyda úh yels h'
mshjr 1 ì;a;sfha m%Odk iemhqfuka úÿ,sh úikaê lrkak'
18
mshjr 2 wkjr; úÿ,s iemhqï Wmdx.hg úÿ,sh imhk /yefka fmakqj
(plug) wkjr; úÿ,s iemhqï Wmdx.hg fyd¢ka iúlr we;s
oehs mÍlaIdlr n,kak' tfuka u wkjr; úÿ,s iemhqï Wmdx.fha isg
mß.Klhg úÿ,sh imhk /yefka fmakqj wkjr; úÿ,s iemhqï Wmdx.hg
fyd¢ka iïnkaO lr ;sfí oehs mÍlaId lr n,d tfia fkdue;s kï fyd¢ka
iïnkaO lrkak'
mshjr 3 wkjr; úÿ,s iemhqï Wmdx.fha isg tk /yeka mß.Klhg

iy ixo¾Ylhg fyd¢ka iïnkaO ù we;s oehs mÍlaId lrkak'
iuyr wjia:dj, § mß.Klfha moaO;s tallh (system unit) tflka
ixo¾Ylhg úÿ,sh imhd ;sìh yels h' tjeks wjia:djl kï tu úÿ,s
/yefka fofl<jr fyd¢ka iïnkaO lr we;s oehs mÍlaId lr n,d tfia
fkdue;s kï fyd¢ka iïnkaO lrkak'
19
by; i|yka ish,a, ksjerÈ kï m%Odk iemhqfuka úÿ,sh
mshjr 4
ikaê lr wkjr; úÿ,s iemhqï Wmdx.h l%shd;aul lrkak'
bka miqj mß.Klh n, .kajkak' fndfyda úg mß.Klh

mshjr 5
l%shd;aul úh yels h' ;j ÿrg;a mß.Klh n, .ekaùu l<
fkdyels kï ld¾ñl Ys,amsfhl=f.a iydh ,nd .; hq;= fõ'
úi`ÿu 02 (
m%Odk iemhqfuka Rcqj u úÿ,sh imhd we;akï my; oelafjk ms<sfj<g

úÿ,s iïnkaO;dj mÍlaId lr n,kak'
mshjr 1 ì;a;sfha m%Odk iemhqfuka úÿ,sh úikaê lrkak'
20
mshjr 2 m%Odk iemhqfuka tk /yeka" mß.Klhg iy ixo¾Ylhg
fyd¢ka iïnkaO ù we;s oehs mÍlaId lrkak' tfia fkdue;s kï
fyd¢ka iïnkaO lrkak'
mshjr 3 by; i|yka ish,a, ksjerÈ kï m%Odk iemhqfuka úÿ,sh ikaê

lrkak'
mshjr 4 bka miqj mß.Klh n, .kajkak' fndfyda úg mß.Klh

l%shd;aul úh yels h' ;j ÿrg;a mß.Klh n, .ekaùu l<
fkdyels kï ld¾ñl Ys,amsfhl=f.a iyh ,nd .; hq;= fõ'
.eg¨j 02 ( h;=re mqjrej fyda uQislh fyda l%shd;aul fkdùu
úi`ÿu 01 (
mß.Klh kej; wdrïN (restart) lrkak' kj werUqfï §" wl%sh ù ;snQ
h;=re mqjrej fyda uQislh fyda l%shd;aul oehs n,kak' fndfyda úg l%shd;aul fõ'
tfia fkdue;s kï my; l%shdldrlï lrkak'
21
úi`ÿu 02 (
mshjr 1 mß.Klh shut down lrkak'
mshjr 2 h;=re mqjrefõ iy uQislfha fmakq" flfjksj,g ksishdldrj

iïnkaO ù we;s oehs mÍlaId lsÍug my; mshjr wkq.ukh
lrkak'
iïnkaO lsÍug fhdod we;s flfjksh wkqj h;=re mqjre iy uQisl j¾. folla
we;' tajd kï USB iy PS 2 hk j¾. folls'
i. USB j¾.h kï my; oelafjk wdldrhg USB fmakqj fyd¢ka flfjkshg
iïnkaO lrkak'
ii. PS 2 h;=re mqjrej iy uQislhla kï PS 2 fmakq fyd¢ka flfjksj,g

iïnkaO lrkak'
by; mshjr ksjerÈj wjika lf<a kï mß.Klh kej; mK.kajd n,kak'

fndfyda ÿrg fuu Wmdx. l%shd;aul úh hq;= h' tfia fkdjqKfyd;a Tfí h;=re
mqjrefõ fodaIhla ;sfí oehs oek .ekSu i|yd fjk;a h;=re mqjrejla fyda uQislhlA
fyda iïnkaO lr n,kak' tajd l%shd;aul fkdjkafka kï ld¾ñl Ys,amsfhl=f.a
iydh ,nd .; hq;= fõ'
22
.eg¨j 03 ( ixo¾Ylh (monitor) l%shd;aul fkdùu
úi`ÿu (
mshjr 1 ixo¾Ylfha mK.ekaùfï fnd;a;u l%shd;aul lr ;sfí oehs

n,kak' tfia fkdue;s kï l%shd;aul lrkak' túg o ixo¾Ylh
l%shd;aul fkdfõ kï my; mshjrg hkak'
mshjr 2 mß.Klh kej; wdrïN (restart) lrkak' kj werUqfï §" wl%sh ù

;snQ ixo¾Ylh l%shd;aul oehs n,kak' tfia fkdue;s kï iïnkaO
ksjerÈ oehs mÍlaId lsÍug my; mshjr wkq.ukh lrkak'
mshjr 3 Tnf.a mß.Klfha ixo¾Ylhg o;a; imhk /yeka j¾.h

y÷kdf.k ksjerÈ flfjkshg fyd¢ka iïnkaO lrkak' tajd"
VGA, DVI fyda HDMI úh yel' tfiakï my; oelafjk wdldrhg ksjerÈj
iïnkaO ù we;s oehs mÍlaId lr n,kak'
VGA
DVI
HDMI
23
mshjr 4 ixo¾Ylhg úÿ,sh imhk /yek my; oelafjk wdldrhg
ksjerÈj iïnkaO ù we;s oehs mÍlaId lr n,kak'
by; mshjr ish,a, ksjerÈj wjika lf<a kï mß.Klh kej;

mshjr 5
mK .ekajQ úg fndfyda ÿrg ixo¾Ylh l%shd;aul jkq we;' tfia
fkdjqKfyd;a Tfí ikao¾Ylfha fodaIhla ;sfí oehs oek .ekSu i|yd
fjk;a ixo¾Ylhla iïnkaO lr n,kak' túg o l%shd;aul fkdjkafka
kï ld¾ñl Ys,amsfhl=f.a iydh ,nd .; hq;= fõ'
.eg¨j 04 ( kdol (speakers) l%shd;aul fkdùu
úi`ÿu (
kdolj, we;s Yío md,lh u.ska Yíoh wju lr we;s oehs n,d
mshjr 1
th Wmßuh foig lrljkak' túg o Yíohla fkdue;s kï
my; mshjrg hkak'
Yío md,lh
24
mshjr 2 mß.Kl fufyhqï moaO;sh u.ska Yíoh wju lr fyda wl%sh lr
fyda we;s oehs ne,Sug Tfí mß.Kl ;srfha hg fl<jf¾ we;s
Task Bar tflys ol=Kq fl<jf¾ we;s kdolhl rEmh u; fojrla la,sla
lsÍfuka y~ md,lh ,nd.; yels h' tys we;s slider tl tyd fuyd lr
y~ wvq jeä lr.; yels h' tfia y~ jeä l< miq;a y~ ke;s kï my;
mshjrg hkak'
mshjr 3

mß.Klh iy
kdol iïnkaO lrk
/yeka kdolj, ;dlaIKh
wkqj fjkia fõ' Tfí
kdol moaO;sh HD Audio Digit Out
;dlaIKh iys; kï my; Microphone In
oelafjk rEmfha wdldrhg Analog Line in
j¾K wkqj /yeka ksjerÈj Front Left/Right & Headphone
iïnkaO ù we;s oehs Center/Subwoofer
mÍlaId lr n,kak' tfia
Surround Left/Right
fkdue;s kï ksjerÈj
Surround Back Left/Right
iïnkaO lrkak'
Tfí kdol moaO;sh m%ldY wxls; Y%jH (optical digital audio) ;dlaIKh
iys; kï iïnkaO l< hq;af;a tl /yekls' th my; oelafjk rEmfha
wdldrhg ksjerÈ flfjkshg iïnkaO lrkak'
25
mshjr 4 fndfyda kdol i|yd úÿ,sh fjk u ,nd Èh hq;= h' ta i|yd
fjk u úÿ,s /yekla kdolhg iú lr we;' th úÿ,s fmakqjlg
iú lr úÿ,sh ,nd § we;s oehs n,kak' tfia fkdue;s kï úÿ,sh ,nd
fokak'
mshjr 5 by; mshjr ksjerÈj wjika lf<a kï mß.Klh kej;

mK.kajd n,kak" fndfyda ÿrg kdol l%shd;aul jkq we;s' tfia
fkdjqKfyd;a Tfí kdolj, fodaIhla ;sfí oehs oek .ekSu i|yd fjk;a
kdol lÜg,hla iïnkaO lr n,kak' túg o l%shd;aul fkdjkafka kï
my; mshjr l%shd;aul lrkak'
mshjr 6 mß.Klfha Y%jH Odjl uDÿldx.h (audio device driver)

ksjerÈj ia:dms; lr fkdue;s kï" ksjerÈ Odjl uDÿldx.h
ia:dms; l< hq;= h' fï i|yd Tn .=re;=udf.a fyda .=re;=ñhf.a fyda iydh
,nd .; hq;= fõ'
mshjr 7 by; ish¨ mshjr wid¾:l kï ld¾ñl Ys,amsfhl=f.a iydh

,nd .; hq;= fõ'
.eg¨j 05 ( mß.Klh cd,h yd iïnkaO fkdùu
igyk - mß.Klhla cd,hla yd iïnkaO jkafka cd,hg wh;a

iaúpfha (network switch) isg tk RJ45 iïnkaOlh iys; cd,
/yeklska h' fuu /yek iïnkaO lsÍug mß.Klfha B;¾fkÜ
w;=re uqyqK;la we;'
26
úi`ÿu (
mshjr 1 fuu iïnkaOh ksjerÈ j isÿ ù we;s oehs my; oelafjk wdldrhg
mÍlaId lr n,kak' tfia fkdue;s kï kej; ksjerÈj iïnkaO
lrkak' ksjerÈj iïnkaO jQ úg B;¾fkÜ ljq¿fõ l=vd úÿ,s nqnq<la
oe,afjkq we;'
RJ45 iïnkaOlh
mß.Klfha w;=re uqyqK;
mshjr 2 by; mshjr wkq.ukh l< úg o cd,hg iïnkaO fkdfõ

kï" Tfí mß.Kl ;srfha hg fl<jf¾ we;s Task Bar tflys
ol=Kq fl<jf¾ we;s mß.Klhl rEmh u; Right la,sla lsÍfuka ,efnk
fukqfõ ''Troubleshoot Problems'' u; la,sla lrkak' túg fufyhqï
moaO;sh u.ska fodaIdfõlaIKh lr cd, iïnkaOh ksjerÈ lr fokq we;'
igyk - mß.Kl cd,hlg iïnkaO ùug kï /yek iïnkaO

lsÍug wu;rj isgqjï l< hq;= fndfyda foa we;' tu lghq;= i|yd
wjir ,efnkafka mßmd,l .sKqulska cd,hg we;=<;a jqj fyd;a
mu‚' tneúka tu isgqjï ksjerÈ lr .ekSug Tfí .=re;=udf.a fyda
.=re;=ñhf.a fyda iydh ,nd .kak'
27
2'2'2 uDÿldx. fodaI
uDÿldx. fodaI j¾. fohdldrhls' th my; 2'4 rEmfhka oelafõ'
uDÿldx. fodaI
fhÿï uDÿldx. fodaI fufyhqï moaO;sfha fodaI
rEmh 2'4 - uDÿldx. fodaI
fhÿï uDÿldx.
hï lsis ld¾hhla mß.Klh wdY%s;j bgq lr .ekSu iòyd fhdod .kakd
uDÿldx. fhÿï uDÿldx. fõ'
Wod - joka ieliSfï uDÿldx. (word processing software)
me;=reïm;a uDÿldx.h (spreadsheet software)
fjí w;sßlaiqj (web browser)
rEm ilia lsÍfï uDÿldx.h (photo editing software)
fhÿï uDÿldx. fodaI
²² l%shd;aul lsÍug fkdyelsùu
²² újD; jqj o m%;spdr fkdoelaùu
²² iïmQ¾K w;=re uqyqK; fkdfmkSu
²² újD; ùug fndfyda fõ,djla .ekSu iy b;d ukao.dó ùu
²² mßYS,l úOdk u; l%shd;aul fkdùu
²² fufyhqï moaO;sh ksishdldrj l%shd;aul fkdùu
úi`ÿu 01 (
fndfyda .eg¨j,g ir, u úi÷u jk uDÿldx.h jid oud (close) kej;
újD; lsÍu isÿ lrkak' tfia lsÍfuka m%;sM,hla fkd,efí kï B<Õ mshjrg
hkak'
úi`ÿu 02 (
uDÿldx.h Tnf.a mß.Klfha msßú;rj,g iy fufyhqï moaO;shg wkql+,
oehs (compatible) úuid n,kak' uDÿldx. wkql+,;ajh (software compatibility) hkq
tl u mß.Klfha fyda mß.Kl cd,hlska fyda iïnkaO jk úúO mß.Klj,
iuyr uDÿldx. tl mß.Kl mßirhlg wkql+, úh yels w;r fjk;a mßirhlg
wkql+, fkdúh yels h' WodyrK f,i Windows fufyhqï moaO;sh ;=< l%shd lrk
iuyr uDÿldx. Mac fufyhqï moaO;sh ;=< l%shd fkdlrhs' tneúka uDÿldx.h
Tfí mß.Klhg wkql+, oehs úuid n,kak' tfia wkql+, kï B<Õ mshjrg hkak'
28
úi`ÿu 03 (
uDÿldx.h n,m;% iys; uDÿldx.hla o hkak úuid n,kak' tfia;a ke;s
kï fkdñf,a Ndú; lsÍug § ;snQ ld,h (trial period) wjidk oehs úuid n,kak'
n,m;% ke;s fyda n,m;% ld,h ksu jQ uDÿldx. Ndú;fha § .eg¨ we;s fõ' tfia
fkdue;s kï B<Õ mshjrg hkak'
úi`ÿu 04 (
fhÿï uDÿldx.h ms<silr (repair) lrkak' bka miq mß.Klh kej; wdrïN
(restart) lr uDÿldx.h újD; lr n,kak'
úi`ÿu 05 (
mß.Klfha ia:dms; lr we;s wl%sh jQ uDÿldx.h wia:dmkh (uninstall) lr
kej; ia:dmkh (install) lrkak' by; 4 iy 5 úi`ÿï iòyd Tnf.a .=re;=udf.a fyda
.=re;=ñhf.a fyda iydh ,nd .; hq;= fõ'
.eg¨j ( fhÿï uDÿldx.j, ks;r isÿ úh yels by; iòyka fodaI ksjerÈ
lr .ekSug yels jqj o iuyr wjia:dj, § jhsri u.ska we;s
lrk n,mEu u; o tu fodaI we;s úh yels h' th o ie,ls,a,g f.k tu fodaI
bj;a lrkafka flfia oehs n,uq'
úi`ÿu (
m%;sjhsri (anti-virus) uDÿldx.hla u.ska mß.Klh iqmÍlaIKh (scan)
lrkak' bka miq mß.Klh kej; wdrïN (restart) lr uDÿldx.h újD; lr
n,kak'
igyk - mß.Kl ffjrihla hkq mß.Kl moaO;shg ydks muqKjk"

o;a; úkdY lrk ffjri msgm;a m%;sks¾udKh (replicate) lsÍfï
yelshdjla we;s wksIag fla;hls (malicious code).
fufyhqï moaO;sfha fodaI
mß.Klhl fufyhqï moaO;sfha we;s jk fodaI ksid mßYS,lhdg fndfyda

ÿIalr;d isÿ úh yels h' fïjd kï"
²² mß.Klh wdrïN ùug fndfyda fj,djla .;ùu'
²² ish¨ u ld¾hhka b;d ukao.dó ùu
²² mßYS,l úOdk u; l%shd;aul fkdùu
²² wdrïNl ;srh (Desktop) ysiaùu
29
.eg¨j 01 ( mß.Klh ukao.dó ùu
igyk - mß.Klhl wdrïNl jevigyka (startup programs)

ixLHdj úYd, ùu;a m%Odk wdphkh wkjYH uDÿldx. iy f.dkq
u.ska msÍ mej;Su;a ksid mß.Klh ukao.dó úh yel' fï i|yd
úi÷ï my; oelafõ' tu úi÷ï i|yd mßmd,l .sKqulska mß.Klhg
mQrKh úh hq;= h' tneúka fï ish,a, Tnf.a .=re;=ud fyda .=re;=ñh fyda
úiska wdo¾Ykh lrkq we;'
úi`ÿu (
mshjr 1 wdrïNl jevigyka (startup programs) w;ßka wjYH fkdjk

jevigyka bj;a lrkak' túg mß.Klh wdrïN ùfï fõ.h
jeä fõ'
wkjYH f.dkq bj;a lrkak' fï i|yd fufyhqï moaO;sfha

mshjr 2
we;s (Disk Cleanup) fuj,u Ndú; l< yels h'
by; ish,a, l< miq;a m%;sM,hla fkd,efí kï" fufyhqï

mshjr 3
moaO;sh ms<silr (repair) lrkak'
th o wid¾:l kï fufyhqï moaO;sh m%;sia:dmkh (re-install)

mshjr 4
lrkak'
.eg¨j 02 ( wdrïNl ;srh ysiaùu
igyk - fufyhqï moaO;sfha hï fodaIhla ksid fyda isgqjïj,

(settings) fjkia ùula fyda ksid fufia (desktop icons) fkdfmkS
hdug mq¿jk'
úi`ÿu 01 (
Windows 10 fufyhqï moaO;sfha desktop ;srh o¾Ykh l< yels wdldr

(modes) folla we;' tajd kï"
a. Tablet wdldrh
b. mqoa., mß.Kl (PC) wdldrh fõ'
fuu isgqju Tablet wdldrhg yrjd ;snqK fyd;a desktop icons fkdfmfka'
tneúka tu isgqju iòyd my; i|yka mshjr wkq.ukh lruq'
30

mß.Kl ;srfha task bar tflys ol=Kq fl<jr we;s ^fj,djg
mshjr 1
jfuka& l:k neü (speech balloon) u; la,sla lrkak'
mshjr 2 túg Windows action center újD; fõ' tys my; RcqfldaKdi%dldr
fnd;a;ï lsysmhla Èiafõ' tu fnd;a;ï w;ßka Tablet mode
fnd;a;u u; la,sla lsÍfuka Tablet wdldrfhka PC wdldrhg udreúh yels
h' tfia PC wdldrhg udre jQ úg desktop icons kej; Èia jkq we;'
úi`ÿu 02 (
by; l%shdldrlu l< miqj;a desktop icons fkdfmfka kï" iuyr úg

desktop icons o¾Ykh ùu wn, (disable) lr ;sìh yels h' tfia kï th kej; n,
.ekaùug (enable) lsÍug my; i|yka mshjr wkq.ukh lrkak'
mshjr 1 mß.Kl ;srfha ysia wjldYhl uQislh right la,sla lrkak'

túg ,efnk fukqfõ View u; la,sla l< úg my; rEmfha
oelafjk wdldrhg w;=re fukqjla ,efí'
View Large icons

Sort by Medium icons
Refresh Small icons
Paste Auto arrange icons icons

Paste shortcut Align icons to grid
NVIDIA Control Panel Show desktop icons
New
Display settings
31
mshjr 2 tu w;=re fukqfõ ''Show desktop icons'' u; la,sla lrkak'
túg show desktop icons bÈßfhka '' √ '' ,l=K jeà th n,
.ekafõ' oeka Tfí ;srh u; desktop icons Èia jkq we;'
úi`ÿu 03 (
by; úi÷ïj,ska miqj o Tnf.a mß.Kl ;srh ysia kï fufyhqï moaO;sfha
fodaIhla ksid tfia úh yels h' tu fodaI úi£ug mßmd,l .sKqulska mß.Klhg
mQrKh (log in) úh hq;= ksid Tnf.a .=re;=udf.a fyda .=re;=ñhf.a fydA iydh
,nd.; hq;= fõ'
l%shdldrlu 2'4 iy 2'5 iòyd jevfmd; n,kak'
idrdxYh
fufyhqï moaO;sh Ndú;fhka mß.Klhl úkHdih (configuration) ieliSu
iy isgqjï (setting) lsÍu isÿ l< yel'
²² fufyhqï moaO;sh úiska f.dkq iq/lSu" f.dkq fiùu" isys leòùï" jHdmdr
,sms heùï hkdÈfha § mß.Klfha Èkh iy fõ,dj Ndú; lrk neúka
mß.Klfha Èkh iy fõ,dj ksjerÈj ilia lr mj;ajd f.k hdu
jeo.;ah'
²² cd;Hka;r iïu;hg wkqj f,dalfha rgj,a fõ,d l,dmj,g fnod we;'
fõ,d l,dm kS;suh" jdKsc iy iudc wruqKq iòyd wkkH jQ iïu;
fõ,djla mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nhs'
²² uqo,a tall iy tajdfha ixfla; ;u rfÜ Ndú;h wkqj ilid .; hq;= h'
²² cd;Hka;r jYfhka Ndú; flfrk ixLHd iy uqo,a ,sùfï iïu; wdlD;s
we;'
mß.Klhl f.dkq .=Kdx. lsysmhls;
²² f.dkqj iq/lS we;s ia:dkh
²² wjika jrg f.dkqfjys fjkialï l< Èkh
²² f.dkqfõ m%j¾.h
²² f.dkqfõ úYd,;ajh
²² f.dkqj ks¾udKh l< Èkh
²² f.dkqj m%fõY l< yels hï whs;sjdislï
32
²² mß.Klhl iqrlsk ,o f.dkqjla miqj kej; újD; lsÍug wjYH jQ úfgl
tu f.dkqfõ ku fyda iq/ls ia:dkh fyda wu;l jqjfyd;a tu f.dkqj
fidhd .ekSu iòyd f.dkq fiùu (file search) fhdod .; yels h'
²² mqoa., mß.Klhg iïnkaO lrk wfkl=;a Wmdx. mß.Klhg iïnkaO
lrk uqyqK;a flfjks (ports) we;'
²² mß.Klh iu. lghq;= lrk Tng fndfyda úg uqyqK§ug isÿ jk uQ,sl
fodaI j¾. folla we;'
◦◦ oDVdx. ir, fodaI
◦◦ uDÿldx. ir, fodaI
²² oDVdx. ir, fodaI
◦◦ h;=re mqjrefõ fyda uQislfha fyda fodaI
◦◦ ixo¾Ylfha fodaI
◦◦ kdolj, fodaI
◦◦ mß.Klh cd,hg iïnkaO fkdùfï fodaIh
²² uDÿldx. ir, fodaI
◦◦ fufyhqï moaO;sfha we;s jk fodaI

◦◦ fhÿï uDÿldx.j, we;s jk fodaI
²² mß.Kl ffjrihla hkq mß.Kl moaO;shg ydks muqKqjk" o;a; úkdY

lrk ffjri msgm;a m%;sks¾udKh (replicate) lsÍfï yelshdjla we;s wksIag
fla;hls (melware).
33
3 joka ieliSu

²² joka ieliSu hkq l=ula o hkak ms<snòj yd
²² joka ieliSfï uDÿldx.hla Ndú;fhka
² f,aLkhla ks¾udKh lsÍu" újD; lsÍu" .nvd lsÍu iy jid oeóu
² mdG yeviõ lsÍu
² f.dkq$jia;= we;=<;a lsÍu
² j.=jla we;=<;a lsÍu
² wlaIr úkHdih yd jHdlrK mÍlaId lsÍu yd
² ,ehsia;= ilia lsÍu
ms<snò wjfndaOhla ,efnkq we;'
fujr idys;H Wf<,g Wf<f,a isysjgk fmd; wehs ke;af;a@ fï ish¨ u

wjYH wdrdOkd m;% ilia ilia lrkafka uuhs' wl=re ,sms f,aLk" mß.Klhl
lrkak lsh,d .=re;=ó ug w;ska ,sh,d msx;+r wekaod ia:dmkh lr we;s joka
lsjqjd' Bfha oji u W;aidy u ,iaik keye' fïjd ieliSfï uDÿldx.hla
l<d' ta;a" uf.a wl=re ms<sfj<g" ,iaikg ilia weiqfrka b;du;a ,iaikg;a
,iaik keye" wms<sfj<hs lr .kak fjk;a l%uhla ms<sfj<g;a ilia lr .kak
lsh,hs ug kï ysf;kafka' keoao@ mq¿jks'
34
joka ieliSfï uDÿldx.h u.ska f,aLk ks¾udKh lsÍu joka ieliSu kï
fõ' joka ieliSfï uDÿldx.h fhÿï uDÿldx.hls' fuu uDÿldx.h u.ska ks¾udKh
l< yels f,aLk fndfyda h' WodyrK lsysmhla my; 3'1 rEmfhka oelafõ'
whÿïm;a
mqj;am;a wdrdOkdm;a
m%Yakm;% iqnme;=ïm;a
,sms i`.rd
joka
ieliqu
rEmh 3'1 - joka ieliqu u.ska ielish yels f,aLk
joka ieliSfï uDÿldx.hla Ndú; lrñka f,aLk ks¾udKh lsÍfï § fhdod

.kq ,nk fuj,ï /ils' tajdfhys ld¾hhka y`ÿkd .ksuq'
fmdÿ fuj,ï
kj f,aLkhla ,nd ;ekam;a l< f,aLkhla f,aLkhl uqøs; fmr

.ekSu - New újD; lsÍu - Open oiqk - Print Preview
f,aLkhla ;ekam;a tla jrla ;ekam;a l< f,aLk uqøKh

lsÍu - Save f,aLkhla fjk;a kulska lsÍug - Print
;ekam;a lsÍu - Save as
35
msgm;a l< fyda lmd.;a
lrk ,o l%shdjla wj,x.= wl=re" mska;+r wdÈh fyda wl=re" mska;+r wdÈh
lsÍug - Undo msgm;a lsÍug - Copy we,ùug - Paste
wj,x.= lrk ,o l%shdj wl=re" mska;+r wdÈh jpkj, iy jdlHj,

kej; lsÍug - Redo lmd .ekSug - Cut wlaIr úkHdih iy
jHdlrK ksjerÈ lr
.ekSug
wl=re yeviõ lsÍfï fuj,ï - Text Formatting Tools

wl=rej, m%udKh wl=re ;o meye wl=re mdg lsÍug
fjkia lsÍug - Size .ekaùug - - Color
ud;Dldj Bold
wkqud;Dldj fma<sfha my<g .ekSug
wl=re we, lsÍug
idudkH wl=re
- Italic Subscript - (Wod - CO2)
wl=re j¾. - Font háka brla we`§ug

wl=re úfYaI lr fma<sfhka by<g
Times New Roman - Underline .ekSug
fmkaùug - Highlight
Cambria Superscript -
irmala UI (Wod - 22 , 23)
TT †BindumAthi
36
tfl,a, lsÍfï iy ia:dk .; lsÍfï fuj,ï
Alignment and Positioning Tools
jug tfl,a, ol=Kg fma<s w;r mr;rh fjkia miqìu j¾K

lsÍu tfl,a, lsÍu lsÍug .ekaùug
Align Left Align Right Line and Paragraph Spacing Shading
1
2
3
ueog tfl,a, lsÍu fomig tfl,a, lsÍu nq,Ü wxlk

Center Justify Bullets Numbering
l%shdldrlï iòyd jevfmdf;a l%shdldrlu 3'1" 3'2" 3'3" 3'4

iy 3'5 n,kak'
f,aLkhg tl;= lr .; yels úúO jia;=

Insert Objects
mska;+r yev;, wl=re fldgq

Pictures Shapes Text boxes
A A
mß.Klfha ia:dms; mska;+r l,d;aul wl=re j.=

Clip Art Word Art Tables
37
l%shdldrlï iòyd jevfmdf;a l%shdldrlu 3'6" 3'7" 3'8" 3'9
iy 3'10 n,kak'
idrdxYh
²² joka ieliSfï uDÿldx.hla Ndú; lrñka ,sms" iÕrd" iy;sl m;%" whÿï m;%
wdÈ ;j;a fndfyda f,aLk ilia l< yels h' fuh joka ieliSu hkqfjka
ye`Èkafõ'
²² kj f,aLk New" újD; lsÍu Open" ;ekam;a lsÍu Save" uqøKh Print" uqøK
fmr oiqk Print Preview" fmr l%shdj Redo" wdmiq l%shdj Undo" lemSu Cut"
msgm;a lsÍu Copy" we,ùu paste" Spelling and Grammar wdÈh fmdÿ fuj,ï
h'
²² Size, Color, Bold, Italic, Underline, Highlight, Font, Superscript, Subscript
wdÈh wl=re yeviõ lsÍfï fuj,ï h'
²² Left align, Center, Right align, Justify, Bullets, Numbering, line spacing,
shading wdÈh fþo tfl,a, lsÍfï fuj,ï h'
²² Pictures, Tables, Shapes, Text boxes, Clip art, Word art f,aLkhg tl;= lr
.; yels foa h'
38
4 l%uf,aL f.dvke.Su

²² .eg¨ úYaf,aIKh lsÍu
²² f;aÍï md,k jHqy
²² tÈfkod .eg¨j,g .e,Sï igyka weiqßka úi`ÿï oelaùu
²² Scratch uDÿldx.h weiqßka wkql%uh yd f;aÍï md,k jHqy iys;
jevigyka ieliSu
²² cx.u yd iqyqre Wmdx.j, fhÿï
ms<snò wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yels jkq we;'
4'1 .eg¨j úYaf,aIKh lsÍu
úYaf,aIKh hkq hï fohla mÍlaIdjlg ,lalr ir, fldgiaj,g fjka

lsÍuhs' tfia fjka l< miq ta ms<snò ú.%yhla lsÍu myiq jkq we;'
ksoiqkla f,i ,smsøjH wf,ú i,lska ksl=;a l< my; oelafjk ì,am; i,luq'
tla tla whs;uh iòyd ,ÿm;

jk uqo, .Kkh lsÍug whs;uh" ABC fmd;ay, l%shdj,sh
m%udKh iy tall uqo, wjYH Èkh - ''''''''''''''''''''
fõ' fuu ì, ieliSfï l%shdj,sh
whs;uh m%udKh tall uqo,
iòyd wjYH oE wdodk f,i
ñ, re'
ie,fla' tla tla whs;ufhka ñ,
msgq 200 1 150.00 150.00
§ .;a uq¿ m%udKh iòyd jk
uqo,;a" ì,amf;a uq¿ tl;=j;a msgq 80 4 55.00 220.00
fidhd .ekSu l%shdj,sh fõ' ldnka mEka 3 15.00 45.00
tla tla whs;uh iòyd uqo, yd
ì,amf;a tl;=j m%;sodkh fõ'
tl;=j 415.00
ta wkqj by; ì,am;
úYaf,aIKh lr wdodk" m%;sodk
yd l%shdj,sh y`ÿkd .ksuq' wdodk m%;sodk
39
wdodkh ( whs;ufha ku" m%udKh" tall ñ,
l%shdj,sh ( ñ,g .;a whs;uhla iòyd
f.úh hq;= uqo, = m%udKh × tall ñ,
ì,amf;A tl;=j = ì,amf;a iòyka whs;u iòyd f.úh
hq;= uqo,aj, tl;=j
m%;sodkh ( f.úh hq;= uq¿ uqo,
l%uf,aL f.dvke.Su iòyd .eg¨jla úYaf,aIKh lr wdodk (input)"
l%shdj,sh (process) iy m%;sodk (output) y`ÿkd .ekSu w;HjYH fõ' ^rEmh 4'1
n,kak'&
wdodk - [.eg¨j úi`§ug wjYH oE] :-

ú
^Wod - o;a;&
Ya
.eg¨j f,a
I l%shdj,sh - [úi`ÿï lrd t<fUk wdldrh]
K
h m%;sodk - [.eg¨jg wod< úi`ÿï] :-
^Wod - f;dr;=re&
rEmh 4'1 - .eg¨j úYaf,aIKh
igyk - l%uf,aLh f.dvke.Su iòyd .eg¨j úYaf,aIKh l<

hq;= h'
.eg¨jla úYaf,aIKh lr wdodk" l%shdj,sh iy m%;sodk y`ÿkd .ksuq'

WodyrK 1
.eg¨j ( merKs cd;sl ye`ÿkqïm;a wxlh § we;s úg mqoa.,hd Wmka
j¾Ih fidhd .ekSu
wdodkh ( cd;sl ye`ÿkqïm;a wxlh 987654321V

l%shdj,sh ( cd;sl ye`ÿkqïm;a wxlfha uq,a b,lalï 02 fjka lr .ekSu
m%;sodkh ( Wmka j¾Ih
WodyrK 2
Rs xx
.eg¨j ( mEka 5la ñ, § .ekSug f.úh hq;=
uq
o, fiùu
wdodkh ( mEkl ñ,
f.úh hq;= uqo, .Kkh lsÍu
l%shdj,sh ( ^f.úh hq;= uqo, = mEkl ñ, × 5)
m%;sodkh ( f.úh hq;= uqo, rEmh 4'2 - mEka
40
4'2 md,k jHqy

we,af.dß;u u.ska lsishï .eg¨jla
úi`§u iòyd wkq.ukh l< hq;= mshjr ish,a, md,k jHqy 3 ls'
wkqms<sfj<ska olajkq ,efí' we,af.dß;u
f.dv ke.Sug Ndú; lrk md,k jHqy (control 1' wkql%uh (sequence)
structures) ;=kla we;s nj;a tajd wkql%uh 2' f;aÍu (selection)
(sequence)" f;aÍu (selection) yd mqk¾lrKh 3' mqk¾lrKh (repetition)
(repetition) f,i y`ÿkajkq ,nk nj;a Tn 7 jk
fY%aKsfha § wOHhkh lr we;' ^7 fY%aKsfha 5 jk
mßÉfþoh n,kak'&
igyk - .e,Sï igykl wdodk yd m%;sodk fldgqjlska

o l%shdj,s fldgqjlska o olajkq ,efí'
4'2'1
wkql%uh
wkql%uh (sequence) hkq we,af.dß;uhl tlla miqmi tlla uq, isg w.
olajd mshjr jYfhka isÿùuhs'
by; fojk WodyrKh u.ska úYaf,aIKh l< .eg¨jg wod< wkql%uh
iys; .e,Sï igyk 1 yd Scratch l%uf,aLh 1 my; oelafõ'
wdrïNh
mEkl ñ, we;=<;a lrkak
f.úh hq;= uqo, = mEkl ñ, × 5
f.úh hq;= uqo,
ksudj Scratch l%uf,aLh 1 - mEkl ñ, § we;s úg mEka

5 l ñ, fiùu
.e,Sï igyk 1 - mEka 5 l ñ, fiùu
mEkl ñ, price_per_pen hk úp,Hh u.ska o" f.úh hq;= uqo, payment

hk úp,Hh u.ska o olajd we;'
41
4'2'2
f;aÍu

f;aÍï (selection) md,k jHqyh u.ska wo jeis iys; ld,.=Khla
we,af.dß;uhl wvx.= m%ldY w;ßka f;dard.;a mj;S o
mqia;ld
,hg l%Svdmsáh
m%ldYhla$m%ldY l%shd;aul ùu fyda l%shd;aul
fkdùu fyda ;SrKh lrk wjia:d olajkq ,efí'
hkak
? hkak
l%shd;aul ùu fyda fkdùu fyda ;SrKh jkafka

ta yd iïnkaO fldkafoaishla ;Dma; ùu fyda
fkdùu fyda wkqj h'
ksoiqkla f,i l%Svd iòyd fjka l<
ld,Éfþofha § j¾Id Èkhla kï mqia;ld,hg
hk f,i o, j¾Id Èkhla fkdjkafka kï
l%
Svdmsáhg hk f,i o isiqkag Wmfoia ,nd fok wjia:dj i,luq'
.e,Sï igykaj, f;aÍï md,k jHqyh oelaùug ;SrK fldgqj (decision
box) fhdod .efka ^rEmh 4'3 n,kak&' f;aÍug wod< fldkafoaish i;H jQ úg zzTõZZ
(Yes) ÈYdjg o" wi;H jQ úg zzke;ZZ (No) ÈYdjg o fhduq fõ' ;SrK .ekSu oelaùu
iòyd 4'4 rEmh fhdod .; yels h'

Yes Tõ
wo jeis iys;
Èkhla o@
No
ke;
rEmh 4'3 - f;aÍï md,k jHqyh rEmh 4'4 - wo jeis iys; Èkhla o keoao hkak ;SrKh ùu
WodyrK 1 by; wjia:dj .e,Sï igykl ±laùu
wdrïNh
ld,.=K ;;a;ajh oek.ekSu
wo jeis iys; ke;

l%Svdmsáh hk f,i ±kaùu
Èkhla o@
Tõ
mqia;ld,hg hk f,i ±kaùu
ksudj
.e,Sï igyk 2 - ld,.=K ;;a;ajh wkqj l%Svdmsáh fyda mqia;ld,hg fyda hdu
42
WodyrK 2 kd.hska iy bKsux l%Svdj lrk úg ;SrK .ekSu
kd.hska iy bKssux hkq ;ks l%Svlhl=g fydA 36 35 34 33 32 31
lKavdhulg fyda ;r. l< yels ckm%sh l%Svdjls' 25 26 27 28 29 30

fuys wdrïNh (1) isg wjidkh (36) olajd fldgq
ixLHdjla we;' iEu bKsu.l u iy iEu kd.hl=f.a 24 23 22 21 20 19
u fofl<jr lsishï fldgq follg iïnkaO lr we;' 13 14 15 16 17 18
^rEmh 4'5 n,kak'&
12 11 10 9 8 7
odÿ legh Wv ouk iEu jdrhl § u ms<smeÈh hq;=
Wmfoia lsysmhls' 1 2 3 4 5 6
1' odÿ legfha by<g msysá uqyqKf;a we;s w.h n,d rEmh 4'5 - kd.hska iy bKsux
.kak' fm;
2' tu w.hg iudk fldgq .Kkla wkqms<sfj<ska bÈßhg
b;a;d f.k hkak'
3' b;a;d bKsu.l mduq, fldgqjg meñKsfha kï tys by<
fl<jr msysá fldgqj olajd b;a;d by<g f.k hkak' b;a;d odÿ legh
4' b;a;d kd.hl=f.a ysi iys; fldgqjg meñKsfha kï
tu kd.hdf.a j,s.h ksujk fldgqj olajd b;a;d my<g f.k hkak'
fuu fldkafoais (conditions) Tiafia 36 jk fldgqjg b;a;d .sh úg ch ,efí'
odÿ legh fmrf<k tla jdrhla ;=< isÿ l< hq;= ld¾hhg wod< .e,Sï igyk
my; oelafõ' ^.e,Sï igyk 3 n,kak'&
wdrïNh
odÿ legh fmr<Su
w.h ,nd .kak
w.hg iudk fldgq ixLHdjla olajd b;a;d bÈßhg f.k hk f,i oekaùu
bKsu. Èf.a tys
bKsu.l mduq, iys; Tõ fl<jr fldgqjg
fldgqjg meñKsfha o@ b;a;d f.k hk
f,i oekaùu
ke;
kd.hd Èf.a j,s.h
kd.hl=f.a ysi iys; Tõ ksujk fldgqjg
fldgqjg meñKsfha o@ b;a;d f.k hk
f,i oekaùu
ke;
ksudj
.e,Sï igyk 3 - kd.hska iy bKsux l%Svdj
43
WodyrK 3 m%Yakhl ksjerÈ ms<s;=r iòyd ,l=Kq 10 la ,nd §fï wjia:dj
i,luq'
fuys § ,l=Kq msßkeóug fmr ms<s;=r jerÈ fyda ksjerÈ nj fyda ;SrKh l<
hq;= h' ms<s;=r ksjerÈ kï muKla ,l=Kq 10 la ,efí' jerÈ ms<s;=re iòyd ,l=Kq
ysñ fkdfõ' fujeks wjia:d iòyd f;aÍï md,k jHqy Ndú; fhdod .kakd wdldrh
úuid n,uq' ^.e,Sï igyk 4 n,kak'&
wdrïNh
m%Yakh bÈßm;a lrkak
ms<s;=r ,nd .kak
ke;
ms<s;=r ksjerÈ o@
Tõ
,l=Kq 10la msßkukak
ksudj

.e,Sï igyk 4 - jerÈ$ksjerÈ ms<s;=re iòyd ,l=Kq msß^fkd&keóu
WodyrK 4 iudk fkdjk ixLHd folla w;ßka úYd, ixLHdj fiùu
fuys § tlsfkl wiudk ixLHd folla wdodkh f,i ,nd .efka' tu
ixLHd fol ixikaokh lr m<uq w.h fojk w.hg jvd úYd, kï m<uq w.h
úYd, nj o" tfia fkdjk wjia:dj, fojk w.h úYd, nj o m%;sodkh fõ' ^.e,Sï
igyk 5 n,kak'&
wdrïNh
iudk fkdjk ixLHd folla (A, B) we;==<;a lrkak
Tõ ke;
A > B o?
A úYd, nj fmkajkak B úYd, nj fmkajkak
ksudj
.e,Sï igyk 5 - úYd, ixLHdj fiùu
44
l%shdldrlï iòyd jevfmdf;a 4'2 isg 4'3 olajd n,kak'
igyk - mqk¾lrKh (repetition) keue;s md,k jHqyh ms<snòj 9

jif¾ § wOHhkh lsÍug Tng yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
4'3 Scratch f;aÍï md,k jHqyh

Scratch hkq l%uf,aLkh (programming) myiq lsÍu iòyd ks¾udKh lrk
,o ksoyia yd újD; m%Nj oDYH l%uf,aLk NdIdjls' fï u.ska l%Svd" ix.S;" iÔùlrK
(animation)" wka;¾ l%shdldÍ l;d (interactive stories) iy fjk;a ks¾udK isÿ l<
yels h' fï ms<snò uQ,sl oekqu 7 fY%aKsfha f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh
fmdf;ka ,nd .; yels h'
Scratch hk l%uf,aL f.dvke.Sfï § f;aÍï md,k jHqy uQ,sl wdldr
follska fhdod .; yels h'
1' IF... THEN Wmfoia ldKavh
2' IF... THEN... ELSE... Wmfoia ldKavh
j.=j 1 - f;aÍï md,k jHqyh
IF... THEN Wmfoia ldKavh (block) IF... THEN... ELSE... Wmfoia ldKavh
(block)
fldkafoaish (condition) fldkafoaish (condition)

ia:dk.; l< hq;= ;ek ia:dk.; l< hq;= ;ek
1' fldkafoaish i;H
fldkafoaish i;H jQ úg l%shd;aul
jQ úg l%shd;aul úh hq;= Wmfoia
úh hq;= Wmfoia ia:dk.; l< hq;=
ia:dk.; l< hq;= ;ek
;ek 2' fldkafoaish wi;H
jQ úg l%shd;aul
úh hq;= Wmfoia
ia:dk.; l< hq;=
;ek
fldkafoaish i;H jQ úg muKla fldkafoaish i;H jQ úg m<uq Wmfoia

Wmfoia l%shd;aul flf¾' ldKavh l%shd;aul flf¾'
fldkafoaish wi;H jQ úg fojk Wmfoia
ldKavh l%shd;aul flf¾'
45
iei`ÿï (Comparison) Wmfoia ldKav j¾.h

l%uf,aL ixj¾Okfha § w.hhka folla iei`§fuka miq ;SrK .ekSug

isÿjk wjia:d o mj;S' fuys § tla w.hla ;j;a w.hlg jvd l=vd o, úYd, o,
iudk o wdÈ jYfhka iei`§fuka miq ;SrK .kq ,efí'
w.hhka folla iei`§fï § my; j.=fõ oelafjk Wmfoia ldKav Ndú;

flf¾' fïjd u.ska w.hhka iiòd i;H (true) fyda wi;H (false) f,i ms<s;=re
,nd foa'
j.=j 2 - iei`ÿï ldrl
Wmfoia ldKavh WodyrKh ms<s;=r
1 2 i;H
jïmi w.h ol=Kqmi w.hg

2 1 wi;H
jvd l=vd o hkak ieifòa
2 2 i;H
jïmi w.h ol=Kqmi w.hg 1 2

iudk o hkak ieifòa wi;H
2 1 i;H
jïmi w.h ol=Kqmi w.hg 1 2

jvd úYd, o hkak ieifòa wi;H
46
;d¾lsl (Logical blocks) m%ldY iys; Wmfoia ldKav j¾.h
iei`ÿï Wmfoia ldKav tlsfkl ;d¾lsl j iïnkaO lsÍug fuu Wmfoia

ldKav fhdod .kq ,efí' ;d¾lsl Wmfoia ldKav j¾. ;=kls'
1. and

2. or
3. not
j.=j 3 - ;d¾lsl ldrl
Wmfoia ldKavh WodyrKh ms<s;=r
2 4 2 2 i;H
jïmi yd ol=Kqmi m%ldY

2 4 2 4 wi;H
fol u i;H fõ kï
muKla ms<s;=r i;H fõ'
2 4 2 4
i;H
jïmi yd ol=Kqmi m%ldY
2 2 2 4 wi;H
fol u fyda tlla fyda
i;H fõ kï ms<s;=r i;H
fõ'
2 4 i;H
m%ldYh wi;H kï ms<s;=r 2 4 wi;H

i;H fõ' m%ldYh i;H
kï ms<s;=r wi;H fõ'
47
4'3'1
f;aÍï md,k ldKavh iys; Scratch l%uf,aL f.dvke.Su
WodyrK 1 remsh,a 5000 l fYaIhla we;s .sKqulska uqo,la wdmiq ,nd .;a miq .sKqï
fYaIh m%ldY lsÍu
.sKqfuka uqo,a ,nd .ekSfï § .sKqï fYaIh mÍlaId lr th b,a¨ï flfrk
uqo,g jvd jeä kï muKla uqo,a ,nd fokq ,efí' uqo,la ,nd .;a úg fYaIfhka
tu uqo, wvq lr f.jkq ,efí' ^.e,Sï igyk 6 iy Scratch l%uf,aLh 2 n,kak'&
wdrïNh
fYaIh } 5000
b,a¨ï flfrk uqo, we;=<;a lrkak
fYaIh > b,a¨ï

flfrk uqo, o@ ke;
Tõ
fYaIh } fYaIh - b,a¨ï flfrk uqo,
fYaIh fmkajkak
Scratch l%uf,aLh 2 - .sKqï fYaIh m%ldY lsÍu
ksudj
.e,Sï igyk 6 - .sKqï fYAIh m%ldY lsÍu
WodyrK 2 Ok ksÅ, ixLHdjla wdodkh l< úg th T;af;a o brÜfÜ o hkak

m%ldY lsÍu
ixLHdjla ;j;a ixLHdjlska fn¥ úg b;sß jk w.h 2
fiùu iòyd MOD kï jQ .Ks; ldrlh fhdod .efka' 5 13
WodyrKhla f,i 13 MOD 5 ys w.h 3 fõ' tkï 13, 5ka 10
3 fYaIh
fn¥ úg b;sß jk w.h 3 ls'
13 MOD 5 = 3
ta wkqj ixLHdjla 2ka fn¥ úg b;sß w.h 0 kï th
brÜfÜ w.hls' b;sß w.h 1 kï th T;af;a w.hls' ^.e,Sï
igyk 7 iy Scratch l%uf,aLh 3 n,kak'&
48
wdrïNh
ixLHdj wdodkh lrkak
b;sßh = ixLHdj MOD 2
ke;
b;sßh = 0 o@
Tõ
brÜfÜ nj T;af;a nj
fmkajkak fmkajkak
Scratch l%uf,aLh 3 - T;af;a brÜfÜ nj

ksudj m%ldY lsÍu
.e,Sï igyk 7 - ixLHdj T;af;a o brÜfÜ o
hkak ;SrKh lsÍu
WodyrK 3 wkq,laIK m%udKh uqrmohla Yla;su;a fyda ÿ¾j, fyda nj ;SrKh
flfrk tla idOlhls' wkq,laIK m%udKh 8g wvqkï ÿ¾j,
uqrmohla nj o" wkq,laIK m%udKh 8la fyda Bg jeäkï fyda
Yla;su;a uqrmohla nj o fmkaùu' ^.e,Sï igyk 8 iy Scratch
l%uf,aLh 4 n,kak'&
wdrïNh
uqr moh ,nd .kak
wkq,laIK .Kk (X) .Kkh lrkak
ke; uqrmoh
X<8o @ Yla;su;a nj
fmkajkak
Tõ
uqrmoh ÿ¾j, Scratch l%uf,aLh 4 - Yla;su;a fyda ÿ¾j,
nj fmkajkak fyda uqrmohla nj
fmkaùu
ksudj
.e,Sï igyk 8 - Yla;su;a fyda ÿ¾j, fyda uqrmohla nj fmkaùu
49
kd.hska iy bKsux l%Svdjg wod< Scratch jevigyk my; oelafõ' ^Scratch
l%uf,aLh 5 n,kak'&
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Scratch l%uf,aLh 5 - kd.hska yd bKsux l%Svdj
jevigyk ú.%y lsÍu

1' jevigyk l%shd;aul lsÍug u; la,sla lsÍu
2' uq,ska u zzodÿlegh Wv oukakZZ hk m%ldYh lsÍu
3' by<g msysá uqyqKf;a zzw.h lSh oZZ hkak weiSu yd thg ms<s;=r ,nd .ekSu
4' w.h kï úp,Hhg wxl 3 hgf;a ,nd ÿka ms<s;=r mejÍu
5' w.h u.ska oelafjk fldgq ixLHdjlska b;a;d bÈßhg f.k hk f,i ;;amr
4 l ld,hla m%ldY lsÍu
6' zzbKsu.l mduq, iys; fldgqjg meñKsfha o@ZZ hkak m%Yak lsÍu yd thg zzTõZZ
fyda zzke;ZZ fyda f,i ms<s;=re ,nd .ekSu
7' ms<s;=r zzTõZZ kï zzbKsu`. Èf.a tys fl<jr fldgqjg b;a;d f.k hkakZZ f,i
m%ldY lr wjika lsÍu
8' zzkd.hdf.a ysi iys; fldgqjg meñKsfha o@ZZ hkak m%Yak lsÍu yd thg zzTõZZ
fyda zzke;ZZ fyda f,i ms<s;=re ,nd .ekSu
9' ms<s;=r zzTõZZ kï zzkd.hd Èf.a j,s.h ksujk fldgqjg b;a;d f.k hkak
f,i m%ldY lr wjika lsÍu
,kak l%shdldrlï iòyd 4'6" 4'7" 4'8 iy 4'9 iòyd jevfmd;
n,kAk'
50
4'3'2
cx.u yd iqyqre Wmdx. iòyd fhÿï
cx.u iy iqyqre Wmdx.
.eg¨ úiòd .ekSu iòyd ixj¾Okh lrk ,o úúO fhÿï" cx.u yd

iqyqre Wmdx.j, (Smart devices) Ndú; fõ' tu fhojqï Ndú;fhka ksjerÈj yd
ld¾hlaIuj .eg¨ úiòd .ekSug yelshdjla mj;S' kQ;k iudch úiska Ndú; lrkq
,nk cx.u yd iqyqre Wmdx. lsysmhla my; olajd we;' tla tla iqyqre Wmdx.
iqúfYaIS j ksmojd we;s w;r wjYH;dj wkqj tajd mßYS,kh l< yels fõ' ^rEmh
4'6 n,kak&
iqyqre Trf,daiqj iqyqre rEmjdysksh
(Smart watch) (Smart TV)
geí,Ü iqyqre leurdj
(Tablet) (Smart camera)
iqyqre ÿrl:kh
(Smart phone)
iqyqre wõ lKaKdäh
(Smart sunglasses)
fødAk leurdj Wl=¿ mß.Klh

(Drona camara) (Laptop)
cx.u yd iqyqre
Wmdx.
rEmh 4'6 - cx.u yd iqyqre Wmdx. iòyd WodyrK
by; olajd we;s Wml%u w;ßka geí,Ü iy Wl=¿ mß.Kl idudkH ld¾hhka
iòyd fhdod .kq ,efí' wfkl=;a Wml%u iqúfYaIS ld¾hhka iòyd ksmojd we;'
tneúka iqyqre Wml%uhla f;dard .ekSfï § ;u wjYH;djg .e<fma o hkak fidhd
ne,sh hq;= h'
51
j.=j 4 - iqyqre Wmdx. yd fhÿï
iqyqre Wml%uh fhdod .; yels ld¾hhka iòyd WodyrK

Wl=¿ mß.Klh cx.uj Ndú; l< yels idudkH mß.Kl fhÿï
Ndú;h
geí,Ü mß.Klh wka;¾cd, m%fõYh; PdhdrEm ,nd .ekSu
iqyqre ÿrl:kh ÿrl:k ixjdo meje;aùu; SMS yd MMS heùu;
PdhdrEm ,nd .ekSu; Yío yd ùäfhda o¾Yk má.;
lsÍu; wka;¾cd, m%fõYh yd úoHq;a ;eme,a mKsúv
yqjudrej
iqyqre rEmjdysksh rEmjdyskS jevigyka l<ukdlrKh yd má.;
lsÍu; úoHq;a ;eme,a mKsúv heùu; wka;¾cd,hg
m%fõYùu
iqyqre leurdj PdhdrEm ,nd .ekSu; Yío yd ùäfhda o¾Yk má.;
lsÍu yd tajd fjk;a iqyqre Wmdx. fj; fhduq lsÍu
iqyqre w;a Trf,daiqj flá mKsúv heùu; iSkqj ;eîu; wka;¾cd, m%fõYh
iqyqre lKaKdäh ;%sudk o¾Yk keröu; Yío weiSu; PdhdrEm ,nd
.ekSu; ùäfhda o¾Yk má.; lsÍu
Drona leurdj ÿria:j md,kh flfrk" .=jka.; lr ksYap,
PdhdrEm fyda ùäfhda o¾Yk ,nd .ekSu
cx.u yd iqyqre Wmdx.j, fhÿï
cx.u yd iqyqre Wmdx. iòyd ks¾udKh l< fhÿï uDÿldx. w;súYd,

m%udKhla wka;¾cd,hg uqod yer we;' wjYH fhÿï uDÿldx. w;ßka iuyrla
fkdñf,aa wka;¾cd,fhka nd.; lr .; yels w;r iuyr fhÿï uDÿldx. uqo,a
f.jd ,nd .; yels fõ' tfia ,nd .;A fhÿï uDÿldx. iqyqre Wmdx.j, ia:dmkh
(install) lsÍfuka miq Ndú; l< yels h' tfia ,nd .; yels fhÿï uDÿldx.
lsysmhla my; oelafõ' ^rEmh 4'7 n,kak&
52
wyia is;shu
ud¾. is;shu (Sky map) QR fla; lshjkh
(Road map) (QR Code Reader)
cx.u yd iqyqre
Wmdx.j,
fhÿï
ud,sudj NdId mßj¾;lh
(Compass) (Translator)
English
isxy,
jkpo;
y`v frfldavrh Dictionary fpia l%Svdj
(Voice recorder) (Chess game)
Yío fldaIh
(Dictionary)
rEmh 4'7 - cx.u yd iqyqre Wmdx.j, fhÿï iòyd WodyrK
j.=j 5 - iqyqre Wmdx. iy tajdfha m%fhdack
iqyqre Wmdx. ,nd .; yels m%fhdack iòyd WodyrK

ud,sudj ´kE u ia:dkhl isg ÈYdj fidhd .ekSu
ud¾. is;shu GPS Ndú;fhka u`. fmkaùu ûd¾. fidhd .ekSu& yd ia:dk
folla w;r ÿr m%udKh fiùu" ud¾. ;onoh we;s ia:dk y`ÿkd
.ekSu
wyia is;shu wod< fhÿï uDÿldx.h ia:dmkh l< iqyqre Wmdx.h wyfia Èiajk
;drldjlg fyda .%y jia;=jlg kdNs.; lr tys msysàu" ku yd
wfkl=;a úia;r ,nd .ekSu
lsõ wd¾ fla; lsõ wd¾ fla;h ialEka lr f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu
lshjkh
NdId mßj¾;lh tla NdIdjlska olajk mdG fjk;a NdIdjlg mßj¾;kh lsÍu
fpia l%Svdj mß.Klh tla md¾Yajhla f,i f.k fpia l%Svdfõ kshe,Su
isxy, Yío bx.%Sis jpkhlg wod< isxy, jpk ,nd .ekSu
fldaIh
y`v frfldavrh y`v má.; lsÍu yd jdokh lsÍu
53
idrdxYh
²² .eg¨jla úYaf,aIKh lr wdodk" l%shdj,sh yd m%;sodk ,nd .ekSug l%uf,aL
ks¾udKh flf¾' idudkHfhka uq,ska we,af.dß;uhla ,shd bkamiq thg
wod< l%uf,aLh ,shkq ,efí'
²² l%uf,aLj, Ndú; jk md,k jHqy ;=kls;
1' wkql%uh (sequence)
2' f;aÍu (selection)
3' mqk¾lrKh (repetition)
²² wkql%uh hkq we,af.dß;ufha we;s ish¨ u mshjr wkqms<sfj<ska wdrïNfha
isg wjidkh olajd l%shd;aul ùuhs'
²² f;aÍu hkq fldkafoaishla ;Dma; ùu fyda fkdùu fyda wkqj l%shd;aul l<
hq;= mshjr f;dard .ekSu fõ' Scratch j, § f;aÍu iòyd if then yd if then
else md,k ldKav fhdod .efka'
²² Scratch ys iei`ÿï Wmfoia ldKav j¾. ;=kls'
²² Scratch ys ;d¾lsl Wmfoia ldKav j¾. ;=kls'
²² mqk¾lrKh bÈß mdvul § wOHhkh l< yels h'
54
5
fN!;sl wd.Kkh iòyd uDÿldx.
Ndú;h

²² uQ,sl ;d¾lsl oajdr y`ÿkd .ekSu
²² oajdrhkaf.a l%shdldÍ;ajh uDÿldx. u.ska y`ÿkd .ekSu
²² oajdr ixfhdackh lr ir, mßm: ks¾udKh
²² oajdr m%dfhda.slj fhdod f.k tys l%shdldÍ;ajh fmkajd §u
5'1 uQ,sl ;d¾lsl oajdr

uQ,sl ;d¾lsl oajdr 3ls' tajd AND, OR iy NOT f,i ye`Èkafõ'
AND oajdrh
AND oajdrfha l%shdldÍ;ajh y`ÿkd .ekSu iòyd my; oelafjk iudldrh
(analogy) i,ld n,uq' ksjil c,h ròjd ;nd.kakd gexlshl c,h wmf;a fkdhk
wdldrhg th c,fhka msrùug wod< rEmigykla my; olajd we;s w;r" thg
jE,aj folla iú lr we;' ^rEmh 5'1 n,kak'&
B jE,ajh
A jE,ajh
m%Odk c,
iemhqu
rEmh 5'1 - AND oajdrh iòyd iudldrhla

55
fuys m%Odk c, iemhqfï c,h <`.d jk wjia:dfõ § A jE,ajh yd B
jE,ajh újD; fyda újD; ke;s wjia:d i,ld neÆ úg c, gexlshg c,h ,efí o
fkd,efí o hkak my; j.=j 5'1 ys igyka lr we;'
j.=j 5'1 - A yd B jE,aj u.ska c,h ,efnk wdldr
A jE,ajh B jE,ajh gexlshg c,h

újD; ke; újD; ke; fkd,efí
újD; ke; újD; fkd,efí
újD; újD; ke; fkd,efí
újD; újD; ,efí
fuys újD; hkak 1 f,i;a újD; ke; hkak 0 f,i;a fuka u, ,efí
hkak 1 f,i;a fkd,efí hkak 0 f,i;a wdfoaY lr by; j.=j iïmQ¾K l< úg
,efnk 5'2 j.=j n,kak'
j.=j 5'2 - c,h ,efnk wdldrh 0 iy 1 u.ska wdo¾Ykh
A jE,ajh B jE,ajh gexlshg c,h

0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
by; c, iemhqu iòyd fhdod .kakd jE,aj u.ska c,h .uka lsÍug bv
i,ikjdo keoao hkak ;SrKh jkakd fiau AND oajdrhl úoHq;a ix{djla mj;So
fkdmj;So hkak olajkq ,efí' ix{djla mj;sk nj 1 u.ska o fkdmj;sk nj 0
u.ska o olajhs'
A
A.B
B
AND oajdrfha iïu; ixfla;h A, B wdodk jQ úg
oajdrhl wdodk bx.%Sis lemsg,a wl=rej,ska olajhs' A iy B wdodk f,i we;s

AND oajdrfha m%;sodkh A.B f,i olajhs'
AND oajdrfha l%shdldÍ;ajh oelaùu iòyd my; oelafjk i;H;d j.=j
fhdod .efka'
56
wdodk m%;sodkh
A B A.B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
AND oajdrhl m%;sodkh 1 ùu iòyd wdodk folu 1 úh hq;= h'
OR oajdrh
OR oajdrfhys l%shdldÍ;ajh wjfndaO lr.ekSu iòyd my; iudldrh i,ld

n,uq' ksjilg wLKav c, iemhqula ,nd .ekSu iòyd m%Odk c, iemhqug wu;rj
c, gexlshla o my; rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg iïnkaO lr we;' fuys A, B hk
jE,aj folla iïnkaO lr we;' ^rEmh 5'2 n,kak'&
B jE,ajh
m%Odk c,
A jE,ajh
iemhqu
rEmh 5'2 - OR oajdrh iòyd iudldrhla

fuys m%Odk c, iemhqfï c,h <`.d jk wjia:dfjys §, A jE,ajh yd B
jE,ajh újD; yd újD; ke;s wjia:d i,ld neÆ úg ksjig c,h ,efí o, fkd,efí
o hkak my; j.=fjys igyka lr we;'
57
A jE,ajh B jE,ajh ksjig c,h
újD; ke; újD; ke; fkd,efí
újD; ke; újD; ,efí
újD; újD; ke; ,efí
újD; újD; ,efí
fuys § o újD; hkAk 1 f,i;a újD; ke; hkak 0 f,i;a fuka u, ,efí
hkak 1 f,i;a fkd,efí hkak 0 f,i;a wdfoaY lr by; j.=j iïmQ¾K l< úg;
A jE,ajh B jE,ajh ksjig c,h

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
by; c, iemhqu iòyd fhdod .kakd jE,aj u.ska c,h .uka lsÍug bv
i,ikjdo keoao hkak ;SrKh jkakd fiau OR oajdrhl úoHq;a ix{djla mj;S o
fkdmj;S o hkak olajkq ,efí' ix{djla mj;sk nj 1 u.ska o fkdmj;sk nj 0
u.ska o olajhs'
A
A+B
B
OR oajdrfha iïu; ixfla;h A, B wdodk jQ úg
by; rEmigyfka olajd we;af;a úoHq;a mßm:j, olakg ,efnk OR
;d¾lsl oajdrh (OR Gate) jk w;r" tys A, B wdodk (Input) jk w;r A + B
m%;sodk (Output) fõ' OR oajdrhg wod< i;H;d j.=j my; oelafõ'
A B A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
wju jYfhka tla wdodkhla fyda 1 jk úg OR oajdrfha m%;sodkh 1 fõ'
58
NOT oajdrh
NOT oajdrfhys l%shdldÍ;ajh wjfndaO lr.ekSu iòyd my; iudldrh
i,ld n,uq' br t<sh ke.S tk úg iajhxl%Sh j ksù hk iy w`ÿr jeà f.k tk
úg iajhxl%Sh j oe,afjk ùÈ ,dïmq iys; ùÈhl rEmhla 5'3 ys oelafõ'
rEmh 5'3 - iajhxl%Sh ùÈ ,dïmq oe,aùu
br t<sh úÿ,s ,dïmqj

we; fkdoe,afõ
ke; oe,afõ
fuys wdf,dalh we; hkak 1 f,i;a wdf,dalh ke; hkak 0 f,i;a .;a
l, úÿ,s myk fkdoe,aùu 0 f,i;a oe,aùu 1 f,i;a oelaúh yel'
br t<sh úÿ,s ,dïmqj

1 0
0 1
NOT oajdrhl m%;sodkh tys wdodkhg m%;súreoaO l%shdj olajhs'
wdodkh m%;sodkh
wdf,dalh ,eîu n,anh ksùu
wdf,dalh fkd,eîu n,anh oe,aùu
59
NOT oajdrfha ixfla;h my; mßÈ fõ'
A A
NOT oajdrfha iïu; ixfla;h A wdodkh jQ úg
by; rEmigyfka olajd we;af;a úoHq;a mßm:j, olakg ,efnk NOT

;d¾lsl oajdrh (NOT Gate) jk w;r" tys A wdodk (input) jk w;r A m%;sodk
(output) fõ' tys i;H;d j.=j my; oelafõ'
A A
1 0
0 1
fuys 1 u.ska tla fjda,aàh;djla o 0 u.ska fjk;a fjda,aàh;djhla o ksrEmKh

flf¾'
;d¾lsl oajdr ixfhdackfhka mßm: ilia lsÍu

Wod 1 - my; mßm:hg wdodkh 1 fyda 0 ,nd fok wjia:dj, § m%;sodkh ,nd
.ekSu
wdodkh 1 úg wdodkh 0 úg
0 1
1 1 0 0
Wod 2 - my; mßm:hg ,nd § we;s wdodkj,g wod< m%;sodk ,nd .ekSu
OR Gate tflys §" wdodk tlg tl;= ùfuka m%;sodkh ,efnhs' (1 + 0 = 1)
1
1 0
0
60
l%shdldrlï iòyd jevfmdf;a 5'1" 5'2" 5'3" 5'4 iy 5'5 n,kak'
igyk - ;¾lk oajdr (Logic gates)
1' mß.Klj, uOH ieliqï tallfha (CPU) iy wfkl=;a fndfyda

wx.j, uQ,sl f.dvke.Sï tallh ;¾lk oajdr (Logic gates) fõ'
úfYaIfhka uOH ieliqï tallfha l%shdldÍ;ajh uQ,slj u isÿjkafka
;¾lk oajdrj, Wmldrfhks'
2' j¾;udk f,dalfha fndfyda f,i Ndú; jk wxls; mß.Klj,
(digital computers) wxls; ix{d (digital) Ndú; fõ' wxls; ix{dj,
úfYaIh kï" ´kE u fõ,djl tys w.h" hïlsis ksYaÑ; w.hhka
l=,lhlska îdudkHfhka w.hhka follska& tlla ùuhs' ^rEmh 1&
rEmh 1 - ixLHdxl ix{djla

3' wxls; ;¾lk mßm:hla wxls; wdodk ,ndf.k wxls; m%;sodk foa'
wxls; ;¾lk wdodk yd m%;sodk idudkHfhka oaúuh (binary) fõ'
tkï" tajdfha ;sìh yelafla w.hhka follska (0,1) tlla muKs'
4' oaúuh w.hhka oelaùu úê lsysmhlska l< yels h' 1 fyda 0 fh§u
fndfyda m%p,s; l%uhhs' tfia u tajd TRUE/ FALSE f,iska o" HIGH/
LOW f,iska o we;eï úg bÈßm;a flf¾' mß.Kl oDVdx. uÜgfï
§ tajd i;H fjda,aàh;d w.hhka u.ska o (5V fyda 0V) oelaúh yel'
^j.=j 2&
j.=j 2 - oaúuh w.hhka bÈßm;a lsÍfï úê
1 0
HIGH LOW
True False
5 V ^fjda,AÜ& 0V
5' ;u o;a; ieliSfï lghq;= iòyd mß.Klh AND, OR yd NOT hk

uQ,sl ;¾lk oajdr Wmfhda.S lr .kshs' by; oajdr 1 fyda 0 wdodk
,ndf.k" 1 fyda 0 m%;sodk foa'
61
idrdxYh
uQ,sl ;d¾lsl oajdr
1. AND
2. OR
3. NOT
²² fuu oajdrhkag wdodk ,nd Èh hq;= w;r" túg thg wod< m%;sodkh ,nd .;
yel'
²² AND oajdrfha l%shdldÍ;ajh
A
A.B
B
²² OR oajdrfha l%shdldÍ;ajh
A
A+B
B
²² NOT oajdrfha l%shdldÍ;ajh
A A
62
6 wka;¾cd,fha ießiruq

²² fijqï hka;%
²² wka;¾cd,h Ndú;h iy f;dr;=re .fõIKh
²² fjí msgq ks¾udKh lsÍu
²² fjí wvú ixj¾Okh lsÍu

6'1 fijqï hka;%

wka;¾cd,hg msúfik Tng wjYH oE ^f;dr;=re" mska;+r" ùäfhda wdÈh&
fidhd .ekSu iòyd fijqï hka;% Ndú; l< yels h ^rEmh 6'1 n,kak&'
m%Odk fijqï hka;% lsysmhla
rEmh 6'1 - m%Odk fijqï hka;% lsysmhla
63
wka;¾cd,h Ndú;h iy f;dr;=re .fõIKh
wka;¾cd, Ndú;fhka f;dr;=re .fõIKfha § fkdfhl=;a l%u Ndú; fõ'

bka lsysmhla fufia oelaúh yels h'
fijqï hka;%
fjí wvú fidhd .ekSu iòyd fijqï hka;%

fhdod .efka' uq, moh (keyword) fiùu
(search) ;Srfha h;=re ,shkh lsÍfuka ta yd
iïnkaê; fjí wvú ,ehsia;= .; fõ'
újD; lrk ,o fjí msgq b;sydih (History)
wka;¾cd, fijqï hka;% uE; ld,fha § újD;

New tab Ctrl + T
lrk ,o fjí ,smsk .nvd lr .kS' New window Ctrl + N
New incognito window Ctrl +Shift +N
wka;¾cd, b;sydih Ndú;fhka uE; ld,fha Always show bookmarks bar Ctrl+ B
F11
Full screen
§ újD; lrk ,o fjí wvú újD; lr .;
History Ctrl+ H
yels h' Bookmark manager +B
Ctrl+ Shift
Downloads Ctrl+ J
Extensions
fmd;a i,l=K Bookmark/ m%sh;u fjí wvú Favourite
fndfyda úg Ndú; jk fjí wvú fmd;a

i,l=K/m%sh;u u; la,sla lsÍfuka ;ekam;a
lr .; yels h'
fufia ;ekam;a lrk ,o fjí wvú ,ehsia;=jla

f,i o¾Ykh fõ' tu.ska wjYH jk fjí
wvúh f;dard .; yels h'
64
wêikaOdk Hyperlinks
újD; jQ fjí msgqjl we;s wêikaOdk u.ska

tu fjí msgqfõ u fjk;a ia:dkhla yd
iïnkaOùug fyda fjkiaa u fjí msgqjla yd
iïnkaO ùug fyda yels h'
I am not a hyperlink.
wêikaOdkhla (hyperlink) iys; jdlHhla
fyda jpkhlA háka brla weò mdg fhdod we;'
uQislh ta u;g f.khdfï § w;l i,l=Kla
Èiafõ'
bÈßhg" msgqmig Forward Backward
fjí msgq w;r .fõIKh lsÍfï § fmr §

o¾Ykh jQ fjí msgqjg wdmiq hdu;a kej;
bÈßhg hdu;a fuu fnd;a;ï u.ska l< yels
h'
fjí msgqfõ by< jï fl<jfrys fïjd oelsh msgqmig bÈßhg

yels h'
má;s Tabs
tla fijqï hka;% ljq¿jla ;=<g wjYH jk fjí msgq /ila tl;= lr .; yels
h' fïjd má;s (tabs) kï fõ'
fufia má;s wdldrhg fjí msgq újD; lr .ekSfuka fjí msgq w;r udreùu
myiq fõ'
65
6'2 fjí msgqjla ks¾udKh lruq
ks¾udKhg fmr ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= lreKq lsysmhls
²² wjYH;dj l=ula o@
1 ²² Ndú; lrkafkda ljryq o@
²² ieliqu iy jHqyh Ndú;hg myiqùu

(Layout and structure)
2
²² ie,eiau iy fudaia;rh (design)

²² fhdod .kq ,nk j¾K" wl=re iy wl=rej,
m%udKh
3 ²² wvx.= f;dr;=re lshùug myiqùu iy
meyeÈ,s nj
³³ ux fijqï (navigation)
²² Ndú; lrkakka fjí msgqfjys ießirkafka
flfia o@
4
²² fjk;a fjí msgq iu. iïnkaOùug fhdod
.efkk ux fijqï (navigation)
³³ Ñ;%l Ndú;h
²² Ndú; lrkakkag .e<mSu
²² wka;¾.;hg .e<mSu
5
²² wju Ndú;h
66
fjí msgq ks¾udKh lsÍu iòyd wjYH jk m%Odk wx.
fuj,u - Tool
fjí msgq ks¾udKh iòyd Ndú; lrkq

,nk jev;,h (platform) fuj,u
f,iska ye`Èkafõ' fuj,ï rdYshla we;s
w;r bka lsysmhla fuys oelafõ'
uDÿldx.h - Software
HTML fuj,u Ndú;fhka fjí Notepad, NetBeans, Microsoft Visual

msgq ks¾udKh iòyd fhdod .; yels Studio Community, Word Press,
uDÿldx. lsysmhla Bluefish, Eclipse
Wiq,k - Tags/Elements
²² fjí msgq ks¾udKfha § Wiq,k Ndú; lrkq ,nhs'

²² Wiq,khla iòyd < > i,l=Kq fhdokq ,efí'
²² fhdod .efkk fuj,ug wkqj Wiq,k fjkia jkafka h'
²² fndfyda Wiq,khkag wdrïNhla fuka u wjidkhla o we;'
67
HTML fuj,u Ndú;fhka fjí msgq ks¾udKfha § fhdod .kq ,nk Wiq,k
lsysmhla iy tajdfhys ld¾hhka
fjí msgqj ks¾udKh iòyd HTML fuj,u Ndú;h

<html>…</html> igyka lsÍu
<head>…</head> fjí msgq kduh fh§u iòyd iSudj
<title>…</title> fjí msgqfjys kduh ^msgqj ;=< wka;¾.; fkdfõ'&
<body>…</body> fjí msgqfjys wka;¾.;h fh§u iòyd iSudj
<h>...</h> ud;Dld fh§u iòyd
… ;o meye .ekaùu
… we, lsÍu
<centre>…</center> msgqfjys ;sriaj uOHhkh lsÍu
<ul>…</ul> nq,Ü i,l=Kq iys; ,ehsia;= wdrïN lsÍu
<ol>…</ol> wxl iys; ,ehsia;= wdrïN lsÍu
<li>…</li> nq,Ü$wxl iys;j ,ehsia;= fh§ug
 jdlHhl wjidkh fmkaùu
 fþohla wdrïN lsÍu
<img src=”….”> mska;+rhla we;=<;a lsÍu
<a herf=”…”>…</a> wê ikaOdkhla hyperlink we;s lsÍu
68
<title>…</title>
<h>...</h> Wonderful Benefits of Banana
<img src=”….”>
…

Adding a banana to your daily diet has an array of benefits in
your body.
Bananas help, 
{
<ol>…</ol> 1. loss of weight
2. keep your bowels healthy
3. provide nutrients that regulate heart rhythm
…
4. have vitamin compounds for eye health.
Bananas provide a variety of vitamins and minerals:
{
• Vitamin B6 - 0.5 mg.
• Manganese - 0.3 mg.
• Vitamin C - 9 mg.
<ul>…</ul
• Potassium - 450 mg.
• Dietary Fibre - 3g.
• Protein - 1 g.
• Magnesium - 34 mg.
More about bananas
<a herf=”…”>…</a>
l%h
s dldrlï iòyd jevfmdf;a 6'2" 6'3" 6'4" 6'5" 6'6 iy 6'7 n,kak'
69
idrdxYh
²² wka;¾cd,h Ndú;fhka f;dr;=re .fõIKh iòyd fijqï hka;% fhdod .kq
,nhs'
²² Google, Yahoo, bing, Ask, msn wdÈh tjeks fijqï hka;% lsysmhls'
²² wka;¾cd, b;sydih" fmd;a i,l=K wdÈh o f;dr;=re .fõIKh iòyd
WmldÍ fõ'
²² wêikaOdk" bÈßhg wdmiaig" má;s wdÈh fjí msgq w;r .uka lsÍu iòyd
Ndú; fõ'
²² fjí msgqjla ks¾udKfha § tys wjYH;dj" Ndú; lrkakka" tys ieliqu iy
jHqyh fuka u Ndú; lrkq ,nk wx. ms<snòj o ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'
²² fjí msgq ks¾udKfha § fhdod .kq ,nk fuj,ï" uDÿldx. iy Wiq,k fjí
msgq ks¾udKh lsÍu iòyd wjYH jk m%Odk wx. fõ'
70
English-Sinhala-Tamil
bx.% Sis)isxy,)fou< mdßNdIsGlossary
l Yío ud,dj'
No English
bx.% Sis Sinhala
is xy, Tamil
fou<
1. abstract model වියුක්ත තවෘතිය fUj;jpay; khjpup
2. acceptance testing පරතිගහ

ර ණ පරීක්ෂොව Vw;Gr; Nrhjid
3. access privilege පරතේශීතේ වරපරසොදය mZfy; cupik
4. agile model සුචකය තවෘතිය RWRWg;G khjpup
5. alternate key විවක්ප යතුර khw;Wr; rhtp
6. American Standard තතොරතුරු හුවමොරුව සඳහො වූ jfty;

Code for Information තමපතවොනු සේමත තක්තය ,ilkhw;Wf;fhd
Interchange (ASCII) mnkupf;f epak
tpjpf;Nfhit
7. amplitude විස්තොරය tPr;rk;
8. amplitude modulation විස්තොර මූරඡනොව tPr;rg; gz;Ngw;wk;
9. analog පරතිසම xg;Gik
10. anchor රැඳවුම epiy epWj;jp
11. application layer අනුපරතයෝග ස්ථරය gpuNahf mLf;F
12. architecture නිරියතය fl;likg;G
13. arithmetic and logical අාව ගණිත හො තොරකිව vz;fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;f
unit (ALU) ඒවවය myF
14. array අරොව mzp
15. artificial intelligence වෘතිම ෙුද්ධිය nraw;if Ez;zwpT
16. Affective computing ෙුද්ධිමත් සහ චිත්තතේගී Ez;zwpT

පපතගණනය czu;jpwd;kpf;f
fzpj;jy;
17. associative law සාඝ්‍ටන නයොය $l;L tpjp
18. attenuation වැහැරීම/හොයනය neha;ik
19. attribute උපකැකිය /ගුණය/ උපකක්ෂණය gz;Gfs;
20. authoring tool සේපොදන තමවකම gilg;ghf;ff; fUtp
21. Automated Teller ස්වයාවෘත මුදක් ගනුතදනු jhdpaq;fpg; gzk;

Machine (ATM) යන්තරය ifahs;; ,ae;jpuk;
115
71
22. autonomous ස්වයාපොකව/ RahjPd
ස්වතන්තර/ස්වොයත්ත
23. axiom ස්වසිද්ධිය/පරතයක්ෂය ntspg;gil cz;ik
24. backups උපස්ථ fhg;ngLj;jy;
25. bandwidth වකොප පළක/ෙඳස් පළක gl;il mfyk;
26. batch processing වොණ්ය සැවසුම njhFjp

Kiwtopahf;fk;
27. big data මහො දත්ත ngupa juT
28. binary ද්විමය Jtpjk;> ,Ukk;
29. binary coded decimal ද්ීමය තක්තිව දශමය ,Ukf; FwpKiw jrkk;
(BCD)
30. bio-inspired computing දජව තපර්පතත පපතගණනය/ capupay; cs;sPu;g;Gf;

දජව අනුතපර්පතත පපතගණනය fzpg;G
31. bit coin බිටු වොසි Ez;fld; gzk;

nrYj;jy;
32. bitwise බිටු අනුසොපතත gpl; thup
33. bitwise logical බිටු අනුසොපතත තොරකිව gpl; thup jHf;fr;

operation තමතහයුේ nraw;ghL
34. black box testing වොක මාජුසො පරීක්ෂොව fWg;Gg;ngl;br; Nrhjpg;G
35. blogging තව සටහනය tiyg;gjptply;
36. boot–up පරතේශනය njhlq;Fjy;
37. broadcasting විවොශනය njhiygug;gy;
38. browsing අතපතක්සීම NkNyhly;
39. bubble sort ෙුෙුළු තත්රීම/ යො-සැසුනේ Fkpop tifg;gLj;jy;

තත්රීම
40. built-in තුළෙැඳි / තිළැකි cl;nghjpe;j
41. business process re- වයොපොර �යොවකිතය් පරති tzpf nray;Kiw

engineering (BPR) ඉාජිතන්රුවරණය kPs;fl;likg;G
42. candidate key නිරූපය යතුර gpujpepjpj;Jtr; rhtp
43. cardinality ගණනීයතොව vz;zsit
44. cathode ray tube (CRT) වැතතෝය කිරණ නකය fNjhl;Lf; fjpu; Foha;
72 116
45. central processing unit මධ්‍ය සැවසුේ ඒවවය kj;jpa nraw;ghl;L
(CPU) myF
46. characteristics ගති කක්ෂණ / ස්වකක්ෂණ rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
47. check box සකවුණු තවොටුව rupghu;g;Gg; ngl;b
48. client-server model තස්වො තයෝජව-තස්වො දොයව Nritg; gadu; khjpup

තවෘතිය
49. clock ස්පන්දවය fbfhuk;
50. cloud computing වකොවුළු පපතගණනය Nkff; fzpik
51. coaxial cable සමක්ෂව තක්ෙකය Xur;R tlk;
52. code editor තක්ත සාස්වොරව FwpKiw njhFg;gp
53. comment විවරණය tpsf;ff; Fwpg;G
54. commutative law නයොයතද්ශ නයොය gupkhw;W tpjp
55. compact disc සුසාහිත ඩිස්වය Xspapay; tl;L
56. compatibility ගැළපුම nghUe;Jif
57. compiler සේපොදවය njhFg;ghd;
58. component සාරචවය $W
59. composite key සායුක්ත යතුර $l;Lr; rhtp
60. constant නියතය khwpyp
61. content management අන්තරගත වළමනොවරණ cs;slf;f

system (CMS) පද්ධ්‍තිය Kfhikj;Jt Kiwik
62. context switching සන්දරභ සුවිචනය re;ju;g;g epiykhw;wy;
63. contiguous allocation යොෙද විභොජනය mLj;jLj;jhd xJf;fL

P
64. control structure පොකන වූහය fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; fl;likg;G
65. control unit (CU) පොකන ඒවවය fl;Lg;ghl;lyF
66. credit card ණයපත fldl;il
67. customization අභිරුචිවරණය jdpg;gadhf;fy;
68. data දත්ත juT
69. data and control bus දත්ත සහ පොකන පථ juTk; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg;

ghl;ilAk;
117
73
70. database management දත්ත සමුදාය කළමනාකරණ juTj;js Kfhikj;Jt
system (DBMS) පද්ධත� Kiwik
71. data definition දත්ත නි�ව�න භාෂාව juT tiuaiw nkhop

language ( DDL)
72. data dictionary දත්ත ශ�දෙක�ෂය juT mfuhjp
73. data flow diagram දත්ත ගැල�� සටහන juT gha;r;ry; tiuglk;
74. data flow model දත්ත ගැල�� ආකෘත�ය juT gha;r;ry; khjpup
(DFM)
75. data link layer දත්ත සබැඳ� ස්ථරය juT ,izg;G mLf;F
76. data manipulating දත්ත හැසු�� බස juT ifahsy; nkhop

language ( DML)
77. data migration දත්ත ප�යටනය juT ngau;r;rp
78. debugging නිෙදාස් ��ම tO ePf;fy;
79. ත�රණ සහාය පද්ධත� jPu;khd cjT Kiwik

decision support
system (DSS)
80. declarative ප�කාශාත්මක mwptpg;G
81. default values ෙපරනි� අගය ,ay;Gepiy kjpg;G
82. defragmentation ප�ත��නය Jzpf;if ePf;fy;
83. demodulation �මූ��නය gz;gpwf;fk;
84. device උපාංගය / උප�මය rhjdk;
85. device driver උපාංග ධාවක මෘ�කාංග rhjdr;; nrYj;jp
86. digital අං�ත ,yf;f Kiw
87. digital camera අං�ත කැමරාව ,yf;fKiwg; glf;fUtp
88. digital economy අං�ත ආ��කය ,yf;fKiwg;

nghUshjhuk;
89. digitizer සං��ාංකකය ,yf;fkhf;fp
90. direct implementation සෘ��ස්ථාපනය Neub mKyhf;fk;
91. disk formatting තැ�/�සක හැ�ස� ගැන්�ම tl;L tbtikg;G
92. distortion �කෘත�ය jpupG
74 118
93. distributive law ��ටන න�ාය gq;fPl;L tpjp
94. document flow ෙල්ඛන ගැල�� සටහන Mtzg; gha;r;ry;

diagram tiuglk;
95. domain වසම Ms;fsk;
96. domain name server වස� නාම ෙස්වාදායකය Ms;fsg; ngau;

(DNS) Nritafk;
97. domain name system වස� නාම පද්ධත�ය Ms;fsg; ngau;

(DNS) Kiwik
98. dynamic host ගත�ක ධාරක පාලන නියමාවල�ය khWk; tpUe;Njhk;gp

configuration protocol cs;sikT newpKiw
(DHCP)
99. dynamic web page ගත�ක ෙව� ප�ට� ,af;Fepiy

tiyg;gf;fk;
100. e-commerce �ද�ත් වානි��ය kpd; tu;j;jfk;
101. economical feasibility ��ක �ක�තාව nghUshjhur;

rhj;jpag;ghL
102. elementary process ම�ල�ක �යාවල� �ස්තරය mbg;gilr; nra;Kiw

description(EPD) tpgupg;G
103. e-market place ඉ-ෙවළඳ ෙපාළ ,yj;jpudpay; re;ij

,lk;
104. encryption ග�ප්ත ෙ�තනය kiwFwpahf;fk;
105. enterprise resource ව�වසාය ස�පත් සැලස�� epWtd %yts

planning system පද්ධත�ය jpl;lkply; Kiwik
(ERPS)
106. entity භ�තා��ය/අභිභත

� ත්වය/සත්තාව epiynghUs;
107. entity identifier භ�තා��/අභිභත

� ත්වය epiynghUs;;
හ�න්වනය milahsq;fhl;b
108. entity relationship(ER) භ�තා�� ස��න්ධතා epiynghUs;

diagram �පසටහන cwTKiw ml;ltiz
109. executable �යාත්මක කළ හැ� ,af;fj;jF
110. executive support �ධායක සහාය පද්ධත�ය epiwNtw;W cjT

system (ESS) Kiwik
111. expert system �ෙ�්ෂඥ පද්ධත�ය epGzj;Jt Kiwik
119
75
112. extended binary coded �ස්තෘත ද්�මය ෙ�තක දශම ePbj;j Jtpj FwpKiw
decimal interchange jrk ,lkhw;wf; Fwp
cod (EBCDIC)
113. extended entity �ස්තෘත ��තා�ථ ස��න්ධතා tpupthf;fg;gl;l

relationship (ER) �ප සටහන epiynghUs;
diagram cwTKiw ml;ltiz
114. feasibility study ශක�තා අධ�යනය rhj;jpag;ghL fw;if
115. feedback loop ප�ත�ෙප��ණ �පය gpd;D}l;ly; tisak;
116. fetch-execute cycle ආහරණ-�යාකරව�� ච�ය jUtpg;G epiwNtw;Wr;

Row;rp
117. fiber optic ප�කාශ තන්ත� ,io xspapay;
118. file ෙගානුව Nfhg;G
119. file hierarchy ෙගානු ධුරාවල�ය Nfhg;G gbepiy
120. firewall ගිනි පව�ර jPr;Rtu;
121. normal form ප�ථම ප�මත අවස්ථාව ,ay;ghf;fy; tbtk;
122. fixed internal hard disk අචල අ��න්තර දෘඪ තැ� epiyahd cs;sf
td;jl;L
123. flash memory සැණ/ ��ක මතකය gspr;rPl;L epidtfk;
124. flash memory card සැණ/ ��ක මතක පත gsPr;rpl;L epidtf

ml;il
125. flat file system ඒක ෙගානු පද්ධත�ය rkjsf; Nfhg;G

Kiwik
126. flip-flop ප�ළ�-ෙපාළ vO-tpO
127. float ඉප�ල�ම/ඉප�ල�ම kpjit
128. floppy disk නම� තැ�ය nefpo; tl;L
129. flow chart ගැල�� සටහන gha;r;rw; Nfhl;Lg;glk;
130. folder ෙගානු �හ�ම Nfhg;Giw
131. foreign key ආගන්ත�ක යත�ර me;epar;rhtp
132. formatting හැ�ස� ගැන්�ම tbtikj;jy;
133. frame රාමුව rl;lfk;
134. frequency modulation ස��ාත මූ��නය mjpu;ntz; gz;Ngw;wy;
76 120
135. full adder ප��ණාකලකය KOikf; $l;b
136. function ශ�ත

ි ය / කා�යය rhu;G
137. functional dependency කා�ය බද්ධ පරායත්තතාව nray; rhu;Gepiy
138. functional requirement කා�ය බද්ධ අවශ�තාව nray;gL Njit
139. quantum computing �ෙවාන්ට� ප�ගණනය nrhl;L fzpg;G

mbg;gil
140. gateway ෙදාරට� මඟ / වාසල් ද්වාරය Eiothapy;

/වාහල්ෙදාර
141. genetic algorithm සහජ ඇල්ෙගා�දමය kugZ topKiw
142. geographical භ�ෙග�ල�ය ෙතාරත�� පද්ධත�ය Gtpapay; jfty;

information /�හිතැන් ෙතාරත�� පද්ධත�ය Kiwik
system(GIS)
143. graph plotter ප�ස්තාර ලක�ණ�කරණය gltiuap
144. graphic tablet �ත�කඵලකය tiutpay; tptukhf;fp
145. grid computing ජාලක ප�ගණනය Nfhl;Lr;rl;lff; fzpik
146. guided media නියමු මාධ� topgLj;jg;gl;l Clfk;
147. half adder අ�ධාකලකය miu $l;b
148. hand trace හස්තානුෙ��නය ifr; RtLfs;
149. hard disk දැ� තැ�ය / දෘඪ �ස්කය td;jl;L
150. hardware දෘඪාංග td;nghUs;
151. hexadecimal �� දශමය gjpdWkk;
152. hierarchical model ධූරාවල� ආකෘත�ය gbepiy khjpup
153. host සත්කාරකය tpUe;Njhk;gp
154. hub නාභිය Ftpad;
155. human operator �නිස්�යාක�ෙව� kdpj ,af;Fgtu;
156. hybrid approach ෙදමුහුන් ප�ෙ�ශය fyg;G mZfy;
157. hyperlink අ�ස�බන්ධකය kP ,izg;G
158. Integrated circuits ( IC) අනුකල�ත ප�ප� xUq;fpize;j Rw;W
159. icon නි�පකය rpW glk;
121
77
160. identity ස�වසාම� milahsk;
161. image �පය gbkk;
162. imperative �ධානාත්මක fl;lis
163. incremental ව�ධනාත්මක VWkhd> mjpfupg;G
164. indexed allocation අනු��ක ��ාජනය Rl;b xJf;fL

P
165. information ෙතාරත�� jfty;
166. inkjet printer ත�න්ත �� මු�කය ikj;-jhiumr;Rg;nghwp
167. instant messaging ��නික ප�ව�� යැ�ම cldbr; nra;jpaply;
168. integrated development සෙම�ධානික xUq;fpize;j tpUj;jp

environment(IDE) R+oy;
ස�ව�ධන ප�සරය
169. integration test අනුකලන ප��ණය xUq;fpize;j Nrhjpg;G
170. intelligent and බුද්�මත් සහ �ත්තෙ��ී Ez;zwpTk;

emotional computing ප��ණනය czu;jpwDkpf;f
fzpj;jy;
171. interface අත�� මුහුණ ,ilKfk;
172. internet service අන්ත�ජාල ෙස්වය සපයන්නා ,izar; Nrit

provider( ISP) toq;Fdu;
173. interpreter අ��න�ාසකය nkhopkhw;wp
174. interrupt අත�� ම ,ilA+W
175. intranet අන්ත:ජාලය/ අන්ෙත�ජාල mftpizak;
176. internet of things (IoT) සා�ව �ව� අන්ත�ජජාල/ nghUl;fspd; ,izak;

සබැඳ� �ව� අන්ත�ජාලය
177. iteration ප�න�කරණය kPs; nray;
178. karnaugh map කාෙන� සිත�යම fhNdh tiuglk;
179. knowledge දැනු� කළමනාකරණ පද්ධත�ය mwpT Kfhikj;Jt

management system( Kiwik
KMS)
180. large scale integration ��ාල ප�මාණෙය් අණ�කලනය ghupa msT

(LSI) xUq;fpizg;G
181. latency පමාව/��ප්තතාව kiwepiy
78 122
182. least significant අඩුමෙවෙසසි rpWk kjpg;G
183. legend �ස්තර පාඨය Fwp tpsf;fk;
184. life cycle of data දත්ත �වන ��ය juT tho;fi

; f tl;lk;
185. light emitting ආෙල�ක �ෙම��ක ද�ෙය�ඩ xspfhYk; ,Uthapj;

diode(LED) display සන්ද�ශකය jpiu / xsp ckpOk;
,U Kidak;
186. linked allocation සබැඳ� ��ාජනය ,izg;G xJf;fL

P
187. linker සන්ධාරකය ,izg;gp
188. liquid crystal display( �වස්��ක සන්ද�ශකය jputg;gspq;Ff; fzpdpj;

LCD) jpiu
189. list ලැයිස්ත�ව gl;bay;
190. liveware �වා�� capu; nghUs;
191. local publishing ස්ථානීය ප�සිද්ධ ��ම cs;sf ntspaPL
192. local area network ස්ථානීය ප�ෙද්ශ ජාලය ,lj;Jup tiyaikg;G

(LAN)
193. logic gate තා��ක ද්වාරය ju;f;fg; gliy
194. Logical Data තා��ක දත්ත ආකෘත�කරණය ju;f;fj; juT

Modeling( LDM) khjpupAUthf;fy;
195. logical data structure තා��ක දත්ත ව�හය ju;f

; f
; j; juTf;
fl;likg;G
196. logical design tools තා��ක සැලසු� ෙමවල� ju;f;f tbtikg;Gf;

fUtp
197. looping �පනය tisa tuy;
198. machine code යන්ත� ෙ�තය ,ae;jpuf; FwpaPL
199. machine-machine යන්ත�-යන්ත� සහපැවැත්ම ,ae;jpu- ,ae;jpu

coexistence xUq;fpUj;jy;;
200. magnetic ink character ��බ�ත ත�න්ත අනු ලක�ණ� fhe;j ik vOj;JU
reader( MICR) �යවනය thrpg;ghd;;
201. magnetic stripe reader ��බක ත�� යවනය fhe;jg;gl;b thrpg;ghd;
202. magnetic tape ��ක ප�ය fhe;j ehlh
203. malware අනිශ්ඨ මා�කා�� jPk;nghUs;
123
79
204. management කළමනාකරණ ෙතාරත�� Kfhikj;Jt jfty;
information system පද්ධත�ය Kiwik
(MIS)
205. man-machine �නිස්-යන්ත� සහපැවැත්ම kdpjd; - ,ae;jpuk;

coexistence xUq;fpUj;jy;;
206. media access control මාධ� ප�ෙ�� පාලක Clf mZfy;

(MAC) fl;Lg;ghL
207. memory management මතක කළමනාකරණ ඒකකය epidtf Kfhikj;Jt

unit( MMU) myF
208. mesh topology බැඳ� ස්ථලකය fz;zp ,lj;jpay;
209. microprocessor �� සකසනය Ez;nrayp
210. microwave �� තරංග Ez;ziy
211. mini disk ක�ඩා තැ�ය rpW tl;L
212. mobile computing ජංගම ප�ගණනය nry;yplf; fzpik
213. mobile marketing ජංගම අෙළ�කරණය nry;yplr;

re;ijg;gLj;jy;
214. modularization ෙමා�යුලකරණය $W epiyahf;fk;
215. modulation මූ�ජනය gz;Ngw;wk;
216. most significant වැ�ම ෙවෙසසි mjpAau; kjpg;G
217. mother board මව� ප�ව�ව jha;g;gyif
218. multi agent systems බහු කාරක පද්ධත� gy;Kftu; Kiwik
219. multi user-multi task බහු ප��ීලක - බහු කා�යය gw;gadu;-gw;gzp
220. multi-core processors බහු හර සකසන gy;fU nrayp
221. multimedia objects බහු මාධ� වස්ත� gy;Y}lf nghUs;
222. multiplexer බහු පථකාරකය gy;Nru;g;gp
223. multiplexing බහු පථකරණය gy;Nru;g;G
224. multiprocessing බහු සැකසුම gd;Kiwtopahf;fp
225. multitasking බහුකා�ය ��ම gw;gzp
226. multi-threading බහු-අනු�යායනය gy; nray;$W
227. nature inspired ප�කෘත� ෙප�්�ත ප�ගණනය/ ,aw;if cs;sPu;g;Gf;
80 124
computing ප�කෘත� අනුෙප�්�ත ප�ගණනය fzpg;G
228. nested loop නී�ත �පය ePbj;j tisak;
229. network addresses ජාල ෙයාමු ප�ව�තනය tiyaikg;G Kftup

translating (NAT) ngau;g;G
230. network architecture ජාල නි��තය tiyaikg;Gf;

fl;likg;G
231. network layer ජාල ස්ථරය tiyaikg;G mLf;F
232. network model ජාල ආකෘත�ය tiyaikg;G khjpup
233. neural network ස්නායුක ජාලය euk;gpay; tiyaikg;G
234. non-functional කා�ය�ද්ධ ෙනාවන අවශ�තාව nray;rhuhj; Njitfs;

requirement
235. normalization ප�මතකරණය ,ay;ghf;fy;
236. null අභිශ�න� ntw;W
237. object code වස්ත� ෙ�ත/ nghUs; Fwp
238. object oriented වස්ත� නැඹු� / පාදක nghUs; Nehf;Fila
239. object- relational වස්ත�-ස��න්ධක ආකෘත�ය nghUs; cwTepiy

model khjpup
240. octal අෂ්ටමය vz;kk;
241. office automation කා�යාල ස්වයංකරණ පද්ධත�ය mYtyfj; jd;dpaf;f

system (OAS) Kiwik
242. offline මා�ග අපගත/ මා�ගගත njhluW epiy

ෙනාවන
243. one’s compliment එෙකහි අනුපර

� කය Xd;wpd; epug;gp
244. online මා�ගගත njhluwh epiy
245. open source �වෘත මූලාශ� jpwe;j %yk;
246. operational feasibility ෙමෙහයු� ශක�තාව nraw;ghl;Lr;

rhj;jpag;ghL
247. operator category කාරක ප�ව�ගය nrayp tif
248. operator precedence කාරක ප�මුඛතා nrayp Kd;Dupik
249. optical character reader ප�කාශ අණ� ලක�ණ� �යවනය xspapay; vOj;JU
(OCR) thrpg;ghd;;
125
81
250. optical mark reader ප�කාශ ලක�� යවනය fhe;j ik vOj;JU
(OMR) thrpg;ghd;
251. output ප�ත�දානය ntspaP;L
252. packet switching ෙපාද� හුවමා�ව nghjp kilkhw;wy;
253. paging ප��කරනය gf;fkply;
254. paradigm සුසමාද�ශය/ Nfhl;ghl;Lr; rl;lfk;

ප�ත�මානය/ප�ත��පය
255. parallel සමාන්තර ස්ථාපනය rkhe;ju mKyhf;fk;

implementation
256. parameter passing පරා�ත� ය��ම gukhdf; flj;jy;
257. parity සමතාව rkepiy
258. password මුර පදය flTr;nrhy;
259. payment gateway ෙගව�� වාසල් ද්වාරය gzf; nfhLg;gdT

Eiothapy;
260. periodic refreshing �ව�ත ප�ෙබ�ධකර�ය fhyKiw GJg;gpj;jy;
261. peripheral device ප�යන්ත උපාංගය / උප�මය Gwr; rhjdk;
262. phablet ��ල� ngg;yl;
263. phased implementation �ව�ස්ථාපනය / ප�යවර fl;l mKyhf;fy;

�යාත්මක��ම
264. phase modulation කලා මු��නය epiy gz;Ngw;wk;
265. phishing තත�බෑම topg;gwpj;jy;
266. physical layer ෙභෟත�ක ස්ථරය ngsjPf mLf;F
267. physical memory ෙභෟත�ක මතකය ngsjPf epidtfk;
268. pilot implementation නියාමක ස්ථාපනය / නියාමක Kd;Ndhb mKyhf;fy;

�යාත්මක ��ම
269. piracy ෙචෟරත්වය/ ��නය fsT
270. pirated software ෙචෟර/��ත ම��කාංග jpUl;L nkd;nghUs;
271. plagiarism ග�න්ථ/රචනා ෙචෟ�යය fUj;Jj; jpUl;L
272. point to point ඍජ� ල�� ස�බන්ධතාව Xd;Wlndhd;W

connection ,izg;G
82 126
273. pointing device දැ�ව�� උපාංගය Rl;b rhjdk;
274. port ෙකෙවනිය thapy;> Jiw
275. portable external hard ජංගම/සුවහනීය බාහිර දෘඪ fhtj;jF Gw td;jl;L

disk තැ�ය
276. portal ද්වාරය/ ආමුඛද්වාරය tiythry;
277. Point of sale (POS) �ක�ණ�� ෙපාල යන්ත� tpw;gid ,l ,ae;jpuk;

machine
278. postulate උපකල්පනය vLNfhs;
279. power supply

power supply ��ල� සැපයුම/ජව සැපයුම kpd; toq;fp
280. presence check තථ�තා ප��ෂාව ,Uj;jy; rupghu;jj

; y;
281. presentation layer සම�පන/ඉද��පත් �� ස්ථරය Kd;itg;G mLf;F
282. primary key ප�ාථ�ක/මුල් යත�ර Kjd;ikr; rhtp
283. primitive data type ප�ාථ�ක දත්ත ව�ගය G+u;tPfj; juT tif
284. privacy ෙපෟද්ගල�කත්වය me;juq;fk;
285. private key ෙපෟද්ගල�ක යත�ර gpuj;jpNafr; rhtp
286. process �යාවල�ය/�යායනය/ සැකසුම nray;/

Kiwtopahf;fy
287. process control �යායන පාලන ඛ��ය nray; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj;

block(PCB) njhFjp
288. process management �යායන කළමනාකරණය nray; Kfhikj;Jtk;
289. process states �යායන තත්ත්ව nray; epiy
290. process transition �යායන සං�මණය nray; epiykhwy;
291. product නිෂ්පාදන වා�ජ�කරණය jahupg;G

commercialization tu;j;jfkakhf;fy;
292. product of sum (POS) �ක�යන්ෙග් ග��තය $l;Lj;njhifapd;

ngUf;fk;
293. program translator �මෙල්ඛ ප�ව�තක nra;epuy;

nkhopngau;g;ghd;
294. proprietary හි�ක� සහිත jdpAupik
295. protocol නියමාවල�ය elg;nghOq;F
127
83
296. prototyping මූලාකෘත�කරණය %ytif khjpup
297. proxy server නිෙය�ජන ෙස්වාදායකය gjpyhs; Nritafk;
298. pseudo code ව�ාජ ෙ�තය Nghypf;Fwp
299. public switch ෙපා� ස්�� රක�න ජාලය nghJ Mspaplg;gl;l

telephone network njhiyNgrp
(PSTN) tiyaikg;G
300. public key ෙපා� යත�ර nghJr; rhtp
301. pulse code modulation ස්පන්ද ෙ�ත මූ�ජනය Jbg;Gf;Fwp gz;Ngw;wk;
302. pulse width modulation ස්පන්ද �තර මු�ජනය Jbg;G mfyg;

gz;Ngw;wk;
303. radio button �කල්ප ෙත්�ම NubNah nghj;jhd;
304. random access memory සස��ා� ප�ෙ�� මතකය jw;Nghf;F mZfy;

(RAM) epidtfk;
305. range check පරාස ප��ාව tPr;R rupghu;j;jy;
306. rapid application �� ෙයදව�� ස�ව�ධනය Jupj gpuNahf tpUj;jp

development (RAD)
307. read only memory පඨන මාත� මතකය thrpg;G kl;Lk;

(ROM) epidtfk;
308. real time ත�� කාල�ක epfo;Neuk;
309. record �පලැ�යාන gjpT
310. redo නැවත ��ම kPsr; nra;
311. redundancy සමත��තතාව kpifik
312. reference model ෙයාමු ආකෘත�ය tiyaikg;gpd;

fl;likg;G
313. refreshing ප��ු� ��ම Gj;Japu;g;gpj;jy;
314. register memory ෙර�ස්තර මතකය gjptfk;
315. relational ස��න්ධක njhlu;G> cwTepiy
316. relational model ස��න්ධක ආකෘත�ය cwTepiy khjpup
317. relational database ස��න්ධක දත්ත සමුදාය cwTepiy juTj;jsk;
318. relational instance ස��න්ධතා නිද��නය njhlu;G Kiw

vLj;Jf;fhl;L
84 128
319. relational schema ස�බන්ධතා ප�පා�ක සටහන njhlu;G Kiwj; jpl;lk;
320. relationship ස�බන්ධතාවය njhlu;GKiw
321. remote �රස්ථ njhiy> J}u
322. render �දැහු toq;F
323. repeater ප�න�කථකය kPsp> kPl;b
324. repetition ප�න��ත�ය kPs; nray;
325. reset button ප�ත�ාර�� ෙබාත්තම kPsikg;Gg; nghj;jhd;
326. retrieve සමුදධ

් රණ kPsg;ngW
327. return value ප�ත�ාගමන අගය jpUk;gy; ngWkhdk;
328. reverse auction ප�ත�ෙවන්ෙද්සිය vjpu;khw;W Vyk;
329. ring topology මු� ස්ථලකය tisa ,lj;jpay;
330. router මං හසු�ව topg;gLj;jp>

topr;nrYj;jp
331. routing මං හැසිර�ම topr;nrYj;jy;
332. scanner සුප��සකය EZF Nehf;fp
333. scheduler නියමකරණය xOq;FgLj;jp
334. scope of variable ��ල� පරාසය khwp nraw;gug;G
335. query �මසුම tpdty;
336. selection ෙත්�ම njupT
337. selector වරකය Nju;tp> Nju;e;njLg;gp
338. sensor සංෙ�දකය czup
339. sequence අනු�මය njhlu;
340. sequential circuit අනු��ක ප�පථය njhlu;r; Rw;W
341. sequential search අනු��ක ෙසව�ම tupirKiwj; Njly;
342. server ෙස්වාදායකය / අනුගා� හකය Nritafk;
343. session layer සැසි ස්ථරය mku;T mLf;F
344. sharable pool හුවමා� ප�ංජය gfpujF nghJ ,lk;
345. sign-magnitude ලක�ණ�වත් ප�මාණය / සංල��ත FwpAila tPr;rsT
129
85
ප�මාණනය / �ං�ත
ප�මාණනය
346. single user-multi task ඒක ප��ීලක-බහු කා�යය jdpg;gadu;-gw;gzp
347. single user-single task ඒක ප��ීලක-ඒක කා�යය jdpg;gadu;-jdpg;gzp
348. smart card සුහු� කා�පත #l;bif ml;il
349. smart phone සුහු� �රකථනය #l;bifj; njhiyNgrp
350. smart system සුහු� පද්ධත�ය #l;bif Kiwik
351. social networking සමාජ ජාලකරණය r%f

tiyaikg;ghf;fy;
352. software මෘ�කාං� nkd;nghUs;
353. software agent මෘ�කාං� කාරක nkd;nghUs; Kftu;
354. sort ෙත්�ම tupirg;gLj;J
355. source ප�භව %yk;
356. spiral model ස�ප�ල ආකෘත�ය RUsp khjpup
357. spooling �ත�ම Rw;Wjy;
358. Star topology තාරකා ස්ථලකය tpd;kd

P ; ,lj;jpay;
359. stepwise refinement ප�යවරාකාර ප��පහ�ව gbKiw ePf;fy;;
360. storage ආචයනය Nrkpg;G
361. storage allocation ආචයන �භාජනය Nrkpg;G xJf;fy;
362. stored program concept ආ�ත �මෙල්ඛ සංකල්පය Nrkpf;fg;gl;;l nra;epuy;;

vz;zf;fU
363. structure ව�හය fl;likg;G
364. structure chart ව�හ සටහන fl;likg;G tiuG
365. structured ව�හ�ත fl;likg;Gila
366. structured query ව�හ�ත �මසු� බස fl;likg;G tpdty;

language( SQL) nkhop
367. submit button ෙයාමු ෙබාත්තම rku;g;gpj;jy; nghj;jhd;
368. subnet mask උප ජාල ආවරණය cgtiy kiwKfk;
369. sub-netting උප-ජාලනය cgtiyaikg;G
86 130
370. sub-program උප-�මෙල්ඛය Jizr; nra;epuy;
371. sum of products (SOP) ග��තයන්ෙග් �ක�ය ngUf;fq;fspd;

$l;Lj;njhif
372. supply chain සැපයු� දාම කළමනාකරණය tpepNahf

management rq;fpypj;njhlu;
Kfhikj;Jtk;
373. swapping ප�ත�හරණය ,lkhw;wy;
374. switch ස්��ය Msp
375. syntax කාරක �ත� njhlupay;
376. system development පද්ධත� සංව�ධන �වන ��ය Kiwik tpUj;jp

life cycle(SDLC) tho;fi
; f tl;lk;
377. table වග�ව ml;ltiz
378. table check constraint වග� ප��ා සංෙර�ධකය ml;ltiz rupghu;j;jy;

fl;Lg;ghL
379. tag උසුලනය Xl;L
380. Technical feasibility තා��ක �ක�තාව njhopDl;gr; rhj;jpaf;

fw;if
381. telecommuting �රස්ථ සංවාදය / �ර njhiynray;

සන්නිෙ�දනය
382. testing strategy ප��ණ උප�මය guPl;rpj;jy; cghak;
383. text and font පාඨ සහ අ��ර thrfKk; vOj;JUTk;
384. text formatting පාඨ හැ�ස� ගැන්�ම thrf tbtikg;G
385. text input පාඨ ආදාන thrf cs;sPL
386. normal form ප�මත අවස්ථාව ,ay;ghf;fy; tbtk;
387. thumbnail සැෙක� � FWk;glk;
388. time division කාල ෙ�� මූ��නය Neug; gpup;Tg; gz;ghf;fk;

modulation (TDM)
389. time sharing කාල ��නය Neug;gfpu;T
390. timing කාල ගණනය Neuf;fzpg;G
391. top down design මු�න් �� සැලසුම NkypUe;J fPohd

tbtikg;G
131
87
392. touch pad ස්ප��ක උපධානය / පාදකය njhL ml;il
393. touch screen ස්ප��ක ත�රය njhLjpiu
394. transaction processing ගනුෙදනු සැකසු� පද්ධත�ය gupkhw;wr; nrayhf;f

system( TPS) Kiwik
395. transitive dependency සං�ාන්ත� පරායත්තතාව khWk; rhu;G epiy
396. transport layer ප�වාහන ස්ථරය Nghf;Ftuj;J mLf;F
397. transport protocol ප�වාහන නියමාවල�ය Nghf;Ftuj;J

elg;nghOq;F
398. tuple උපලැ�යාන/ෙප්ල�ය gjpT/epiu
399. twisted pair �� යුගල KWf;fpa Nrhb
400. two’s compliment ෙදෙකහි අනුප�රකය ,uz;bd; epug;gp
401. type check ප��ප ප��ෂාව tif rupghu;jj

; y;
402. constraint සංෙර�ධනය fl;Lg;ghL tif
403. ubiquitous computing ස�වව�ත� ආගණනය vq;Fk; tpahgpj;j

fzpik
404. undo අෙහ�සි ��ම nray;jtpu;
405. unguided media නියමු ෙනාවන මාධ� topgLj;jg;glhj Clfk;
406. uni-casting ස�� ස�ෙප�්ෂණය jdpg;gug;gy;
407. unicode යුනිෙක��/ ඒකෙ�ත Xw;iwf;Fwp Kiw
408. unique constraint අනන� සංෙර�ධකය jdpj;Jtf; fl;Lg;ghL
409. unit testing ඒකක ප��ෂණය myFr; Nrhjid
410. universal සා�වත� nghJ
411. updating යාවත්කාල�න ��ම jw;fhyg;gLj;jy;
412. user ප��ීලක gadu;
413. user defined ප��ිලක නි�වා�ත gadu; tiuaiw
414. validation වලංග� ��ම nry;Ygbahf;fy;
415. variable ��ල�ය khwp
416. very large scale ඉතා ��ාල ප�මාණෙය් kpfg; ngupastpyhd

integration (VLSI) අනුකල�ත xUq;fpizg;G
88 132
417. video graphic adapter �ශ� �ත�ක අනුහ�
ු ක��ව fhnzhsp tiuap
(VGA) nghUj;jp
418. virtual community අත�� ප�ජාව nka;epfu; r%fk;
419. virtual memory අත�� මතකය nka;epfu; epidtfk;
420. virtual storefront අත�� ෙවළඳ ප�ද�ශනාගාරය nka;epfu; filKfg;G
421. waterfall model ද�යඇල� ආකෘත�ය ePu; tPo;r;rp khjpup
422. wave length තරංග ආයාමය miy ePsk;
423. web portal ෙව� ද්වාරය tiy thry;
424. web server ෙව� ෙස්වාදායකය ,iza Nritafk;
425. web service provider ෙව� ෙස්වා සැපයු�ක� ,iza Nrit

toq;Fdu;
426. white box testing ස්ෙ�ත මංජ�සා ප��ාව ntz;ngl;br; Nrhjpg;G
427. world wide ෙල�ක �සි� �යමන cyfshtpa tiy

web (WWW)
428. uniform resource �කාකා� ස�පත් නිශ්චායකය rPu;ik ts

locator (URL) ,Ug;gplq;fhl;b
429. uniform resource �කාකා� ස�පත් හ�න්වනය rPu;ik ts

identifier(URI) milahsq;fhl;b
fuu mdßNdIsl Yío ud,dj ;jÿrg;a iïmdokh fjñka mj;s'
89
133
90

Understanding Binary Numbers

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Understanding Binary Numbers

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f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ish¨u ysñlï weúß‚'

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

Published by : Educational Publications Department

tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhda

ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkS

fm<fmd; úfgl oekqï fldaIaGd.drhls' th ;j;a úfgl wm úkaokd;aul

ksoyia wOHdmkfha uydk¾> ;Hd.hla fia fï mqia;lh Tn foda;g msßkefï'

fm<fmd;a iïmdok ld¾hh fjkqfjka wm%udK jQ iïm;Aodhl;ajhla

mß.Kl wlaIr ixfhdackh

fufyhqï moaO;sh Ndú;fhka mß.Klhla úkHdi

5 fN!;sl wd.Kkh i`oyd uDÿldx. Ndú;h 55

fuu mdvfuka Tng"

ms<sn`o wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yels h'

1'1 ixLHd moaO;sj, wjYH;dj

ñksid ;u ld¾hhka myiqfjka" 101101001…..

rEmh 1'1 - mßYS,l yd mß.Klh

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu msKsihs 1

rEm (image) ùäfhda o¾Yk (video)

ixLHd moaO;shla hkq l=ula o?

1'2 úúO ixLHd moaO;s

1'3 ixLHdjl mdoh oelaùu

l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 1'1 n,kak'

1'4 oYuh ixLHd moaO;sh

ixLHdjla ,shk úg tys ixfla; msysgk ia:dkh wkqj ixLHdfõ jákdlu

123 132 213 231 312 321

wvq u w.h jeä u w.h

1'5 oaúuh ixLHd moaO;sh

oaúuh ixLHd moaO;sfha ixfla; - 0, 1

oaúuh ixfla; jk 0 fyda 1" ìgqjla (bit) f,i kï lr we;'

Bit = B inary dig it 0 fyda 1

oaúuh ixLHdjla iE§ we;s wdldrh wOHhkh lruq'

hïlsis ixLHdjla tla ixLHd moaO;shlska fjk;aa

tneúka hïlsis ixLHdjla tla ixLHd moaO;shl isg fjk;a ixLHd

1'6'1 oYuh ixLHd oaúuh ixLHd njg yerùu

Wod - 1310 ixLHdj oaúuh ixLHdjla njg yerùu

2 13 fn§u ,íêh fYaIh

2 34 fn§u ,íêh fYaIh

Wod - 4910 ixLHdj oaúuh ixLHdjla njg yerùu

2 49 fn§u ,íêh fYaIh

l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 1'3 n,kak'

1'6'2 oaúuh ixLHd oYuh ixLHd njg yerùu

oaúuh ixLHdfõ tla tla ìgqjg wkqrEmSj foflys n,fhka tu ìgqfjys

l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 1'4 n,kak'

mß.Klh ''ON'' fyda ''OFF'' hk

ñksid o;a; olsk wdldrh mß.Klh o;a; olsk wdldrh

rEmh oaúuh wxlkhg yerùu 1010...101010

y`v oaúuh wxlkhg yerùu 11..1100101.0

A wlaIrh oaúuh wxlkhg yerùu

9 b,lalu oaúuh wxlkhg yerùu

ta wkqj ish¨ u wdodk mß.Klh ;=<g oaúuh wdldrfhka ,ndf.k oaúuh

m%Odk u;lh laIqø ilikh

äðg,a leurdj 010...10

rEmh 1'5 - mß.Kl moaO;sh ;=< oaúuh o;a; yqjudre ùu

l%shdldrlu i`oyd jevfmdf;a 1'5 n,kak'

fuu tallh yeoEÍfuka Tng"

hk lreKq ms<sn`o wjfndaOhla ,efnkq we;'

mß.Klhl Èkh" fõ,d l,dmh" uqo,a tall

uf.a Trf,daiqfõ fõ,djhs fï

2'1'1 mß.Klhl Èkh" fõ,d l,dmh" fõ,dj

mß.Klhl Èkh" fõ,d l,dmh iy fõ,dj isgqjï lsÍfï jeo.;alu

my; oelafjk ld¾hhj, § we;s úh yels ndOl bj;a lr .ekSug bka