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Abstract
In some of the archeological museum, the variety of blue object are nominated as Egyptian Blue, Lapis
lazuli and Lapis lazuli paste. In this research, it was found that there are many mistake in this clas-
sification. Lapis lazuli, a brilliant azure-blue color gemstone, is a mixture of minerals, primarily con-
taining the Lazurite (blue) with small amounts of calcite, sodalite, and gold-color flecks of pyrite. It has
been prized as an ornamental stone for over 6000 years. The most valuable lapis lazuli is the uniform
dark blue stone from Badakhshan of Afghanistan. This semiprecious blue stone was, and still is, used
for jewelry, mosaics and small carvings. Lapis lazuli was also ground and purified to make natural
ultramarine blue pigments. The Egyptian blue is the earliest known multicomponent synthetic pigment
produced in ancient times in Egypt since the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom in the 3rd millennium
BC, where it has been found as a pigment and formed into small objects such as amulets or beads.
Egyptian blue frit is a multicomponent material that was produced by firing a mixture of quartz, lime,
a copper compound and an alkali flux to a temperature in the range 850-1000 ◦C. Its principal
components are calcium-copper tetrasilicate crystals (cuprorivaite), which produce the blue color, and
partially reacted quartz particles bonded together by varying amounts of glass phase. In Mesopotamia
from about 1200 to 900 BC, the best information on artifacts of Egyptian blue comes from the
destruction debris of Hasanlu in north-west of Iran. Also, the range of Egyptian blue production in the
Achaemenid period is the best represented in the excavations at Persepolis. It must be emphasized that
“Lapis lazuli Paste” is a wrong term which is not truly exist. In this research, considering the wrong
terms which is used for nomination of the collection of blue objects; in the labels, registration records,
catalogs and etc, some scientific research was done to specify their characterization. 10 objects from
different archaeological sites including Hasanlu, Ziwiyh and Persepolis from the period of 1st
millennium BC to Achaemenid were selected for this research. These objects were in different size and
dimensions, including high jug with a variety of blue color from dark to pale blue, censer, plaque, small
head of a young prince or princess and etc. At first, all of the samples were documented and then,
structural investigation was realized by binocular microscope, to know condition and texture of their
surfaces. Scientific and analytical research was done by SEM-EDX and XRD. As a result, all of these
objects were identified as Egyptian blue. Finally, it was required to consider and overview the
classification of the group of blue objects, which was wrongly nominated as “lapis lazuli paste”, in fact,
it does not exist.
Keywords: Egyptian blue, Lapis lazuli, Structural studies, National Museum of Iran, SEM-EDX,
XRD.
ﭼﻜﻴﺪه
در ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ آﺛﺎر ﻣﻮزهاي ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪاي از اﺷﻴﺎء ﺑﺎ ﻃﻴﻒ رﻧﮓ آﺑﻲ ،ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎم ﺳﻨﮓ ﻻﺟﻮرد ،آﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮي و ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﻻﺟﻮرد ﻧﺎمﮔﺬاري ﻣﻲﺷﻮد .ﺑـﺎ
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮي ،ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر و زﻣﻴﻨﻪ رﻧﮕﻲ در ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد ﻻﺟﻮرد ﺳﻨﮕﻲ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ از ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ
ﺳﻮداﻟﻴﺖ ،ﻛﻠﺴﻴﺖ ،ﭘﻴﺮﻳﺖ و ﻻزورﻳﺖ اﺳﺖ .ﺟﺰء ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي دﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ داراي ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺻﻴﻘﻠﻲ و ﻣﺎت ﺑﻮده و ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓﻫﺎي آﺑﻲ
ﺗﻴﺮه دﻳﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ از آن در ﺳﺎﺧﺖ اﺷﻴﺎء ﻛﻮﭼﻚ و ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺳﻨﮓ ﺗﺰﻳﻴﻨﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻴﺶ از 6000ﺳﺎل ﻗﺪﻣﺖ دارد .آﺑﻲ
ﻣﺼﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ رﻧﮕﺪاﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ دﺳﺖﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ در دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﭘﺨﺖ ﻣﺠﺰا ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد .داراي ﻃﻴﻒ رﻧﮕﻲ از
آﺑﻲ ﻛﻤﺮﻧﮓ ﺗﺎ آﺑﻲ ﻓﻴﺮوزهاي اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر در ﻣﺼﺮ و ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻨﻬﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺪود 2500ق.م ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﺪه و ﺳﭙﺲ در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ ﺗﺎ
800ﻣﻴﻼدي ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﮔﺴﺘﺮده اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر و ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ دو ﻣﺎده ،ﺑﻜﺎر ﺑﺮدن اﺻﻄﻼح ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﻻﺟﻮرد در
ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ آﺛﺎري ﺑﺎ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ رﻧﮕﻲ آﺑﻲ ،ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻧﺒﻮده و ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻨﺎد اﺳﺖ .ازاﻳﻦرو ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﻲ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ در راﺳﺘﺎي
ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ،ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ و ﻧﺎمﮔﺬاري اﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ آﺛﺎر ،داراي اﻫﻤﻴﺖ وﻳﮋهاي اﺳﺖ .در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري ﺗﻌﺪاد 10ﻋﺪد از آﺛﺎر ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻣﻮزه ﻣﻠﻲ اﻳﺮان ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ ﺣﺴﻨﻠﻮ ،زﻳﻮﻳﻪ و ﺗﺨﺖ ﺟﻤﺸﻴﺪ از ﻫﺰاره اول ﭘﻴﺶ
از ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﺎ دوره ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻻﺟﻮرد و ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﻻﺟﻮرد ﺑﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ رﺳﻴﺪهاﻧﺪ .اﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ درﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪه اﺷﻴﺎء
ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي و ﺗﺰﺋﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻮع در اﺑﻌﺎد آنﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻮدﺳﻮز ،ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﻫﺰاده ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﻲ ،ﭘﻼك ،ﮔـﻞﻣـﻴﺦ و ﺗﻌـﺪاد دﻳﮕـﺮي از اﺷـﻴﺎء اﺳـﺖ.
آزﻣﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روشﻫﺎي دﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ روﺑﺸﻲ SEMﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ EDXو ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ
ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ روش دﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﭘﺮاش ﭘﺮﺗﻮاﻳﻜﺲ XRDﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ .ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ اﺷﻴﺎء ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ آﺑـﻲ
ﻣﺼﺮي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه و در ﻫﻴﭻﻛﺪام از آنﻫﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻻﺟﻮرد وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪاﺷﺖ .ﺣﺎﺻﻞ اﻳﻦ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎ دﻻﻳﻠﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺿﺮورت ﺑﺎزﻧﮕﺮي و
ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻋﻨﺎوﻳﻦ اﺷﻴﺎء ﻻﺟﻮرد ،ﺣﺬف اﺻﻄﻼح ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﻻﺟﻮرد و ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ واژه ﺻﺤﻴﺢ آﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮي اﺳﺖ.
واژﮔﺎن ﻛﻠﻴﺪي :آﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮي ،ﻻﺟﻮرد ،ﻣﻮزه ﻣﻠﻲ اﻳﺮان ،ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري.XRD ،SEM-EDX ،
* ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﺎت :ﺗﻬﺮان ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎن اﻣﺎم ﺧﻤﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﺒﺶ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎن ﺳﻲ ﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﻮزه ﻣﻠﻲ اﻳﺮان ،ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺮﻣﺖ ،ﺗﻠﻔﻦ6-66702061 :
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ﻣﺎرال داداشزاده و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران»/ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﻻﺟﻮرد« ﻳﺎ »آﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮي«؟ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري و ﻫﻮﻳﺖﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪاي از...
) (Tite, 1987ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺣﻀﻮر ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ و ﻣﻴﺰان آن ﺑﺮاي ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻳﺎﻓﺖ و در آﺧـﺮ ﻣـﻮرد ﻣﺼـﺮف روﻣـﻲﻫـﺎ ﻗـﺮار
ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ آﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮي ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻧﻤـﻮده اﺳـﺖ .ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ وي ﺑـﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ و ﺑﺎ اﻓﻮل اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮري روم ،اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻳﻦ رﻧﮕﺪاﻧـﻪ از
دﻣﺎي ﭘﺨﺖ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﺣﺪود 1000-900°Cاﺷﺎره ﻧﻤـﻮده ﻛـﻪ روﻧﻖ اﻓﺘﺎد .اﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ واﻗﻌﻴـﺖ اﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧـﻪ داﻧـﺶ
اﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺪوده دﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻴـﺰان ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت ﻗﻠﻴـﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ اﻳﻦ رﻧﮓ آﺑﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛـﺎر
ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﺳﺖ .دﻣﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﭘﺨﺖ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ را 950-850°C ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﺪه ،در ﺳﺪه ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ﻣـﻴﻼدي ﻛـﺎﻣﻼً از دﺳـﺖ
ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات رﻧﮓ آﺑﻲ ،ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر و ﺑﺎﻓﺖ اﺷﻴﺎء رﻓﺘــﻪ و در ﻋﺼــﺮ ﺣﺎﺿــﺮ ﻣﺠــﺪداً ﻛﺸــﻒ ﺷــﺪه اﺳــﺖ
آﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮي را ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ ﻓـﻮق ﻣـﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣـﻲداﻧـﺪ ) .(Mazzocchin, 2004, p.129ﻛﺸﻒ دوﺑﺎره اﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ
) .(Moorey, 1994, p. 188-189ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎت ﻓﻨـﻲ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ در در ﺳــﺎل .1938م در ﺗــﻮده ﮔﺪاﺧﺘــﻪ آﺗﺸﻔﺸــﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ
ﻣﻮرد ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﺑﺎزﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﺷﻴﺎء آﺑـﻲ ﻣﺼـﺮي ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﮔـﺮوه ﭘﺎﺑﺴــﺖ ) (Pobstدر ﻣﻨﻄﻘــﻪ وﺳــﻮوﻳﻮس ) (Vesuviusدر
ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﻮزه ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺣﺎﻛﻲ از آن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع آن ﻧﺰدﻳﻜﻲ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻧﺎﭘﻞ ) (Naplesاﻧﺠﺎم ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ) Mirit
ذرات رﻳﺰداﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ وﻟﻲ در ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎل ﺑﺴﻴﺎر رﻧﮓﭘﺮﻳـﺪه و .(et al., 1995, p. 437-438
روﺷﻦ اﺳﺖ و ذرات درﺷﺖداﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ آﺑﻲ ﺗﻴﺮه ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮدن ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺖ آﺑـﻲ ﻣﺼـﺮي ،ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ
).(Vincent et al., 2003, p. 3 ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫـﻮﻣﻔﺮي دوي
ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ آﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮي ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎن ﻋﺪم ) (Humphray Davyاﻧﺠﺎم و ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻓـﻮك ) (Fouqueدر
ﺛﺒﺖ اﺷﻴﺎء ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﻮان در ﻣﻮزهﻫﺎ و ﺣﺘﻲ در ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻮگﻫﺎي ﺳﺎل .1889م ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ و ﻣﻨﺘﺸـﺮ ﺷـﺪ .وي اﻳـﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ را
ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺮات ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤـﺪود ﺑـﻪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺗﺘﺮا ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ-ﻣﺲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺮد .ﭘﺲ از
ﻣﻮزهﻫﺎي داﺧﻞ ﻛﺸﻮر ﻧﺒﻮده و ﺣﺘﻲ در ﻣﻮزهﻫـﺎي ﻣﻄـﺮح آن ﻻري و ﻫﻤﻜﺎراﻧﺶ ) (Lari et al., 1914در ﺧﺼـﻮص
ﺟﻬﺎن ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻣﻮزه ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎت ﺑﺴـﻴﺎري در اﻳـﻦ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ آﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮي و ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ دﻣﺎي ﭘﺨـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ
زﻣﻴﻨﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم دادهاﻧﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ دﻳﺪه ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .ﺑـﻪﻋﻨـﻮان ﻣﺜـﺎل ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ دﺳـﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨـﺪ .در اداﻣـﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎت ،ﭼـﻴﺲ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﻢﺗﻨﻪ ﺷﻴﺮ ﭘﺲ از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ) (Chaseدر ﺳـــﺎل .1971م و ﺑـــﺎﻳﺮ ) (Bayerو وﻳـــﺪﻣﻦ
ﺑﻪﻋﻨـﻮان آﺑـﻲ ﻣﺼـﺮي ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺷـﺪ ﻛـﻪ در ﻛﺎﺗـﺎﻟﻮگ ) (Widemannدر ﺳﺎل .1976م ﻣﺤﺪوده دﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ آﺑﻲ
ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮري ﻓﺮاﻣﻮش ﺷﺪه ﻣﻮزه ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ،ﺗﺤـﺖ ﻣﺼﺮي و ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات دﻣﺎ در روﻧﺪ ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ را
ﻋﻨﻮان ﺳﻨﮓ ﻻﺟﻮرد ذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳـﺖ )ﺷـﻜﻞ .(Fig. 1-1 ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ ).(Moorey, 1994, p. 188
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻛﻠﻮن درب ﻧﻴﺰ از ﺟﻨﺲ آﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮي اﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺑﻌﺪي ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻣﻴﺮﺗـﻲ ) Mirti et al.,
اﺷﺘﺒﺎه در ﻛﺘﺎب ﺷﻜﻮه اﻳﺮان ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎن ،ﺳﻨﮓ ﻻﺟـﻮرد ذﻛـﺮ (1995, p. 438ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ و روﻧﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ آﺑﻲ
ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )ﺷﻜﻞ .(Fig. 2-2 ﻣﺼﺮي را ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ .ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲﻫـﺎي ﺑﻌـﺪي ﺗﺎﻳـﺖ
ﺷﻜﻞ :2ﻛﻠﻮن درب از ﺟﻨﺲ ﻻﺟﻮرد؛ دوره ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ 500 :ق.م - ﺷﻜﻞ :1ﻧﻴﻢﺗﻨﻪ ﺷﻴﺮ از ﺟﻨﺲ ﻻﺟﻮرد؛ دوره ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ :ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﻲ؛ ﻣﻮزه
ﺗﺨﺖ ﺟﻤﺸﻴﺪ؛ ﻣﻮزه ﻣﻠﻲ اﻳﺮان ﻣﻠﻲ اﻳﺮان
;Fig. 2: Lapis lazuli door knob; from Persepolis ;Fig. 1: Foreparts of lion in lapis lazuli; Date: Achaemenian
Date: 500 B.C.: National museum of Iran National museum of Iran
)(Booth-Clibborn, E., & Pūrjavādī, 2001, 491 )(Tallis, 2005. 102
ﻟﺤﺎظ وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﻌﺪن ﻻﺟﻮرد ،اﺑﻌﺎد اﺷﻴﺎء .4ﺳﻨﮓ ﻻﺟﻮرد و اﺷﻴﺎء ﻣﻮزهاي
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه از آن ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از 20cmﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ) & Herman ﻻﺟﻮرد ﺳﻨﮕﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ از ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻔـﺎوت ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ
.(Moorey, 2006, p. 71ﺑـﻪﻋﻨـﻮان ﻣﺜـﺎل ﺑـﺰرگﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻮداﻟﻴﺖ ،ﻫﺎﻳﻮﺋﻴﻦ ،ﻛﻠﺴﻴﺖ ،ﭘﻴﺮﻳﺖ و ﻻزورﻳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺟـﺰء
ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮزه دﻣﺸﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺮﻧﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮ ﺷـﻴﺮ اﺻﻠﻲ آن ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲﺷﻮد و ﺑﻴﺶ از %25ﺗـﺎ %40آن را
ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎل ﻫﺎ از ﻻﺟﻮرد ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪه و داراي ﺳـﺮ و دم ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ .آن ﻧﻮع ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﻟﻜﻪﻫﺎي ﺳـﻔﻴﺪ رﻧـﮓ
ﻃﻼﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ،ﺣﺪوداً ﻣﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺑـﻪ 2650ق.م و ارﺗﻔـﺎع آن ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﺖ و زرد رﻧـﮓ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﭘﻴﺮﻳـﺖ ﻫﻤـﺮاه ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ،
12cmاﺳﺖ )ﺷﻜﻞ .(Fig. 3-3ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ اﺷﺎره ﻣﻲﮔـﺮدد ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ را دارا اﺳﺖ ).(Cally, 2009, p. 69
ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪاي ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮح ﮔﺎو ﺑﺎﻟﺪار از ﻣﻮزه رﺿﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻲ )ﺷﻤﺎره ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻳﻲ ﻻﺟــﻮرد در زﻳــﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳــﻜﻮپ ﻛــﺎر آﺳــﺎﻧﻲ
اﺛﺮ (31ﻛﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﺪور ﺣﺪود 28cmﺑـﻮده و اﺛـﺮي اﺳــﺖ .ذرات ﻛــﺎﻣﻼً آﺑــﻲ و ﻧﻴﻤــﻪ ﺷــﻔﺎف اﻳــﻦ ﻣــﺎده داراي
ﻳﻜﭙﺎرﭼﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ از ده ﻗﻄﻌﻪ وﺻﺎﻟﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﮕﻲﻫﺎي ﺻﺪﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ اﺳﺖ .ذرات ﻛﻠﺴﻴﺖ ﺑـﻲرﻧـﮓ
)ﺷﻜﻞ .(Fig. 4-4 ﺑﺎ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ،و ذرات رﻳﺰ ﻃﻼﻳﻲ رﻧـﮓ ﭘﻴﺮﻳـﺖ آﻫـﻦ
را ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮان در ﻧـﻮر اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳـﻲ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪه ﻛـﺮد ) & Gettens
.5ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر رﻧﮕﺪاﻧـﻪ آﺑـﻲ .(Stout, 1966, p. 163ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺻـﻴﻘﻞ ﻣـﻲﭘـﺬﻳﺮد و ﺟـﺰو
ﻣﺼﺮي ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي دﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲﺷﻮد .اﻳـﻦ ﺳـﻨﮓ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ
آﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮي ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎده ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮارت دادن ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮارت ،ﻓﺸﺎر ،ﻣﺤﻠﻮلﻫﺎي ﮔﺮم ﻳﺎ اﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎ و ﻣﺤﻠـﻮلﻫـﺎي
ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از ﺷﻦ ،ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚ )و ﻳﺎ ﺷﻦ آﻫﻜـﻲ( ،ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺣﺴﺎس اﺳـﺖ .ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺼـﻲ ﭘﻴﺮﻳـﺖ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺟﻠـﻮه
ﻣﺲ )ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣـﺲ و ﺑـﺮاده ﺑﺮﻧـﺰ( و ﮔـﺪازآورﻫﺎي ﻗﻠﻴـﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ آن ﻣﻲﺷﻮد و دﻟﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺮ اﺻـﺎﻟﺖ ﺳـﻨﮓ ﻣـﻮرد اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده
)ﺳﻮداي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ،ﻧﺎﺗﺮون ) (Natronو ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎن( در اﺳﺖ ،ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻣﻘـﺪار زﻳـﺎد ﭘﻴﺮﻳـﺖ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺟﻠـﻮه ﻣـﺎت آن
دﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ 850°Cﺗﺎ 1000°Cﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري ﺧﻮاﻫـﺪ ﺷـﺪ ) .(Adib, 1990, p. 257آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰﻫـﺎي ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ
ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺑﻠﻮري و ﺳﺨﺖ دارد .در ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮر داراي ﺛﺒـﺎت ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ درﺻﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮر در ﻻﺟﻮرد ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ
رﻧﮕﻲ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ،اﻧﻮاع رﻧﮓﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ رﻧﮓ آﺑﻲ آن ﺗﻴﺮهﺗﺮ اﺳـﺖ و ﻫﺮﭼـﻪ آﺑـﻲ آن ﺗﻴـﺮهﺗـﺮ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ
از آﺑﻲ ﺗﻴﺮه ﺗﺎ آﺑﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر روﺷﻦ را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ دﺳـﺖ آورد ارزش ﺳﻨﮓ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد ).(Zarmehri, 2009, p. 321
) .(Canti & Heathcote, 2002, p. 831ﻋﻠﺖ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﺳﻨﮓ ﻻﺟﻮرد از دﻳﺮﺑﺎز ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﺧﺖ اﺷﻴﺎء ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي و
رﻧﮕـــﻲ در ﺗﺮﻛﻴـــﺐ و روش ﺳـــﺎﺧﺖ آن و ﻫﻤﭽﻨـــﻴﻦ ﺗﺰﺋﻴﻨﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي آن در ﻣﻮزهﻫـﺎي
ﺗﻔﺎوتﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در اﻧﺪازه داﻧﻪﻫﺎ و ﻧﺴﺒﺖﻫﺎي ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻳﺮان و ﺟﻬﺎن ﻣﻮﺟﻮد اﺳﺖ .ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ و ﻗﺮاﻳﻦ ،ﺑـﻪ
ﺷﻜﻞ :4ﺻﻔﺤﻪاي ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮح ﮔﺎو ﺑﺎﻟﺪار؛ از ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻻﺟﻮرد؛ ﺷﻜﻞ :3ﭘﺮﻧﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮ ﺷﻴﺮ؛ از ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻻﺟﻮرد؛ ارﺗﻔﺎع12 cm :
ارﺗﻔﺎع ،12 cmﻋﺮض 14 cmو ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ 1/4 cm؛ دوره ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ :ﺣﺪود 2650ق.م؛ ﻣﻮزه دﻣﺸﻖ
;Fig. 4: Part of lapis lazuli disc showing a winged bull in relief Fig. 3: Lion-head eagle; lapis lazuli; Height: 12 cm
H: 12 cm, W: 14 cm, Th: 1.4 cm; Period: Achaemenian Period: 2650 B.C.; Museum of Damascus
)(Seipel, 2001, 232 )(Stöllner et al., 2004, 66
اﺳــﺖ اﻛﺴــﻴﺪ ﻗﻠــﻊ ) (CuOو ﻳــﺎ ﻣﺎﻻﻳﻴــﺖ )CaSnSiO5- آن وﺟﻮد دارد .ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع آن ،ذرات رﻳﺰ ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ در اﻳـﻦ
(Malayaiteﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﻮد .ﺗﺎﻳﺖ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎراﻧﺶ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮر ﺻﻮرت ﺑﺴﻴﺎر رﻧﮓﭘﺮﻳـﺪه اﺳـﺖ و ﻫﻨﮕـﺎﻣﻲﻛـﻪ ذرات آن
ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آوردن اﻃﻼﻋﺎت در ﻣﻮرد روشﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮاي درﺷﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،رﻧﮓ آن ﺗﻴﺮه ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد )Gettens & Stout,
ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻃﻴـﻒ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮدهاي از ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ آﺑـﻲ ﻣﺼـﺮي ﻣﺘﻔـﺎوت .(1966, p. 163
ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﻧﺮم و ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪه ﺗﺎ ﺳـﺨﺖ و ﻧﻴﻤـﻪﺷﻴﺸـﻪاي و در ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﺷﻴﺎء آﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮي در
رﻧﮓ ﻫﺎي آﺑـﻲ روﺷـﻦ ﺗـﺎ ﺗﻴـﺮه ،درﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺳـﻴﻠﻴﺲ دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﭘﺨﺖ ﻣﺠﺰا ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ .ﭘـﺲ از ﭘﺨـﺖ
ﺑﻴﺶازﺣﺪ ) %5ﺗـﺎ (%40و ﺑـﺎﻻﺗﺮ از آن ﺑـﺮاي ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ آﺑـﻲ اوﻟﻴﻪ و ﺳﺎﻳﻴﺪن و ﺧﺮد ﻛﺮدن ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪه ،ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت
ﻣﺼﺮي ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻻزم و ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ و ﻣﻘـﺪار ﺑﺴـﻴﺎر ﻛـﻢ ﭘﻮدر رﻧﮕﺪاﻧﻪ درﻣﻲآﻳﺪ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰودن آب و ﻛﻤﻲ آﻫـﻚ
اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ و اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺲ ﻳﻜﻲ از وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﻜﺮر آن )ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺴﺖ( ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﺧﻤﻴﺮ درآﻣﺪه ،ﭘﺲ از ﻗﺎﻟﺐﮔﻴﺮي
اﺳﺖ ).(Tite, 1987, p. 34 و ﻓﺮمدﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﺪداً ﺣﺮارت داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد .در ﻓﺮآﻳﻨـﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ،
ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﺣﺮارت در ﺣﺪود 900°Cﺑﺮاي ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﭘﺨﺖ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻃﻴﻒ رﻧﮓ آﺑـﻲ و ﭼﺴـﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ
ﻗﻠﻴﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ و ﺣﺪودا ً 1000°Cﺑﺮاي ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت داراي ﻗﻠﻴـﺎي ذرات از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ رﺷﺪ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎلﻫﺎ ﺷﺪه و ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﺨﺖ
ﻛﻢ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ آﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮي ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ درﺷﺖ و زﺑـﺮ ﻛـﺎﻓﻲ ﺷﺪن ﻣـﻮاد ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮد ) Béarat, 2012, p. 6; Schmidt,
اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑـﻪ رﻧـﮓ آﺑـﻲ ﺗﻴـﺮه دارد و .(1957, p. 134
ﺳﺨﺘﻲ آن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴـﺰان ﻓـﺎز ﺷﻴﺸـﻪاي )ﻣﺤﺘـﻮاي ﻗﻠﻴـﺎ( آن از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﻲﺗـﻮان ﮔﻔـﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺖ آﺑـﻲ
ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد .ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ درﺷـﺖ و زﺑـﺮ ﺑـﺮاي اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﺼﺮي از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ رﻧﮓ آن ،ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻧﺴﺒﻲ اﻛﺴـﻴﺪ
ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و اﺳﺎس رﻧﮕﺪاﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻃﻴـﻒ وﺳـﻴﻌﻲ از رﻧـﮓ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ و اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺲ دارد .اﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺲ ﺑـﻴﺶ از
)ﺗﻴﺮه ﺑﻪ روﺷﻦ( از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﺎﺋﻴﺪن ﺑـﻪ دﺳـﺖ ﻣـﻲآﻳـﺪ .در ﻣﻘﺪار اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺑﻠﻮر آﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮي ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و
ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎي رﻳﺰ ،ﭘﺨﺖ دوﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪاي ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤـﺮاه ﻓﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت آﺑﻲ ﭘﺮرﻧﮓ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎن ﻣﻲﺷﻮد؛ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﮔﺮ
ﺳﺎﺋﻴﺪن و ﺧﺮد ﻛﺮدن و ﻗﺎﻟﺐﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴـﺎز در ﻣﻘـــﺪار اﻛﺴـــﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﺴـــﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﺸـــﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷـــﺪ وﻻﺳـــﺘﻮﻧﻴﺖ
ﻣﻴﺎن ﭘﺨﺖ اول و دوم ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ) (Wollastoniteو ﻳﺎ دوﻳﺘﺮﻳﺖ ) (Devitriteﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و
ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .ﺣـﺮارت دوم ﺑـﻴﻦ 950 -850°Cاﺳـﺖ .اﮔـﺮ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺲ ﺑﺎﻗﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪه در ﻓﺎز ﺷﻴﺸﻪاي ﺣـﻞ ﺷـﺪه و آﺑـﻲ
ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﻗﻠﻴﺎ ﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮔﺮاﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ آﺑﻲ روﺷﻦ و ﻧﺮم اﺳﺖ و روﺷﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ).(Tite, 1987, p. 34
اﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻗﻠﻴﺎ زﻳﺎد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ آﺑﻲ ﺗﻴﺮه ﺑﻮده و ﺳﺨﺖ ﮔﺮدآوري ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫـﺎي اﻧﺠـﺎم
اﺳﺖ ).(Moorey, 1994, p. 188-189 ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮ روي اﻳﻦ ﻣﺎده ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﺮﺗﻲ ) Mirti et al., 1995,
از دﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﻠﻞ دﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﻲ در رﻧﮓ ،ﺗﻔﺎوتﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ (p. 438ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺷﺮح اﺳﺖ؛ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ دﻣﺎ ﺑـﻴﺶ از 1050°C
در ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ آن و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻔﺎوت در اﻧﺪازه داﻧﻪﻫﺎ و ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،رﻧﮕﺪاﻧﻪ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد و اﮔﺮ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﻣﻴـﺰان ﮔﻔﺘـﻪ
ﻧﺴﺒﺖ آن ﻫﺎ وﺟﻮد دارد .رﻧﮓ آﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮي اﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ،رﻧﮓ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ داده و ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد .اﮔﺮ
رﻧﮕﺪاﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً درﺷﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ،ﭼﺮا ﻛـﻪ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻮاد اوﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ دﻗﻴـﻖ ﺑـﺎ ﻳﻜـﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ ﻧﺸـﻮﻧﺪ،
اﻧﺪازه داﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪوﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﻴﺪن ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ رﻧـﮓﭘﺮﻳـﺪﮔﻲ آن ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت اﺿﺎﻓﻪاي در آﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮي ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ .اﮔﺮ ﺷﻦ
ﻣﻲﺷﻮد .ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از اﺷﻴﺎء ﻛﻮﭼﻚ در ﻧﻴﻤﻪ و اواﺧـﺮ ﻫـﺰاره ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﻴﺶازﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻓﺎز ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻲ )ﻛﻮارﺗﺰ ،ﺗﺮﻳﺪﻳﻤﻴﺖ-
اول ق.م ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐرﻳﺰي ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً رﻳﺰداﻧﻪ ﺑﻮده (Tridymiteاﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد؛ اﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺷﻦ و ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚ
ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮريﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﺟﺎي آﺑﻲ ﺗﻴـﺮه ،ﺗﻤﺎﻳـﻞ ﺑـﻪ روﺷـﻨﻲ دارﻧـﺪ ﻫﺮ دو زﻳﺎد ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ،وﻻﺳﺘﻮﻧﻴﺖ )ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎت ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ (CaSiO3
).(Lambert, 1984, p. 234 ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و اﮔﺮ ﻣﺲ زﻳﺎد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻣـﺲ )ﺗﻨﻮرﻳـﺖ
CuOو ﻳﺎ ﻛﻮﭘﺮﻳﺖ (Cu2Oو در ﺻﻮرت وﺟﻮد ﺑﻴﺶازﺣـﺪ
.6ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺷﻦ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻲ و ﮔﺪازآور ،ﻓـﺎز ﺷﻴﺸـﻪاي اﻳﺠـﺎد ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮد.
ﭘﺮوﻧﺪه ﺛﺒﺘﻲ اﺷﻴﺎء ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ،ﺑﺎ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻫﻤـﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲﻫـﺎي درﺻﻮرﺗﻲﻛﻪ آﻟﻴﺎژ ﻗﻠﻊ و ﻣﺲ )ﺑﺮﻧﺰ( اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد ،ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ
39 ﺳﺎل دوم ،ﺷﻤﺎره دوم ،ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن │ 1395
ﻣﺎرال داداشزاده و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران»/ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﻻﺟﻮرد« ﻳﺎ »آﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮي«؟ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري و ﻫﻮﻳﺖﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪاي از...
آنﻫﺎ اﻧﺠﺎم ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺖ .اﻃﻼﻋﺎت اﺷـﻴﺎء ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤـﺮاه ﺗﺼـﺎوﻳﺮ ﻻزم در ﻣﻮزه ﻣﻠﻲ اﻳﺮان ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ .ﭘـﺲ از
آنﻫﺎ در ﺟﺪول 1اراﺋﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﻧﮕﺎري دﻗﻴﻖ ،ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻻزم ﺑـﺮ روي
ﺟﺪول :1اﺷﻴﺎء ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در ﻣﻮزه ﻣﻠﻲ اﻳﺮان )ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ اﻳﻦ اﺷﻴﺎء در ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻮزهاي ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻻﺟﻮرد و ﻳﺎ ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﻻﺟﻮرد ﻧﺎمﮔﺬاري ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ(
Table 1: Studied objects in the National Museum of Iran (All the objects in museum documents named as lapis lazuli or
)lapis lazuli paste
ﺷﻤﺎره ﺛﺒﺖ اﺛﺮ
ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺷﺊ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻛﺸﻒ دوره ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ اﺑﻌﺎد ﻧﻮع ﺷﺊ ﺷﻤﺎره ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ
Registration
Illustration Provenience Date Dimensions Type of object Sample no.
number
X’Pert High ﻛﺸﻮر ﻫﻠﻨﺪ اﺳﺖ .ﻧﺮماﻓـﺰار ﺗﺤﻠﻴـﻞ ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ در راﺳﺘﺎي اﻧﺠـﺎم ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎت آزﻣﺎﻳﺸـﮕﺎﻫﻲ
) Score Plus (V. 3اﺳﺖ .ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮر ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺷـﻤﺎره 3 ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨـﺪه و ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟـﻮژي
ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺳﺴﺖﺗﺮﻳﻦ اﺛﺮ و داراي رﻧﮓ آﺑﻲ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎر روﺷـﻦ آنﻫﺎ در رﻳﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي اﺷﻴﺎء ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ،آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮي
اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪ .ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره 10ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤـﺎظ وﻳﮋﮔـﻲ ﻛﻤﻲ و ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه SEM-EDXﺑﺮ روي آنﻫـﺎ
ﺧﺎص آن )ﺗﻨﻮع رﻧﮓ آﺑﻲ در ﺳﻄﺢ اﺛـﺮ ﺑـﺎ ﻃﻴـﻒ رﻧﮕـﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ .اﻳﻦ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎ در ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﻨﻴﺎد ﻋﻠﻮم ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي
ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ از آﺑﻲ ﻛﻤﺮﻧﮓ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺮرﻧﮓ( اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷـﺪ و ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ رازي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ .دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧـﻲ روﺑﺸـﻲ
ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ دو ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ از ﺳﻄﺢ آن ﺑﺎ رﻧﮓﻫﺎي آﺑﻲ ﻛﻤﺮﻧﮓ و ﻧﺸـﺮ ﻣﻴـﺪاﻧﻲ ) (SEMﻣـﺪل ،MIRA 3ﺷـﺮﻛﺖ ﺳـﺎزﻧﺪه
آﺑﻲ ﭘﺮرﻧﮓ ﺑﻪ روش ،XRDﻣﻮرد ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻗـﺮار ﮔﺮﻓـﺖ ،TESCANﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤــﺮاه دﺳــﺘﮕﺎه اﺳــﭙﻜﺘﺮوﻓﻮﺗﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﻔــﺮق
)ﺟﺪول ﺷﻤﺎره .(Table 13-13 ﭘﺮﺗﻮاﻳﻜﺲ ) (EDXﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺟﻤﻬﻮري ﭼﻚ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ .ﻻزم
ﺑﻪ ذﻛﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺼﺎوﻳﺮ ،SEMﺑـﻪﺻـﻮرت Back ) BSE
.1-6ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮي ﺑﻪ روش SEM-EDX (Scatterﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ،
در اﻳـﻦ ﺑﺨــﺶ ﺗﺼـﺎوﻳﺮ SEMو ﻃﻴــﻒ EDXو ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﻴﻦ ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﭘﻴﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮي و درﺻﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه در
ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ EDXدر ﻫﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑﺼـﻮرت ﺟﺪاول ﺷﻤﺎره 2ﺗﺎ 12ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه اﺳﺖ.
ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ اراﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .از وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﺻـﻠﻲ در ﭘﺲ از اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺑﻪ روش SEMو ،EDXﭼﻨﺪ
ﺗﻤﺎم ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ،ﺣﻀﻮر ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ ،ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ و ﻣـﺲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ از اﺷﻴﺎء ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ،ﻣﻴـﺰان ﺳـﺨﺘﻲ
ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺣﻀﻮر اﻛﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ در اﺛﺮ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ رﻧﮕﻲ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈـﻮر
ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ اﺷﺎره ﻧﻤﻮد.ﺑﺮ اﺳـﺎس ﺗﺼـﺎوﻳﺮ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ از ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ روش XRDﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ
SEMﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑـﻪ رﻧـﮓ آﺑـﻲ ﺗﻴـﺮه ﺑـﻮده، ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ .اﻳﻦ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎ ﻧﻴـﺰ در ﺑﻨﻴـﺎد ﻋﻠـﻮم ﻛـﺎرﺑﺮدي
درﺷﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ و ﺳﺨﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ داراي رﻧﮓ رازي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ .دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﭘﺮاش اﺷﻌﻪ اﻳﻜﺲ ) (XRDﻣﺪل
آﺑﻲ روﺷﻦ و رﻧﮓ ﭘﺮﻳﺪه ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ رﻳﺰ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ و ﻧﺮم ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. X’Pert PRO MPDﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه Panalyticalﺳﺎﺧﺖ
(Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(SO4,S,Cl)2و ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴــﻪ آن ﺑــﺎ آﺑ ـﻲ .2-6ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺳـﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑـﻪ
ﻣﺼﺮي CaCuSi4O10و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻪدﺳـﺖآﻣـﺪه از روش XRD
آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎي XRDو EDXﺑـﺮ روي ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪﻫـﺎي ﻣـﻮرد ﺑــﻪﻣﻨﻈــﻮر ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴــﺐ ﺷــﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ،ﺳــﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪ از اﺷــﻴﺎء
ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ،ﺗﻤـﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ روش XRDﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮ
آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲاﻧـﺪ ﻛـﻪ آﺑـﻲ ﻣﺼـﺮي اﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻪدﺳﺖآﻣﺪه ،ﺣﻀﻮر ﻛﻮﭘﺮورﻳﻮﻳﺖ )آﺑﻲ ﻣﺼـﺮي(
)ﻛﻮﭘﺮورﻳﻮﻳﺖ( در آنﻫﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷـﺪ .در ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪﻫـﺎي و اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺲ در ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه اﺳﺖ.
ﻣﻮزهاي ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از آﺛﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻃﻴﻒ رﻧﮓ آﺑﻲ ﻻﺟﻮردي و آﺑﻲ
روﺷﻦ در اﺑﻌﺎد ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان .7ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮي
ﻻﺟﻮرد و ﺧﻤﻴﺮ ﻻﺟﻮرد ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪهاﻧﺪ و ﺗﺤﺖ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈـﻮر دﺳـﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑـﻪ راﻫﻜﺎرﻫـﺎي ﻋﻠﻤـﻲ و اﺻـﻮﻟﻲ در
ﻋﻨﺎوﻳﻦ در ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻮگﻫﺎ و ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﻧﺎمﮔﺬاري ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ از آﺛﺎر ،ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻓﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﻌﺪاد 10
اﻣﺮ در ﻣﻴﺎن آﺛﺎر ﻣﻮزه ﻣﻠﻲ اﻳﺮان ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻗﻠــﻢ اﺷــﻴﺎء ﻣﺤﻔــﻮظ در ﻣــﻮزه ﻣﻠــﻲ اﻳــﺮان ﻣﺮﺑــﻮط ﺑــﻪ
ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ و ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻻﺟﻮرد ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ ﺣﺴﻨﻠﻮ ،زﻳﻮﻳﻪ و ﺗﺨﺖﺟﻤﺸﻴﺪ از ﻫﺰاره
و آﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮي ،اﺷﻴﺎﻳﻲ از اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ،در دو ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﺠـﺰا اول ﭘﻴﺶ از ﺗـﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗـﺎ دوره ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸـﻲ ﺑـﺎ رﻧـﮓ آﺑـﻲ و
ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻮده و ﺑﻪ رﻏﻢ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد وﺳﻴﻊ آﺑـﻲ ﻣﺼـﺮي در ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ و ﻇﺎﻫﺮي ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ،ﺑـﺎ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از
ﺳــﺎﺧﺖ اﺷــﻴﺎء و ﻳﺎﻓﺘــﻪﻫــﺎي ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ در اﻳــﺮان، روشﻫﺎي دﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ روﺑﺸﻲ SEM
ﺑﻪﻛﺎرﮔﻴﺮي واژه ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﺧﻤﻴـﺮ ﻻﺟـﻮرد ﻋﻠﻤـﻲ ﻧﺒـﻮده و و ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ EDXاﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ .ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶﻫـﺎي
ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻨﺎد اﺳﺖ و ﻗﻄﻌﺎً ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﻣﻴﺎن واژﮔﺎن ﻣﺼـﻄﻠﺢ ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴــﺐ ﺷــﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑــﻪ روش دﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﭘــﺮاش
ﻣﻮزهاي ﺣﺬف ﺷﻮد و واژه آﺑﻲ ﻣﺼﺮي ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﭘﺮﺗﻮاﻳﻜﺲ XRDﻧﻴﺰ ،ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ اﺷﻴﺎء ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ را ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ
ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ دﺳﺘﻪ از آﺛﺎر ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ .ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺳـﻨﮓ ﻻﺟـﻮرد
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