ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g / g]kfn

g]kfn ;/sf/
jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno
of]hgf tyf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;xof]u dxfzfvf
@)^(
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g / g]kfn

k|yd ;+:s/0f M @)^@

bf];|f] ;+:s/0f M @)^#
t];|f] ;+:s/0f M @)^$
k'gM k|sfzg M @)^%
rf}yf] ;+:s/0f M @)^^
kfFrf}F ;+:s/0f M @)^( -k"0f{ kl/dflh{t / cBfjlws_

© ;jf{lwsf/ M g]kfn ;/sf/, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnodf ;'/lIft .

k|sfzs M
g]kfn ;/sf/,
jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno
of]hgf tyf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;xof]u dxfzfvf
l;+xb/af/, sf7df08f}, g]kfn,
kmf]g M g+= $@!!$#!, $@!!^!^, $@!!$^)
 dGtJo
/fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o cy{tGq;Fu cfa4 u/L d'n'ssf] j:t' tyf
;]jf Jofkf/nfO{ yk k|lt:kwL{ agfpFb} v'nf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6
clwstd cfly{s nfe lng] p2]Zon] g]kfn ;g\ @))$ df ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gsf] ;b:o ag]sf] xf] . lgoddf cfwfl/t ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6
cfly{s ljsf; / ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'Ug] ck]Iffsf ;fy
g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf cfa4 ePsf] cf7 jif{ k"/f eO;s]sf] 5 .
;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfkl5 ef}uf]lns tyf cfly{s b'j} b[li6n] ;fgf] /fi6« g]kfnsf]
klg cGo /fi6«s} ;/x cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/sf ;Gbe{df y'k|} clwsf/x¿
;'lglZrt ePsf 5g\ eg] ;Ë7gsf] ;b:osf] x}l;otdf s]xL bfloTjx¿
;d]t l;h{gf x'gk'u]sf 5g\ .

;b:otf k|flKtkl5sf jif{x¿df ;Ë7gdf ul/Psf k|lta4tfadf]lhd d'n'ssf]

cy{–jfl0fHo If]q;Fu ;Da4 gLlt tyf sfg"gx¿nfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf
cfwf/e"t l;4fGt cg's"n x'g] u/L kl/dfh{g tyf ;+zf]wg ug]]{ bfloTjnfO{
qmdzM k"/f ub{} nluPsf] 5 . k|lqmofut ;/nLs/0f, ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4
/ Jofkf/ k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf;h:tf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ klg qmdzM cufl8
a9fpFb} :jtGq / :jR5 ¿kdf Jofkf/ ;~rfng x'g] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0ftkm{
klg ljz]if hf]8 lbOFb} cfOPsf] 5 . o;} cfly{s jif{leq ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gsf] ;b:osf] x}l;otdf ug{'kg{] Jofkf/ gLlt ;dLIffsf] sfo{ klg
;kmntf;fy ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 . jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnon] ljZj
Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf cfa4 ePkl5 ;Ë7g / o;l;t ;Da4 dxŒjk"0f{ kIfx¿df
;j{;fwf/0f ;a}df ;TotYo hfgsf/L ;Dk|]if0f ug{] p2]Zon] o:tf] k'l:tsf
k|sfzg ub{} cfPsf] 5 . of] k'l:tsf o; qmddf gofF ;+:s/0f xf] .

-c_
ljutsf] ;+:s/0fsf] t'ngfdf o; k'l:tsfdf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf
dxŒjk"0f{ / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf ;Gbe{df pkof]uL b]lvPsf w]/}
ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]6L lj:tfl/t ¿kdf of] k'l:tsf k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 .
o; k'l:tsfn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf d'Vo kIfx¿df k|sfz kfg{'sf
;fy} g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o aGg] qmddf u/]sf] tof/Lb]lv
xfn;Ddsf] cjlwdf lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsfsf] ;DaGwdf klg ;+lIfKtdf
hfgsf/L lbg] k|of; u/]sf] 5 . of] k'l:tsf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g / o;;Da4
ljleGg kIfdf hfgsf/L lng rfxg] kf7sx¿sf nflu pkof]uL cWoog
;fdu|L x'g] ck]Iff lnOPsf] 5 .

cGTodf, o:tf] pkof]uL k'l:tsfsf] n]vg, ;Dkfbg / k|sfzgdf ;+nUg

x'g'x'g] dGqfnosf ;a} sd{rf/L ;fyLx¿nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

@)^( c;f/ -nfndl0f hf]zL_

;lrj
jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno

-cf_
 k|fSsyg
ljZjJofkLs/0f / cfly{s pbf/Ls/0faf6 l;lh{t cj;/x¿nfO{ /fi6«sf]
cfly{s ;d'Ggltsf lglDt pkof]u ug{] p2]Zon] g]kfnn] cf7 jif{ klxn] ljZj
Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf lnPsf] lyof] . ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf;Fu} d'n'ssf]
j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf If]qdf cj;/ tyf r'gf}tL b'j} l;h{gf ePsf 5g\ . ;Ë7gdf
cfa4 ePsf] sf/0f g]kfnnfO{ Psflt/ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df ;xh kx'Fr /
k|fljlws ;xof]unufotsf ;'ljwf k|fKt x'gk'u]sf 5g\ eg] csf{tkm{ :jb]zL
j:t' tyf ;]jfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df yk k|lt:kwL{ / u'0ffTds agfpg'kg{]
r''gf}tL;d]t l;h{gf x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 plrt
nfe lng ljleGg gLltut tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf pkqmdx¿nfO{ klg
;doa4 ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg'kg{] bfloTj yk x'g cfPsf] 5 .

g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf u/]sf k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ /fli6«o lxtnfO{

dWogh/ u/L qmdzM sfof{Gjogdf ptfb}{ nu]sf] 5 . o; qmddf d'n'ssf
Jofkf/;Da4 gLlt, sfg"g tyf k|lqmofx¿nfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLcg's"n
x'g] u/L ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿nfO{ ;3gtf;fy cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 . eG;f/
tyf u}/ eG;f/hGo b'j} k|s[ltsf cj/f]wx¿nfO{ qmdzM Go"g agfpFb} :jtGq
Jofkf/sf] k|j4{gdfkm{t cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ b|'tt/ / ;dfj]zL agfpg g]kfn
k|oTgzLn 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] clt sd ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6«sf]
gftfn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;fgf /fi6«sf] lxtdf clwstd pkof]u
ug{] lbzfdf g]kfnn] cfˆgf k|of;x¿nfO{ s]lGb|t ub{} cfPsf] 5 .

dGqfnon] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o alg;s]kl5 o; ;DaGwdf eP

u/]sf sfo{x¿nfO{ ;d]6L ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu ljutb]lv g}
k'l:tsf k|sfzg ub{} cfPsf]df of] jif{ kfFrf}+ ;+:s/0f k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 .
o; ;+:s/0fdf ljut ;+:s/0fsf] t'ngfdf yk gofF ;fdu|Lx¿ ;dfj]z

-O_
ul/Psf 5g\ . o; k'l:tsfdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf ljleGg kIfx¿, g]kfnn]
;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf lng u/]sf sfo{x¿b]lv xfn;Dd k|lta4tf k"/f ug{]
;Gbe{df ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfo{x¿, ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf g]kfnh:tf clt
sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] Jofkf/ ;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿ / xfn ;Demf}tf jftf{sf
qmddf /x]sf] bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8f nufotsf ;d;fdlos / dxŒjk"0f{
ljifox¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . of] k'l:tsf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] af/]df
cWoog, cg';Gwfg ug{ rfxg] k|fl1s ;d'bfo, cg';GwfgsdL{, sd{rf/L /
ljBfyL{ju{b]lv ;fwf/0f hfgsf/L lng rfxg];Dd ;a}sf nflu pkof]uL /
k7gLo x'g] ljZjf; lnPsf 5f}F .

k|:t't k'l:tsf tof/ ug{ k|]/0ff / dfu{lgb{]z lbg'x'g] dGqfnosf cfb/0fLo

;lrjHo"k|lt cfef/ JoQm ub{} k'l:tsf tof/L / k|sfzg ug{ cys kl/>d
ug{'x'g] of]hgf tyf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;xof]u dxfzfvfsf ;a} ;xsdL{
sd{rf/L ;fyLx¿df wGojfb JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . k'l:tsfnfO{ lg/Gt/ cBfjlws
/ kl/dfh{g ub{} hfg] dGqfnosf] ;f]r /x]sf] ;Gbe{df o; ;+:s/0fdf s'g}
q'l6x¿ /xg k'u]sf] eP cf}FNofO{ cfufdL ;+:s/0fdf ;'wf/ ug{] df}sf k|bfg
ul/lbg'x'g ;DalGwt ;a}df ljgd| cg'/f]w ub{5' .

@)^( c;f/ -tf]ogf/fo0f 1jfnL_

;x–;lrj
of]hgf tyf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;xof]u dxfzfvf
jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno

-O{_
 ljifo–qmd
qm=;+= ljifo k[i7 ;+Vof
kl/R5]b–!
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g M P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld, ljsf;qmd, k|d'v sfo{ tyf
l;4fGtx¿
!=! P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld !
!=@ la|6gp8\; ;Dd]ng / Uof6 @
!=# p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{ / ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgf %
!=$ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] kl/ro, p2]Zo tyf sfo{x¿ &
!=$=! kl/ro &
!=$=@ ;+/rgf tyf lg0f{o k|lqmof *
!=$=# ;lrjfno !)
!=$=$ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf p2]Zox¿ !!
!=$=% ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf sfo{x¿ !@
!=$=^ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] sfo{If]q / k|d'v ;Demf}tfx¿ !@
!=$=& Uof6 / ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gaLrsf] leGgtf !#
!=$=* ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf l;4fGtx¿ !%
!=$=( ;b:otf k|flKtsf] k|lqmof / ;b:otfsf] k|sf/ !(
!=% ljjfb ;dfwfg k|0ffnL @)
!=^ Jofkf/ gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg @@
!=& dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngx¿ @$
kl/R5]b–@
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gcGtu{tsf k|d'v ;Demf}tfx¿
@=! j:t' Jofkf/ cGtu{tsf k|d'v ;Demf}tfx¿ @(
@=@ ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf $)
@=# Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf $$
@=#=! Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ $$
@=#=@ af}l4s ;DklQsf] juL{s/0f / ;+/If0f cjlw $%
@=#=# Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL $^
;Demf}tfsf d'Vo ljz]iftf / kmfObfx¿

-p_
 kl/R5]b–#
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf g]kfnsf] cfa4tf
#=! tTsfnLg Uof6df ;b:otfsf] nflu kxn $&
#=@ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf ;b:otfsf] nflu cfj]bg / $&
;lDdng
#=# ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o aGg'k"j{ ul/Psf gLltut tyf ;+:yfut %)
;'wf/sf k|of;x¿
#=$ g]kfnnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfsf] %!
cfjZostf
#=% ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o aGg' k5fl8sf p2]Zox¿ %#
#=^ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 g]kfnnfO{ k|fKt x'g;Sg] ;'ljwf, %#
kmfObf tyf cj;/x¿
#=& ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 l;lh{t r'gf}tLx¿ %%
kl/R5]b–$
g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf u/]sf k|lta4tfx¿ / sfof{Gjog l:ylt
$=! sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bg / g]kfnsf k|lta4tfx¿ %&
$=@ j:t' Jofkf/sf] If]qdf g]kfnn] u/]sf k|lta4tfx¿ / %*
sfof{Gjog l:ylt
$=# ;]jf Jofkf/sf] If]qdf g]kfnn] u/]sf k|lta4tfx¿ / ^@
sfof{Gjog l:ylt
$=$ Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] If]qdf g]kfnn] &)
u/]sf k|lta4tfx¿ / sfof{Gjog l:ylt
$=% ;Ë7gdf JoQm ul/Psf k|lta4tfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 &!
ljleGg If]qdf kg{;Sg] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f
kl/R5]b–%
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfkZrft\ g]kfnn] ;DkGg u/]sf k|dv
' sfo{x¿
%=! gLltut÷sfg"gL ;'wf/x¿ &(
%=@ ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 *!
%=# k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f *$
%=$ k|fljlws ;xof]u kl/rfng *%
%=% hgr]tgf j[l4 Pj+ cg'ej cfbfg–k|bfg *&
%=^ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g / ;f] cGtu{tsf d~rx¿df *&
g]kfnsf] ;xeflutf

-pm_
 kl/R5]b–^
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿
^=! clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o (@
kxnx¿
^=@ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] (#
Jofkf/;Da4 k|d'v d'2f tyf ;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿
^=# ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g cGtu{t ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf clt sd !)#
ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ pknAw 5"6, ;x'lnot tyf
;'ljwfx¿
^=#=! ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;Demf}tfx¿df /x]sf ljsf;zLn !)$
/fi6«sf] kIfsf k|fjwfgx¿
^=#=@ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;lrjfnoaf6 pknAw x'g] !)&
k|fljlws ;xfotfx¿
^=#=# Jofkf/ / ljsf;;DaGwL ;ldlt (Trade and !)&
Development Committee)
^=$ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] Ifdtf j[l4sf nflu ;Ë7g !)*
cGtu{t ul/Psf Joj:yfx¿sf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f
^=$=! lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgf (Enhanced Integrated !)*
Framework)
^=$=@ Jofkf/sf] nflu ;xof]u (Aid for Trade) !!!
^=% ;Ë7gdf cfa4 clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] eljiosf] !!#
sfo{lbzf
kl/R5]b–&
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf 5nkmn / ;Demf}tfsf r/0fdf /x]sf s]xL gofF
tyf cGt/–;Da4 ljifox¿
&=! bf]xf ljsf; Ph]08f !!^
&=@ Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f !@*
&=# Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f !#)
&=$ If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf !#@
kl/R5]b–*
ljljw
*=! g]kfnn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 clwstd nfe lng !#%
cfufdL lbgdf rfNg'kg{] sbdx¿
*=@ pk;+xf/ !$!
cg';"rLx¿ !$&–!%#

-P_
 kl/R5]b–!
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g M P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld, ljsf;qmd, k|d'v sfo{
tyf l;4fGtx¿
!=! P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld M
cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/sf] Oltxf; /fHosf] pTklQ hlQs} k'/fgf] eP klg cfw'lgs, :jtGq
/ pbf/ Jofkf/sf] Oltxf; eg] Tolt k'/fgf] 5}g . cfw'lgs / t'ngfTds ¿kdf
:jtGq cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/sf] cjwf/0ff !( cf}F ztfAbLsf] dWolt/ cfP/ o"/f]kaf6
k|f/De ePsf] xf] . cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf] hggL b]z a]nfotn] ;g\ !*%# / ;g\ !*^)
df j:t' Jofkf/nfO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf k|efljt ug{] s/ k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L ljb]zL
Jofkf/df nufOPsf] ;+/If0ffTds pkfox¿nfO{ x6fO{ klxnf]kN6 :jtGq Jofkf/sf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofof] . o;df P8d l:dy -;g\ !&@#–!&()_, 8]le8
l/sf8f{] -;g\ !&&@–!*@@_, hf]g :6'c6{ ldn -;g\ !*)^–!*&#_ h:tf To;a]nfsf :jtGq
Jofkf/ / cx:tIf]k gLlt (Laissez Faire Policy) sf k|jt{s tyf pbf/ cfly{s gLltsf
kIfw/ cy{zf:qLx¿sf] ljrf/sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf lyof] . o"/f]kdf ;f]x|f}F ztfAbLsf] z'?b]lv
c7f/f}F ztfAbLsf] dWo;Dd -;g\ !%))–!&%)_ rn]sf] jfl0fHojfbL (Mercantilist)
cfly{s ljrf/wf/fn] d'n'ssf] cfly{s sNof0f / ;d[l4sf] nflu cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/nfO{
pRr dxŒj lbPsf] eP klg ;f] ljrf/wf/f :jtGqeGbf ;+/If0ffTds Jofkf/k|0ffnLsf]
kIfdf lyof] . of] cfly{s ljrf/wf/fn] ;f]x|f}F ztfAbLsf] k|f/Deb]lv c7f/f}F ztfAbLsf]
dWo;Dd o"/f]ksf a]nfot, k|mfG;, hd{gL, cli6««of nufotsf y'k|} o'/f]k]nL b]zsf
;/sf/nfO{ ;+/If0ffTds Joj:yf cËLsf/ ub{} j}b]lzs Jofkf/ cl3 a9fpg pTk|]l/t
u/]sf] lyof] .

jfl0fHojfbL ljrfwf/fsf] cjnDagn] z'?df o'/f]k]nL b]zx¿nfO{ Plzof, clk|msf

/ blIf0f cd]l/sf;Dd cfˆgf] pklgj]z lj:tf/ ug{ / cfly{s ;fd|fHo km}nfpg
d2t k'u]sf] eP klg sfnfGt/df o"/f]kleq} ljleGg b]zx¿aLrdf ljleGg cj/f]w
/ ;+/If0ffTds pkfox¿sf] sf/0f Jofkf/ ug{ sl7g x'Fb} uof] . o;}a]nf :jtGq
cy{tGqsf kIfw/ cy{zf:qLx¿sf] ljrf/n] jfl0fHojfbL ljrf/wf/fnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg
yfn] . kmntM v's'nf] / :jtGq Jofkf/ gLltx¿sf] cjnDagaf6 cy{tGqnfO{ ult lbg
o"/f]kdf a]nfoth:tf b]zn] ;+/If0ffTds Joj:yfdf qmdzM ;'wf/ ub{} hfg yfn] .

-1-
kl/0ffd:j¿k pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] dWob]lv klxnf] ljZjo'4 -;g\ !(!$–!*_ z'? x'g'k"j{
ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnL t'ngfTds ¿kdf cToGt pbf/ /xgk'Uof] . t/ of] qmd w]/} ;do;Dd
/xg kfPg . klxnf] ljZjo'4sf] ;dflKt;Fu} /fi6«x¿n] lj:tf/} j}b]lzs Jofkf/df k'gM
cÍ'zx¿ nufpFb} hfg yfn]sf] / ;g\ !(#) sf] bzsdf ljZj cy{tGqdf vf;u/L o"/f]k
/ cd]l/sfdf 5fPsf] dxfdGbL (Great Economic Depression) kl5 cfGtl/s cy{tGqnfO{
dGbLaf6 d'Qm t'Nofpg j}b]lzs Jofkf/df ljleGg vfnsf cj/f]wx¿ l;h{gf ug{] sfdn]
ult lnof] . o; nuQ} 36]sf] bf];|f] ljZj o'4sf] 36gfn] ljZj cy{tGqnfO{ Wj:t
k|foM dfq agfPg k'gM;+/If0ffTds Jofkf/k|0ffnL nfu" ug{]tkm{ o"/f]k / cd]l/sfnfO{
afWo agfof] . o;/L bf];|f] ljZjo'4 -!(#*–!($$_ sf] ;dflKt;Dd cfOk'Ubf j}b]lzs
Jofkf/df cg]s k|sf/sf cj/f]wx¿sf] pkl:yltsf sf/0f o;df ;'wf/ ck]lIft x'g
cfPsf] lyof] .

!=@ la|6gp8\; ;Dd]ng / Uof6 M ;g\ !(#) sf] cfly{s dGbL / bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 Wj:t
k|foM ePsf] ljZj cy{tGqnfO{ k'ghL{jg lbg, cGt/f{li6««o Jofkf/df /x]sf ljleGg cj/f]w
/ ;+/If0ffTds k|aGwx¿nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub{} pbf/ / cj/f]w/lxt Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf]
:yfkgfdfkm{t cfly{s j[l4nfO{ ult lbg] / df}lb|s l:y/tf sfod /fVg] nufotsf p2]Zo
k|flKtsf nflu cd]l/sfsf] Go" XofDk;fo/l:yt la|6gp8\; (Bretton woods) eGg] :yfgdf
;g\ !($$ sf] h'nfO{ dlxgfsf] klxnf] ;ftfdf Ps cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf eof] .
;f] ;Dd]ngdf ljZjsf $% /fi6«sf pRr k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;xeflutf lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf
pkl:yt k|ltlglwx¿n] Jofks 5nkmn kZrft\ ljZj cy{tGqsf] k'g?Tyfg, df}lb|s
l:y/tf / cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf nflu b]xfosf tLgj6f cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿
:yfkgf ug{] lg0f{o u/] .
• k'glg{df{0f tyf ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o a}Í (International Bank
for Reconstruction and Development: IBRD)
• cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if (International Monetary Fund: IMF)
• cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;Ë7g (International Trade Organization: ITO)

oL tLg ;+:yfx¿dWo] ljZj a}Í (IBRD) / cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if (IMF) ;g\ !($% sf]
l8;]Da/df :yfkgf eof], t/ cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;Ë7g (ITO) :yfkgf ug{] ljiforflxF
;+o'Qm/fHo cd]l/sfnufotsf /fi6«x¿sf] ;xdlt x'g g;Sbf cf]em]ndf k¥of] .

-2-
otf la|6]gp8\; ;Dd]ngn] lg0f{o u/]adf]lhd ITO :yfkgf x'g g;s]kl5 cGt/f{li6«o
Jofkf/nfO{ tLj|tfsf ;fy pbf/Ls/0f ug{ / k|rlnt ;+/If0ffTds Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/
Nofpgsf nflu k|d'v cfly{s zlQmsf ¿kdf /x]sf b]zx¿af6 kxn z'? eof] . o;
qmddf ;g\ !($% sf] l8;]Da/df !% /fi6«x¿sf] ;d"xn] ldn]/ Ps cfk;df Jofkfl/s
sf/f]af/ x'g] j:t'x¿sf] eG;f/ b/x¿ 36fpg] tyf ;LdfÍg ug{] p2]Zon] jftf{ k|f/De
u/] . klxnf] r/0fsf] jftf{df Jofkf/sf lgodx¿ to ug{] / em08} $%,))) j:t'sf]
eG;f/ dx;'ndf s6f}tL ug{] lg0f{o eof] . em08} !) ca{ 8n/ a/fa/ d"Nosf] Jofkfl/s
sf/f]af/nfO{ ;d]6]sf] o;n] tTsfnLg ljZj Jofkf/sf] kfFr efusf] Ps efu cf]u6]sf]
lyof] . o; qmddf ;d"xsf] ;b:o ;+Vofdf j[l4 eO{ @# k'Uof] . jftf{df ;+nUg tL @#
;b:o /fi6«x¿n] ITO :yfkgf geP;Ddsf nflu ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ tby{
¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] p2]Zon] #) cS6f]a/ !($& df eG;f/ / Jofkf/;DaGwL
;fdfGo ;Demf}tf (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: GATT) df x:tfIf/ u/] .
;f] ;Demf}tf ! hgj/L, !($* b]lv ;+ljbfsf/L /fi6«x¿ (GATT Contracting Parties)
aLrdf sfof{Gjogdf cfof] . o;sf eG;f/ ;x'lnot;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿rflxF #) h'g,
!($* af6 sfof{Gjogdf cfP .

Uof6 ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] em08} Ps dlxgfkl5 ITO :yfkgf ug{] ;DaGwdf
So"jfsf] xjfgfdf ;g\ !($& sf] gf]e]Da/df cfof]hgf ePsf] Jofkf/ tyf /f]huf/;DaGwL
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;Dd]ngsf cj;/df a8fkq (Charter) sf] d:of}bf tof/ ul/of] h'g
lgs} dxŒjfs+fIfL lyof] . o;n] ljZj Jofkf/sf lgodx¿nfO{ dfq g;d]6]/ /f]huf/L,
cGt/f{li6«o nufgL / ;]jf Jofkf/ k|j4{g ug{] tyf lgoGq0ffTds Jofkf/ cEof;nfO{ Go"g
ug{] nufotsf ljifonfO{ klg ;d]6]sf] lyof] . Tolta]nf ITO nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]
Pp6f ljlzi6Ls[t Ph]G;Lsf] ¿kdf :yfkgf ug{] ;f]r lnOPsf] lyof] . cGttM xjfgf
;Dd]ngaf6 cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;Ë7g (ITO) sf] :yfkgfsf] nflu a8fkq klg hf/L
ul/of] . t/ ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL %) /fi6«x¿dWo] s]xL /fi6«sf] Joj:yflksf vf;u/L
cd]l/sL ;+;baf6 ;f] a8fkq cg'df]bg x'g g;Sbf ;Ë7g :yfkgf ug{] sfo{n] tTsfn
d"t{ ¿k lng;s]g . To;kl5 xjfgf ;Dd]ngdf efu lng] %) /fi6«dWo] @# /fi6«x¿n]
Uof6 ;Demf}tfnfO{ c:yfoL ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf NofP . o;/L ! hgj/L, ;g\ !($*
b]lv lnP/ ! hgj/L, ;g\ !((% df ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g (World Trade Organization:
WTO) sf] :yfkgf gx'Fbf;Ddsf] em08} $& jif{sf] cjlwsf nflu Uof6n] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
k|0ffnLnfO{ ;~rfng / lgodg ug{] ;+oGqsf ¿kdf sfo{ u/]sf] lyof] .

-3-
Uof6 (GATT) d"ntM j:t' Jofkf/nfO{ ;xh agfpg ;3fp k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ul/Psf]
of}6f cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf lyof] h;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;+ljbfsf/L /fi6«x¿aLr j:t'
Jofkf/sf ;Gbe{df nfUb} cfPsf] eG;f/ cj/f]wx¿nfO{ qmdzM Go"g ub{} cGt/f{li6«o
Jofkf/nfO{ ;+/If0fjfbL k|0ffnLaf6 pbf/Ls/0ftkm{ 8f]¥ofpg' / ;xh agfpg' lyof] . Uof6df
;+ljbfsf/L kIfx¿nfO{ pRr cfoftsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g;Sg] gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{
Go"g ug{ s]xL u}/eG;f/ pkfosf] cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf klg lyof] . em08} kfFr
bzs;Dd sfof{Gjogdf /xFbf Uof6sf cfwf/e"t sfg"gL k|0ffnLx¿ pxL g} /x] eg] o;n]
r/0fa4 ¿kdf ;DkGg ljleGg Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf dfkm{t ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf
lgod tyf zt{x¿nfO{ yk v's'nf] / lj:t[t agfpg] tyf ;dofg's"n kl/isf/ ug{]
sfo{ klg ub{} cfof] . o; qmddf ;g\ !($& b]lv ;g\ !(($ ;Dd Uof6sf ljleGg
cf7 r/0fsf ;Demf}tf jftf{ ;DkGg eP . logdf z'?sf kfFr r/0f;Ddsf jftf{x¿
d'VotM j:t'sf] eG;f/ 36fpg] s'/fl;t ;Da4 lyP eg] 5}6f}F s]g]8L r/0fkl5sf tLg
r/0fsf ;Demf}tf jftf{x¿n] eG;f/sf cltl/Qm u}/eG;f/hGo pkfox¿nfO{ klg ;d]6\g]
sfo{ u/]sf lyP . kl5Nnf r/0fsf jftf{x¿df PG6L–8lDkª, ljsf;zLn / cNkljsl;t
/fi6«x¿sf nflu ljleGg 5"6 tyf ljz]if ;x'lnotx¿ pknAw u/fpg];DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿
h:t} Generalized System of Preference (GSP), Enabling Clause cflb nfO{ klg Uof6
cGtu{t ;dfj]z ug{] kxn ePsf lyP . vf;u/L ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf cfP/ Uof6df
…Jofkf/ / ljsf;Ú zLif{sdf s]xL k|fjwfg ;d]l6P eg] w]/} ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿n] Uof6sf]
;b:otf klg lnP . ;g\ !(&) df cfP/ Uof6df cg]s kIfLo ;Demf}tf (Plurilateral
Agreements) -:j}lR5s ¿kdf dfGg] ;b:ox¿sf xsdf dfq nfu" x'g]_ klg ylkof]] .
;fy}, eG;f/ dx;'n b/nfO{ yk 36fpg] sfo{ klg kl5Nnf r/0fdf cfP/ tLj| eof] .
cf7f}F r/0f -!(*^–!((#_ sf] jftf{ ;Dd cfOk'Ubf Uof6sf] ;b:o ;+Vof !@# k'Uof] eg]
eG;f/sf cltl/Qm u}/ eG;f/hGo k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L o;n] lj:t[t
;Demf}tfsf] ¿k lngk'Uof] . ;b:o /fi6«x¿aLrdf j:t'sf] eG;f/ dx;'n b/nfO{ qmdzM
36fO{ cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ k|j4{g ug{, ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ tLj| agfpg
/ Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fnfO{ ult lbg Uof6n] pNn]vgLo e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] lyof] .
Uof6sf ljleGg r/0fsf jftf{ cfof]hgf ePsf] jif{, jftf{n] ;d]6]sf ljifoj:t' / ;xefuL
;b:ox¿sf] ;+Vof tn tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

-4-
 Uof6sf ljleGg r/0fsf jftf{x¿
jif{ 7fpF / b]z jftf{sf] d'Vo ljifo j:t' ;xefuL
d'n'sx¿
!($& h]g]ef, l:j6h/Nof08 eG;f/ dx;'n 36fpg] @#
!($( Pg];L, k|mfG; eG;f/ dx;'n 36fpg] !#
!(%! 6f]s{], ;+o'Qm clw/fHo eG;f/ dx;'n 36fpg] #*
!(%^ h]g]ef, l:j6h/Nof08 eG;f/ eG;f/ dx;'n 36fpg] @^
!(^)–^! h]g]ef, -l8nf]g eG;f/ dx;'n 36fpg] @^
/fp08_
!(^$–^& h]g]ef -s]g]8L eG;f/ dx;'n 36fpg] / PG6L ^@
/fp08_ 8lDkª;DaGwL Joj:yf
!(&#–!(&( h]g]ef -6f]lsof] eG;f/, u}/ eG;f/;DaGwL !)@
/fp08_ Joj:yf / k|m]djs{ ;Demf}tf
!(*^–!(($ h]g]ef -p¿Uj] eG;f/, u}/ eG;f/hGo !@#
/fp08_ lgodx¿, ;]jf If]q, af}l4s
;DklQ clwsf/, ljjfb
;dfwfg, j:q, s[lif / ljZj
Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgf

!=# p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{ / ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgf

Uof6sf] cf7f}F r/0fsf] jftf{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] Oltxf;df cToGt dxŒjsf] /x]sf]
5 . o;} r/0fsf] cGTodf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgf ug{] P]ltxfl;s lg0f{o ePsf]
lyof] . of] jftf{ ;g\ !(*^ sf] ;]K6]Da/df p?Uj]sf] æk'G6f 8] :6]6Æ eGg] :yfgaf6
z'? eP/ ljleGg cf7 7fpFdf u/L cGTodf ;g\ !((# sf] l8;]Da/df h]g]efdf cfP/
6'lËPsf] lyof] . To; a]nf;Ddsf] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/sf] Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf nfdf]
r/0fsf] jftf{sf] ¿kdf lrlgPsf] of] jftf{ ;DkGg x'g sl/a ;f9] ;ft jif{ hlt
nfu]sf] lyof] eg] o;df !@# ;b:o ;+nUg lyP . o; aLrdf of] jftf{ k'G6f 8] :6]6,
dlG6«on, h]g]ef, a|;]N;, k'gM h]g]ef, jfl;Ë6g l8=l;=, 6f]lsof] / cGTodf k'gM h]g]efdf
u/L cf7 7fpFdf cfof]hgf eO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljleGg ljifodf ;xdlt /
;dembf/L sfod ul/Psf] lyof] . cGttM p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{sf qmddf ;xdlt ePsf
ljifox¿nfO{ PsLs[t ;Demf}tf (Single Undertaking) sf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/L ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] PsLs[t clGtd sfg"g (Final Act) sf ¿kdf tof/ ul/of] . o;

-5-
qmddf j:t' Jofkf/sf cltl/Qm ;]jf Jofkf/ / af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] Jofkf/nfO{
klg ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLcGtu{t Pp6} 5ftfleq ;~rfng ug{] u/L ;xdlt eof] .
o; cltl/Qm Jofkf/;Da4 ljjfbnfO{ lg¿k0f ug{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/k|0ffnL cGtu{t
k|efjsf/L ljjfb ;dfwfg ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug{] s'/fdf klg ;xdlt sfod eof] . s[lif
Pj+ j:q tyf tof/L kf]zfssf] Jofkf/nfO{ k'gM Uof6sf] kl/lwleq NofOof] . ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] k|j4{g / lgodg ug{ tyf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dofg's"n
kl/dfh{g u/L ul/a tyf ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿nfO{ klg ax'kIfLo Jofkf/sf] d"n k|jfxdf
;dflxt ug{] p2]Zosf nflu ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g (World Trade Organization) gfds
Ps cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf :yfkgf ug{] klg ;xdlt eof] . o;sf] kl/0flt:j¿k ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ lgodg ug{] clGtd sfg"gL b:tfj]h (Final Act) c+u|]hL, k|]m~r /
:k]lg; efiffdf tof/ u/L !% clk|n, !(($ df df]/Ssf]sf] df/fs]z eGg] :yfgdf !@#
d'n's tyf o'/f]k]nL ;d'bfo ! u/L hDdf !@$ ;b:ox¿af6 klf/t ul/of] . clGtd
sfg"gL b:tfj]hn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g (WTO) :yfkgf ug{] ;DaGwL df/fs]z ;Demf}tf
(Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization) / o;sf d'Vo
rf/j6f cg';"rLx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . df/fs]z ;Demf}tfdf !^ j6f wf/fx¿ (Article)
/x]sf]df wf/f ! n] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgf ;DaGwL s'/fnfO{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
;Demf}tfsf] cg';"rL ! leq # j6f pkcg';"rL 5g\ . oL tLgj6f pkcg';"rLx¿ qmdzM
j:t' Jofkf/, ;]jf Jofkf/ / af}l4s ;DklQsf] Jofkf/;DaGwL ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tfl;t
;Da4 5g\ . cg';"rL @ df Jofkf/;DaGwL ljjfb lg¿k0f;DaGwL ;+oGq / sfo{ljlw
(Dispute Settlement Mechanism & Procedures) af/] pNn]v ePsf] 5 eg] cg';"rL
# df Jofkf/ gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg ;+oGq (Trade Policy Review Mechanism) ;DaGwL
ljifo pNn]v ePsf] 5 . cg';"rL $ df cg]skIfLo -Plurilateral_ Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf
ljifo ;dflji6 5g\ . of] ;Demf}tf ;a} ;b:osf nflu nfu" geP/ :j}lR5s ¿kdf o;sf]
kfngf ug{ OR5's ;b:ox¿aLr dfq nfu" x'G5 . o; cGtu{t z'?df gful/s p•oogsf]
Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, ;/sf/L vl/b;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, cGt/f{li6«o b'Uw;DaGwL
;Demf}tf / cGt/f{li6«o uf]df+;;DaGwL ;Demf}tf u/L rf/j6f ;Demf}tf /x]sf]df ;g\
!((& df kl5Nnf @ j6f ;Demf}tf vf/]h eO{ xfn b'O{j6f ;Demf}tf dfq afFsL /x]sf
5g\ . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gcGtu{t cGt/f{li6«o Jofkfl/s ultljlw ;~rfngsf nflu
@( j6f ;Demf}tfx¿ / %) eGbf a9L dlGq:t/Lo 3f]if0ff, lg0f{o tyf ;dembf/L /x]sf
5g\ . o;k|sf/ ;g\ !($$ df kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;Ë7g (ITO) n]
%) jif{kl5 ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g (WTO) sf] ¿kdf d"t{ ¿k lng ;kmn eof] .

-6-
p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df w]/}h;f] ljifodf ;dembf/L / ;Demf}tf sfod eP klg Jofkf/
;Demf}tf jftf{sf] qmd 6'lËPsf] 5}g . To;dfly Jofkf/ Ps ultzLn If]q ePsf] /
;dosf] kl/jt{g;Fu} ljZj cy{tGqdf b]vfkg{] ljleGg kl/l:yltsf] ;Gbe{df Psk6s
;xdlt eO;s]sf] ljifo s]xL jif{kl5 k'gM ;+zf]wg jf k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljifo aGg;Sg]
x'Fbf Jofkf/;Da4 ;Demf}tfx¿ klg ultzLn k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ . To;}n] ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/nfO{ yk pbf/, k|lt:kwL{ / Jojwfg/lxt agfpg] ;Gbe{df ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g
cGtu{t clxn] klg ljleGg ljifodf jftf{ / ;Demf}tfsf] qmd rln/x]sf] 5 . vf;u/L
p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df ;xdlt ug{ afFsL ljifonfO{ kl5Nnf r/0fsf jftf{df ;dfj]z
ub{} hfg] ;xdltcg';f/ clxn] klg ;Demf}tfsf pkqmd rln/x]sf 5g\ . o; qmddf
;g\ !((& df p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df ;xdlt x'g afFsL /x]sf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{
yk pbf/ agfpg] ;DaGwdf ^( ;b:ox¿n] ;Demf}tf u/]sf 5g\ . ;f]xL jif{ $)
;b:ox¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlwhGo pTkfbgdf eG;f/d'Qm Jofkf/ ug{] ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf
u/]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L &) ;b:ox¿n] (%Ü eGbf a9L If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L ljQLo
;]jfsf] sf/f]af/ ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf ;DkGg u/]sf 5g\ . h; cGtu{t a}lÍË, aLdf,
lwtf]kq / ljQLo ;"rgfh:tf ;]jf Jofkf/sf dxŒjk"0f{ If]q ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ .
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLcGtu{t ;g\ @))) df s[lif / ;]jf Jofkf/sf If]qdf gofF
jftf{x¿ z'? ul/P . oL ljifox¿nfO{ clxn] bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8f (Doha Development
Agenda: DDA) cGtu{t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;g\ @))! sf] gf]e]Da/df stf/sf]
/fhwfgL bf]xfdf ;DkGg ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] rf}yf] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] p?Uj]
r/0fsf] jftf{df 6'lËg g;s]sf ljifo tyf ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf ljsf;zLn / sd
ljsl;t ;b:ox¿sf] lx:;fnfO{ a9fpg tyf sdhf]/ d'n'sx¿sf] Jofkf/ IfdtfnfO{
psf:g ljleGg ljifodf 5nkmn cl3 a9fpg] lg0f{o u/]cg';f/ xfn o; cGtu{t
ljleGg ljifodf ;b:ox¿aLr 5nkmn, k/fdz{ rln/x]sf] 5 . oBlk jftf{ cem}
lgisif{df k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g .

!=$ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] kl/ro, p2]Zo tyf sfo{x¿

!=$=! kl/ro
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgf ! hgj/L, !((% df ePsf] xf] . o; ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgf;Fu}
tTsfnLg Uof6 :jtM lj:yflkt x'g k'Uof] eg] Uof6 cGtu{tsf ;Demf}tfx¿ ;d;fdlos
;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{gsf ;fy o;} ;Ë7g cGtu{t nfu" x'g] u/L Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 .
Uof6sf] pQ/flwsf/L ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt,
lgod tyf lg0f{ok|lqmof nufotsf clwsf+z ljifox¿ tTsfnLg Uof6s} k|fjwfgcg'¿k

-7-
/x]sf 5g\ . t/ sfo{If]q, ljjfb ;dfwfg k|0ffnL cflbsf] ;Gbe{df ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g
Uof6eGbf w]/} k|ultzLn / Jofks 5 . ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ km/s Uof6n] j:t' Jofkf/nfO{
dfq ;d]6]sf] lyof] eg] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gn] j:t' Jofkf/sf cltl/Qm ;]jf Jofkf/ /
Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t cfˆgf] sfo{If]qleq ;d]6]sf] 5 .

ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g lgoddf cfwfl/t, ;b:ox¿sf] ;femf k|of;af6 ;~rflnt ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ lgodg ug{] Ps dfq cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf xf] . o;n] ;b:ox¿aLr
;Ë7gcGtu{t ePsf cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf, ;dembf/L / lg0f{ox¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{
;3fp k'¥ofpFb5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;b:o d'n'sx¿aLr x'g] Jofkf/nfO{ ;Dej
eP;Dd ;xh, k"jf{g'dfgLo / :jtGq 9Ën] ;~rfng ug{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{' xf] .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gcGtu{tsf ;Demf}tf tyf lgodx¿ ;a} ;b:osf lglDt sfg"gL
¿kdf afWofTds x'G5g\ . t/ ;Ë7g cfkm}Fn] gLlt, lgod agfpg] geO{ o;n] ;b:o
/fi6«x¿aLr jftf{ eO{ cg'df]lbt ;Demf}tf tyf lgodx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] sfo{
ub{5 . ;fy}, :jLs[t ;Demf}tf ljk/Lt s'g} ;b:on] cfr/0f u/]df To;af6 dsf{ kg{]
;b:on] ph"/L u/]sf] v08df To:tf] ljjfbsf] l5gf]kmfgf] ul/lbg] sfo{ klg ;Ë7gsf]
If]qflwsf/leq kb{5 .

!=$=@ ;+/rgf tyf lg0f{o k|lqmof

-s_ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;+/rgf
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ rf/ txdf afF8]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 . logdf ;a}eGbf dfly
klxnf] txdf dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng /x]sf] 5, h;sf] a}7s ;fdfGotM k|To]s b'O{ jif{df
Psk6s a:5 . of] ;Ë7gsf] gLlt lgdf{0f ug{] ;a}eGbf pRr lgsfo xf] . dlGq:t/Lo
;Dd]ngn] ;Ë7g cGtu{tsf s'g} klg ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf ;DaGwdf lg0f{o
lng;S5 . dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngsf] cGt/fndf ;Ë7gsf] b}lgs sfo{;~rfngsf nflu
;fwf/0f kl/ifb\ (General Council) sf] u7g ul/Psf] 5 . of] bf];|f] txsf] ;+/rgf
xf] . o;n] b}lgs sfo{;~rfngsf cltl/Qm dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] u/]sf lg0f{ox¿sf]
sfof{Gjog ug{] sfo{ klg ub{5 . kl/ifb\df ;b:o b]zsf /fhb"t jf pRr ;/sf/L
txaf6 k|ltlglwTj x'G5 / o;sf] a}7s lgoldt ¿kdf cfof]hgf x'G5 . kl/ifb\sf]
a}7sdf oL k|ltlglwx¿n] cleJoQm u/]sf] wf/0ffnfO{ ;DalGwt b]zsf] cflwsfl/s egfO
dflgG5 . bf];|f] txdf ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\sf cltl/Qm ljjfb ;dfwfg ;+oGq / Jofkf/ gLlt
k'g/fjnf]sg ;+oGq /x]sf 5g\ . ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\n] cfjZostfg';f/ ljjfb ;dfwfg
;+oGq jf Jofkf/ gLlt ljZn]if0f ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf klg sfo{ ub{5 . t/ o:tf ;+oGqsf]

-8-
a}7s a:bf ;DalGwt ljifosf ljz]if1 / sfg"gljb\x¿nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ug{] rng
5 . oL tLgj6} lgsfon] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngnfO{ cfk"mn] u/]sf sfdsf] af/]df cjut
u/fpg'kg{] k|fjwfg 5 . ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\ cGtu{t ax'kIfLo Jofkf/sf tLgj6} If]qnfO{
;d]6\g] u/L tLgj6f 5'§f5'§} kl/ifb\ /x]sf 5g\ . tL x'g\– j:t' Jofkf/ kl/ifb\, ;]jf Jofkf/
kl/ifb\ / Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL kl/ifb\ . lognfO{ ;Ë7gsf] t];|f]
txsf] ;+/rgfsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . oL kl/ifb\n] cf–cfˆgf] sfo{If]qleqsf ljifodf
sfo{ u/L ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpF5g\ . oL tLgj6} kl/ifb\sf ;xof]uL ljleGg
ljlzi6Ls[t cËx¿ klg 5g\ . lognfO{ rf}yf] txsf] ;+/rgfsf] ¿kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 .
logdf j:t' Jofkf/ kl/ifb\ cGtu{t ljleGg !! j6f ;ldltx¿ / Pp6f sfo{bn u/L
ljleGg !@ ;xof]uL cËx¿ 5g\ . h;df s[lif If]qb]lv lnP/ PG6L–8lDkË tyf ;]kmuf8{\;
ljifodf sfd ug{]x¿ 5g\ . o;}u/L ;]jf Jofkf/ kl/ifb\ cGtu{t ljQLo ;]jf Jofkf/sf
If]qdf ul/Psf ljz]if k|lta4tfx¿ x]g{] ;ldlt / cfGtl/s lgodg / ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL
lgodx¿sf If]qdf sfd ug{] b'O{j6f sfo{bn u/L tLgj6f ;xof]uL cËx¿ 5g\ . bf];|f]
;fwf/0f kl/ifb\ txdf ljjfb ;dfwfg ;+oGqsf klg b'O{j6f tx 5g\– ljjfb ;dfwfg
;ldlt -Panel_ / k'g/fj]bg lgsfo (Appellate Body) . Kofgn tyf k'g/fj]bg lgsfo
;Ë7gsf] Jofkf/;DaGwL ljjfb lg¿k0f ug{] dxŒjk"0f{ lgsfo xf] h;df :jtGq ljz]if1x¿
;+nUg x'G5g\ . ;b:ox¿aLr pTkGg Jofkf/;Da4 ljjfbsf ljifodf bf];f| ] tx– k'g/fj]bg
lgsfosf] lg0f{o clGtd x'G5 / o;n] u/]sf lg0f{ox¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;DalGwt kIf
afWosf/L x'G5g\ .

;fwf/0f kl/ifb\nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ljleGg % j6f ;ldltx¿, olQs} ;+Vofdf

sfo{ ;d"xx¿ / Pp6f sfo{bn klg /x]sf 5g\ . t/ oL ;a} ;dfg ¿kdf ;lqmo
5}gg\ . logdf ;lDdng;DaGwL sfo{bn cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . s'g} klg gofF
;b:o ;Ë7gdf cfa4 x'g] qmddf o; sfo{bnn] ;b:o b]zsf] ;du| jfl0fHo If]qsf]
ljZn]if0f u/L ;b:otf lbg ;lsg], g;lsg] s'/fsf] l;kmfl/z ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\nfO{
ub{5 . sfo{bns} k|ltj]bgcg';f/ ;b:otf k|lqmof, zt{ nufotsf s'/f lgwf{l/t
x'G5g\ . kl5Nnf jif{x¿df bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fnfO{ nlIft u/L Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf ;ldlt
(Trade Negotiation Committee : TNC) klg u7g ePsf] 5 . of] ;ldltn] cfk"mnfO{
tf]lsPsf] ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ ljz]if ;qx¿ ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o; cltl/Qm
cg]skIfLo ;Demf}tf (Plurilateral Agreements) cGtu{t ;dflji6 ljifox¿df sfo{
ug{ o;;DaGwL 5'§f5'§} @ j6f ;ldltx¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ . ;Ë7gsf] lj:t[t ;+/rgf
(Organogram) cg';"rL–! Dff k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

-9-
-v_ lg0f{o k|lqmof
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g / o; cGtu{tsf ;a} kl/ifb\, ;ldltx¿sf] a}7sdf ;fdfGotM
;a} ;b:ox¿sf] ;j{;Ddlt (Consensus) af6 lg0f{o lng] k4lt 5 . oBlk s'g}
d'2fdf ;a} ;b:ox¿aLr ;xdlt x'g g;s]df ax'dtsf] lg0f{o dfGg ;lsg] k|fjwfg
klg 5 . t/ of] k|lqmof lj/n} dfq cEof;df 5 . ;Ë7gdf 7"nf, ;fgf, ljsl;t,
cljsl;t ;b:ox¿aLr s'g} e]befj gu/L Ps ;b:o a/fa/ Ps dtsf] clwsf/ 5 .
tTsfnLg Uof6s} lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ cg';/0f ub{} ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf gsf/fTds
;xdlt (Negative Consensus) sf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/Psf] 5 . o; cg';f/
a}7sdf pkl:yt eO{ s'g} ;b:on] cf}krfl/s ¿kdf s'g} k|:tfjsf] ljkIfdf dt /fv]sf]
cj:yfdf afx]s cGo cj:yfdf k|:tfljt lg0f{opk/ ;xdlt ePsf] dflgG5 . ljZj
Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf ;Demf}tfn] ;j{;Ddltn] lg0f{odf k'Ug g;s]sf] cj:yfdf dlGq:t/Lo
;Dd]ngsf tLg rf}yfO ;b:ox¿sf] ax'dtaf6 ax'kIfLo Jofkf/sf] s'g} ljifodf jf
;Ë7gsf] s'g} ;Demf}tfsf] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lng jf s'g} ;b:on] k"/f ug{'kg{] bfloTjaf6
pGd'lQm lbg;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gcGtu{tsf ljjfb ;dfwfg
;ldlt -Kofgn_, k'g/fj]bg lgsfo, j:q cg'udg ;ldlt / cg]skIfLo -Plurilateral_
;Demf}tf cGtu{tsf ;ldltx¿sf] a}7sdf afx]s cGo ;a} kl/ifb\, ;ldlt tyf sfo{bnsf]
a}7sdf efu lng kfpg] clwsf/ k|To]s ;b:onfO{ 5 .

!=$=# ;lrjfno
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] k|wfg sfof{no -;lrjfno_ l:j6h/Nof08sf] h]ge] fdf /x]sf]
5 . ;lrjfnosf] k|dv ' sf] ¿kdf dxflgb{z ] s /xg] Joj:yf 5 . dxflgb{z] ssf] lgo'lQm
dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] ub{5 . xfn dxflgb{z ] ssf] kbdf k|mfG;sf kf:sn nfdL (Pascal
Lamy) /xg'ePsf] 5 . ;Ë7gsf] ;lrjfnodf sd{rf/L, Jofkf/ ljz]if1, jlsn, cy{zf:qL,
tYofÍzf:qL tyf ;"rgfk|ljlw ljz]if1 cflb u/L xfn sl/a ^$) hgf sfo{/t 5g\ .
;lrjfnosf] ah]6 ;g\ @)!! Dff !( s/f]8 ^) nfv l:j; ˆo|fÍ /x]sf] lyof] eg] ;g\
@)!@ sf] nflu klg olt g} ah]6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;b:ox¿sf] ljZj Jofkf/df /x]sf]
lx:;fcg';f/ to ePsf] jflif{s ;b:otf z'Ns k|To]s ;b:on] a'emfpg'kg{] x'G5 . g]kfnh:tf
clt sd ljsl;t d'ns ' nfO{ rflxF ;b:otf z'Nsdf cfwf 5"6 lbOPsf] 5 . o;} cg';f/
g]kfnn] ;g\ @)!@ df ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf z'Nsafkt sl/a #!,))) l:j; k|m} Í a'emfPsf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf c+uh ]| L, k|m~] r / :k]lg; tLg efiffnfO{ cflwsfl/s efiffsf] dfGotf
k|fKt 5 . ;Ë7gdf k|:t't ul/g] tyf lg0f{o ePsf s'g} klg ljifonfO{ Ps};fy oL tLg
efiffdf ¿kfGtl/t ul/G5 / tLgj6} efiffsf b:tfj]hnfO{ cflwsfl/s dflgG5 .

-10-
;lrjfnosf d'Vo sfo{x¿df ;Ë7g cGtu{tsf ljleGg kl/ifb\, ;ldltx¿, ljleGg
sfo{bn tyf ;ldltx¿nfO{ ;Demf}tf jftf{ ug{ tyf ePsf ;xdlt / ;dembf/LnfO{
sfof{Gjog ug{ k|zf;lgs / k|fljlws -ljz]if1 ;]jf_ ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg', ljsf;zLn
/ cNk ljsl;t ;b:o d'n'snfO{ Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg ;xof]u pknAw
u/fpg', ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/ gLlt tyf Jofkf/ tYofÍ ljZn]if0f u/L k|sfzg ug{',
;b:ox¿aLr pTkGg x'g] Jofkf/;DaGwL ljjfbnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u k|bfg ug{' /
;Ë7gdf ;lDdng x'g rfxg] gofF ;b:ox¿nfO{ k|fljlws tyf cGo ;xof]u pknAw
u/fpg' cflb x'g\ . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g / ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljleGg kIfdf
;~rf/ dfWodx¿ tyf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ cjut u/fpg ljleGg dfWodaf6 ;"rgf tyf
hfgsf/L k|jfx ug{' klg ;lrjfnosf] Pp6f k|d'v sfo{sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

!=$=$ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf p2]Zox¿

ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g :yfkgf ug{] ;DaGwL df/fs]z ;Demf}tf, !(($ sf] k|:tfjgfdf
pNn]v ePcg';f/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g :yfkgfsf p2]Zox¿ b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\–
1. ljsf;f]Gd'v / sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofO{
cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df ;xefuL agfpg] .
2. eG;f/ dx;'nnufot Jofkf/sf cGo cj/f]wx¿nfO{ qmdzM 36fpFb} nuL
ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿sf] ljZj Jofkf/df ;xeflutfsf] lglZrttfnfO{
a9fpg] .
3. Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fnfO{ cem Jofks ub{} n}hfg] .
4. ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf tyf lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fy{s
agfpg] .
5. ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f Pj+ ljsf;
ug{] .
6. Jofkf/ clej[l4 dfkm{t ljsl;t, ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf clt sd ljsl;t b]zsf
hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ p7fpg] .
7. ;b:ox¿aLr Jofkf/ lj:tf/ u/L k"0f{ /f]huf/L xfl;n ug{] / pRr tyf l:y/
ultn] cfDbfgLsf] kl/df0fdf j[l4 ug{] .
8. ljZjsf ;|f]t–;fwgsf] ljj]sk"0f{ Pj+ ;d'lrt k|of]u u/L jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f
tyf lbuf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

-11-
!=$=% ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf sfo{x¿
df/fs]z ;Demf}tf, !(($ sf] wf/f # df pNn]v ePcg';f/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf
sfo{x¿ b]xfoadf]lhd 5g\–
!= ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] sfg"gL b:tfj]h (Legal Text) cg';f/ ;DkGg eO;s]sf
ax'kIfLo, cg]skIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfx¿ tyf eljiodf ;DkGg x'g] Jofkf/
;Demf}tfx¿sf] sfof{Gjog, k|zf;g / ;~rfng ug{] .
@= ;b:o d'n'sx¿aLr låkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf jftf{sf nflu
;femf d~rsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug{] .
#= ;b:ox¿aLr pTkGg ePsf Jofkf/;DaGwL ljjfbnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{] .
$= ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] cËLsf/ u/]sf Jofkf/ gLltx¿nfO{ cfjlws ¿kdf ;dLIff
ug{] .
%= ljZj a}Í, cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]ifnufotsf cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s gLlt lgdf{0fdf
;+nUg lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ u/L ;b:o d'n'sx¿sf] cfly{s ;d'Ggltsf
nflu sfo{ ug{] .

!=$=^ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] sfo{If]q / k|d'v ;Demf}tfx¿ M

ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] sfo{If]qleq b]xfosf tLgj6f k|d'v ljifo ;d]l6Psf 5g\–
• j:t' Jofkf/ (Trade in Goods)
• ;]jf Jofkf/ (Trade in Services)
• Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights)

oL tLgj6} k|d'v ljifonfO{ ;~rfng ug]{ 5'§f5'§} ;Demf}tfx¿ 5g\ . logdf j:t'
Jofkf/ M eG;f/ dx;'n tyf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;fwf/0f ;Demf}tf (General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade: GATT) cGtu{t, ;]jf Jofkf/ M ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;fwf/0f
;Demf}tfcGtu{t (General Agreement on Trade in Services: GATS) / Jofkf/;Da4
af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] Jofkf/ M Jofkf/;Fu ;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL
;Demf}tf (General Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights: TRIPS) cGtu{t ;~rflnt x'G5g\ . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gcGtu{t ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] ;~rfngsf nflu ljleGg zLif{sdf @( j6f ;Demf}tfx¿ tyf %)
eGbf a9L dlGq:t/Lo 3f]if0ff, lg0f{o tyf ;dembf/Lx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

-12-
!=$=& Uof6 / ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gaLrsf] leGgtf
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g Uof6sf] pQ/flwsf/L ;+:yf xf] . ;Ë7gn] Uof6sf w]/}h;f] cfwf/e"t
l;4fGtx¿nfO{ clxn] klg oyfjt\ ¿kdf cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . t/ klg Uof6 / ljZj
Jofkf/ ;Ë7gaLr w]/} s'/fdf leGgtf kfOG5 . Uof6sf] t'ngfdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g
sfg"gL ¿kdf alnof], a9L sfo{ If]q cf]u6]sf] / k|efjzfnL ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
oL b'O{aLr /x]sf k|d'v leGgtfnfO{ tn tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5–

Uof6 / ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gaLrsf] leGgtf

GATT WTO
k|s[lt c:yfoL / tby{ ;Demf}tf, ;Demf}tfx¿ :yfoL k|s[ltsf,
sdhf]/ sfg"gL cfwf/lznf . ;b:o /fi6«x¿af6 cg'df]lbt
;lGw÷;Demf}tfaf6 :yflkt
:yfoL ;Ë7g, alnof] sfg"gL
cfwf/lznf .
sfo{If]q / j:t' Jofkf/sf] lgodg, Jofkf/ j:t'sf cnfjf ;]jf tyf af}l4s
k|fyldstf clej[l4sf] nflu d'VotM eG;f/ ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] Jofkf/sf]
dx;'n s6f}tLdf hf]8 . ;fF3'/f] lgodg, eG;f/ / u}/ eG;f/
sfo{If]q b'j} y/Lsf Jofkf/ cj/f]wx¿sf]
lg/fs/0fdf hf]8 . km/flsnf]
sfo{If]q .
sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tfnfO{ nfu" ug{ cfjZos ;Demf}tfnfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf
;+oGq kg{] :yfoL ¿ksf] sfg"gL nfu" ug{ :yfoL ¿ksf] sfg"gL
;+/rgf gePsf] . ;Ë7g ePsf] .
;Demf}tf ;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfgx¿ ;Demf}tf / lg0f{ox¿ ;a}
kfngfsf] :j}lR5s / 5gf}6k"0f{ tl/sfn] ;b:osf lglDt afWofTds /
k|s[lt nfu" ug{ ;lsg], ;+ljbfsf/L aGwgsf/L ePsf] . lgwf{l/t
kIfsf nflu ;a} k|fjwfgx¿ ;doleq k|lta4tfx¿ k"/f
afWofTds ¿kdf nfu" gx'g] . ug{'kg{] . ;a} ;Demf}tfx¿ ;du|
/ ;dfg ¿kdf nfu" x'g] .

-13-
ljjfb ljjfb ;dfwfg k|0ffnL
;dfwfg ljnDa x'g] lsl;dsf] /
k|0ffnL ljjfb ;dfwfgsf lg0f{o kIf
/fi6«x¿n] dfGg} kg{] afWofTds
Joj:yf gePsf] . lg0f{osf]
cj1f ug{] kIfnfO{ Ifltk"lt{
lt/fpg ;Sg] k|fjwfg gePsf] .
;Demf}tf÷ Uof6sf a}7s j:t'Jofkf/;Fu
k|lta4tf ;Da4 ;d:ofx¿af/] 5nkmn
sfof{Gjogsf] u/L ;dfwfg klxNofpg
cg'udg ;+ljbfsf/L kIfx¿sf]
e]6\g] d~rsf ¿kdf
;Lldt . ;doa4 tl/sfn]
;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/
gLlt k'g/fjnf]sgsf] sfo{ x'g]
gu/]sf] .
ljsf;zLn / ljsf;zLn / sd ljsl;t
sd ljsl;t ;b:ox¿sf] d'2f / ;/f]sf/sf
;b:ox¿sf] ljifonfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf
d'2f / glbOPsf] . ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{
;/f]sf/sf ;dfg Jojxf/ .
ljifo
-14-
ljjfb ;dfwfg k|0ffnL b|'tt/,
b'O{ txsf] ;'g'jfO k|0ffnL
(Panel & Appellate Body)
/x]sf] . ePsf] lg0f{o dfGg} kg{]
/ lg0f{osf] cj1f ug{] kIfnfO{
Ifltk"lt{ lt/fpg ;Sg] k|fjwfg
/x]sf] .
k|lta4tfx¿ lglZrt ;doleq
sfof{Gjog eP gePsf]
lgoldt tj/n] cg'udg x'g] .
lgwf{l/t ;dodf Jofkf/ gLlt
tyf k|lta4tfx¿sf] ;dLIff÷
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] sfo{ x'g] .
ljsf;zLn / sd ljsl;t
;b:ox¿sf] d'2f /
;/f]sf/sf ljifonfO{ plrt
:yfg lbOPsf] . sdhf]/
;b:ox¿sf nflu k|lta4tf
k"/f ug{ yk ;do / s]xL
k|lta4tfx¿ nfu" ug{ 5"6
h:t}– lglZrt ;do;Dd
lgof{tdf cg'bfg lbg
kfOg] . ljz]if / leGg Jojxf/,
;x'lnotk"0f{ ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf,
Ifdtf ljsf; h:tf k|fjwfg .
!=$=* ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf l;4fGtx¿
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g lgoddf cfwfl/t ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL (Rules-based Multilateral
Trading System) nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{] cGt/f{li6«o ;Ë7g xf] . ;Ë7gn] ;b:o /fi6«x¿af6
cg'df]lbt ;Demf}tf, ;dembf/L / lg0f{ox¿adf]lhd cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;~rfngsf
nflu cfwf/ / dfu{lgb{]z k|bfg ub{5 . oL ;Demf}tfx¿s} cfwf/df cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/nfO{
cl3 a9fpg] sfo{ ;Ë7gn] ub{} cfPsf] 5 . oL ;Demf}tfx¿ t'ngfTds ¿kdf lj:t[t,
hl6n / cg]sfyL{ ;d]t 5g\ . t/ klg oL ;a} ;Demf}tf / b:tfj]hx¿df s]xL vf;
l;4fGtx¿ ;dfg ¿kdf cjnDag ePsf 5g\ . oL l;4fGtx¿ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/k|0ffnLsf
cfwf/lznfx¿ x'g\ . ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf log} cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿nfO{ ljZj
Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] l;4fGtsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 . h'g o; k|sf/ 5g\–
-!_ e]befj/lxt Jojxf/ (Non-discrimination Treatment) : ;b:ox¿aLr ljgf
s'g} e]befj, :jR5, lgikIf / lgod;Ët tl/sfn] Jofkf/ ;~rfng x'g'kg{]
s'/fdf of] l;4fGtn] hf]8 lbG5 . o; cGtu{t b'O{j6f Joj:yf cfpF5g\ .

-s_ clt ;f}ljWok"0f{ /fi6«sf] Jojxf/ (Most Favoured Nation: MFN

Treatment) M k|To]s ;b:o /fi6«n] cfly{s tyf Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfkdf Pp6f
/fi6«nfO{ h] h:tf] ;'ljwf k|bfg u5{ cGo ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ klg To;df
s'g} sdL gx'g] u/L ;f]xL ;dfgsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{'kb{5 . ;Ë7gsf] s'g}
;b:o /fi6«n] Pp6f ;b:o /fi6«sf] pTkfbgnfO{ h] h:tf] ;x'lnot, 5"6 jf
;'ljwf k|bfg u5{, afFsL cGo ;a} ;b:o /fi6«sf] ;dfg k|s[ltsf] pTkfbgnfO{
klg ;f]xL lsl;dsf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 eGg] o; l;4fGtsf] d'Vo
dfGotf xf] . olb Pp6f ;b:osf] pTkfbgnfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/G5
eg] cGo ;b:osf] pTkfbgdf klg tTsfn / ljgfzt{ ;f]eGbf sd gx'g] u/L
;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' kg{] s'/fdf o;n] hf]8 lbG5 . of] l;4fGtn] ;Ë7gsf
;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ Pp6f Snasf] ;b:osf ¿kdf lnO{ ;b:ox¿aLr c;dfg
Jojxf/ ug{ gkfOg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . t/ o;sf s]xL ckjfbx¿ klg 5g\ .
of] Uof6s} kfnfb]lvsf] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf cjnDag ul/Psf] cfwf/e"t
l;4fGt xf] . GATT sf] wf/f !, Uof6\;sf] wf/f @ / l6«K;sf] wf/f $ n] MFN
k|fjwfgaf/] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf] p2]Zo ;b:o /fi6«sf ;dfg k|s[ltsf
j:t'÷;]jfnfO{ pknAw x'g;Sg] ;Ddsf] ;dfg ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf lbg' xf] .
;fdfGotM s'g} j:t'÷;]jf ;dfg k|s[ltsf] xf] xf]Og egL lgwf{/0f ug{ b]xfosf]
rf/j6f s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ lng'kg{] u/L JofVof ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

-15-
  j:t'sf] ef}lts u'0f÷ljz]iftfx¿
 pkef]Qmfsf] :jfb / cfbt
 j:t'sf] clGtd pkof]u
 j:t'sf] eG;f/ juL{s/0f

-v_ /fli6«o Jojxf/ (National Treatment) : s'g} klg ljb]zL pTkfbgn] /fli6«o
eG;f/ laGb'df k"/f ug{'kg{] eG;f/;DaGwL zt{x¿ kf/ u/]/ :jb]zL ahf/df
k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 To;nfO{ :jb]zL j:t';/x g} Jojxf/ ug{'kg{] s'/fdf o;
l;4fGtn] hf]8 lbG5 . o;n] s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ :jb]zL pTkfbg / cfofltt
pTkfbgaLr e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{ k|ltalGwt u5{ . :jb]zL pTkfbgnfO{
;+/If0f k|bfg ug{] x]t'n] ;dfg k|s[ltsf ljb]zaf6 cfoft x'g] j:t'df eG;f/
dx;'nafx]s yk s/, z'Ns jf zt{ jf cGo o:t} s'g} Joj:yf nufpg gkfpg]
o; l;4fGtsf] dd{ xf] . ;dfg k|s[ltsf ljb]zaf6 cfofltt j:t'df p:t}
k|s[ltsf 3/]n' pTkfbgx¿df nufOg] zt{ tyf z'NseGbf a9L zt{ tyf z'Ns
tf]Sg gkfOg] o; l;4fGtsf] cfzo xf] . Uof6sf] wf/f #, Uof6\;sf] wf/f !& /
l6«K;sf] wf/f # df /fli6«o Jojxf/sf] af/]df pNn]v 5g\ .

-@_ :jtGq Jofkf/ (Free Trade) M ;b:ox¿aLr ljgf s'g} /f]s6f]s j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] :jtGq Jofkf/ ;~rfng x'g'kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf o; l;4fGtn] hf]8
lbG5 . Jofkf/ ;~rfngdf cj/f]w l;h{gf x'g] u/L jf Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/df
ljrng (Distortion) pTkGg x'g] u/L ;b:ox¿n] Ps kIfLo ¿kdf eG;f/ jf
u}/ eG;f/hGo s'g} zt{, aGb]h nufpg tyf cgfjZos ¿kdf s'g} dfkb08
lgwf{/0f jf nfu" ug{ x'Fb}g eGg] o; l;4fGtsf] dd{ xf] . cfoft–lgof{t x'g]
j:t'df ljgf sf/0f aGb]h nufpg gkfOg], lgwf{l/t eG;f/ b/eGbf dfly uP/
eG;f/ dx;'n nufpg gkfOg], :jb]zL pTkfbgnfO{ eG;f/ z'Nssf] dfWodaf6
dfq ;+/If0f lbg ;lsg], cGo dx;'n tyf z'Ns x6fpg'kg{], lglZrt ;Ldf
/ lgodleq /xL ;b:o /fi6«n] cfˆgf] ahf/ ;a}sf lgldQ v'nf /fvL ahf/
kx'Frsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{'kg{] h:tf s'/f o; cGtu{t cfpF5g\ . t/ o;sf]
cy{ s'g} ;b:on] csf{] ;b:osf] h:tf];'s} pTkfbgnfO{ leqg lbg'kb{5 eGg]
xf]Og . olb cfoft x'g nfu]sf] j:t' dfgj, kz' tyf jg:klt :jf:Yosf]
b[li6n] xflgsf/s 5 jf hf]lvdk"0f{ 5 eg] To:tf] l:yltdf /f]u km}ng glbg
jf :jf:YonfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpgaf6 hf]ufpg To:tf] j:t'sf] cfoftdf

-16-
 k|ltaGw nufpg ;Sg] clwsf/ ;Ë7g cGtu{tsf ;Demf}tfx¿n] lbPsf 5g\ .
To:t} /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf cfFr k'Ug] cj:yfdf klg j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] Jofkf/df
/f]s nufpg] clwsf/ ;b:onfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . o;}n] lg/k]If¿kdf :jtGq eGbf
klg :jR5 Jofkf/sf] k|j4{gdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] hf]8 /x]sf] 5 .

-#_ k"jf{g'dfgLotf Pj+ kf/blz{tf (Predictability and Transparency): Jofkf/

k|j4{gsf nflu o;;DaGwL gLlt, lgod, sfo{ljlw cflbdf k"jf{g'dfgLotf,
;'lglZrttf / ;':ki6tf sfod x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . gLlt, lgod / sfo{ljlwdf
kf/blz{tf eof] eg] ToxfF Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/ a9L x'G5, nufgL j[l4 x'G5,
/f]huf/L l;h{gf x'G5 tyf pkef]Qmfn] k|lt:kwf{af6 nfe p7fpg ;Sg] x'G5g\ .
To;} eP/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] Pp6f l;4fGt ;b:ox¿sf] Jofkf/;Da4
gLlt lgod, k|lqmof cflbdf ;'lglZrttf / kf/blz{tf sfod x'g'kb{5 eGg]
klg xf] . o;cg';f/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf cfa4 x'g rfxg] ;b:on] cfa4
x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf j:t' Jofkf/df s] slt xb;Dd eG;f/ dx;'n nufOg] xf],
To;sf] ;LdfÍg (Tariff Binidng) ug{'kb{5 . ;fy}, cfoft lgof{tdf cGo s]
s:tf zt{ tyf z'Nsx¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\, cfoft x'g] ;fdfgdf Kofs]lhË
/ n]jlnËsf] s] s:tf] dfkb08 tf]lsPsf] 5 nufotsf ljifodf ;b:o aGbf
tfsf g} :ki6 ug{'kb{5 . ;fy}, ;]jf Jofkf/ If]q cGtu{t s'g s'g ;]jf, s'g
s'g pk;]jf If]q v'nf ul/g] 5, s'g ;]jf÷pk;]jf If]qdf s] sltxb;Dd ljb]zL
nufgL v'nf /flvg]5, cGo zt{ tyf aGb]h s] s] x'g]5g\, k|lta4tfsf] ljz]if
sfo{;"rL (Schedule of Specific Commitments) g} ;lrjfnodf k]z ug{'kb{5 .
o; cltl/Qm s'g} ;b:on] tLgj6f Jofkf/sf If]qx¿dWo] s'g} PsnfO{ jf
PseGbf a9LnfO{ k|efljt ug{] s'g} gofF gLlt, P]g, sfo{ljlw sfof{Gjogdf
NofpFbf jf eO/x]sf] gLlt, lgod, Joj:yfdf s'g} kl/jt{g ubf{ ;Ë7gsf]
;DalGwt ;Demf}tf ljk/Lt x'g] u/L ug{ gkfOg], o;af/]df ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf
k|sfzg ug{'kg{] tyf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;DalGwt kl/ifb\ jf ;ldltnfO{
;dod} hfgsf/L] (Notifications) u/fpg'kg{] afWofTds Joj:yf 5 . o;n]
;b:ox¿nfO{ Ps csf{sf] Jofkf/ gLlt tyf sfo{ljlw / k|lta4tfaf/] ;dod}
hfgsf/L eO{ ToxL cg';f/ s'g} ;b:ol;t s] s;/L Jofkf/ ug{] eGg] af/]df
hfgsf/L k|jfx x'G5 . kf/blz{tfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{] p2]Zon] ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gsf ;Demf}tfx¿n] ljleGg Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ . ltgdf ;b:ox¿n]
cjnDag u/]sf] Jofkf/ gLltsf] cfjlws ¿kdf ul/g] ;dLIff Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{

-17-
 Joj:yf xf] eg] csf{] ;]jf Jofkf/, Jofkf/;Da4 k|fljlws cj/f]wx¿ / dfgj
tyf jg:klt :jf:Yo;DaGwL ljifodf /fli6«o ;"rgf s]Gb|x¿ (National Inquiry
Points) :yfkgf u/L s'g} ;b:on] o; ljifodf s'g} ;"rgf kfpg dfu u/]sf]
v08df ljgf s'g} lxrlsrfx6 ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg'kg{]
afWofTds Joj:yf csf{] dxŒjk"0f{ ljifo xf] .

$= ljsf;zLn / cNk ljsl;t ;b:osf nflu ljz]if / k[ys\ Jojxf/ (Special &
Differential Treatment for Developing and Least Developed Countries):
ljsf;zLn / cNkljsl;t ;b:ox¿sf nflu ljleGg ;x'lnotk"0f{ Joj:yf
ul/g'kg{] ;Ë7gsf] csf{] dxŒjk"0f{ l;4fGt xf] . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf em08}
tLgrf}yfO ;b:ox¿ ljsf;zLn / cNkljsl;t ;d"xaf6 5g\ . ltgdf cNk
ljsl;t ;b:o b]zx¿sf] ;+Vof ## /x]sf] 5 . To:t} ;+qmd0f cy{tGqaf6
u'lh|/x]sf ;b:ox¿sf] ;+Vof klg pNn]vgLo 5 . Go"g cfly{s ;fdflhs
k"jf{wf/ tyf ;+/rgfTds sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f ljsf;zLn / To;df klg cNk
ljsl;t ;b:ox¿ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf s7f]/ gLlt lgod / k|lta4tfx¿
tTsfn} kfngf ug{;Sg] l:yltdf 5}gg\ eg] pgLx¿sf] clxn] ljZj Jofkf/df
lx:;f klg gu0o 5 . ctM To:tf sdhf]/ ;b:ox¿nfO{ ljZj Jofkf/
k|0ffnLdf plrt ¿kdf cfa4 u/fpFb} pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/sf] nflu
ljleGg ;x'lnot tyf cfly{s k|fljlws ;xof]usf] Joj:yf ;Ë7g cGtu{t
ul/Psf] 5 . ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogsf nflu cltl/Qm ;dosf] pknAwtf,
sltko ;Demf}tfx¿sf] kfngfdf nrstf / ljz]if 5"6, Jofkf/;Da4
k|fljlws ;xfotf (Trade Related Technical Assistance: TRTA), Jofkf/sf]
nflu ;xof]u (Aid for Trade: AfT), Enhanced Integrated Framework
(EIF), sdhf]/ ;b:ox¿sf] lxtdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g cGtu{t ul/Psf
s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ Joj:yfx¿ x'g\ . o;} l;4fGtaf6 lgb{]lzt eO{ xfnsf jif{df
sltko ljsl;t tyf ljsf;zLn ;b:on] cNkljsl;t b]zsf pTkfbgnfO{
s/ tyf sf]6f d'Qm ahf/ kx'Fr (Duty Free Quota Free Market Access:
DFQF) ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{] gLlt clVtof/ u/]sf 5g\ . rfn" bf]xf ljsf;
Ph]G8fdf ;xdlt ePkl5 ljsf;zLn / cNkljsl;t ;b:on] yk ;x'lnot
tyf ;'ljwf kfpg] ;Defjgf 5 .

-18-
!=$=( ;b:otf k|flKtsf] k|lqmof / ;b:otfsf] k|sf/
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf s'g} klg :jtGq d'n's jf k[ys\ eG;f/ If]q (Separate Customs
Territory) hf] :jtGq / :jfoQ¿kdf cfˆgf] e"efuleq eG;f/ dx;'n nufotsf
Jofkf/;Da4 gLlt, lgod, z'Ns, dfkb08 cflb nfu" ug{ ;S5g\, ;b:o aGg;Sg]
k|fjwfg 5 . ;Ë7gdf b'O{ lsl;dsf ;b:o /x]sf 5g\ . tTsfnLg Uof6s} kfnfb]lv
;b:o /xFb} cfPsf / p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df ;d]t ;+nUg /xL ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g
:yfkgf x'Fbfsf] avtdf :yfkgfsfnLg ;b:osf ¿kdf /x]sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ klxnf]
k|sf/sf] ;b:o (Original Member) sf] ¿kdf lrlgG5 . o; cGtu{t clwsf+z Uof6sf
;+ljbfsf/L ;b:ox¿ nufotsf d'n's 5g\ . bf];|f] k|s[ltsf ;b:o eg]sf] ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 ;lDdng (Accession) sf] k|lqmofaf6 ;Ë7gdf cfa4 ePsf
;b:ox¿ x'g\ . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g :yfkgf ug{] df/fs]z ;Demf}tfsf] wf/f !@ n]
o;;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g :yfkgf x'Fbf o;df ljleGg b]z
tyf :jtGq eG;f/ If]q u/L s'n !@$ ;b:o /x]sf]df xfn o;df j[l4 eO{ ;b:osf]
;+Vof !%% k'u]sf] 5 -!) d], @)!@ ;Dd_ . logLx¿n] ljZj Jofkf/sf] sl/a (% k|ltzt
lx:;f cf]u6\b5g\ . em08} #) j6f hlt d'n'sx¿ ;lDdngsf] r/0fdf /x]sf 5g\ /
lognfO{ xfn ko{j]Ifssf] x}l;ot k|fKt 5 .

s'g} klg /fi6« jf :jtGq eG;f/ If]qn] ;Ë7gdf ;b:otf k|flKtsf] nflu cf}krfl/s
lgj]bg lbPkl5 ko{j]Ifssf] x}l;ot k|fKt x'G5 . ko{j]Ifs ePsf] % jif{leq ;lDdng
(Accession) sf] k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg'kg{] x'G5 . o; qmddf ;b:otfsf] nflu cfj]bg ug{]
b]zn] cfˆgf] d'n'ssf] Jofkf/;Da4 gLlt, lgod, sfo{ljlw, ;+:yfut Joj:yfnufotsf
kIfdf lj:t[t k|ltj]bg (Memorandum of Foreign Trade Regime) ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gsf] ;lrjfnodf k|:t't ug{'kb{5 . o;/L k|:t't ul/Psf] k|ltj]bg pk/ lj:t[t
cWoog tyf 5fglag ug{ ;lrjfnoaf6 OR5's ;b:o /fi6«sf k|ltlglw ;lDdlnt Ps
sfo{bn (Working Party) u7g ul/G5 . sfo{bnn] ;DalGwt b]zl;t 5nkmn k/fdz{
u/L ;b:otfsf] nflu zt{ tyf k|lta4tfsf ljifox¿ to u5{ . o; qmddf cfj]bs
/fi6«n] cfk"m;Fu Jofkfl/s ;/f]sf/ / rf;f] /fVg] ljleGg d'n'sl;t ljleGg r/0fdf
cfjZostfg';f/ b'O{kIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo 5nkmn / k/fdz{ u/L ;DalGwt b]zsf]
;/f]sf/sf ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{'kg{] x'G5 . o;} a]nf ;b:otf k|flKtsf] k|lqmofdf
/x]sf] d'n'sn] cGo ;b:ox¿nfO{ j:t' tyf ;]jf Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df lbg;Sg] ;'ljwfsf]
k|:tfj (Offer) k|:t't ug{] sfo{ ul/G5 . tTkZrft\ ;f]xL k|:tfjdf s]lGb|t eP/ s'g
j:t'df s] slt eG;f/ dx;'n nufpg], cfoft lgof{t Jofkf/df s] s:tf sfo{ljlw

-19-
cjnDag ug{], ;]jf Jofkf/df s] s:tf zt{ tf]Sg], af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] Jofkf/sf
If]qdf s] s:tf gLlt to ug{] nufotsf ljifodf cfj]bs /fi6« / Jofkfl/s ;fem]bf/
d'n'sx¿aLr 5nkmn, n]gb]g tyf ;Demf}tf x'G5 . clGtd r/0fdf ;b:otfsf nflu
cfj]bg ug{] /fi6«n] eG;f/ dx;'n b/ s6f}tL, ahf/ kx'Frh:tf ljifodf låkIfLo tyf
ax'kIfLo jftf{df p7]sf ljifox¿nfO{ klg ;Daf]wg x'g] u/L j:t' Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df
clGtd ¿kdf Schedule of Tariff Concessions / ;]jf Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df Schedule of
Specific Commitment k]z ug{'kg{] x'G5 . o;/L ljleGg r/0fsf] jftf{ tyf 5nkmnkl5
/ Jofkf/nfO{ k|efljt ug{] gLlt lgoddf ;'wf/sf] k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]kl5 sfo{bnn]
;fwf/0f kl/ifb\ (General Council) nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ;TotYo ljj/0f;lxt cfˆgf] k|ltj]bg
k]z u5{ . k]z ePsf] k|ltj]bgsf] cWoogkl5 ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\ jf dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn]
;b:otfsf ;DaGwdf clGtd lg0f{o u5{ . s'g} klg gofF ;b:onfO{ ;b:otf lbg]
ljifo ;Ë7gsf b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:oaf6 cg'df]bg x'g cfjZos x'G5 . o;/L ;Ë7gn] b'O{
ltxfO ax'dtaf6 ;b:otf lbg] lg0f{o u/]kl5 ;f]sf] hfgsf/L cfj]bs /fi6«df k7fOG5
/ cfj]bs b]zsf] Joj:yflksfn] ;lDdng;DaGwL k|f]6f]snnfO{ cg'df]bg u/L ;f]sf]
hfgsf/L ;Ë7gdf k7fPsf] ;fdfGotM #) lbgkl5 ;lDdngsf] cf}krfl/stf k"/f ePsf]
dflgG5 . ;b:otf lng OR5's /fi6«sf] cfly{s ljsf; / Jofkf/sf] cj:yf, k|lta4tf
k"/f ug{] tTk/tf / jftf{sf] kl/0ffdsf] cfwf/df ;b:otf lng] k|lqmof nfdf], 5f]6f]
x'g;S5 . xfn;Ddsf] cEof; x]bf{ Go"gtd kfFr jif{rflxF nfu]s} b]lvG5 . ;g\ @))! sf]
bf]xf dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngkl5 sd ljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf] ;lDdng k|lqmofnfO{
s]xL ;lhnf] / zL3| agfpg To:tf b]zx¿dfly w]/} k|lta4tfx¿ gyf]kg{] ;dembf/L
ag]sf] 5 . oBlk o;sf] cIf/zM sfof{GjogrflxF x'g afFsL g} 5 . ;fy}, ;b:o aGg
rfxg] cNkljsl;t /fi6«nfO{ ;b:otf k|flKtsf] r/0fdf ;Ë7gsf] ;lrjfnoaf6 ljleGg
k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw x'g] Joj:yf 5 .

;Ë7gdf cfa4 eO;s]sf] s'g} klg ;b:on] cfk"mn] rfx]df ;b:otf lkmtf{ lng;S5 .
o;sf] nflu ;Ë7gsf] ;lrjfnodf lnlvt ;"rgf lbPsf] ^ dlxgfkl5 ;b:otf lkmtf{
x'g;Sg] Joj:yf df/fs]z ;Demf}tfsf] wf/f !% n] u/]sf] 5 . t/ ;Ë7gsf] ;q jif{sf]
Oltxf;df clxn];Dd s;}n] ;b:otf lkmtf{ lnPsf] 36gf 36]sf] 5}g .

!=% ljjfb ;dfwfg k|0ffnL

ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ ljz]iftf eg]sf] o; leqsf] k|efjsf/L ljjfb
;dfwfg k|0ffnL xf] . tTsfnLg Uof6 k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf] ljjfb ;dfwfg k|0ffnL ck]Iffs[t

-20-
r':t, zL3| / k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] s'/faf6 kf7 l;Sb} p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df ;b:o
/fi6«x¿aLr pTkGg Jofkf/;DaGwL ljjfbnfO{ k|efjsf/L tj/n] ;N6\ofpg o; k|sf/sf]
;+oGq :yfkgf ug{] lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ljjfb lg/fs/0f k|0ffnL
lgs} r':t / k|efjsf/L dflgG5 . xfn;Ddsf s'g} klg cGt/f{li6«o ;Ë7gdf Joj:yf
gePsf] o; lsl;dsf] ljjfb lg/fs/0f k|0ffnL cGt/f{li6«o:t/d} gjLg k|of]u xf] .

ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf ;b:o /fi6«x¿aLrsf] ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{ b'O{ txsf] ;+oGqsf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . Kofgn (Panel) / k'g/fj]bg lgsfo (Appellate Body) .
Kofg]ndf # hgf / k'g/fj]bg lgsfodf & hgf ;b:ox¿ x'G5g\ eg] cfjZostfg';f/
ljz]if1x¿nfO{ cfdGq0f ug{;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] k|lqmof ;fdfGotM
tLg r/0fdf ;DkGg x'G5 . klxnf] r/0fdf ljjflbt ljifodf ;b:ob]zx¿aLr cfk;L
5nkmn, ;xdlt jf dxflgb{]zssf] k|of;af6 ;dfwfg vf]Hg] k|of; x'G5 . of] ;Dej
gePdf bf];|f] r/0fdf d'2f bfo/ ePsf] ^) lbgleq ljjfbdf tflgPsf b'O{ ;b:oaLr
cfk;L ;xdltsf] nflu k|of; x'G5 . o;af6 ;dfwfg x'g g;s]df kLl8t ;b:osf]
dfuadf]lhd $% lbgleq ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu Ohnf; -Kofgn_ u7g x'G5 .
cf/f]lkt kIfn] z'?df Ps k6ssf nflu Kofgn u7g ug{ /f]Ssf ug{;S5 t/ bf];|f]
k6ssf nflu /f]Sg;Sb}g . To;kl5 Kofgnn] ^ dlxgfleq ljjflbt ljifosf] ;TotYo
lg¿k0f u/L cfˆgf] k|ltj]bg a'emfpF5 . k|ltj]bg a'emfPsf] tLg xKtfleq ;DalGwt
kIfaf6 k'g/fj]bg gePsf] v08df k|ltj]bgdf 7x/ ul/Psf] s'/fnfO{ ljz]if1 ;ldltn]
nfu" u5{ . t];|f] r/0fdf Kofg]nsf] k|ltj]bgpk/ tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df
To;/L k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] ^) lbgb]lv () lbgleq k'g/fj]bg lgsfon] lg0f{o u5{ .
To;}sf] cfwf/df ljjfb ;dfwfg ;ldltn] lg0f{o lbG5 . o;/L lbPsf] lg0f{o clGtd
x'G5 / o:tf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug{' ;DalGwt kIfsf] bfloTj x'G5 . k'g/fj]bg lgsfon]
lg0f{o u/]sf] ldltn] !% dlxgf;Dd klg lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gePdf lhTg] kIfn] xfg{]
kIfsf] j:t'sf] cfoftdf yk eG;f/ dx;'n nufP/ jf k|ltaGw jf kl/df0ffTds aGb]h
nufP/ lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] nflu bafa l;h{gf ug{;S5 . ljjfb;dfwfg k|0ffnLsf]
sfo{ljlw nufotsf ljjfb lg¿k0f;DaGwL ljifodf df/fs]z ;Demf}tfsf] cg';"rL–@
df lj:t[t Joj:yf ;d]l6Psf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] bz jif{sf] Oltxf;df #))
eGbf a9L Jofkf/;DaGwL d'2f lg¿k0fsf nflu ljleGg ;b:ox¿n] ljjfb ;dfwfg
;+oGqdf Nofpg'n] klg ;Ë7gsf] ljjfb ;dfwfg k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsfl/tf / ;lqmotfnfO{
phfu/ ub{5 .

-21-
!=^ Jofkf/ gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg
Jofkf/ gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gn] cËLsf/ u/]sf] of}6f dxŒjk"0f{ Joj:Yff
xf] . ;Ë7gsf ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/ gLlt tyf cEof; (Trade Policies and Practices)
sf] cfjlws ¿kdf ;dLIff tyf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ltgaf6 låkIfLo, If]qLo / ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ ;~rfngdf k/]sf] k|efjnfO{ cfsng, ljZn]if0f ug{] k4ltnfO{ ;fdfGotM Jofkf/
gLlt ;dLIff (TPR) elgG5 . o:tf] ;dLIff ug{sf nflu ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gleq of}6f
;+oGq (Trade Policy Review Mechanism: TPRM) sf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . clxn] Jofkf/
gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg ;+oGq ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] of}6f cleGg cË (Integral Part) sf]
¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgf ug{] ;DaGwL df/fs]z ;Demf}tf, !(($
sf] cg';"rL–# n] o;;DaGwL k|fjwfgnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 .

Jofkf/ gLlt ;dLIff (TPR) sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
k|0ffnLcGtu{t ul/Psf gLltut k|lta4tfx¿, o;;DaGwL /fli6«o sfg"gL tyf gLlt
lgodx¿;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg / cGo k|lta4tfnfO{ kfngf tyf
cjnDag ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' xf] . o;n] ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/ gLlt / cEof;nfO{
;b:ox¿aLr a9L kf/bzL{ / af]wuDo dfq agfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb}g a? ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjogdf ltgsf] k|efjsf] klg cWoog ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
of] ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] cjnDag u/]sf] Jofkf/ gLlt tyf cEof;sf] Psd'i6 k/LIf0f /
d"NofÍg ug{] k4lt xf] . of] ;dLIff s'g} ;b:o /fi6«nfO{ s'g} Specific Obligation k"/f
ug{ afWo kfg{] jf gofF k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ yf]kg{] eGbf pQm /fi6«sf] Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{
cfufdL lbgdf yk pbf/, kf/bzL{ / lgoddf cfwfl/t agfpg ul/g'kg{] ;'wf/tkm{
pGd'v x'G5 . of] ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ cfk"mn] cjnDag u/]sf gLltx¿sf] ;do–;dodf
cfTd;dLIff (Self Examination/Self Introspection) ug{ l;4fGttM pTk|]l/t ug{] ljZj
Jofkf/ ;Ë7gleqsf] Pp6f k|fjwfg xf] .

;b:o /fi6«sf Jofkf/ gLltx¿sf] ;dLIff / k'g/fjnf]sg ug{'kg{] ;do / cfj[lQ ljZj
Jofkf/df tL /fi6«x¿sf] c+z÷lx:;f s] slt 5, To; cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . To;
cfwf/df ;b:ox¿nfO{ # j6f ;d"xdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf] ;d"xdf ljZj
Jofkf/df 7"nf lx:;f cf]u6]sf b]zx¿ h:t}– o'/f]lkog o'lgog, cd]l/sf, hfkfg, rLg,
Sofgf8f cflb cfpF5g\ . logLx¿n] k|To]s b'O{ jif{df Jofkf/ gLlt ;dLIff ug{'kg{]
Joj:yf 5 . bf];|f] ;d"xdf klxnf] ;d"xdf gkg{] !^ j6f ;b:ox¿ h:t} xËsË, l;+ufk'/,
l:j6\h/Nof08, dn]lzof cflb cfpF5g\ . logLx¿n] k|To]s rf/ jif{df Jofkf/ gLlt

-22-
;dLIff ug{'kg{] Joj:yf 5 . t];|f] ju{df Go"g cfo ;d"xsf cNk ljsl;t / ;+qmd0fsfnLg
cy{tGqaf6 u'lh|/x]sf g]kfn nufotsf k"jL{ o'/f]k, blIf0f Plzof tyf clk|msL dxfb]zsf
;b:ox¿ kb{5g\ . logLx¿nfO{ k|To]s ^–^ jif{sf] cGt/fndf Jofkf/ gLlt ;dLIff
ug{'kg{] u/L s]xL ;dosf] 5"6 lbOPsf] 5 . o;df klg cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] rfx]df
cf–cfˆgf] Ifdtf / cfjZostfg';f/ s]xL ;do yk dfu ug{ ;S5g\ .

Jofkf/ gLlt ;dLIffsf] nflu ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g ;lrjfnon] Trade Policy Review Body
(TPRB) u7g ub{5 . ;b:ox¿sf] Jofkf/ gLltx¿sf] ;dLIff ug{] sfo{ ljleGg r/0fdf
u/]/ ;DkGg x'G5 . o; qmddf b'O{j6f k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/G5g\ . Pp6f ;lrjfnoaf6 /
csf{] ;DalGwt b]zsf] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 . ;lrjfnon] ;DalGwt ;b:osf] ;dli6ut
cfly{s tyf ;+/rgfTds gLltx¿nfO{ cWoog ljZn]if0f u/L k|ltj]bg (Report) tof/
ub{5 . ;b:o b]zn] tof/ ug{] k|ltj]bgdf cjnDag ul/Psf Jofkf/ gLltsf k|d'v
p2]Zox¿, cfufdL sfo{lbzf, jt{dfg k|j[lQ / Jofkf/sf ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df
ef]Ug'k/]sf ;d:ofh:tf ljifonfO{ ;d]6\g] ul/G5 . of] k|ltj]bg ;fdfGotM !) b]lv #)
k[i7sf] x'g'kb{5 . o;/L ;lrjfno tyf ;b:o b]z b'j}af6 tof/ ePsf] k|ltj]bg ljZj
Jofkf/ ;Ë7g cGtu{t Jofkf/ gLlt ;dLIff ;+oGqsf] a}7sdf ;b:o /fi6«sf] dGqL jf
pRr k|ltlglwn] k]z ug{] k4lt 5 . o:tf] k|ltj]bgdf ;b:o /fi6«x¿af6 p7fOPsf]
lh1f;fsf] ;dfwfg ;DalGwt b]zsf k|ltlglwx¿n] ug{'kb{5 . ;dLIff a}7sdf cGo
;b:on] lbPsf pko'Qm ;'emfj tyf k|ltj]bgdf ;'wf/ ug{ cf}FNofOPsf ljifox¿sf]
sfof{Gjog ;DalGwt ;b:o /fi6«n] ug{'kb{5 / o;sf] cg'udg d"NofÍg ;lrjfnosf]
Trade Policy Review Body (TPRB) n] ub{5 . k|To]s ;b:on] lgoldt ¿kdf Jofkf/
gLlt tyf cEof;sf af/]df eP u/]sf d'Vo ;'wf/ tyf kl/jt{gaf/] TPRB nfO{ lgoldt
¿kdf hfgsf/L (Reporting) u/fpg'kg{] Joj:yf 5 . ;dLIff tyf k'g/fjnf]sg b]xfosf
r/0fx¿ k"/f u/]/ ;DkGg ul/G5 M
– ;"rgf ;Íng / t'ngf
– ;b:o b]zsf] /fhwfgLsf] e|d0f
– k|ltj]bgsf] clGtd tof/L
– ;dLIff a}7ssf] cfof]hgf / 5nkmn
– k|ltj]bg k|sfzg / ljt/0f
g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf lnPkl5 klxnf]kN6 ;g\ @)!@ sf] dfr{df
Jofkf/ gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] lyof] .

-23-
!=& dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngx¿
dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;a}eGbf pRr:t/Lo ;+oGq xf] . o;sf]
a}7s ;fdfGotM k|To]s b'O{ jif{df a:g'kg{] Joj:yf 5 . ax'kIfLo Jofkf/k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf
;Demf}tfx¿sf] ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\dfkm{t sfof{Gjogsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{], cfjZos ljifodf
lg0f{o ug{], s'g} ;Demf}tf jf ;dembf/LnfO{ :ki6 ug{ cfjZos k/]df To;nfO{ :ki6
JofVof ug{], Jofkf/sf gofF ;Demf}tfx¿ cg'df]bg ug{], gofF ;b:onfO{ ;Ë7gdf k|j]z
lbg] nufotsf dxŒjk"0f{ ljifodf lg0f{o lng] h:tf sfd dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] ub{5 .
dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLcGtu{tsf s'g} klg ;Demf}tfsf ;DaGwdf
cfjZos lg0f{o ug{] tyf s'g} ;b:o /fi6«n] lgjf{x ug{'kg{] bfloTjnfO{ 5"6 (Waiver)
lbg;Sg] ;Ddsf] x}l;ot /fVb5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 xfn;Dd
ljleGg :yfgdf u/L cf7j6f dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ . dlGq:t/Lo
;Dd]ngn] u/]sf lg0f{ox¿sf] b"/ufdL / ljZjJofkL k|efj l;h{gf x'g] x'Fbf cGt/f{li6«o
cfly{s hut\df dlGq:t/Lo a}7snfO{ lgs} dxŒjsf ;fy x]g{] ul/G5 . xfn;Dd ;DkGg
dlGq:t/Lo a}7ssf] ;+lIfKt rrf{ tn ul/Psf] 5 .

!=&=! klxnf] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] klxnf] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng
(–!# l8;]Da/, !((^ df l;Ëfk'/df ;DkGg eof] . ;Dd]ngsf] cGTodf ;b:o b]zsf
dGqLx¿n] …l;Ëfk'/ 3f]if0ffkqÚ nfO{ kfl/t ub{} cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;~rfngdf ljZj
Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf ;Demf}tf / lgodx¿nfO{ kfngf ug{] k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf lyP .
;Dd]ngn] rf/j6f dxŒjk"0f{ ljifodf lj:t[t jftf{ z'? ug{] lg0f{o klg u/]sf] lyof] .
l;Ëfk'/ d'2fx¿ (Singapore Issues) sf ¿kdf kl/lrt oL ljifox¿ x'g\– Jofkf/ /
nufgL, Jofkf/ / k|lt:kwf{ gLlt, Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f / ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf kf/blz{tf .
;Dd]ngn] ;Ë7gdf cfa4 cNk ljsl;t ;b:ox¿sf] cy{tGqnfO{ ljZj cy{tGql;t
PsLs[t x'g ;3fp k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ljleGg bft[lgsfosf] ;xof]udf lj:t[t / PsLs[t
sfo{of]hgf ;~rfng ug{] lg0f{o klg u/]sf] lyof] . tbg';f/ ;g\ !((& b]lv cNkljsl;t
;b:ox¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{] p2]Zon] ljleGg ^ j6f cGt/;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf] tTk/tfdf
Integrated Framework (IF) sfo{qmd sfof{Gjgdf cfof] . l;Ëfk'/ ;Dd]ngdf efu lng]
sltko /fi6«n] ;"rgf k|ljlw pTkfbgsf] Jofkf/;DaGwL ljifodf cg]skIfLo ;Demf}tfnfO{
sfof{Gjog ug{] 3f]if0ff klg u/] .

!=&=@ bf];|f] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] bf];|f] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng
!*–@) d], !((* df h]g]efdf ;DkGg eof] . ;Dd]ngsf] cGTodf ;b:o b]zsf dGqLx¿n]

-24-
…h]g]ef 3f]if0ffkqÚ nfO{ kfl/t ub{} lgoddf cfwfl/t ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] dxŒj
/ ;fGble{stfnfO{ k'gM k'li6 ug{] sfd u/] . ;f] ;Dd]ngdf Uof6 ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf
cfPsf] krf; jif{ k"/f ePsf] pknIodf Uof6sf] %) cf}F jif{ufF7 dgfpg] sfo{ klg
eof] . l;Ëfk'/ 3f]if0ffk|lt k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub{} l;Ëfk'/ d'2fnfO{ rfF8} 6'Ëf] nufpg] lg0f{o
klg eof] . ;Dd]ngdf ljZj On]S6«f]lgs Jofkf/;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq hf/L ub{} On]S6«f]lgs
sf/f]jf/df eG;f/ gnufpg] ;fljssf] cEof;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] lg0f{o klg ul/of] .

!=&=# t];|f] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] t];|f] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng #)
gf]e]Da/–# l8;]Da/, !((( df cd]l/sfsf] l;of6ndf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ljleGg
;b:ox¿ / cGt/f{li6«o gful/s ;dfhsf] Jofks lj/f]w / k|:tfljt sfo{;"rLdfly
P]sdTo sfod x'g g;Sbf l;of6n dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng s'g} cf}krfl/s lg0f{o / 3f]if0ff
g} gu/L ;dfKt eof] . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] Oltxf;df of] ;Dd]ngnfO{ c;kmn
a}7ssf ¿kdf ;d]t lnOG5 .

!=&=$ rf}yf] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] rf}yf} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng
(–!$ gf]e]Da/, @))! df stf/sf] /fhwfgL bf]xfdf ;DkGg eof] . ;Ë7gsf] Oltxf;d}
dxŒjk"0f{ a}7ssf ¿kdf /x]sf] o; ;Dd]ngn] cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿ ljZj cy{tGqdf
;zQm ¿kdf cfa4 x'g g;ls/x]sf] k[i7e"lddf ljZjsf ul/a hgtf / d'n'snfO{ ljZj
Jofkf/sf] d"n k|jfxdf gNofO{ ljZjsf] zflGt, ;'/Iff / cfly{s ;d'Gglt ;'lglZrt ug{
sl7g kg{] s'/fnfO{ x[boËd u/L bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8f (Doha Development Agenda:
DDA) df 5nkmn cl3 a9fpg] lg0f{o u¥of] . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g :yfkgf ePkl5
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/sf ljleGg kIfdf gofF r/0fsf] klxnf] lj:t[t ;Demf}tf jftf{ z'? ug{]
pb\3f]if klg o;} ;Dd]ngn] u¥of] . h;df s[lifb]lv lnP/ ;]jf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfdf
Jofks ;'wf/ ug{] / ;Ë7gdf cfa4 ljsf;zLn tyf cNk ljsl;t b]zx¿nfO{ ljz]if
;x'lnot tyf 5"6x¿ k|bfg ug{] ;Ddsf ljifox¿ ;dflji6 5g\ . bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8f
cGtu{t d'VotM @! j6f ljifox¿ 5nkmnsf] ;"rLdf 5g\ . ;Dd]ngn] Jofkf/;Da4
af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf / ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo;DaGwL dlGq:t/Lo
3f]if0ffnfO{ kfl/t u¥of] . h;n] ubf{ ;b:o b]zsf ;/sf/x¿nfO{ cfd gful/sx¿sf]
:jf:Yo ;'ljwf lgaf{w pkef]u ug{ kfpg] g};lu{s clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{] ;Gbe{df
;fj{hlgs :jf:Yol;t ;DalGwt ljifodf cfkTsfnLg cj:yfdf ;:tf] d"Nodf h'g;'s}
d'n'saf6 cf}ifwLx¿ cfoft ug{ ;lsg] 'Parallel Import' / cfkTsfnLg cj:yfdf
s'g} k]6]G6 wf/s cf}ifwL pTkfbs sDkgLsf] :jLs[lt glnO{ klg cfˆgf] d'n'sleq

-25-
;f] cf}ifwLsf] pTkfbg ug{ s'g} sDkgLnfO{ 5"6 lbg;Sg] 'Compulsory Licensing'
h:tf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ l6«K; ;Demf}tfn] g/f]Sg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g k'Uof] .
;Dd]ngn] ;Ë7gsf] ljleGg ;Demf}tf / cg';"rLdf /x]sf k|fjwfgx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf
;b:ox¿n] ef]Ug'k/]sf sl7gfOx¿nfO{ x6fpg] ;DaGwdf klg dxŒjk"0f{ lg0f{o u/]sf]
lyof] . ;Dd]ngn] o'/f]k]nL o'lgog / clk|msf, Sof/]laog / k|zfGt If]qsf ;b:ox¿aLr
ePsf] ;fem]bf/L ;Demf}tf (EU-ACP Partnership Agreement) nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] u/L
;Demf}tf kfngfdf 5"6 lbg] lg0f{onfO{ ;d]t kfl/t u¥of] . h;n] ubf{ o'/f]k]nL ;+3sf
;b:ox¿n] tL b]zsf] pTkfbgnfO{ l8;]Da/ #!, @))& ;Dd ;f}ljWok"0f{ ahf/ kx'Fr
;'ljwf lbg] Joj:yf sfod /Xof] . ;Dd]ngn] dxŒjsf ;fy cl3 p7fPsf] bf]xf ljsf;
Ph]G8f, To;kl5sf dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng nufotsf a}7sx¿df 7"nf] ax;sf] ljifo aGb}
cfPsf 5g\ . sltko ljifodf ;xdlt eP klg s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ / k]lrnf k|Zgdf ljsl;t,
ljsf;zLn / cNk ljsl;t ;b:ox¿aLr ;xdlt x'g g;Sbf @))% sf] hgj/L ! leq
6+'UofO{ ;Sg] elgPsf] bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8f cem} kfl/t x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . Ps bzseGbf
a9L cjlw ljZj:t/df 5nkmndf /x]sf] of] Ph]G8f ljZj Jofkf/s} Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf
nfdf] ;Demf}tf jftf{sf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

!=&=% kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng M ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng
!)–!$ ;]K6]Da/, @))# df d]lS;sf]sf] Sofgs'gdf ;DkGg eof] . g]kfn / sDaf]l8ofnfO{
;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf lbg] lg0f{o o;} ;Dd]ngaf6 ePsf] lyof] . o; ;Dd]ngsf] d'Vo
p2]Zo bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fdf ePsf] k|ultsf] ;dLIff ug{] lyof] . ;Dd]ngsf] cGTodf
;b:o b]zx¿n] bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fnfO{ ;dod} 6+'Uofpg] ljifodf k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub{}
Ps jQmJo hf/L u/]sf lyP . t/ ;f] Ph]G8fcGtu{t /x]sf s]xL k]lrnf ljifo vf;u/L
s[lif ;Demf}tfdf s] s;/L cl3 a9\g] eGg] ljifodf ;b:ox¿aLr Ps dt x'g g;Sbf
of] ;Dd]ngaf6 s'g} 7f]; lg0f{o x'g ;s]g . ;fy}, ;b:ox¿ l;Ëfk'/ d'2fsf ;DaGwdf
klg s'g} lg0f{odf k'Ug ;s]gg\ .

!=&=^ 5}6f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng M ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] 5}6f}F} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng
!#–!* l8;]Da/, @))% df rLgsf] xËsËdf ;DkGg eof] . o; ;Dd]ngsf] d'Vo
p2]Zo ;g\ @))! df z'? ul/Psf] bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fnfO{ rfF8} kfl/t ug{] ;DaGwdf
;b:ox¿n] p7fPsf k|Zg / /fv]sf ;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿nfO{ ;'N6\ofpg' lyof] . o;
;Dd]ngsf] cGTodf dlGq:t/Lo 3f]if0ff hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] h;n] ! cui6, ;g\ @))$
sf] ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o -h'nfO{ Kofs]h_ nfO{ cg'df]bg u¥of] . pQm 3f]if0ffkqdf

-26-
s[lif If]q, u}/ s[lif If]q, ;]jf If]q, af}l4s ;DklQ, jftfj/0f, Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f, clt
sd ljsl;t ;b:ox¿sf] nflu ljz]if tyf km/s Jojxf/nufot @) j6feGbf a9L
ljljw ljifox¿ ;d]l6Psf lyP . ;Dd]ngn] Sofgs'g ;Dd]ngdf lg0f{o x'g g;s]sf]
l;Ëfk'/ d'2fx¿dWo] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f Pp6f d'2fnfO{ dfq ;Demf}tfdf ;dfj]z u/L
afFsL d'2fx¿nfO{ ;Demf}tfsf] ;"rLaf6 x6fO{ gofF r/0faf6 ;Demf}tf jftf{ z'? ug{] u/L
cl3 a9\g] klg lgwf] u¥of] . xËsË ;Dd]ngn] ;g\ @))^ leq} bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fnfO{
;DkGg ug{] s'/f klg to u¥of] .

;Dd]ngdf ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] s[lifhGo j:t'sf] lgof{tdf lbFb} cfPsf] cg'bfgnfO{ ;g\
@)!# ;Dd k"0f{tof x6fpg'kg{] / skf;df lbFb} cfPsf] lgof{t cg'bfgrflxF ;g\ @))^
;Dddf x6fO{ ;Sg'kg{] lg0f{o klg eof] . cNk ljsl;t /fi6«sf] skf;nfO{ ljsl;t
b]zdf eG;f/ tyf kl/df0ffTds aGb]h d'Qm ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf lbg], ;a} #@ j6} cNk
ljsl;t /fi6«sf] s[lif tyf u}/ s[lifhGo j:t'x¿df sDtLdf 6\ofl/km nfOgsf] (&
k|ltzt j:t'nfO{ ljsl;t b]zx¿sf] ahf/df eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt ahf/ kx'Frsf]
;'ljwf (Duty Free Quota Free Market Access: DFQF ) lbg], clt sd ljsl;t ;b:o
/fi6«x¿df pTkflbt j:t'x¿sf] lgof{tsf] nflu ;/nLs[t / kf/bzL{ pTklQsf] lgod
nfu" ug{] nufotsf lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngn] clt sd ljsl;t ;b:ox¿n]
af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/sf] ;Demf}tf k"0f{¿kn] sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'kg{] cjlw ;g\ @)!#
sf] h'g dlxgfsf] cGTo;Dd yk ug{] lg0f{onfO{ klg cg'df]bg u¥of] . clt sd ljsl;t
;b:o /fi6«sf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] Integrated Framework
(IF) nfO{ klg yk ;|f]t h'6fO{ Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF) sf ¿kdf k'gM
;+/rgf u/L ;zQm t'Nofpg] / o;af6 clt sd ljsl;t ;b:o b]zsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf
;'b[9Ls/0f, lgof{t lj:tf/ / lghL If]qsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg cem k|efjsf/L
sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjogdf ptfg{] lg0f{o klg ;Dd]ngn] u¥of] . o;sf ;fy} clt sd
ljsl;t ;b:ox¿sf] Jofkf/ k"jf{wf/ tyf Ifdtf clej[l4df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg Jofkf/sf]
nflu ;xof]u (Aid for Trade) nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] lg0f{o klg 5}6f}F dlGq:t/Lo
;Dd]ngaf6 eof] .

!=&=& ;ftf}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng M ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;ftf}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng
#) gf]e]Da/–@ l8;]Da/, @))( df h]g]efdf ;DkGg eof] . o; ;Dd]ng;Dd cfOk'Ubf
klg bf]xf /fp08sf] ;Demf}tf g6'lË;s]sf]n] o; ;Dd]ngdf s'g} dxŒjk"0f{ ljifodf lg0f{o
x'g] ck]Iff lyPg . kmntM o; ;Dd]ngdf d'VotM bf]xf /fp08nfO{ rfF8} ;DkGg ug{]

-27-
af/]df 5nkmn s]lGb|t ePsf] lyof] . ;fy}, ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gleqsf ljleGg kIfx¿
h:t} ljjfb ;dfwfg ;+oGq, ;lDdng k|lqmof, Jofkf/sf] nflu ljsf; / Jofkf/;Da4
k|fljlws ;xfotf cflbnfO{ s] s;/L k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn
ePsf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngsf bf}/fg Jofkf/;Da4 ljleGg ljifodf sfo{;qx¿ -jls{Ë ;];g_
rn]sf lyP .

!=&=* cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng M ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng
!%–!& l8;]Da/, @)!! df h]g]efdf ;DkGg eof] . ;f] ;Dd]ngdf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
k|0ffnLsf] dxŒj / ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g, Jofkf/ / ljsf; tyf bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8f
u/L tLgj6f ljifodf jls{Ë ;];g rn]sf lyP . ;Dd]ngn] /l;of, ;df]cf, efg'cf6' /
df]G6]lgu|f]nfO{ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf k|bfg ug{] s'/fnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf
sd ljsl;t b]zsf ;]jf Jofkf/ If]qsf ;]jf k|bfosx¿nfO{ ;f}ljWok"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{
cfufdL !% jif{;Dd 5"6 lbg] ljifodf ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf Jofkf/;Da4
af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf ljleGg kIfx¿, ljB'tLo Jofkf/, vfB
;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;Demf}tf / Jofkf/ cg'udg nufotsf ljifox¿df ;d]t
5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . o; ;Dd]ngn] bf]xf ljsf; Ph]08fnufot ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf
ljrf/fwLg cGo y'k|} d'2fx¿ (Issues) sf af/]df s'g} dxŒjk"0f{ lg0f{o lng ;s]g .
clt sd ljsl;t /fi6« (LDCs) sf] ;b:otf k|flKt k|lqmofdf ;/nLs/0f ug{] nufotsf
;fdfGo ljifodf lg0f{o lng rflxF ;Dd]ng ;kmn /Xof] .

ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] gjf}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng O08f]g]lzofsf] afnLdf ;g\ @)!# sf]
l8;]Da/sf] klxnf] xKtfdf cfof]hgf x'g] ePsf] 5 .

-28-
 kl/R5]b–@
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g cGtu{tsf k|d'v ;Demf}tfx¿
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g cGtu{tsf k|d'v ;Demf}tfx¿nfO{ d'Vo ¿kdf tLg efudf juL{{s/0f
ug{ ;lsG5 M–
-s_ j:t' Jofkf/ cGtu{tsf k|d'v ;Demf}tfx¿
-v_ ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfx¿
-u_ Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf
@=! j:t' Jofkf/ cGtu{tsf k|d'v ;Demf}tfx¿
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gcGtu{t j:t' Jofkf/sf] lgodg eG;f/ dx;'n tyf Jofkf/;DaGwL
;fdfGo ;Demf}tf, !(($ (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade : GATT, 1994) cGtu{t
x'g] u/]sf] 5 . oBlk j:t' Jofkf/nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df lgodg ug{ ;g\ !($* b]lv
g} Uof6–!($& sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] lyof] . Uof6sf] cf7f}F r/0fsf] jftf{kl5 Uof6–!($&
df cfjZos kl/zf]wg, ;+zf]wg / x]/k]m/;lxt Uof6–!(($ hf/L ul/Psf] xf] . clxn]
Uof6–!(($ cGtu{t d'VotM rf/j6f b:tfj]h ;dflji6 5g\– Uof6–!($& sf k|fjwfgx¿,
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g :yfkgf x'g'k"j{ Uof6–!($& cGtu{t sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf sfg"gL
pkfox¿;DaGwL k|fjwfg, p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df cËLsf/ ul/Psf Uof6sf ljleGg
wf/fx¿sf] JofVof;DaGwL ;dembf/Lx¿ / Uof6–!(($ ;DaGwL df/fs]z k|f]6f]sn . j:t'
Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfx¿n] j:t' Jofkf/If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ljifonfO{ ;d]6]sf
5g\ . o; cGtu{t vf;u/L eG;f/ d"NofÍg, s[lif, dfgj, kz' / jg:klt :jf:Yo,
Jofkf/sf k|fljlws cj/f]wx¿, j:q tyf kf]zfs, Jofkf/;Fu ;DalGwt nufgL pkfo,
lgsf;Lk"j{ lg/LIf0f, pTklQsf lgodx¿, cfoft Ohfhtkq;DaGwL k|lqmof, ;x'lnot
tyf sfpG6/e]lnË pkfox¿, PlG68lDkË / cGo ljleGg ;'/Iff pkfox¿;DaGwL
;Demf}tf ;dflji6 5g\ . j:t' Jofkf/;Da4 s]xL k|d'v ;Demf}tfx¿sf] ;+lIfKt rrf{ tn
ul/Psf] 5 .

@=!=! eG;f/ d"NofÍg;DaGwL ;Demf}tf ( Customs Valuation Agreement)

of] ;Demf}tf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] j:t' Jofkf/ cGtu{tsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ ;Demf}tfsf]
¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o; ;Demf}tfcg';f/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] eG;f/
dx;'nsf] dfWodaf6 dfq /fli6«o pBf]unfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ ;S5g\ . o; ;Demf}tfn]

-29-
cGo cg'bfg, ;+/If0ffTds pkfox¿ / cfoftsf] kl/df0ffTds aGb]hnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf]
5}g . t/ e'QmfgL ;Gt'ng / ljb]zL d'b|f ;l~rlth:tf ljifodf uDeL/ ;d:of pTkGg
ePdf cfly{s pkfo tyf kl/df0ffTds aGb]hnufotsf cGo pkfox¿;d]t cjnDag
ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

o;nfO{ sfg"gL ¿kdf eG;f/ dx;'n / Jofkf/;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;Demf}tf, !(($ sf] bkmf
& sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;Demf}tfsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . of] eG;f/ d"NofÍg;DaGwL ;Demf}tfn]
eG;f/ clws[tn] eG;f/ dx;'nsf] lgwf{/0f ubf{ cfoftsn] lt/]sf] jf:tljs sf/f]jf/
d"No (Transaction Value) df dfq eG;f/ nufpg' kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . o;
;Demf}tfn] eG;f/ clwsf/Lsf] eG;f/ d"NofÍgsf nflu k|of]u ug]{ :jljj]sLo clwsf/nfO{
;Lldt u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, eG;f/ d"NofÍgsf nflu ljleGg k|lqmofx¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfPsf]
5 . of] ;Demf}tfn] eG;f/ clws[tnfO{ s'g} cfoftstf{n] k|:t't u/]sf] lahs d"No lrQ
ga'em]df kof{Kt cfwf/;lxt k'gd"N{ ofÍg ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . eG;f/ clws[tn]
k'gd{N" ofÍg ubf{ s]xL lglZrt d"NofÍgsf cfwf/nfO{ cjnDag ub}{ qmdzM Ps kl5 csf]{
k|lqmofx¿ Nffu" ug'k{ g]{ sfg"gL afWotfsf] klg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

eG;f/ d"NofÍg;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf d'Vo ljz]iftfx¿ M

• of] GATT Article VII sf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjogsf] ;Demf}tf xf] .
• o;n] eG;f/ d"NofÍgdf Jofj;flos ;/ntf / ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{
k|>o lbPsf] 5 .
• d"NofÍgsf qmddf eG;f/ clws[tn] cfoftstf{;Fu k|To]s txdf ;Dks{df
/xg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
• eG;f/ clws[tsf] eG;f/ d"NofÍgsf] :jljj]sLo clwsf/nfO{ ;Lldt u/]sf] 5 .
• cfoftstf{sf] uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
• cfoftstf{nfO{ eG;f/ d"NofÍgdf lrQ ga'em]df k'g/fj]bgsf] Joj:yf 5 .

o;qmddf eG;f/ d"NofÍgsf nflu Tff]lsPsf cfwf/x¿df eG;f/ clwsf/Ln] cfoftstf{sf]

sf/f]jf/ d"NonfO{ dfGotf lbg'kg]{ jf gofF d"No lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . olb sf/f]jf/
d"NonfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yfdf qmdzM ;dfg j:t'sf] sf/f]jf/ d"No jf p:t}
k|s[ltsf] j:t'sf] sf/f]jf/ d"No jf l88lS6e d"No -To:t} k|s[ltsf] j:t'sf] :yfgLo
ahf/sf] laqmL d"Nodf gfkmf, s/, eG;f/ tyf cGo lgodcg';f/sf] b:t'/x¿nfO{ 36fO{

-30-
afFsL /xg cfpg] d"No_, jf sDKo'6]8 d"No -To:t} k|s[ltsf] j:t'sf] pTkfbgd"Nodf
gfkmf, s/, eG;f/ tyf cGo lgodcg';f/sf] b:t'/x¿nfO{ hf]8L sfod x'g cfpg] d"No_
nfO{ eG;f/ d"NofÍg lgwf{/0fsf] nflu d"No sfod ug{ ;Sb5 . olb of] cfwf/af6
klg s'g} j:t'sf] eG;f/ d"NofÍg ug{ g;lsPdf of] ;Demf}tfn] s]xL lglZrt cfwf/x¿
/ k|lqmofx¿ -kmn Aofs d]y8_ cjnDag u/L eG;f/ clws[tnfO{ ;Lldt :jljj]sLo
clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L j:t'sf] eG;f/ d"NofÍg ug{ ;lsg] 5"6 lbPsf] 5 .

@=!=@ s[lif;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Agriculture)

s[lif;DaGwL ;Demf}tf p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{sf bf}/fgdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . o; ;Demf}tfn]
s[lif If]qdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L :jR5 s[lif Jofkf/nfO{ a9fjf lbg] s'/fdf ljZjf;
/fVb5 . o; p2]Zosf nflu ;Demf}tfn] s]xL zt{ Pj+ ;Ldfx¿sf] lgwf{/0f ;d]t u/]sf] 5 .
s[lifhGo Jofkfl/s j:t'sf] eG;f/Ls/0f / s[lifdf k|bfg ul/g] cg'bfg Pj+ ;x'lnotnfO{
lgod;Ddt ¿kdf dfq k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfgx¿sf sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ s[lif Jofkf/sf]
:jR5 ljsf; x'g;Sb5 eGg] ;Demf}tfsf] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . o; ;Demf}tfn] s[lifhGo
;a} pTkfbgx¿sf] eG;f/ lgwf{/0f ug'k{ g]{ tyf cfjZos dfqfdf s[lif j:t'sf] ljsf;sf
nflu cg'bfg lbg ;lsg] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t sfod} /fv]sf] 5 . ;Demf}tfcg';f/
g]kfnh:tf] sd ljsl;t d'ns ' nfO{ o; ;Demf}tfsf sltko k|fjwfgx¿ cjnDag ug'{
cfjZos 5}g . ;Demf}tfn] s[lifdf k|of]u x'g] cg'bfgnfO{ ;/sf/n] h'g;'s} avt klg
k|bfg ug{ ;lsg], cfjZostfcg';f/ k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] / k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf cGo
d'ns' n] sf/jfxL ug{;Sg] u/L ljleGg k|sf/df juL{s/0f u/L s[lif cg'bfgnfO{ ;Gt'lnt
¿kn] k|of]u ug{ ;b:o d'ns ' x¿nfO{ lgb{l] zt u/]sf] 5 .

@=!=# dfgj, hgfj/ / jg:klt :jf:Yo pkfox¿;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Agreement on

Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures)
s'g} klg ;b:o /fi6«n] d'n'sleq cfoft÷lgof{t x'g] j:t'x¿af6 Dffgj, hgfj/ /
jg:klt :jf:Yodf k|lts"n k|efj kg]{ b]lvPdf To:tf] s'g} klg j:t'sf] cfoft jf
lgof{tdf of] ;Demf}tf cGtu{tsf k|fjwfgx¿sf] dfWodaf6 lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb5 .
of] ;Demf}tfadf]lhd lgDg cfoftsf] cj:yfnfO{ dfgj, hgfj/ / jg:klt :jf:Yodf
k|lts"n k|efj kg]{ cfoft egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 / ;Demf}tfcg';f/ k|efljt ;b:o
/fi6«n] ;Demf}tfsf] cwLgdf /xL o:tf] cfoftnfO{ k|ltaGw nufpg ;d]t ;Sb5 M–
s_ s'g} klg j:t'sf] cfoftaf6 laiffbL pTkGg ePdf jf s'g} /f]u km}ng] vt/f
ePdf .

-31-
v_ s'g} vfBj:t' ljiffbL eO{ o;af6 ;+qmd0f x'g] vt/f ePdf .
u_ s'g} hgfj/, la?jf / To;af6 ag]sf j:t'sf] cfoftaf6 /f]ux¿ km}ng;Sg] vt/f
ePdf .

o; ;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfgx¿cg';f/ ;fdfGotof cGt/f{li6«o k|rngdf /x]sf dfkb08sf

lgodx¿nfO{ g} j:t'x¿sf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfo{df k|of]u ul/g'kg]{ x'G5 . of]
ljifonfO{ Jofkf/sf nflu k|fljlws cj/f]w;DaGwL ;Demf}tfn] klg :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .
o;/L x]bf{ SPS / TBT ;Demf}tfsf aLrdf s]xL xb;Dd ;dfgtf b]lvG5, lsgls
b'j} ;Demf}tfn] lgodx¿sf] / ;fdfgsf] u'0f:t/ (Standard) sf] dfkb08df oyfzSo
Ps¿ktf sfod x'g'kg]{ ljifodf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . olt x'Fbfx'b} klg SPS / TBT aLr
lgDg ljifox¿df :ki6 ¿kdf km/s kfOG5 M—
 TBT cg';f/ Product Standard MFN cfwf/df to x'g] ub{5 t/ SPS df
o;nfO{ lje]bLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
 SPS ;Demf}tfn] ;b:o /fi6«nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/eGbf km/s u/]/ ;d]t dfkb08
lgwf{/0f ug{;Sg] 5"6 lbG5 .
 SPS ;Demf}tfn] ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ qmlds ¿kdf jf cGtl/d ¿kdf SPS
pkfo cjnDag ug]{ ;'ljwf k|bfg ub{5 .

@=!=$ sk8f / j:q;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Textiles and Clothing)

;g\ !(^) / !(&) sf] bzssf aLrdf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/sf] If]qdf sf]6f k|0ffnLn]
dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf cf]u6]sf] lyof] . of] cjlwdf d'n'sx¿aLr låkIfLo :t/df sf]6f
lgwf{/0f u/L ;f] sf] cfwf/df vf;u/L sk8f / j:qsf] Jofkf/ ;~rfng ug{] k|rng
lyof] . o:tf] Jofkf/ ax'/];f ;Demf}tf Multi-fibre Arrangement (MFA) cGtu{t /x]/
ul/GYof] . ;g\ !(($ df cfP/ of] ;Demf}tf÷Joj:yf vf/]h eof] . of] ;Demf}tf vf/]h
x'Fbfsf cj:yfdf * j6f ljsl;t cfoftstf{ d'n'sx¿ / #! j6f lgof{tstf{ ljsf;zLn
d'n'sx¿ u/L hDdf #( j6f /fi6«x¿ o; ;Demf}tfsf ;b:osf ¿kdf /x]sf lyP .
of] ;Demf}tfn] sk8f / j:qsf] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/nfO{ GATT sf] sfo{If]q eGbf aflx/
/fv]sf] lyof] . o; ;Demf}tfcGtu{t d'Votof o'/f]k]nL o'lgog, gj]{, lkmgNof08, ;+o'Qm
/fHo cd]l/sf, Sofgf8f cflb ljsl;t d'n'sx¿;Fu s/Lj () j6f låkIfLo ;Demf}tfx¿
sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf lyP . oL ;Demf}tfsf w]/}h;f] k|fjwfgx¿ cGo d'n'sx¿sf nflu
lgoGq0ffTds ¿kdf /x]sf] x'Fbf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df vf;u/L lgof{t k|j4{gsf] ;Gbe{df

-32-
lognfO{ afws ;Demf}tfsf ¿kdf lnOGYof] . To;} eP/ oL ;Demf}tfx¿nfO{ lgod;Ët
agfpg'kg]{ ljifodf Uof6sf] p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df uDeL/ ax; eO{ ;xdlt ;d]t
ePsf] lyof] .

p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{sf] kl/0flt:j¿k sk8f / j:q;DaGwL ;Demf}tfnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/

;Ë7gsf] j:t' Jofkf/ ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (GATT) cGtu{t ;d]6\g] sfo{ eof] . kmntM !
hgj/L, ;g\ !((% b]lv ;Ë7gsf] j:t' Jofkf/ cGtu{tsf] of}6f cleGg cËsf] ¿kdf
sk8f / j:q;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Textile and Clothing : ATC) /Xof] .
of] ;Demf}tfsf] d'Vo p2]Zox¿df sk8f / j:qsf] :jR5 cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ clej[l4
u/L sk8f / j:qdf nfuL cfPsf u}/ eG;f/ cj/f]w cGTo u/L ahf/ kx'Frdf ;'wf/
ug'{, af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ sk8f / j:qsf] Jofkf/nfO{ lj:tfl/t t'Nofpg' cflb
lyP . o;/L of] ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf cfPkZrft\ s'g} klg d'n'sn] sk8f tyf j:qsf]
Jofkf/df sf]6f lglZrt ug]{ sfo{ ug{ kfpFb}g . olb o:tf] sf]6f lgwf{/0f u/]sf] eP
;f] cj:yfnfO{ ;Ë7gsf] ;'/Iff;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Safeguard Agreement) n] k'i6ØfOF
ug{'kb{5 . cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/sf] If]qdf k|lt:kwL{ jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug]{ qmddf lgolGqt
/ sf]6f k|0ffnL afws ePsf] x'gfn] o;af6 sk8f / j:qsf] Jofkf/nfO{ d'Qm /fVb} :jR5
/ k|lt:kwf{Tds lsl;dn] Jofkf/ ;~rfngsf] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{] d'Vo p2]Zon] ATC
;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] xf] .

sk8f tyf j:q;DaGwL ;Demf}tfn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 lje]bLs[t
¿kdf sk8f tyf j:qsf] cfoft–lgof{t Jofkf/ ;~rfng ug{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ !) jif{sf]
;+qmd0f sfnsf] 5"6 k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . o; cg';f/ g]kfnn] klg ;g\ @))$ sf]
cGTo;Dd MFA cGtu{t pknAw sf]6f ;'ljwf / o;sf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;dosf] pkof]u
u/L ljZjsf s]xL ahf/df 7"nf] kl/df0f / d"Nodf tof/L kf]zfs;DaGwL j:t'x¿
(Garments) lgof{t u/]sf] lyof] . t/ ;g\ @))% sf] hgj/L ! b]lv MFA cGtu{t
k|fKt sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] ;dflKt ePkZrft\ g]kfnsf] ufd{]G6n] cGo b]zsf] pTkfbg;Fu
k|lt:kwf{ ug{ g;sL ufd{]G6sf] lgof{tdf 7"nf] x|f; cfof] . tTsfnLg cj:yfdf g]kfn
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf ev{/} k|j]z u/]sf] sf/0f tof/L kf]zfssf] lgof{t 36]sf]
ljifonfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf;Fu hf]8]/ ljZn]if0f ug{] sfo{ klg eof] . t/
ufd{]G6sf] lgof{tdf cfPsf] x|f; g]kfnsf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfsf] sf/0fn]
geO{ MFA sf] vf/]hL / ! hgj/L, ;g\ @))% b]lv ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] sk8f
tyf j:q;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{GjogkZrft\ sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] cGTosf] sf/0faf6

-33-
ePsf] lyof] . o; ;Demf}tfn] g]kfnh:tf clt sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf nflu s]xL k[ys\
Joj:yfx¿ u/]tf klg ;f] sf] pkof]u eg] ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .

@=!=% Jofkf/sf k|fljlws cj/f]wx¿;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Technical

Barriers to Trade : TBT)
cGt/f{li6«o:t/df k|of]u x'g] j:t'x¿sf] u'0f:t/, dfkb08 / k|of]usf af/]df o;
;Demf}tfn] JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; ;Demf}tfn] vf; u/]/ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df
pknAw j:t'x¿ pTkfbg k|ljlwsf ljljwtfsf sf/0fn] km/s–km/s k|s[lt / u'0fsf
x'g] ePsfn] cfˆgf] d'n'ssf] cfjZostfcg';f/ Go"gtd u'0f:t/ (Standard) lgwf{/0f
ug{;Sg] clwsf/ of egf}F 5"6 ;DalGwt ;b:o /fi6«nfO{ g} lbPsf] 5 . o; cg';f/
cfˆgf] cg's"nsf] gLlt lgod hf/L u/L b]zleq cfoft ul/g] j:t'x¿sf] u'0f:t/sf]
dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 / o:tf k|ljlws ljlgodx¿ ;a} ;b:o /fi6«sf nflu
afWosf/L ¿kdf nfu" x'G5g\ . o;sf ;fy} o:tf ljlgodx¿ j}1flgs tYosf] cfwf/df
;d]t lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . oL ljlgodx¿n] clt ;f}ljWo /fi6«x¿ ;/xsf] ;'ljwf
(Most Favoured Nation) / /fli6«o Jojxf/sf] (National Treatment) sf l;4fGtx¿sf]
cjnDag ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o; ;Demf}tfcg'¿k j:t'sf] dfkb08–:t/ (Standard) ;b:o
/fi6«n] P]lR5s (Voluntary) ¿kdf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . t/ o:tf] dfkb08–
:t/ lgwf{/0f P]lR5s ¿kdf ug{ ;lsg] eP tfklg j:t'sf] ljz]iftf, k|lqmof, ;Í]t /
Kofs]lhËnufotsf ljifo :ki6 / kf/bzL{ x'g'kg]{ ljifodf eg] ;Demf}tfn] hf]8 lbPsf]
5.

@=!=^ Jofkf/;Da4 nufgL pkfox¿;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Trade Related

Investment Measures : TRIMS)
;/sf/åf/f nufgL k|j4{g sfo{sf nflu nfu" ul/g] zt{ jf pkfox¿nfO{ Jofkf/;Fu
;Da4 nufgL pkfo eGg ;lsG5 . o:tf pkfox¿ s/ 5"6sf] dfWodaf6 jf ef}lts
;DklQ / cGo ;]jf ;'ljwfx¿ k|bfg ug{] h:tf sfo{x¿dfkm{t sfof{Gjogdf cfpF5g\ .
o; ;Demf}tfcg';f/ s'g} klg ;/sf/n] /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df nufgL j[l4sf
lglDt ljleGg zt{x¿ tf]Sg] jf nfu" ug{] sfo{ ug{ ;Sb5 . h:tf] ls pTkfbgdf :yfgLo
;fwgsf] clgjfo{ k|of]u, pTkflbt j:t'sf] lgof{t ug'{kg]{ afWofTds Joj:yf cflb h:tf
zt{x¿nfO{ Jofkf/;Fu ;Da4 nufgLsf pkfosf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gsf] of] ;Demf}tfn] nufgL k|j4{gsf nflu d'Votof /fli6«o Jojxf/sf] (National
Treatment) sf] cfwf/df x'g] kl/df0ffTds aGb]hsf] ;sf/fTds k|of]u cf}Bf]lus

-34-
k|j4{gsf] nflu ;xof]uL x'g;Sg] ljifodf ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . t/ s'g} klg pTkfbgsf
nflu nufgLstf{nfO{ :yfgLo ;fdfgsf] vl/b ug'{kg]{ afWotf, s'g} klg pTkfbgdf
cfofltt ;fdfg k|of]usf] ;Lldttf, pTkfbs jf nufgLstf{nfO{ ljb]zL ljlgdo kx'Frdf
;Lldttf cflb h:tf sfo{nfO{ rflxF o; ;Demf}tfn] lg?T;flxt u/]sf] 5 . oL / o:tf
cGo ;sf/fTds k|of;x¿sf] cjnDagn] nufgL cfsif{0f tyf clej[l4 eO{ d'n'ssf]
cfly{s ljsf; ;Dej x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf ;Demf}tfn] hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 .

@=!=& lgsf;Lk"j{ lg/LIf0f;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Pre-shipment

Inspection)
of] ;Demf}tfn] eG;f/ d"NofÍgdf b]vfkg]{ clws lahsLs/0f / Go"glahsLs/0fsf]
;d:ofnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ d2t ub{5 . of] ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjogsf qmddf cfoft ePsf]
j:t'sf] u'0f, d"Nosf af/]df cflwsfl/stf k|dfl0ft ug{ s'g} t];|f] kIf jf lgsfosf]
;xof]u lnOG5 . t/ To:tf] k|dfl0ft sfo{nfO{ eG;f/ clws[tn] dfGotf lbg'kb{5 eGg]
afWotf 5}g . eG;f/ clwsf/Ln] pQm k|dfl0ft d"NonfO{ cfwf/ d"Nosf] ¿kdf lng
;Sb5 t/ zÍf nfu]df eG;f/ d"NofÍgsf lglDt tf]lsPsf cfwf/x¿ k|of]u u/L k'gM
d"NofÍg k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg ;Sb5 . g]kfnn] tTsfn of] ;Demf}tfsf] cjnDag ug]{
;DaGwdf s'g} k|lta4tf hgfPsf] 5}g . t/ eljiodf o:tf] k"j{ lg/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf
yfngL ul/Pdf of] ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt zt{x¿cg'¿k g} sfo{ ug{'kg{] afWotf eg]
/x]sf] 5 .

@=!=* pTklQsf] lgodx¿;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Rules of Origin : RoO)

o; ;Demf}tfn] pTklQsf hl6n lgodx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df cj/f]w Nofpg;Sg]
x'gfn] :jR5 cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ clej[l4sf] nflu ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] :ki6 / k"jf{g'dfgof]Uo
pTklQsf] lgod lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ ljifodf hf]8 lbg'kg{] s'/fnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . k|To]s
;b:o /fi6«x¿n] kf/bzL{ / :ki6 pTklQsf lgodx¿ cjnDag ub}{ cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/
;~rfng ug'{kb{5 eGg] ljifodf of] ;Demf}tfsf] d'Vo hf]8 /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy}
pTklQsf lgodx¿sf] lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf qmddf ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] Ps cfk;df
;fdGh:o (Harmonization) / lgikIftf (Impartiality) sfod ug{] ljifonfO{ klg plQs}
k|fyldstfdf /fvL sfo{ ug{'kg{] s'/fnfO{ o; ;Demf}tfn] ;d]6]sf] 5 .

o; ;Demf}tfcg';f/ Jofkf/sf nflu pTklQsf lgodx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf hf/L

ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ P]g, lgod / kl/kqnfO{ ;d]t Rules of Origin sf] cËsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/

-35-
ul/g'kg]{ x'G5 . t/ ;f}ljWok"0f{ Jofkf/ Joj:yf (Preferential Trade Arrangement)
cGtu{t ;~rfng x'g] Jofkf/df eg] o:tf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ 5'6 lbg;lsg] Joj:yf
5 . ;Demf}tfn] pTklQsf] lgod, pTklQsf] lgod sfof{Gjogsf nflu ckgfpg'kg]{
k|lqmof, pTklQsf] lgodx¿ ;"rLs[t ug]{ tl/sf, k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf, pTklQsf
lgodx¿df Ps¿ktf sfod ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ tl/sfx¿ cflbsf] af/]df klg JofVof
u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; ;Demf}tfn] ;b:o /fi6«n] nfu" u/]sf pTklQsf lgodx¿;DaGwdf
ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] j:t' Jofkf/ kl/ifb cGtu{tsf] ;DalGwt ;ldltnfO{ ;"lrt
ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5 .

@=!=( cfoft Ohfht–kq hf/L ug]{ k|lqmof;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Import

Licensing Procedures)
cfoft Ohfht–kq hf/L ubf{ x'g] jf x'g;Sg] ;Defljt l9nf;':tL / ckf/blz{tfsf]
sf/0fn] s'g} d'n'ssf] cfoftsf] k|jfxdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ ;Sb5 . t;y{, of]
;Demf}tfn] cfoft Ohfht–kq hf/L ubf{ s'g} klg ;b:o /fi6«n] ;/ntf, kf/blz{tf
/ l56f] 5l/tf]kgfdf Wofg s]lGb|t ug'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . o; ;Demf}tfn] cfoft
Ohfht–kqnfO{ :jtM hf/L x'g] cfoft Ohfht–kq / s]xL k|lqmof k'¥ofP/ hf/L ug]{
cfoft Ohfht–kqsf] ¿kdf juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 . o:fsf ;fy} o:tf cfoft Ohfht–kq
hf/L ug]{ ;do–;Ldf ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . :jtM cfoft Ohfht–kqsf] ;Gbe{df
cfoft Ohfht–kq hf/L ug]{ clwsf/Ln] cfoftstf{n] cfj]bg lbPsf] !) lbgleq
hf/L u/L ;Sg'kg]{ x'G5 . s]xL k|lqmof k"/f u/]/ dfq hf/L x'g] Ohfht–kq ;fdfGotof
kl/df0ffTds aGb]h nufPsf] cj:yfdf hf/L ul/G5 . o:tf] Ohfht–kq hf/L ug'{kg]{
cj:yf ePdf cfj]bg cfXjfg u/L cfj]bg k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] #) lbgleq klxnf]
cfj]bgnfO{ k|fyldstf (First Come First Serve) sf] cfwf/df Ohfht–kq hf/L x'g] /
Ohfht–kq hf/L gug]{ cj:yf ePdf jf ;a} cfj]bssf] cfj]bg :jLs[t x'g] cj:yfdf
cfj]bg k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] ^) lbgleq cfb]z hf/L ul/;Sg' kb{5 . o; ;Demf}tfdf
Ohfht–kq hf/L ug]{ sfo{ljlw, k|lqmof cflb kIfdf lj:t[t / :ki6 Joj:yf ;d]l6Psf]
;Gbe{df Jojxf/df o;sf] ;xL sfof{Gjog x'g;s]df Joj;foLn] l56f], 5l/tf] / kf/bzL{
9Ën] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ .

-36-
 cfoft Ohfht–kq ;Demf}tfsf d'Vo ljz]iftfx¿
• o; ;Demf}tfn] ;b:ox¿nfO{ cfoft Ohfht–kq hf/L ug]{ k|lqmof kf/bzL{,
;/n / sd vlr{nf] agfpg] pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ug{ k|f]T;flxt ub{5 .
• ;—;fgf q'l6sf sf/0f Ohfht kq /2 x'g] k|j[lQsf] cGTo ug{ d2t
ub{5 .
• Ohfht–kq hf/L ug'{kg]{ ;dofjlwsf] lglZrttf k|bfg ub{5 .
• Ohfht–kq hf/L ug]{ lgsfo / Ohfht–kq k|fKt ug]{ cfoft–lgof{tstf{sf
clwsf/ / st{Joaf/] :ki6tf k|bfg ub{5 .

@=!=!) ;x'lnot / ;dsf/s pkfox¿;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Subsidies

and Countervailing Measures : SCM)
;/sf/n] cfˆgf gLltut cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf nflu cg'bfg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . t/
o:tf] cg'bfgaf6 pTkflbt j:t'n] ;du| ahf/df ljrng Nofpg] / cfofltt
d'n'ssf pBf]u wGbfx¿df uDeL/ xflg–gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg] sfo{ u/]df cfoftstf{
d'n'sn] To;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ cfjZos pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ljZj
Jofkf/ ;Ë7gcGtu{tsf ;Demf}tfx¿n] u/]sf 5g\ . o;nfO{ ;x'lnot tyf ;dsf/s
pkfox¿;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf ¿kdf lrlgG5 . s'g} klg d'n'snfO{ b]zleq pBf]uwGbfsf]
:yfkgf / ljsf; ug{ tyf nufgLnfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ Pj+ b'u{d :yfgx¿df pBf]u
Joj;fosf] lj:tf/ ug{ cg'bfg ;xfotf lbg'kg{] l:ylt pTkGg x'g;S5 . t/ o;nfO{
;Gt'lnt / Gofo;Ët tl/sfn] k|bfg ug{ g;lsPdf o:tf] cg'bfg jf ;x'lnot
cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/sf] lj:tf/sf] nflu k|To'Tkfbs x'g hfg] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ Jojl:yt
¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] o; ;Demf}tfn] cg'bfg÷;x'lnotsf]
;Ldf / sfo{ljlw;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . o; ;Demf}tfn] cg'bfg÷;x'lnotsf] lsl;d,
k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] ;x'lnot / k|bfg ug{ g;lsg] ;x'lnot u/L ljleGg k|sf/n]
;x'lnotx¿sf] juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ;x'lnot jf cg'bfg lbFbf ckgfpg'kg]{
k|lqmof / 5"6sf af/]df ;d]t :ki6 JofVof u/]sf] 5 .

-37-
 cg'bfg÷;x'lnot / sfp06/e]lnË pkfo;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf k|d'v ljz]iftfx¿
• o; ;Demf}tfn] cg'bflgt j:t'af6 :jb]zL pBf]unfO{ uDeL/ xflg–gf]S;fgL
x'gaf6 arfpg cg'bfg ;x'lnotsf ;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 .
• lgof{tsf nflu k|bfg ul/g] k|ToIf cg'bfg / ;x'lnotnfO{ lgif]w u/]sf]
5.
• s:tf] j:t'nfO{ cg'bflgt ePsf] cj:yf dfGg] eGg] ljifodf :ki6 kl/efiff
u/]sf] 5 / o;}sf] cfwf/df sf/jfxLsf] k|lqmofx¿ ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
5.
• ;/sf/n] cg'bfg k|fKt j:t'sf] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg tyf sf/jfxL z'?
ug{'kbf{ cjnDag ug{'kg{] k|lqmofx¿ ;DaGwdf :ki6 k|fjwfgx¿ lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] 5 .
• sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf nflu ljz]if 5"6sf] Joj:yf;d]t u/]sf] 5 .
• s'g} klg j:t' 8Dk ePsf] jf cg'bflgt eP, gePsf] ljifodf :jtGq lgsfosf]
¿kdf cg';Gwfg clwsf/LnfO{ lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
• cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf uf]Ko ;"rgfsf] ;+/If0f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;a}
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

sfpG6/e]lnË pkfo ckgfpFbf cg'dflgt cfly{s ;xof]u jf cg'bfgafkt k|bQ

;xfotf /flzeGbf a9L x'g] u/L sfpG6/e]lnË dx;'n nufpg kfOFb}g . ;Demf}tfn]
cg'bfg÷;x'lnot k|bfg u/L ;:tf] dfnj:t' cGo ahf/df lgof{t ubf{ cfoftstf{
d'n'ssf pBf]uwGbfdf uDeL/ xflg–gf]S;fgL ePsf] cj:yf 7x/ ePdf cfoftstf{
d'n'sn] cg'bfg÷;x'lnot a/fa/sf] /sd lgof{tstf{ d'n'saf6 yk cltl/Qm eG;f/
dx;'nsf ¿kdf c;'n–pk/ ug{ kfpg] nufotsf cGo sfo{jfxL ;d]t ug{ ;Sg]
Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 .
@=!=!! PG6L–8lDkË;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Anti-Dumping)

o; ;Demf}tfcg';f/ Nffut d"NoeGbf sd d"Nodf cfˆgf] d'n'sdf cfoft ePsf] j:t'sf]]

sf/0fn] :jb]zL d'n'ssf ;dfg k|s[ltsf j:t' pTkfbg ug{] pBf]u wGbfdf uDeL/
xflg­–gf]S;fgL jf vt/f pTkGg ePdf jf x'g;Sg] ;Defljt vt/f b]lvPdf P06L–
8lDkª dx;'nsf] dfWodaf6 To:tf] cfoftnfO{ lg?T;flxt ub{} :jb]zL pBf]unfO{ k'u]sf]
IfltnfO{ /f]Sg ;lsG5 . o; ;Demf}tfn] 8Dk ePsf] j:t'sf] k|s[lt, :jb]zL pBf]usf]

-38-
kl/efiff, xflg–gf]S;fgLsf] uDeL/tf, cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] Joj:yf / lg0f{o sfof{Gjog
k|lqmof nufotsf ljifodf ;d]t :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; ;Demf}tfcg';f/ s'g}
klg j:t'sf] d"No lgof{ts d'n'ssf] ahf/ d"NoeGbf sd ePdf o:tf] cj:yfsf] j:t'nfO{
8lDkË ePsf] cj:yf dfGg ;lsG5 . t;y{, o; ;Demf}tfadf]lhd ;fdfGotof j:t'
8Dk ePsf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] osLg ug]{ qmddf Tof] j:t'sf] t'ngfTds d"NofÍgnfO{ g}
d'Vo cfwf/ dflgG5 . PG6L–8lDkË dx;'n nufpFbf Margin of Dumping a/fa/ x'g
cfpg] /sdeGbf a9L x'g] u/L nufpg kfOFb}g . ;fdfGotM of] kfFr jif{;Ddsf] nflu
dfq nufpg ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 .

PG6L–8lDkË;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf d'Vo ljz]iftfx¿

• :jb]zL pBf]usf] :yfkgf / ;+/If0f ug{ d2t ub{5 .
• tYout cfwf/df cg';Gwfg u/L lg0f{o lnOg] x'Fbf s'g} klg kIfnfO{ dsf{
kg]{ ;d:of Go"g /xG5 .
• cfGtl/s / afXo¿kdf :jR5 k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf / k|j4{g
ug{ d2t ub{5 .
• Ifltk"lt{ / cGo pkfox¿sf dfWodaf6 ahf/sf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ub{5 .
• pBdL / lgof{tstf{nfO{ ;dodf ;r]t eO{ eljiodf x'g;Sg] xflg–
gf]S;fgLaf6 hf]ufpg d2t u5{ .
• lgof{tstf{ jf pTkfbsnfO{ cfˆgf] clwsf/ :yfkgfdf d2t ub{5 .

@=!=!@ ;'/Iff pkfox¿;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Safeguards)

;'/Iff pkfox¿;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf]
k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ g} xf] . o; ;Demf}tfcg';f/ s'g} lglZrt ;dofjlwleq
cgk]lIft / c:jfefljs ¿kdf 7"nf] kl/0ffddf j:t' cfoft eO{ To:tf] c:jfefljs
cfoftaf6 s'g} klg d'n'ssf] Jofkf/sf] If]qdf cfˆgf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpg]
cj:yf ;[hgf ePdf To:tf] x|f; cfpg glbg jf xflg gf]S;fgL x'g glbg ;b:o /fi6«n]
Jofkf/ ;'/Iff;DaGwL pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;Sb5 . t/ o:tf] ;+/If0f pkfo cNksfnLg
cjlwsf nflu dfq nufpg kfOg] Joj:yf ;Demf}tfn] u/]sf] 5 . of] ;Demf}tfn] ;+/If0f
pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsg] cj:yf, cjlw, cg';Gwfgsf] k|lqmof / pkrf/sf] ;d]t
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; ;Demf}tfcg';f/ ;'/Iff pkfox¿ cËLsf/ ug{'k"j{ s'g} d'n'ssf]

-39-
s'g} :jb]zL j:t'sf] pTkfbgsf] cj:yf / To:t} j:t'sf] cGo d'n'saf6 ePsf] j:t'sf]
cfoftaLr t'ngf ul/G5 . o;/L t'ngf ubf{ olb To:tf] s'g} j:t'sf] cfoft cTolws
j[l4 eO{ ;f]sf] sf/0fn] :jb]zL pBf]unfO{ uDeL/ xflg–gf]S;fgL k'u]df jf k'Ug] cfzÍf
ePsf] cg';Gwfgaf6 k'li6 ePdf ;+/If0f;DaGwL pkfo cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf
;+/If0f pkfox¿ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] tf]s]adf]lhdsf cltl/Qm eG;f/ dx;'n nufP/
jf j:t'sf] cfoftdf kl/df0ffTds aGb]h nfu" u/]/ sfof{Gjogdf NofOG5g\ .

;'/Iffpkfox¿;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf d'Vo ljz]iftfx¿

• o; ;Demf}tfn] :jb]zL pBf]usf] ljsf; / k|f]T;fxgsf nflu ;b:o b]zx¿n] s]
s:tf] cj:yfdf ;+/If0f pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{;S5g\, tL cj:yfx¿ ;DaGwdf
:ki6tf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
• of] ;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfgx¿sf] ;sf/fTds k|of]u ul/g' kb{5 . d'n'ssf] k|lt:kwf{Tds
Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{df afx]s cGoq o;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsFb}g .
• ;'/Iff pkfox¿ cNksfnsf nflu dfq nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 .
• ;Demf}tfcg';f/sf pkfox¿ ;fdfGotof ljgf lje]b (Non Discriminatory) nfu"
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . t/ ljz]if cj:yfdf o;nfO{ lje]bLs/0fsf] ¿kdf klg nfu" ug{
;lsG5 .
• of] ;Demf}tf nfu" ug]{ qmddf sd ljsl;t÷ljsf;zLn d'n'ssf] nflu ljz]if
5"6sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
• o; ;Demf}tfn] ;b:o /fi6«sf] cfly{s ;'/Iff;DaGwL sfg"gL clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt
u/]sf] 5 .

@=@ ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (General Agreement on Trade in Services :

GATS, 1994)
;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (GATS), j:t' Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (GATT) sf]
t'ngfdf lgtfGt gf}nf] xf] . p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df cfP/ dfq klxnf]kN6 ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLcGtu{t ;]jf Jofkf/nfO{ klg ;dfj]z ug{] ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] . p?Uj]
r/0fsf] jftf{k"j{ ;]jf Jofkf/nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df Jojl:yt / lgoldt ug]{ s'g}
;Demf}tf cfwf/ Pj+ ;+oGq lyPg . To; lx;fan] ;]jfsf] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/nfO{ ;d]6\g]
o; k|sf/sf] of] klxnf] / Psdfq ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tf xf] eGg ;lsG5 . ljsl;t /
ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j} b]zdf cfDbfgL tyf /f]huf/L ;[hgfsf] b[li6n] ;]jf Jofkf/ lbgfg'lbg

-40-
dxŒjk"0f{ If]q aGb} uPsf] / b]zleq dfq geO{ cGtb{]zLo ¿kdf ;d]t ;]jfsf] Jofkf/
-cfbfg–k|bfg_ a9\b} uPsf] kl/k|]Iodf o;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o:t/df lgoldt / Jojl:yt
ug{ s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ / ;+oGq rflxG5 eGg] lx;fan] ;]jf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfnfO{
sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] xf] . oBlk ;]jf Jofkf/sf] ;a} ljifodf ;Demf}tf eO;s]sf] 5}g .
;]jf Jofkf/sf] If]qnfO{ qmdzM yk pbf/Ls[t (Progressive Liberalization) ub{} hfg]
;Gbe{df p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df ;xdlt x'g afFsL ljifonfO{ Inbuilt Agenda sf ¿kdf
kl5Nnf r/0fsf ;Demf}tf jftf{df ;dfj]z ug{] eGg] ;dembf/Lcg';f/ xfn bf]xf ljsf;
Ph]G8fcGtu{t ;]jf Jofkf/ ljifo klg ;dfj]z eO{ 5nkmnsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 .

p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{sf] ;kmn kl/0flt:j¿k ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gleq ;]jf Jofkf/ Ps
5'§} t/ cleGg ;Demf}tfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt eof] . o; ;Demf}tfcg';f/ j:t' Jofkf/df
h:t} ;]jf Jofkf/sf] d'Vo p2]Zo klg ;]jf Jofkf/sf] dfWodaf6 ;b:o b]zx¿sf] cfly{s
j[l4df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' xf] . ;Ë7gsf] ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfn] ;]jf Jofkf/nfO{
lglZrt ¿kdf kl/eflift gu/] klg ;fdfGotM c:k[Zo (Intangible), cb[Zo (Invisible)
/ ;~ro ug{ g;lsg] (Non-Storable) ;a} k|sf/sf] Jofkfl/s / pkef]Uo ;]jfnfO{ ;]jf
Jofkf/sf] ¿kdf a'em\ g] ul/Psf] 5 . ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePcg';f/
…;]jfÚ eGgfn] ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, ljt/0f, k|rf/k|;f/, laqmL / x:tfGt/0f;Ddsf ;a}
sf/f]af/nfO{ hgfpFb5 . t/ o;cGtu{t b'O{ lsl;dsf ;]jfx¿rflxF ;d]l6b}gg\ . ltgdf
klxnf] xf]– ;/sf/ / ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] clVtof/Lleq /xL k|jfx ul/g] ;]jfx¿ hf]
Jofkfl/s ¿kdf tyf c¿ ;]jf k|bfosx¿l;t k|lt:kwf{ ug{] lx;fan] k|jfx ul/Fbg} g\ h:t}
ljB't\ cfk"lt{, vfg]kfgL ljt/0f ;]jf cflb . bf];f| ] xf]– Po/6«flkms clwsf/ / o;;DaGwL
;]jfx¿ . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf j:t' Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df eG;f/ dx;'nsf] dfWodaf6
;b:o /fi6«n] k|lta4tf JoQm ug{k' g]{ x'G5 eg] ;]jf Jofkf/sf] xsdf rflxF k|lta4tfsf]
tflnsf (Schedule of Commitment) dfkm{t ;b:o b]zn] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ug{k' g{] Joj:yf
5 . ;]jf Jofkf/sf] cjwf/0ff lgtfGt gf}nf] k|sl[ tsf] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ j}bl] zs Jofkf/sf]
nflu v'nf ubf{ o;n] b]zsf] cy{tGqdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg{;S5 ls eGg] cfzÍf p?Uj]
r/0fsf] jftf{df ;+nUg sltko ;b:ox¿n] JoQm u/]sf lyP . To;}n] ;]jf Jofkf/nfO{
j:t' Jofkf/h:tf] k"0f{ v'nf g5f]8/] s]xL zt{;lxt v'nf ug{] ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] . ;fy},
;]jf Jofkf/nfO{ 3/]n' -cfGtl/s_ lgodx¿af6 lgodg ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg o;;DaGwL
;Demf}tfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . ;Ë7gdf k|:t't ul/Psf] k|lta4tf tflnsfdf ljb]zL
nufgLsf nflu v'nf ug{] egL pNn]v ul/Psf] ;]jf If]q, pkIf]qdWo] ahf/ kx'r F /
/fli6«o Jojxf/ d'VotM oL b'O{ zLif{s cGtu{t plNnlvt cfwf/ / ljleGg zt{x¿sf]

-41-
cwLgdf /xL ljb]zL nufgLstf{x¿n] ;DalGwt b]zdf ;]jf Jofkf/ ;~rfng ug{ ;S5g\ .
;DalGwt ;b:o b]zn] klg o;} k|lta4tf–tflnsfsf] cfwf/df ;]jf If]qsf] pbf/Ls/0fsf
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ub{5g\ . ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfcg';f/ ;fdfGotof s'g} klg
;b:o /fi6«n] lgDg ljifox¿df k|lta4tf hgfpg' kb{5 .
 clt ;f}ljWo d'n'ssf] Jojxf/;DaGwL ;'ljwf (MFN) k|bfg ug]{ ljifodf .
 gLlt lgodx¿sf] kf/bl{z{tfsf] ljifodf .
 k|lt:kwf{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg gug]{ gLlt lgodnfO{ lg?T;fxg jf lgoGq0f ug]{
ljifodf .
 ;]jf Jofkf/ ;~rfngdf e]befj/lxt Jojxf/sf] gLltnfO{ k|fT] ;fxg ug]{ ljifodf .

;]jf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfn] klg j:t' Jofkf/sf xsdf nfu" x'g] clt ;f}ljWo k|fKt d'n'ssf]
;'ljwf, /fli6«o Jojxf/, kf/blz{tf cflb ;Ë7gsf w]/}h;f] l;4fGtnfO{ h:tft:t}
cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . t/ ;]jf Jofkf/ ljleGg dfWodn] x'g] ePsf]n] ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL
;Demf}tfn] j:t' Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf] t'ngfdf lj:t[t sfo{If]qnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 .
vf;u/L j:t' Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfn] Jofkfl/s sf/f]jf/df k|of]u x'g] j:t' (Product) nfO{
k|efljt ug{] pkfox¿nfO{ dfq ;d]6]sf] 5 eg] ;]jf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfn] Jofkf/ ul/g]
;]jf (Product), ;]jf cfk"lt{stf{ -pTkfbs_ / ljt/s;d]tnfO{ k|efljt ug{] pkfox¿nfO{
;Demf}tfsf] bfo/fleq ;d]6]sf] 5 .

;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfn] g t ;]jf Jofkf/nfO{ g t o; cGtu{tsf If]q, pkIf]qnfO{

g} ls6fgL;fy kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ . ;fdfGotM ;]jf Jofkf/sf If]qdf ;b:o/fi6«x¿n]
k|lta4tf JoQm ubf{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ljsf; u/]sf] Central Product Classification
System df cfwfl/t eP/ ug{] k|rng 5 . tbg'¿k ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gcGtu{t ;]jf
Jofkf/sf] If]qdf ;b:ox¿n] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ubf{ b]xfosf !@ j6f d'Vo zLif{sleq /xL
k|lta4tf JoQm ug{'kg{] Joj:yf 5 . oL !@ j6f ;]jf If]qcGtu{t klg ljleGg zLif{sdf
u/L sl/a !^) eGbf a9L pkIf]qx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . ;Demf}tfn] ;d]6]sf !@ d'Vo ;]jf
If]qx¿ x'g\ M
!= k]zfut÷Jofj;flos ;]jf
@= ;~rf/ ;]jf
#= lgdf{0f tyf lgdf{0f;DaGwL OlGhlgol/Ë ;]jf
$= ljt/0f ;]jf

-42-
 %= z}lIfs ;]jf
^= jftfj/0f;DaGwL ;]jf
&= ljQLo ;]jf -aLdf / a}lÍË_
*= :jf:Yo;DaGwL / ;fdflhs ;]jf
(= ko{6g / e|d0f;DaGwL ;]jf
!)= dgf]/~hgfTds, ;f+:s[lts / v]ns"b;DaGwL ;]jf
!!= kl/jxg÷oftfoft ;]jf, /
!@= cGo ;]jfx¿ .

j:t' Jofkf/h:tf] ;]jfsf] Jofkf/ k|ToIf ¿kdf gx'g] ePsf] / sltko cj:yfdf ck|ToIf
/ cb[Zo ¿kaf6 klg Jofkf/ ;~rfng x'g] ePsfn] o; ;Demf}tfn] ;]jf Jofkf/
;~rfngsf nflu ljleGg t/Lsf (Modes) ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . o; ;Demf}tfn] ;]jf
Jofkf/ ;~rfngsf nflu b]xfoadf]lhdsf $ j6f tl/sfx¿ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 M
df]8–! M o; tl/sf cGtu{t ;]jfu|fxL / ;]jf k|bfosn]] cfˆgf] b]zsf] ef}uf]lns ;Ldf
ggfl3sg g} ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 Pscfk;df ;]jfsf] sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng ub{5g\ .
o;nfO{ Cross Border Supply elgG5 . h:tf]– b"/ lzIff, b"/ lrlsT;f -s'g} b]zsf]
la/fdLn] OG6/g]6sf] dfWodn] aflx/L b]zsf] lrlsT;s;Fu k/fdz{ ;]jf lng]_, cGt/f{li6«o
kmf]g ;]jf cflb .
df]8–@ M o; cGtu{t pkef]Qmf cfkm}F ;]jf k|bfos csf{] b]zdf uP/ ;]jf lng] sfo{
ub{5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ Consumption Abroad elgG5 . o; k|lqmofdf ;]jfu|fxL ;]jf
k|bfos;dIf pkl:yt x'G5 . h:tf]– pRr lzIff cfh{gsf nflu s'g} g]kfnL gful/s
ljb]zL ljZjljBfnodf k9\g hfg], cf}ifwf]krf/sf nflu s'g} b]zsf] la/fdL csf{]
b]zdf hfg], s'g} Ps b]zsf] ko{6s csf{] b]zdf e|d0fdf hfg] cflb .
df]8–# M o; cGtu{t s'g} klg /fi6«n] cfˆgf] Jofj;flos sfof{no jf
sDkgLsf] k|ltlglwnfO{ ;]jf cfk"lt{ ug{] d'n'sdf :yfkgf u/L ;]jfsf]
sf/f]jf/ ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{ ;d]l6G5 . o;nfO{ Commercial Presence klg
elgG5 . h:tf]– s'g} ljb]zL a}Ín] g]kfndf zfvf vf]nL a}lÍË ;]jf k|bfg ug{]
sfo{, s'g} pBf]udf ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] ug]{ k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL cflb .
df]8–$ M s'g} Pp6f b]zsf] JolQm csf{] b]zdf uO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ o; cGtu{t
;d]l6G5 . o;df Pp6f b]zsf] gful/s csf{] b]zdf :jo+ pkl:yt eO{ ;]jf k|bfg
ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . o;nfO{ k|fs[lts dflg;sf] ultzLntf (Movement of Natural

-43-
 Person) elgG5 . h:tf]– c:yfoL ¿kdf g]kfnL ljz]if1x¿ cGo d'n'sdf uP/ ;]jf
k|bfg ug{] sfo{ -j}b]lzs /f]huf/_, ljb]zL ljz]if1x¿ g]kfndf cfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{]
cflb . o; cGtu{t cbIf / cJofj;flos (Non-Professional) JolQmx¿af6 ul/g]
;]jfsfo{ rflxF ;d]l6b}g .

ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;]jf If]qsf] k|rlnt ;Demf}tf jftf{df of] ljifo cem} klg
ljjfbf:kb ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . jftf{sf] qmddf o;nfO{ s;/L lgis{ifdf k'¥ofpg]
eGg] ljifodf cem} ax; hf/L 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] cf7fF} dlGq:t/Lo
a}7sn] ljsl;t tyf ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿n] g]kfnh:tf sd ljsl;t d'n's;Fu
;]jf Jofkf/ ;~rfng ubf{ ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL k|rlnt Uof6\; ;Demf}tfsf] bf];|f]
l;4fGt– clt ;f}ljWo k|fKt d'n'ssf] ;'ljwf (MFN) l;4fGtnfO{ cfufdL !% -kGw|_
jif{;Dd lje]b u/L ug{;Sg] clwsf/ -5"6_ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;sf/fTds
pknlAwsf ¿kdf lng ;lsg] eP tfklg g]kfnh:tf cNkljsl;t d'n'sn] ;]jf
Jofkf/cGtu{tsf] o:tf] 5"6af6 s;/L clwstd kmfObf lng ;S5g\ eGg]] ljifodf
yk cWoog, cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

@=# Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf (Agreement on Trade

Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights : TRIPS)
@=#=! Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/
Jofkf/df af}l4s l;h{gf / 1fgsf] dxŒjnfO{ pRr d"NofÍg ub{} p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{n]
af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] If]qnfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL cGtu{t ;d]6\g] lg0f{o
u/]sf] lyof] . o; cGtu{t d'VotM k|ltlnlk clwsf/;DaGwL clwsf/ / cf}Bf]lus
;DklQ;DaGwL clwsf/ u/L d'VotM b'O{j6f If]q 5g\ . logdf k|ltlnlk clwsf/–
;flxlTos, j}1flgs / snfTds s[ltx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{] s'/fl;t ;DalGwt
5 . cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ;DaGwL clwsf/ cf}Bf]lus cfljisf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g
ug{] s'/fl;t ;DalGwt 5 . o; cGtu{t vf;u/L k]6]G6, cf}Bf]lus l8hfOg, 6«]8dfs{,
Jofkf/sf] uf]Kotf, PsLs[t ;ls{6sf] gd"gfh:tf ljwf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . clxn] h}ljs ;|f]t
(Genetic Resourcs) tyf k/Dk/fut 1fg (Traditional Knowledge) nfO{ ;d]t af}l4s
;DklQsf] bfo/fleq ;d]6\g] k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 . af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL
;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf cfpg' k5fl8sf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] gofF–gofF cfljisf/ /
l;h{gfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub{} ;h{ssf] cfljisf/nfO{ lglZrt cjlw;Dd ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f
k|bfg ug{' xf] .

-44-
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfn]
cGt/f{li6«o :t/df af}l4s ;DklQsf] If]qdf k|rlnt d'Vo–d'Vo ;lGw–;Demf}tfnfO{ ;d]6\g]
k|of; u/]sf] 5 . o; ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] cfˆgf] d'n'sleqsf]
af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f k|efjsf/L 9Ën] ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] ljZjf; /x]sf] 5 . cfhef]ln
o; ;Demf}tfnfO{ Joj;fo ;'?jft ug]{ Pp6f k"jf{wf/sf] ¿kdf ;d]t lnPsf] kfOG5 .
o; ;Demf}tfnfO{ d'Vo ¿kdf kfFr efudf ljeflht u/]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 .
!= klxnf], o; ;Demf}tfn] ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] of] ;Demf}tf nfu" ubf{ jf af}l4s
;DklQ;DaGwL lgod sfg"g lgdf{0f ubf{ /fli6«o Jojxf/ (National Treatment)
/ clt ;f}ljWo k|fKt d'n's ;/xsf] ;'ljwf (Most Favoured Nation Treatment)
sf] l;4fGt cjnDag ug'{kg]{ Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 .
@= bf];|f], af}l4s ;DklQsf] Go"gtd ;+/If0f, ;dofjlw / c:j:y k|lt:kwf{Tds
jftfj/0fsf] cGTo ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljleGGf dxŒjk"0f{ k|fjwfgx¿sf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5.
#= t];|f], ;Demf}tfn] lgolGqt Joj;foåf/f Jofkf/ lgoGq0f ug{] k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt
ug]{ k|fjwfg ;d]6]sf] 5 .
$= rf}yf], ;Demf}tfn] ;b:o /fi6«sf] ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog ug{] lgsfosf] af/]df :ki6
sfo{ ljefhg x'g'kg]{ ljifodf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
%= kfFrf}, o; ;Demf}tfn] ;Demf}tf nfu" ug{sf nflu ljsf;zLn / sd ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿sf nflu ;+qmd0f sfn (Transitional Period) sf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/]sf]
5.

@=#=@ af}l4s ;DklQsf] juL{s/0f / ;+/If0f cjlw

o; ;Demf}tfn] lgDg ljifox¿nfO{ Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/L
ltgsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu s]xL afWofTds Joj:yfx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}
;Demf}tfn] af}l4s ;DklQ;DaGwL clwsf/ sfod /xg]] Go"gtd cjlw ;d]t lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] 5 .
s_ k]6]G6 (Patent) — cfj]bg btf{ u/]sf] ldltaf6 Go"gtd @) jif{ .
v_ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ (Copy Rights) / ;f] ;DaGwL clwsf/ — ;h{ssf] hLjgko{Gt
/ d[To'ePkl5 %) jif{;Dd .
u_ Jofkf/ lrXg (Trade Marks) — k|yd k6s & jif{ k'gM gjLs/0f ug{
;lsg] .

-45-
 3_ n]cfp6 l8hfOg / OlG6u|]6]8 ;ls{6 (Layout Design and Integrated Circuit)–
btf{ ePsf] ldltn] !) jif{ .
ª_ uf]Ko ;"rgfx¿ (Trade Secrets)
r_ ef}uf]lns ;Í]tx¿ (Geographical Indication)

@=#=# Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf d'Vo ljz]iftf /

kmfObfx¿ M
• l56f] 5l/tf] Gofo k|flKtsf] nflu jf af}l4s ;DklQsf] b'¿kof]usf] /f]syfdsf]
nflu b]jfgL cbfntaf6 d'2f x]l/g] Joj:yf .
• 7"nf] dfqfdf af}l4s ;DklQsf] b'¿kof]u u/]df kmf}hbf/L GofocGtu{t sfo{jfxL
ug{ ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ k|]l/t ug]{ Joj:yf .
• sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf nflu ljz]if 5"6sf Joj:yfx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf] .
• ;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfgx¿n] ljsl;t d'n'saf6 sd ljsl;t d'n'sdf k|ljlw
x:tfGt/0f x'g;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt t'NofPsf] .
• gSsnL / rf]/Lsf ;fdfgx¿sf] Jofkf/df lgoGq0f x'g] / :jb]zL ;h{sx¿;d]t
k|f]T;flxt x'g] k|fjwfgx¿ /x]sf] .
• af}l4s ;DklQsf] juL{s/0f / clwsf/ sfod /xg] Go"gtd cjlw lgwf{/0fsf
sf/0faf6 ;[hgzLntfsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug] .
• ljb]zL k|ljlw / ;Lksf] x:tfGt/0fsf nflu ;b:o /fi6«x¿aLr ;xsfo{nfO{
k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] .

-46-
 kl/R5]b–#
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf g]kfnsf] cfa4tf
#=! tTsfnLg Uof6df ;b:otfsf] nflu kxn
g]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ffadf]lhd cl3 a9fpg] p2]Zon]
;g\ !(*) sf] dWob]lv cfly{s ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ qmdzM sfof{Gjogdf NofOP . o;
qmddf aGb / lgof]lht cj:yfdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ ljZj cy{tGq;Fu cfa4
ug{] ;Gbe{df Tolta]nf j:t'sf] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/nfO{ lgodg ug{] Ps dfq ;Demf}tf
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) sf] kIf aGg' pko'Qm x'g] ;f]r
k|f/lDes r/0fsf] 5nkmndf /x]sf] lyof] . o;} aLrdf lj=;+= @)$% ;fndf g]kfnn]
Uof6sf] ;b:otfaf6 cGo cfly{s kmfObfx¿sf] cltl/Qm Uof6sf] wf/f % df Joj:yf
ePadf]lhd kf/jxg ;'ljwf pkof]usf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu alnof] cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL
clwsf/ k|fKt x'g;Sg] s'/fnfO{ dgg u/L Uof6sf] ;b:otf lng] ljifonfO{ ljz]if
tTk/tf;fy cl3 a9fpg] lg0f{o lnof] . tbg';f/ tTsfnLg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)$^
j}zfv @! sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ To;a]nfsf] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/nfO{ lgodg ug{] Ps dfq
cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf GATT-1947 sf] ;b:o aGg g]kfnn] !^ d] ;g\ !(*( df ljlwjt\
cfj]bg u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] cfj]bgnfO{ ;g\ !(*( sf] h"gdf ePsf] Uof6sf] a}7sn]
cg'df]bg ub{} Uof6–!($& sf] wf/f ## adf]lhd g]kfnnfO{ ;b:otf lbg] ;DaGwdf
5fgaLg u/L l;kmfl/z;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ Ps sfo{bn (Working Party) u7g
u¥of] . ;b:o aGg rfxg] b]zn] cfˆgf] b]zsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/If]qsf] ;du| ljj/0f Uof6
;lrjfnodf k]z ug{'kg{] lgod adf]lhd g]kfnn] @^ km/j/L !(() df j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf]
lj:t[t b:tfj]h (Memorandum of Foreign Trade Regime: MoFTR) ;lrjfnodf
k]z u¥of] . o; pk/ Uof6sf ;b:o b]zx¿n] p7fPsf k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm g]kfnn] !(
gf]e]Da/, !(() df Uof6 ;lrjfnodf k7fof] . o; qmddf ;lrjfnon] !% h'g, !((@
df g]kfnnfO{ Uof6sf] ko{j]Ifssf] x}l;ot k|bfg u¥of] . o;a]nf p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{
rln/x]sf] / Uof6 lgs6 eljiod} ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf kl/0ft x'g] l:yltdf /x]sf]n]
Uof6eGbf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gs} ;b:o aGg' dgfl;j x'g] ;dembf/L ag]cg';f/ g]kfnn]
kl5Nnf lbgx¿df Uof6sf] ;b:otfsf] nflu vf;} kxn u/]g .
#=@ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf ;b:otfsf] nflu cfj]bg / ;lDdng
o;}aLr ! hgj/L, ;g\ !((% df ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g (WTO) :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf
cfPkl5 tTsfnLg g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)%#.(.!% sf] lg0f{ofg';f/

-47-
;}4flGts :jLs[lt k|fKt ePcg';f/ g]kfnn] % l8;]Da/, !((% df ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfsf
nflu ljlwjt\ cfj]bg u¥of] . cfj]bg kZrft\ g]kfnnfO{ ko{j]Ifssf] x}l;ot k|fKt
eof] . g]kfnn] tTsfnLg Uof6sf] ;b:otf k|flKtsf nflu lbPsf] cfj]bgpk/ 5fgljg
ug{ ul7t ;flassf] sfo{bnnnfO{ g} g]kfnsf] cg'/f]wadf]lhd ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf]
;b:otf;DaGwL ljifodf 5fgaLg u/L ;'emfj k]z ug{ tf]lsof] . ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfsf
nflu lgwf{l/t k|lqmofadf]lhd g]kfnn] ;g\ !((* sf] cui6 !) df b]zsf] j}b]lzs
Jofkf/;DaGwL lj:t[t b:tfj]h Memorandum of Foreign Trade Regime (MoFTR)
;Ë7gsf] ;lrjfnodf k]z u¥of] .

;f] b:tfj]hdf g]kfnn] cjnDag u/]sf cfly{s gLltx¿sf ;fy} j}bl] zs Jofkf/;DaGwdf
k|rlnt k|lqmof, lgod Pj+ ;+:yfut Joj:yfsf ljljw kIfx¿ ;d]l6Psf] lyof] . ;f]
b:tfj]h ;lrjfnon] k|ltlqmof tyf hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;a} ;b:onfO{ k7fof] . To; pk/
ljleGg ;b:o /fi6«n] sl/a #^$ j6f k|Zg÷lh1f;fx¿ p7fPsf lyP . ltgsf] lnlvt
hjfkmsf cltl/Qm ;lrjfnon] dfu u/]sf cGo ljj/0f tyf b:tfj]hx¿ klg ;dod}
;lrjfnodf k7fOPsf] lyof] .
g]kfnn] k]z u/]sf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] lj:t[t l:yltkq / cGo sfg"gL tyf k|zf;lgs
b:tfj]hdf cfwfl/t eP/ låkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo :t/df jftf{ tyf ;Demf}tf k|f/De eof] .
o; qmddf g]kfnl;t Jofkf/ ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ef/t, rLg, ci6«]lnof, ;+o'Qm/fHo cd]l/sf,
hfkfg, o'/f]k]nL o'lgog nufotsf ;b:ox¿l;t 5'§f5'§} tyf ;+o'Qm ¿kdf klg ljleGg
r/0fdf j:t' Jofkf/, ;]jf Jofkf/ / Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwdf
g]kfnsf] k|lta4tfaf/] ;Demf}tf jftf{ ;DkGg eof] . o; qmddf kfFr r/0fdf ljleGg
Jofkfl/s ;fem]bf/ /fi6««;Fu lj:t[t ;Demf}tf jftf{ ePsf] lyof] . o;} ;Gbe{df g]kfnn]
klxnf]kN6 ;g\ @))) sf] h'nfO{df c¿ ;b:ox¿nfO{ j:t' tyf ;]jf Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df
pknAw u/fpg] eG;f/ ;x'lnotsf] ;"rL tyf ;]jfJofkf/ ;DaGwL k|lta4tfx¿sf] ;"rL
-k|f/lDes_ ;lrjfnodf k]z u/]sf] lyof] . o;;DaGwdf sfo{bn (Working Party) sf]
a}7s nufot låkIfLo :t/df klg lj:t[t 5nkmn eof] . g]kfnl;t Jofkf/ ;/f]sf/
/fVg] ;b:ox¿l;tsf] jftf{ tyf 5nkmnkl5 g]kfnn] z'?df k]z u/]sf] eG;f/ dx;'n
tyf ;]jf;DaGwL k|lta4tfx¿sf] ;+zf]lwt ;"rL ;g\\ @))@ sf] d] dlxgfdf ;lrjfnodf
k|:t't u¥of] . ;fy}, ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] k|fjwfgcg's"n agfpg gofF agfpg'kg{]
tyf ;+zf]wg ug{'kg{] gLlt, P]g, lgodfjnL nufotsf ;du| sfg"gL ;'wf/sf] lj:t[t
sfo{of]hgf (Legislative Action Plan) klg s'g ;doleq ul/;Sg] xf] ;f];d]t v'nfO{
k]z ul/of] . g]kfnn] k]z u/]sf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] l:yltkq tyf eG;f/ dx;'n Pj+

-48-
;]jf;DaGwL k|:tfj nufotsf ljifodf sfo{bnsf] a}7sdf ljleGg k6s 5nkmn eof] .
o; qmddf sfo{bnsf] a}7s cf}krfl/s ¿kdf @@ d] @))), !@ ;]K6]Da/ @))@ /
!% cui6 @))# df u/L tLg k6s a;]sf] lyof] . logdf sfo{bnsf] clGtd tyf t];|f]
a}7sn] g]kfnsf] ;b:otf zt{ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lyof] . sfo{bnsf] cWoIf z'?df ljZj
Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf nflu Go"lhNof08sf dxfdlxd /fhb"t Mr. Rogger Farrell / kl5
l:j6h/Nof08sf dxfdlxd /fhb"t Mr. P.L Girard tf]lsg' ePsf] lyof] .

o;/L låkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo :t/df ePsf jftf{df ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ ;Gt'i6 t'NofpFb}
tyf ;b:ox¿n] /fv]sf] lh1f;fnfO{ :ki6 ub{} g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf ;lDdngsf]
af6f]nfO{ lg/Gt/ km/flsnf] agfpFb} nUof] . cGttM ;DalGwt ;a} kIfnfO{ cfZj:t t'Nofpg
;kmn ePkl5 sfo{bnsf] t];f| ] a}7sn] g]kfnsf] ;b:otfnfO{ cl3 a9fpg pko'Qm x'g]
l;kmfl/z;fy ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\df @* cui6 @))# df cfˆgf] k|ltj]bg k]z u¥of] . To;
nuQ} d]lS;sf]sf] Sofgs'g (Cancun) df ePsf] ;Ë7gsf] kfFrf}+ dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] !!
;]K6]Da/, @))# sf lbg g]kfn / sDaf]l8ofnfO{ ;b:otf k|bfg ug{] lg0f{o u¥of] .

ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf g]kfnsf] ;lDdng (Accession) ;DaGwL k|f]6f]snnfO{ ;DalGwt

b]zsf] ;+;b\af6 cg'df]bg u/fpg'kg{] k|fjwfgcg';f/ g]kfnn] #! dfr{, @))$ leq
;f] cg'df]bg ug{'kg{] l:ylt lyof] . ;f] a]nf ;+;b\ gePsf]n] g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$&
nfO{ cWofb]zdfkm{t ;+zf]wg u/L ;f] P]gdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf /fi6«fWoIfsf]
:jLs[ltn] ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tf cGtu{t :yflkt s'g} klg cGt/f{li6«o ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o
aGg;Sg] k|fjwfg ;dfj]z ul/of] . tbg';f/ dlGqkl/ifb\n] ldlt @)^) r}q !) ut]
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf g]kfnsf] ;lDdng;DaGwL k|f]6f]sn :jLs[t ug{ /fi6«WoIf;dIf
l;kmfl/z u/]sf]df :jLs[lt k|fKt ePcg';f/ @# dfr{, @))$ df k|f]6f]snnfO{ g]kfn
;/sf/n] :jLs[t u/L @$ dfr{, @))$ sf lbg o;sf] hfgsf/L ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf]
;lrjfnodf k7fof] . cGttM ;f]sf] Ps dlxgfkl5 @# clk|n, @))$ -@)^! j}zfv
!!_ df g]kfn !$& cf}F ;b:osf ¿kdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf ljlwjt\ cfa4 eof] .
o;/L tTsfnLg Uof6s} ;dob]lv z'? ul/Psf] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] ;b:otf lng]
g]kfnsf] k|of; cGttM !$ jif{kl5 ;kmn eof] . jftf{sf] k|lqmofaf6 ;Ë7gdf ;lDdng
x'g] g]kfn klxnf] cNkljsl;t /fi6« eof] . oBlk o;k"j{ @@ cGo /fi6«n] ;lDdngsf]
k|lqmofn] ;b:otf lnO;s]sf lyP . t/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g :yfkgf ePkl5 cNk
ljsl;t /fi6«sf] x}l;otdf ;Ë7gdf k|j]z ug{] klxnf] cNkljsl;t /fi6«rflxF g]kfn aGg
k'Uof] . ;lDdngsf] k|lqmof hl6n / r'gf}tLk"0f{ eP klg /fli6«o lxtnfO{ pRr Wofgdf

-49-
/fvL ;b:otf lng g]kfn ;kmn eof] . g]kfnn] ;b:otfsf qmddf c¿nfO{ ;xdt
u/fpg ;s]sf] Kofs]h cToGt} ;Gt'lnt egL cGs6f8 nufotsf ;+:yfaf6 ;d]t
k|z+l;t ePsf] 5 . jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 ;Ë7gdf k|j]z ug]{ qmddf g]kfnn] s[lif tyf
u}/ s[lif If]qdf cfˆgf] eG;f/ dx;'n b/sf] ;LdfÍg (Tariff Binding) tTsfn k|rlnt
(Applied) eG;f/ dx;'n b/eGbf pRr sfod ug{ ;kmn x'g'sf ;fy} clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6«sf] gftfn] ljleGg 5"6 tyf ;x'lnotx¿ lglZrt ;dosf nflu pkef]u ug{
kfpg'kg{] s'/fdf ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ ;xdt u/fpg ;s]sf] x'gfn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf
g]kfnsf] ;lDdng k|lqmofnfO{ Pp6f ;kmn ;Demf}tf jftf{sf] ¿kdf lnOg] ul/G5 .
#=# ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o aGg'k"j{ ul/Psf gLltut tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿
sl/a !$ jif{ nfdf] k|of;kl5 g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf cfa4 x'g ;s]sf] xf] . o;
qmddf g]kfnn] ljleGg gLltut tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿nfO{ klg qmdzM cl3
a9fpFb} cfˆgf cfly{s tyf Jofkf/ gLlt, sfo{ljlw / ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
k|0ffnL cg's"n agfpg] ;Gbe{df lgDg dxŒjk"0f{ k|of;x¿ u/]sf] lyof]M
• ;g\ !(*) sf] bzssf] dWob]lv g} ;+/rgfTds ;dfof]hg sfo{qmd
(Structural Adjustment Program) nfu" u/L cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf]
cjwf/0ffadf]lhd gLltut tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf sfo{x¿nfO{ cl3
a9fOPsf] lyof] . of] k|of;nfO{ ;g\ !((@ b]lv 3gLe"t kfg{] qmddf pBf]u
:yfkgf ubf{ Ohfht -nfOG;];_ lng'kg{], cfoft lgof{t Jofkf/df /x]sf
kl/df0ffTds aGb]h nufotsf cg'dltkq lng'kg{] k|yfnfO{ x6fpg], lghL
If]qnfO{ cy{tGqsf] ;~rfngdf pNn]Vo e"ldsf k|bfg ug{], lghL If]qdf
klg jfl0fHo a}Í ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg], pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qdf ljb]zL
nufgLnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ljleGg ;x'lnot k|bfg ug{], g]kfnL d'b|fnfO{ rfn'
vftfdf k"0f{ kl/jTo{tf k|bfg ug{], pBf]uJofkf/ ;~rfngdf ;xhtf k|bfg
ug{ Psåf/ k|0ffnL nfu" ug{], ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;+:yfgx¿nfO{
lghL If]qsf] :jfldTj / Joj:yfkgdf n}hfg] sfo{x¿ ul/Psf lyP . o;
qmddf gAa]sf] bzssf] z'?df gofF cf}Bf]lus tyf jfl0fHo gLlt, ljb]zL
nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f gLlt, cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, lghLs/0f
P]g nufotsf gLlt tyf P]gx¿ hf/L ul/Psf lyP eg] sltko df}h"bf
P]gdf ;d;fdlos ;+zf]wg ul/Psf lyP .
• tTsfnLg pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf ;DalGwt
dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿sf] pRr:t/Lo ;ldlt u7g u/L o;nfO{ ljZj

-50-
 Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf k|:t't ug{'kg{] ;Dk"0f{ b:tfj]hx¿nfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg] /
h]g]efdf ;DalGwt kIf;Fu jftf{ ug{] lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] lyof] .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf ;b:otf lng] qmddf g]kfnnfO{ k|fljlws
;xof]u k'¥ofpg] x]t'n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd (UNDP)
cGtu{t Nepal's Accession to WTO gfds kl/of]hgfaf6 ;g\ !((&
b]lv @))# ;Dd k|fljlws ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . o; kl/of]hgfaf6
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/;Da4 ljleGg cWoog sfo{x¿ u/fOPsf lyP eg] lghL
If]q;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf ljleGg uf]i7L, 5nkmn tyf cGtlq{mofx¿
cfof]hgf u/L ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf lnFbf k|fKt x'g;Sg] cj;/ tyf ;fdgf
ug{'kg{] r'gf}tLx¿af/] ;j{;fwf/0fdf hfgsf/L k|jfx ul/Psf] lyof] .
• ;b:otf k|flKtsf] r/0fdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
;~rfng ug{] ljleGg dGqfno tyf lgsfosf] sfo{df Ps¿ktf Nofpg
/ cGt/ dGqfno÷lgsfo ;dGjo / ;xsfo{nfO{ ;'b[9 / ;+:yfut ug{
;lhnf] xf];\ eGg] x]t'n] em08} 8]9 bh{g hlt dGqfno / ljleGg lgsfodf
WTO Focal Point lgo'lQm u/L ;do–;dodf a}7ssf] cfof]hgfdfkm{t
WTO Issues df 5nkmn ug{] kl/kf6L z'? ul/Psf] lyof] h'g xfn;Dd
klg hf/L 5 .
• If]qLo:t/df ;fK6f ;Demf}tfsf] ;b:o aGg] / ;fs{ /fi6«x¿l;t Jofkf/
;/f]sf/sf ljifodf 5nkmn u/L If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfnfO{ ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] k|fjwfg glur x'g] u/L ;~rfng ug{]tkm{ lqmofzLntf
cl3 a9fOPsf] lyof] . cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;Ë7gsf] ko{j]Ifs ;b:osf]
x}l;otn] ljleGg Jofkf/ ;fem]bf/ d'n'sx¿l;t jftf{ tyf 5nkmn ug{],
cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] ;d"xl;t sfo{ut Pstf u/L g]kfnsf] ;lDdng
k|lqmofnfO{ ;xh agfpg ljleGg kxnx¿ ul/Psf] lyof] .

#=$ g]kfnnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfsf] cfjZostf

ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf g]kfnsf nflu tTsfnLg cj:yfdf rfxgf / afWotf
b'j} lyof] . e"d08nLs/0fsf] o'udf Psflt/ ljZj cy{tGqaf6 t6:y eP/ a:g' g]kfnsf]
cfly{s lxtdf pko'Qm s'/f lyPg eg] csf{lt/ g]kfnh:tf] ;fgf], sdhf]/ cy{tGq /
e"kl/j]li6t d'n'snfO{ ljZj cy{tGq;Fu PsLs[t x'g ;3fp k'¥ofpg], j}b]lzs Jofkf/
;~rfngdf pTkGg x'g] Jofkf/ / kf/jxg;Da4 ljjfbnfO{ ;'N6\ofpg pkof]uL x'g]

-51-
Ps dfq dxŒjk"0f{ cGt/f{li6«o d~r ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g lyof] . t;y{, s]xL r'gf}tLsf
afah'b ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 clwstd nfe lng] p2]Zon] g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gdf cfa4 ePsf] xf] .
;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf lng' k5fl8sf cfjZostf
• ljZjsf clwsf+z d'n's ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o eO;s]sf] / ljZjsf] s'n Jofkf/sf]
em08} (% k|ltzteGbf a9L lx:;f log} b]zx¿n] cf]ul6/x]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnn]
cnu /x]/ cfˆgf] cfly{s ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf gePsf]] .
• blIf0f Plzof If]qdf g]kfn / e"6fgafx]s ;a} ;b:o eO;s]sf] tTsfnLg
l:yltdf ;fs{ If]qsf b]zl;tsf] Jofkf/nfO{ Ps¿ktf / ;'lglZrttf lbg klg
;Ë7gsf] ;b:o aGg cfjZos b]lvPsf] .
• rLg / ef/t b'j} l5d]sL /fi6« ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o eO;s]sf] l:yltdf oL b'O{
b]zaLrsf] d'n's g]kfn ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 t6:y a:g cy{/fhgLlts
b[li6n] klg pko'Qm gx'g] l:yltdf ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf ckl/xfo{h:t} x'g cfPsf]
lyof] .
• g]kfnh:tf] clt sd ljsl;t / ljZj Jofkfl/s ultljlwdf sd k|efjzfnL
d'n'sn] Jofkf/ ;~rfngsf qmddf l5d]sL d'n's nufotaf6 ;do;dodf
ef]Ug'kg{] kf/jxg tyf cGo Jofkf/ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu ;Ë7gsf] ljjfb
;dfwfg ;+oGqaf6 ;dfwfg klxNofpg ;Sg] l:ylt /x]sf]] .
• ;Ë7gdf ;fgf Pj+ 7"nf / ljsl;t Pj+ sd ljsl;t ;a}y/L ;b:osf] clwsf/
Ps /fi6« Ps dtsf] cfwf/df lgwf{l/t x'g] ePsf]n] ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfaf6
g]kfnh:tf] ;fgf] / sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf] wf/0ffsf] klg dxŒj :yflkt x'g]
b]lvPsf]] .
• clt sd ljsl;t / e"kl/j]li6«t /fi6«n] Jofkf/ / cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df
ef]Ug'kl//x]sf ;d:of ;DaGwdf g]kfnh:tf ;fgf b]zn] klg cfˆgf] egfO /
cjwf/0ff ;zQm 9Ën] /fVg;Sg] d~r ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g ePsf]n] ;Ë7gsf]
;b:otf cGt/f{li6«o:t/df g]kfnsf] pkl:yltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] b[li6n]
klg ;xof]uL 7flgPsf] .
• ;Ë7gdf cNkljsl;t tyf ljsf;zLn ;b:osf nflu ljleGg ;x'lnot, 5"6,
ljz]if tyf k[ys\ Jojxf/, Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s, k|fljlws
;xof]u pknAw x'g;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] .

-52-
#=% ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o aGg' k5fl8sf p2]Zox¿
g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o aGg' k5fl8sf cGtlg{lxt p2]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/
lyP M
• /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o cy{tGq;Fu cfa4 u/L cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f /
ljZjJofkLs/0faf6 clwstd kmfObf lng .
• :jb]zL lgof{thGo pTkfbgnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df ;xh ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf
lbnfpg .
• cfly{s tyf Jofkf/ gLltx¿df :yfloTj / k"jf{g'dfgLotf ;'lglZrt u/L
pBf]u, Jofkf/ tyf nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ .
• Jofkf/;Da4 lgsfox¿sf] cfGtl/s ;+:yfut Ifdtf ;'b[9 ug{ .
• j}b]lzs nufgL tyf k|ljlw leœofpg .
• :jR5 Jofkf/ lgodx¿af6 kmfObf lng / k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4
ug{ .
• Jofkf/ k|j4{gaf6 cfly{s j[l4 / :yfloTj xfl;n ug{ tyf /f]huf/L /
cfDbfgL:t/df j[l4 ug{ .
• e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«sf] gftfn] kf/jxg ;'ljwf pkof]usf] ;'lglZrttf :yflkt
ug{ .

#=^ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 g]kfnnfO{ k|fKt x'g;Sg] ;'ljwf, kmfObf tyf cj;/x¿
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 g]kfnnfO{ j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf If]qdf ljleGg
nfe k'Ug] tyf g]kfnsf] lgof{t Jofkf/nfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ljleGg cj;/x¿ pknAw
x'g;Sg] cfsng ul/Psf] lyof] . tLdWo] ;Defljt s]xL nfe tyf cj;/x¿nfO{
o; k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M
• ;Ë7gsf ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|efjaf6 ahf/ kx'Frdf j[l4
eO{ g]kfnsf] lgof{t Jofkf/ lj:tf/sf cj;/x¿df j[l4 x'g] .
• ;Lldt b]z / ;Lldt j:t'df s]lGb|t g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o:t/df
lj:tf/ / k|j4{g ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] .
• ;Ë7gsf] ;Demf}tfdf cGtlg{lxt k|fjwfgx¿af6 ;'/lIft / ;'lglZrt Jofkf/sf]
jftfj/0f l;h{gf eO{ cfly{s l:y/tf sfod ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] .
• cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf nflu cfjZos sRrfkbfy{x¿ lgoldt, l:y/ Pj+ ;'ne

-53-
 ¿kdf pknAw x'g;Sg] eO{ cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf j[l4dfkm{t lgsf;L k|j4{g
x'g;Sg] .
• cfˆgf] /fli6«o lxt cg'¿k g]kfnL cy{tGqnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s k|0ffnL;Fu
cfa4 u/fpg] cj;/ k|fKt x'g] .
• cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{sf] jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgfn] t'ngfTds nfesf If]qx¿
klxrfg eO{ g]kfnsf] cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ultzLntf cfpg] .
• j:t' Jofkf/sf cltl/Qm ;]jf Jofkf/ tyf Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf]
clwsf/sf] Jofkf/sf] :jR5 ljsf; eO{ a9L cfly{s nfe lng;Sg] .
• j}b]lzs Jofkf/ tyf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fnfO{ ;3fp k'Ug] u/L nfu" ul/g] cfly{s
;'wf/ sfo{qmdaf6 k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL tyf k|ljlw lelqg d2t k'uL /f]huf/L
Pj+ cfly{s j[l4df ;xof]u k'Ug] .
• cGt/f{li6«o Jofkfl/s pkl:ylt / k|lt:kwf{n] g]kfnL pBf]ux¿sf] bIftf /
pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 x'g] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf x'g] .
• clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf nflu k|fKt x'g;Sg] cfly{s, k|fljlws ;xof]u /
ljz]if tyf k[ys\ Jojxf/ (Special & Differential Treatment) ;'ljwfn] g]kfnsf]
Jofkf/ Ifdtf a9fpg / cfk"lt{hGo sl7gfOl;t h'Wg ;xof]u k'Ug] .
• j:t' tyf ;]jf Jofkf/cGtu{t t'ngfTds nfesf If]qx¿ klxrfg eO{ ltgsf]
k|j4{g ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] . ;fy}, xfn ;'if'Kt cj:yfdf /x]sf] Jofkf/;Da4
af}l4s ;DklQx¿sf] klxrfg / k|j4{g eO{ cfly{s nfe lng ;3fp k'Ug] .
• /fli6«o gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf j}b]lzs Jofkf/n] pRr k|fyldstf kfO{ Jofkf/
lgb{]lzt cfly{s j[l4tkm{ cl3 a9\g ;3fp k'Ug] .
• cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df lgof{t x'g] j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ tyf dfkb08 ;'wf/ / :t/f]Gglt
ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] .
• Dffgj, k|f0fL tyf jg:klt :jf:Yodf Iflt k'¥ofpg;Sg] j:t'sf] cfoftdf
tf]lsPsf ;'/Iff pkfox¿ cjnDag u/L ltgsf] b'ik|efjaf6 aRg ;3fp
k'Ug] .
• :jb]zL pBf]unfO{ xflg–gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg] u/L sd d"Nodf ljb]zaf6 g]kfndf
lgof{t ul/Psf j:t'nfO{ PG6L–8lDkË, sfpG6/e]lnË nufotsf ljleGg
pkfox¿ cËLsf/ u/L lg?T;flxt ug{ ;lsg] .
• cgk]lIft / c:jfefljs ¿kdf s'g} j:t'sf] cTolws cfoft eO{ :jb]zL

-54-
 cy{tGq / :jb]zL pBf]unfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ k'Ug uPdf ljleGg ;'/Iff
pkfox¿ cjnDag u/L To:tf] cfoftnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsg] .
• ljleGg If]qdf cGt/f{li6«o k|ljlwsf] x:tfGt/0fn] b]zsf] k|fljlws tyf cf}Bf]lus
ljsf;df 6]jf k'Ug] . ;fy}, s[lif If]qsf] Joj;foLs/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0fdf an
k'Ug] .
• kf/jxg ;'ljwfnfO{ lgaf{w ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] .
#=& ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 l;lh{t r'gf}tLx¿
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf;Fu} Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf nflu nufgLsf] cj;/df
j[l4 / ljZjJofkL ahf/ kx'Frsf] ;'ljwf pknAw x'g] eP klg l5d]sL b]zx¿
tyf ljsl;t b]zsf] t'ngfdf sdhf]/ / ;fgf] kl/df0fsf] k"FhL nufgL
ug{;Sg] lghL If]q, sd;n k|ljlw, / ;Lldt t'ngfTds nfesf pTkfbgsf
;fy} ahf/sf] ljljwtf;d]t Go"g ePsf] g]kfnh:tf d'n'sn] ljZjJofkL v'nf
ahf/sf] kmfObfeGbf a9L cfˆgf] ahf/df afXo ;fdfgx¿sf] pRr cfoftsf]
;d:of em]Ng'kg{] / ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx¿sf] a9\bf] pkl:yltaf6 ;fgf k"FhL /
k|ljlwdf :yflkt :jb]zL pBf]ux¿df gsf/fTds c;/ Joxf]g{'kg{] x'g;S5 .
ctM cGt/f{li6«o :t/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{;Sg] u/L lghL If]qsf] Ifdtf ljsf;dfkm{t
:jb]zL Joj;foLx¿sf] bIftf / pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 u/L d"No / u'0f:t/sf]
lx;fan] k|lt:kwL{ agfpg] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf ;lDdng x'g] qmddf g]kfnn] ;'wf/ ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm
u/]sf ljleGg gLlt, sfg"g tyf k|lqmofx¿nfO{ lglZrt ;do;Ldfleq k"/f
ug'{kg]{ bfloTj 5 . o:tf gLltut tyf ;+:yfut k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ ;dod} k"/f
ug{] sfo{ g]kfnh:tf] cfly{s–/fhgLlts ;+qmd0faf6 u'lh|/x]sf] d'n'ssf lglDt
cfly{s, k|zf;lgs / k|fljlws b[li6n] ;d]t yk r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
• cfGtl/s pBf]uwGbf / cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf pNn]Vo j[l4 x'g g;s]sf]
g]kfnh:tf] d'n'ssf] /fh:jsf] 7"nf] ;|f]t k}7f/L x'g] ;fdfgdf nufOg] eG;f/
dx;'n xf] . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf k|j]z u/]kl5 k}7f/L x'g] ;fdfgsf] eG;f/
dx;'n qmdzM sd ub{} n}hfg'kg{], cGo dx;'n tyf z'Ns klg lglZrt
;do;Ldfleq vf/]h ug'{kg{] / lglZrt ;LdfeGbf dfly uP/ eG;f/ dx;'n
tf]Sg gkfOg] k[i7e"lddf /fh:jsf] ;|f]t 36\g glbg j}slNks pkfox¿sf]
cjnDag / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

-55-
• ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf k|j]zkl5 l5d]sL b]znufotsf b]zx¿l;t x'g]
låkIfLo Jofkf/ ;lGwx¿af6 k|fKt x'g;Sg] ;f}ljWok"0f{ Jofkf/sf cj;/x¿df
;Í''rg cfpg;Sg] / sltko cj:yfdf kfO/x]sf] jf pkef]u ul//x]sf] ;'ljwf
/ ;x'lnot (Margin of Preference) ;d]t 36\g;Sg] x'Fbf o;af6 lgof{tdf
sdL cfpg;Sg] b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf lgof{tdf sdL cfpg glbg cfjZos
pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ug{] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf ;Demf}tf Pj+ k|lta4tf sfof{Gjog ug{] afWotfaf6
sltko /fli6«o gLlt lgdf{0fdf nrstf (Flexibility) sf] cefj /xg;S5 .
o; k[i7e"lddf /fli6«o :jfy{ / cGt/f{li6«o bfloTjaLr ;Gt'ng ldnfP/ cl3
a9\g] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf cNk ljsl;t tyf ljsf;zLn ;b:onfO{ ljz]if tyf
k[ys\ Jojxf/ nufotsf] ;'ljwf Pj+ 5"6sf] k|fjwfg 5 . s] s:tf ljifodf
o:tf ;'ljwf tyf 5"6 pkof]u ug{ kfOg] xf] To; ;DaGwdf ulx/f] cWoog
ljZn]if0f u/L o:tf ;'ljwfx¿sf] clwstd pkof]u ug{] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{]
sfo{ klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gn] ;fdfGotM sf]6f tyf kl/df0ffTds aGb]hh:tf s'/fnfO{
lgif]w ub{5 . o;/L ;flasdf ljleGg d'n'sn] pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] sf]6f
nufotsf ;x'lnotk"0f{ Joj:yfdf s6f}tL x'Fbf g]kfnsf] lgsf;L Jofkf/df
;Í'rg cfpg;S5 . h:t} ls ;fljsdf g]kfnn] cd]l/sf nufotsf d'n'sdf
tof/L kf]zfs lgof{t ubf{ (Multi-fibre Arrangement : MFA) cGtu{t lglZrt
sf]6fsf] ;'ljwf pkof]u ul//fv]sf] lyof] . o;/L sf]6fleq lgof{t ubf{ g]kfnsf]
tof/L kf]zfsdfly s'g} k|sf/sf] eG;f/ dx;'n nfUb}gYof] . t/ hgj/L !,
;g\ @))% b]lv ;f] ;'ljwf x6fpg'kg{] ;Ë7gsf] k|fjwfg adf]lhd xfn ;f]
;'ljwf g]kfnh:tf cNk ljsl;t d'n'ssf nflu pknAw gx'Fbf ;flasdf
pRr kl/df0f / d"Nodf lgof{t eO/x]sf] j:t'df XjfQ} x|f; cfPsf] l:ylt 5 .
o:tf]df lgsf;L Jofkf/nfO{ lbuf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ / gofF gofF j:t'df
cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L k|lt:kwf{Tdstf j[l4 ug{] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvG5 .

-56-
 kl/R5]b–$
g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf u/]sf k|lta4tfx¿ / sfof{Gjog l:ylt
g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o aGg] qmddf ljleGg k|lta4tfx¿ JoQm u/]sf]
lyof] . o; qmddf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g cGtu{tsf tLg k|d'v ;Demf}tfx¿– j:t' Jofkf/,
;]jf Jofkf/ tyf Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfadf]lhd k"/f
ug'{kg]{ ljleGg k|lta4tfx¿ tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwleq} k"/f ug]{ jrga4tf g]kfnn] hgfPsf]]
lyof] . jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ug]{ klxnf] clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«
g]kfnn] ;Ë7gdf hfx]/ u/]sf tL k|lta4tfx¿dWo] w]/}h;f] k|lta4tfx¿ xfn k"/f
ul/;lsPsf 5g\ eg] sltko k"/f x'g] k|lqmofdf 5g\ . ;Lldt bIfhgzlQm / Go"g cfly{s
;|f]t;fwgsf cltl/Qm sltko k|lta4tfx¿ s]xL hl6n / k|fljlws k|s[ltsf ePsf
sf/0f To:tf k|lta4tfx¿ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg s]xL l9nfO klg x'gk'u]sf] 5 . oBlk
d'n'ssf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/nfO{ k|efljt ug{] clwsf+z gLlt, P]g, k|lqmof / sfo{ljlwx¿nfO{
;Ë7gsf] ;Demf}tfcg's"n kl/dfh{g / ;dfof]hg ug{] sfo{ eg] ;DkGg eO;s]sf] 5 eg]
afFsL k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ klg oyfzSo k"/f ub{} hfg] lbzftkm{ k|of;x¿ cl3 a9fOPsf]
5 . g]kfnn] ;Ë7gdf JoQm u/]sf vf;–vf; k|lta4tfx¿ / ltgsf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt
tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
$=! sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bg / g]kfnsf k|lta4tfx¿ M g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf]
;b:otf lng] qmddf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf k|:t't ePsf] sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bg (Working
Party Report) df Jofkf/sf tLgj6} If]qcGtu{t JoQm ul/Psf sfg"gL, gLltut,
;+:yfut / k|lqmofut ;'wf/;DaGwL ljleGg k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ Psd'i6 ¿kdf lj:tf/df
;d]l6Psf] 5 . ;f] k|ltj]bgdf !%% j6f cg'R5]bx¿ /x]sf]df @% j6f cg'R5]bx¿
k|0ffnLut k|lta4tfx¿ (Systemic Commitments) ;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . To;}u/L
vf;vf; ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt s]xL ljz]if k|lta4tfx¿ (Specific Commitments) klg
k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . pQm k|ltj]bgleq /x]sf ljleGg ^ j6f cg';"rLx¿n]
k|lta4tfsf ljleGg ljifox¿nfO{ ;"rLa4 u/]sf 5g\ . ltgdf cg';"rL–! n] ljZj
Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o aGg] qmddf ;+zf]wg ug{'kg{] tyf ul/g] ljleGg @$ j6f P]g
tyf lgodfjnLx¿sf] ;"rLnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 eg] cg';"rL–@ n] sfg"gL ;'wf/;DaGwL
sfo{of]hgf (Legislative Action Plan) nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t tLgj6f efux¿
/x]sf]df klxnf] efudf ;b:otfsf] nflu k|:tfj k]z u/]kl5 g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 eP
u/]sf sfg"gL ;'wf/;DaGwL k|ult vf;u/L gofF hf/L tyf ;+zf]wg ul/Psf P]g tyf

-57-
lgodfjnLsf] ljj/0f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . bf];|f] efudf ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfkl5 ;g\ @))#
b]lv ;g\ @))% sf] cGTo;Dddf g]kfnn] th{'df, ;+zf]wg tyf kl/dfh{g ug{'kg{] gLlt,
P]g tyf lgod, kIf aGg'kg{] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx¿ / ljleGg # j6f If]qdf :yfkgf
ug{'kg{] ;f]wk'5 s]Gb|x¿;DaGwL k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o;df hDdf $@ j6f
k|lta4tfx¿ ;dflji6 5g\ . t];|f] efudf tLg jif{leq gofF hf/L ug{] jf ;+zf]wg ug{]
egL k|lta4tf hfx]/ ul/Psf P]g, lgodx¿dWo] s'g s'g P]g, lgod s'g s'g jif{ /
dlxgfleq hf/L ul/;lsg] jf ;+zf]wg ul/;lsg] xf] ;f]sf] ;"rL ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
cg';"rL–# df tTsfnLg cj:yfdf d"No clej[l4 s/ (VAT) 5'6 lbOPsf j:t'x¿sf]
;"rL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] cg';"rL–$ df To;a]nf cGtMz'Ns nufOPsf j:t'x¿sf]
ljj/0f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . cg';"rL–% df u'0f:t/ k|df0f lrXg lbOPsf j:t'x¿sf]
;"rL ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 eg] cg';"rL–^ df lgof{t x'g] j:t'df nufOPsf] k|rlnt
z'Nsb/;DaGwL ljj/0f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
$=@ j:t' Jofkf/sf] If]qdf g]kfnn] u/]sf k|lta4tfx¿ / sfof{Gjog l:ylt
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf j:t' Jofkf/sf] lgodg eG;f/ tyf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;fwf/0f
;Demf}tf, !(($ -Uof6–!(($_ cGtu{t /x]/ ul/G5 . o;n] j:t' Jofkf/sf] lgodgsf
;DaGwdf ljleGg k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . of] ax'kIfLo j:t' Jofkf/;DaGwL k|d'v
cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL b:tfj]h xf] . Uof6–!(($, o;k"j{ j:t' Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df k|rngdf
/x]sf] Uof6–!($& s} kl/dflh{t / ljsl;t ¿k xf] . Uof6–!(($ sf cltl/Qm j:t'
Jofkf/nfO{ lgodg ug{ cGo em08} 8]9 bh{ghlt ;Demf}tfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ltgdf
eG;f/ d"NofÍg;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, s[lif;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, dfgj, kz' / jg:klt :jf:Yo
pkfox¿;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, Jofkf/sf k|fljlws cj/f]wx¿;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, pTklQsf
lgodx¿;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, cfoft Ohfhtkq hf/L ug{] k|lqmof;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, ;'/Iff
pkfox¿;DaGwL ;Demf}tf cflb k|d'v 5g\ . o;af/]df kl/R5]b–@ df lj:tf/df rrf{
ul/;lsPsf] 5 .

ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ug{] /fi6«n] j:t' Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df plNnlvt
;Demf}tfx¿adf]lhd ljleGg k|lta4tfx¿ hfx]/ ug{'kg{] x'G5 . o; ;Demf}tfcg';f/
vf;u/L ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] j:t' Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df s] slt xb;Dd eG;f/ dx;'n
nufpg] xf] ;f]sf] k|lta4tf ;"rL ;Ë7gdf k]z ug{'kg{] x'G5 . o;/L eG;f/ ;LdfÍg
ul/;s]kl5 ;fdfGotM ;f]eGbf dfly uP/ eG;f/ dx;'n tf]Sg / p7fpg kfOGg . ;fy},
o; ;Demf}tfcGtu{t s'g} u}/ eG;f/ dx;'nx¿ k|rngdf /x]sf] eP qmdzM ;f]sf] b/x¿

-58-
36fpFb} / x6fpFb} hfg] k|lta4tf klg JoQm ug{'kg{] x'G5 . of] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd s'g}
klg /fli6«o pBf]unfO{ eG;f/ dx;'nsf] dfWodaf6 dfq ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
;fy}, j:t'sf] cfoftdf ;flasdf eG;f/ dx;'nsf cltl/Qm cGo z'Ns tyf Kof/f
6\ofl/km nufpFb} cfOPsf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ x6fO{ To:tf] z'NsnfO{ eG;f/ dx;'nleq}
;dfof]hg ug{'kg{] x'G5 h;nfO{ Tariffication elgG5 . eG;f/ dx;'n klg cfofltt
j:t'sf] d"Nodf k|ltztsf] cfwf/df nufOg] (Ad Valorem), kl/df0fsf] cfwf/df nufOg]
(Specific) / oL b'O{sf] ldl>t :j¿kdf nufOg] (Compound) u/L tLg k|sf/sf] x'G5 .
o; cltl/Qm of] ;Demf}tfn] eG;f/ b/ sf]6f (Tariff Rate Quota) sf] klg Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t s'g} j:t'sf] lglZrt kl/df0f;Ddsf] cfoftdf sd eG;f/
dx;'n nufpg] / tf]lsPsf] kl/df0feGbf a9L cfoft ePsf] v08df pRr b/sf] eG;f/
dx;'n nufpg] sfo{ x'G5 . To;}u/L Uof6 ;Demf}tfn] ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf clt sd
ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] lgof{tnfO{ k|j4{g ug{] p2]Zon] tL b]zx¿af6 cfoft x'g]
;fdfgdf ;x'lnotk"0f{ eG;f/ b/ tf]Sg;Sg] k|fjwfgsf] klg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L
s[lifnufotsf cGo ;Demf}tfx¿df Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] j:t' Jofkf/sf
If]qdf ljleGg gLltut, k|lqmofut / ;+:yfut ;'wf/;DaGwL k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ klg
JoQm ug{'kg{] x'G5 . o; k[i7e"lddf g]kfnn] j:t' Jofkf/sf If]qdf u/]sf k|lta4tfx¿ /
ltgsf] sfof{Gjog l:yltnfO{ ;+If]kdf lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5–
• g]kfnn] j:t' Jofkf/cGtu{t s[lifhGo j:t'x¿sf] xsdf zt k|ltzt / u}/ s[lifhGo
j:t'sf] xsdf ((=#Ü j:t'x¿sf] eG;f/ ;LdfÍg u/L tbg';f/ eG;f/ dx;'n
nufOg] clwstd b/sf] ;"rL (Schedule of Concession on Goods (Tariff
bindings) ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o lxtnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
u}/ s[lif j:t' cGtu{t d'VotM l;d]G6, k]6«f]lnod kbfy{, xftxltof/ h:tf ;'/Iff,
pTkfbg;DefJotf / /fh:j ;Íngsf b[li6n] ;+j]bgzLn j:t'x¿df rflxF eG;f/
dx;'n ;LdfÍg gu/L v'nf 5fl8Psf] 5 . g]kfnn] ;Ë7gdf k]z u/]sf] ;"rLdf
j:t' Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df nufOg] clwstd eG;f/ b/ (Bound Rate), *)Ü
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf lng] ;dodf j:t' Jofkf/sf
;Gbe{df % b]lv !#)Ü ;Dd u/L hDdf & j6f eG;f/ b/aGbL sfod /x]sf]df
!#)Ü sf] b/aGbL sf/ / lhkh:tf j:t'df dfq /x]sf] lyof] . t/ of] pRr eG;f/
b/nfO{ ;g\ @)!# ;Dddf ^)Ü df Nofpg] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ul/Psf] 5 . tTsfndf
g]kfndf cfoft x'g] j:t'df nufOPsf] k|rlnt eG;f/ dx;'n b/ (Applied Rate)
sd eP tfklg eljiodf g]kfnL s[lif tyf u}/s[lifhGo j:t'nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{'kg{]
cj:yf cfpg;Sg] s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L o:tf j:t'x¿df k|rlnt eG;f/ b/eGbf

-59-
 s]xL pRr b/df eG;f/ ;LdfÍg ul/Psf] 5 . o;f] eP tfklg pRr ljnfl;tfsf
s]xL j:t'x¿nfO{ 5f]8L cGo clwsf+z j:t'sf] eG;f/ dx;'nnfO{ qmdzM sd ub{}
nluPsf] 5 .
• g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf u/]sf eG;f/ dx;'n;DaGwL k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ x]bf{
s[lif If]qdf tTsfn %!% / cGtl/d cjlw -# jif{_ kZrft\ cf};tdf $@% tyf u}/
s[lif If]qdf tTsfn #&% / cGtl/d cjlwkZrft\ cf};tdf @$% eG;f/ ;LdfÍg
b/ /xg] u/L k|lta4tf hgfPsf] b]lvG5 . xfn u}/ s[lifhGo j:t'sf] cf};t eG;f/
b/ !@=@% /x]sf] 5 .
• sl/a %)) j:t'df ;fljsdf nufO{ cfPs} b/ jf ;f]eGbf tn x'g] u/L eG;f/
;LdfÍg ul/Psf] 5 .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] k|fjwfgcg's"n agfpg'kg{] g]kfnsf em08} tLgbh{g hlt
;DalGwt sfg"gx¿nfO{ ;g\ @))@ b]lv ;g\ @))% aLrdf th{'df, ;+zf]wg tyf
kfl/t ul/;Sg] k|lta4tf hgfOPsf] 5 . o; qmddf em08} @ bh{ghlt sfg"gx¿
-gLlt, P]g / lgodx¿;d]t u/L_ ;Ë7gsf] l;4fGtcg'¿k x'g] u/L gofF th{'df tyf
;+zf]wg u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf 5g\ .
• d"No lgoGq0f / lgodg sfo{nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg] tyf ;Ë7gsf] l;4fGtcg'¿k
ug{], /fHon] d"No lgoGq0f u/]sf j:t'x¿sf] ;"rL /fhkqdf k|sflzt ug{] k|lta4tf
adf]lhd xfn /fHosf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf vfg] g"g tyf k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] d"No
;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ dfWoddfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ug{] ul/Psf] 5 .
• u}/–eG;f/hGo z'Nssf] ¿kdf /x]sf cGo dx;'n tyf z'Nsx¿ (Other Duties
& Charges: ODCs) nfO{ @ b]lv !) jif{;Dddf qmdzM x6fO{ z"Godf Nofpg]
k|lta4tfadf]lhd g]kfnn] ;flasdf nufpFb} cfPsf] :yfgLo ljsf; z'Ns, ;"tL{
tyf cNsf]xnhGo k]o kbfy{df p7fpFb} cfPsf] ljz]if z'Nsh:tf z'NsnfO{ k"0f{tM
x6fO{ ;lsPsf] 5 eg] s[lif ;'wf/ z'NsnfO{ qmdzM sd ub{} xfn %% df ;Lldt
ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}, o:tf k|sf/sf cGo z'Ns k'gM gnufpg] k|lta4tfadf]lhd xfn
o:tf s'g} klg gofF z'Ns nufOPsf] 5}g .
• b]zsf] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;Ë7gsf] ;Demf}tfcg's"n agfpg]
k|lta4tfadf]lhd lgsf;L–k}7f/L -lgoGq0f_ P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{], cfoft Ohfht
hf/L ug{] k|lqmofnfO{ ;Ë7gsf] ;Demf}tfcg's"n t'Nofpg], lgsf;L Ohfht jf
cGo lgoGq0fsf Joj:yfx¿ ;Ë7gsf] k|fjwfgx¿cg'¿k ldnfg ug{] sfo{ ;DkGg

-60-
 ul/Psf 5g\ . lgsf;L Pj+ k}7f/L Jofkf/;DaGwL P]g, sfg"gx¿ / To;df nfUg]
b:t'/, z'Ns / s/x¿ ;Ë7gsf] dfGotfcg'¿k ldnfg ug{] sfo{n] g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs
Jofkf/;DaGwL sfg"g / sfo{ljlw yk :ki6 / kf/bzL{ aGg k'u]sf 5g\ .
• cfoft tyf lgof{tdf ;]jf z'Ns tf]Sbf ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fPsf] ;]jfsf] nfuteGbf
a9L gx'g] u/L tf]Sg] k|lta4tfadf]lhd o;;DaGwL ;]jf z'Ns lgwf{l/t ;Ldfleq}
/fVb} cfOPsf] 5 . To;cg';f/ xfn cfoftdf Ps k|ltzt dfq cfoft Ohfht
z'Ns tyf lgof{tdf )=%% dfq ;]jf z'Ns ;DalGwt k|zf;lgs ;]jf k|bfg ubf{
lnOg] Joj:yf 5 .
• cfoftdf kl/df0ffTds aGb]h gnufpg], u}/ eG;f/ cj/f]wx¿ nfu" gug{] /
;Ë7gdf a'emfPsf] k|f]6f]sndf plNnlvt ;do–tflnsfcg';f/ cGo b/aGbL tyf
b:t'/ x6fpg], lgsf;L ubf{ ;Ë7gsf ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] lxt x'g] pkfox¿ cjnDag
ug{] k|lta4tfadf]lhd ;f]sf] kfngf x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
• ! h'nfO{, ;g\ @))$ ;Dddf eG;f/ d"NofÍg;DaGwL ;Demf}tfdf ePsf k|fjwfgx¿
nfu" ug{ cfjZos sfg"g agfO;Sg] k|lta4tfadf]lhd gofF eG;f/ P]g, @)^$
tyf lgodfjnL :jLs[t u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofO;lsPsf] 5 . eG;f/ d"NofÍg
;Demf}tfnfO{ qmdzM sfof{Gjog ub{} ! hgj/L, ;g\ @))& ;Dddf k"0f{ ¿kdf nfu"
ug{] k|lta4tfadf]lhd sfo{ ePsf] 5 .
• Uof6sf] l;4fGtcg'¿k :jb]zleq nfUg] s/x¿df :jb]zL / ljb]zL j:t'sf aLrdf
e]befj ug{ gkfOg] k|lta4tf k"/f ub{} cfOPsf] 5 .
• eG;f/ d"NofÍg, d"No clej[l4 s/ / cGtMz'Ns h:tf cfGtl/s s/x¿, pTklQsf]
lgod, PG6L–8lDkË, sfpG6/e]lnÍ tyf ;'/Iff;DaGwL pkfox¿ cjnDag ubf{
;Ë7gsf] ;DalGwt ;Demf}tfcg'¿k g} cjnDag ug]{ k|lta4tf adf]lhd w]/}h;f]
gLlt, P]g tyf lgodx¿ tbg'¿k g} th{'df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf 5g\ eg]
PlG68lDkË, sfpG6/e]lnË tyf ;'/Iff pkf;DaGWfL P]g th'{dfsf] qmddf 5 .
• eG;f/ d"NofÍgdf lrQ ga'em\g] kIfn] k'g/fjb]g ug{ kfpg] u/L #! l8;]Da/, @))$
;Dddf k|zf;lgs Gofoflws/0f :yfkgf ul/;Sg] k|lta4tfadf]lhd To:tf] lgsfo
:yfkgf ul/;lsPsf] 5 .
• cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gdf ;Ë7gsf] dfGotfcg'¿k ;+zf]wg ug{] k|lta4tfadf]lhd
;+zf]wgsf] k|lqmof cl3 a9]sf] 5 .

-61-
• ;]jf Jofkf/, Jofkf/sf k|fljlws cj/f]wx¿ / dfgj, kz' tyf jg:klt :jf:Yo;DaGwL
pkfox¿ ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ cfjZos ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ Inquiry Points :yfkgf
ug{] k|lta4tfadf]lhd To:tf hfgsf/L s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf 5g\ .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] TBT / SPS ;DaGwL ;Demf}tfx¿ ! hgj/L, @))& ;Dddf
nfu" ug{] k|lta4tf JoQm ul/Psf]df o;;DaGwL ;Demf}tfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu
cfjZos sfo{x¿ cl3 al9/x]sf 5g\ .
;du|df g]kfnn] j:t' Jofkf/sf] If]qdf u/]sf k|lta4tfx¿sf] xfn;Ddsf] sfof{Gjog
l:ylt ;Gtf]ifk|b g} b]lvG5 .
$=# ;]jf Jofkf/sf] If]qdf g]kfnn] u/]sf k|lta4tfx¿ / sfof{Gjog l:ylt
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;]jf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfn] ;]jf Jofkf/nfO{ ljleGg !@ j6f If]q
/ em08} !^) pkIf]qdf juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 . To;/L juL{s/0f ul/Psf If]q, pkIf]qdWo]
g]kfnn] ljleGg !! ;]jf If]qsf &) j6f pkIf]qx¿ ljleGg zt{;lxt ljb]zLx¿sf] nflu
v'nf u/]sf] 5 . v'nf ul/Psf ;]jf If]q÷pk If]qdf ljb]zL nufgLsf] cg'kft ;]jfsf]
k|s[lt x]/L %!% b]lv *)% ;Dd /x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o pBf]ux¿nfO{ ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug{]
p2]Zon] oL zt{ / aGb]hx¿ /flvPsf x'g\ . ;]jf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfn] ;b:o d'n'sx¿nfO{
s'g} klg ;]jf Jofkf/ If]q, pkIf]q s] slt zt{ /fv]/ v'nf ug{] xf] ;f] to ug{] clwsf/
lbPsf] 5 . tbg';f/ k|To]s d'n'sn] cfˆgf] Ifdtf / ;]jf Jofkf/sf] :t/ x]/]/ zt{ /
aGb]hx¿ lgwf{/0f u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnn] ;]jf Jofkf/ If]qdf u/]sf k|lta4tfx¿ ;Ë7gsf]
;b:otf lng] qmddf k]z ul/Psf] Schedule of Specific Commitments on Services df
lj:tf/df pNn]v ePsf] 5 . g]kfnn] ;]jf Jofkf/ If]qdf u/]sf k|lta4tfx¿ ;fdfGo
k|lta4tfx¿ (Horizontal Commitmentrs) / If]q–nlIft k|lta4tfx¿ (Sector Specific
Commitments) u/L b'O{ ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;fdfGo k|lta4tfx¿ v'nf ul/Psf ;a}
;]jf If]q, pkIf]qdf ;dfg ¿kdf nfu" x'G5g\ eg] If]qnlIft k|lta4tfx¿ ;DalGwt
;]jf If]q÷pkIf]qsf xsdf dfq nfu" x'G5g\ . ;]jf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfn] ;sf/fTds
;"rLsf] b[li6sf]0f (Positive List Approcah) nfO{ ckgfPsf] x'Fbf o; cGtu{t ;b:o
/fi6«x¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] ;lhnf] / plrt -k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf pRr /x]sf]_ 7x¥ofPsf]
;]jf If]q÷pkIf]q vf]Ng] :jtGqtf lbOG5 / ;]jf cfk"lt{sf] df]8x¿ -tl/sf_ df tbg';f/
/fli6«o cfjZostfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L k|lta4tf JoQm ug{] :jtGqtf lbOG5 .
hxfF;Dd ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] ;]jf If]q, pkIf]qsf] juL{s/0fsf]
cjwf/0ff 5 of] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gleqsf] cfˆgf] df}lns cjwf/0ff geP/ ;+o'Qm

-62-
/fi6«;+3Lo k|0ffnLaf6 lnOPsf] xf] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo k|0ffnLleq cGt/f{li6«o :t/df,
Jofkf/ ul/g] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] tYofÍ /fVg] nufotsf k|of]hgnfO{ ;xh agfpg /
j:t' tyf ;]jfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;a}n] Ps} lsl;dn] lrGg;Sg] agfpg lglZrt
cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L ltgLx¿nfO{ lglZrt ;Í]t gDa/ lbOPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ Central
Product Classification (CPC) elgG5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf ;b:ox¿n] o;}nfO{
cfwf/ agfP/ ;]]jfsf ljleGg pkIf]qx¿df ljleGg k|lta4tfx¿ hfx]/ ug{] u5{g\ .
g]kfnn] klg tTsfnLg ;dodf k|rlnt CPC df cfwfl/t eP/ k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf]
lyof] . oBlk ;f] a]nf k|rlnt j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] of] juL{s/0f (CPC) df ;'wf/ eO{
gofF ;+:s/0f k|of]udf cfO;s]sf] 5 . lglZrt ;dosf] cGt/fndf o;df kl/dfh{g x'Fb}
cfPsf] b]lvG5 .

-s_ ;fdfGo k|lta4tfx¿ (Horizontal Commitments)

g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf lng] qmddf ;]jf Jofkf/ ;~rfng;DaGwdf
u/]sf zt{;lxtsf ;fdfGo k|lta4tfx¿dWo] d'Vo k|lta4tfx¿ b]xfo adf]lhd 5g\ M
c= ahf/ kx'Fr;DaGwLM
• ;]jf ljqm]tfnfO{ (Service Sales Person) nfO{ () lbg;Ddsf] nflu g]kfn
k|j]z ug]{ cg'dlt lbOg] / cfjZostfcg';f/ cg'dlt gjLs/0f ug{ ;lsg] .
• Jofkfl/s pkl:ylt (Commercial Presence) ;DaGwL :yfkgf sfo{sf]
l;nl;nfdf g]kfndf cfpg] ljb]zLnfO{ ! jif{;Dd g]kfndf a:g cg'dlt lbOg]
/ cfjZostfg';f/ gjLs/0f ug{ ;lsg]] .
• g]kfnleq ;]jf k|bfg ug{] u/L s'g} csf{] b]zsf] ;]jf k|bfos sDkgLsf] zfvf jf
;xof]uL sDkgL :yfkgf ePdf To;df k|aGws, sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs / lj1h:tf
pRr txdf sfd ug{] ljb]zLx¿nfO{ dfq z'?df tLg jif{ / To;kl5 a9Ldf
& jif{;Dd yk u/L s'n !) jif{df ga9fO{ g]kfndf sfo{ ug{ cg'dlt lbOg] .
t/ o; k|sf/sf ;]jf k|bfosx¿n] g]kfndf ;]jf ug{ lgj]bg ug'{eGbf tTsfn
cufl8 sDtLdf Ps jif{ g]kfn aflx/ /x]sf ;DalGwt kmd{df sfo{ u/]sf]
x'g'kb{5 . o; k|sf/sf ;]jf k|bfosx¿sf] ;+Vof sDkgLsf] s'n hgzlQmsf] !%
k|ltzteGbf a9L x'g gx'g] zt{ /flvPsf] 5 . kfFr jif{kl5 oL Joj:yfx¿nfO{
d'n'ssf] Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df qmdzM yk pbf/Ls/0f ub}{ n}hfg ;lsg] s'/f klg
;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL k|lta4tf ;"rLdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
• JolQmut ¿kdf ef/tafx]s cGo ljb]zL d'n'sx¿df ofqf ubf{ Ps k6sdf
cd]l/sL 8n/ b'O{ xhf/;Dd ;6xL ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOg]] Joj:yf 5 .

-63-
cf= /fli6«o Jojxf/;DaGwLM
• ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] cfˆgf] sdfO -gfkmf_ k'gn{ufgLsf] nflu pBf]u ljefuaf6
cg'dlt lng'kg{] .
• ljQLo ;]jfdf nufgL ug]{ nufgLstf{afx]s cGo ;a} ljb]zL nufgLstf{n]
g]kfndf Joj;fo :yfkgf ug{'k"j{ pBf]u ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ .
• k|f]T;fxg / ;x'lnot (Incentives and Subsidies) k"0f{ ¿kdf g]kfnL
gful/sx¿sf] :jfldTj ePsf] Joj;fonfO{ dfq lbOg] .
• 3/÷hUuf sf/f]jf/ k|To]s g]kfnL gful/ssf] ;+j}wflgs clwsf/sf] ljifo
ePsf]n] o;df ljb]zLnfO{ s'g} cg'dlt glbOg] . d'n'sL P]g (The Civil Code)
n] 3/–hUuf;DaGwL ;DklQ s'g} klg ljb]zLnfO{ ljqmL ug]{ tyf pkxf/ lbg]
nufotsf sfo{df aGb]h nufPcg';f/ ;f]xL Joj:yf nfu" ul/g] .

O= cltl/Qm k|lta4tfx¿
• jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg cfjZos kg]{ cj:yfdf afx]s ;fdfGotof nufgLsf]
nflu lgj]bg u/]sf] #) lbgleq pBf]u ljefun] lg0f{o pknAw u/fpg] .
• jftfj/0fLo dfkb08 k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s ;fdfGotof cGo ;a}
cj:yfdf nufgLsf] nflu :jLs[lt lbOg] .
• ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] j}b]lzs d'b|fdf u/]sf] nufgLdWo] lgDg adf]lhdsf]
kl/df0f lkmtf{ n}hfg kfpg] M–
!= OlSj6L c+zsf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ¿kdf ePsf] ljqmLaf6 k|fKt kl/df0f,
@= OlSj6L nufgL u/]afkt k|fKt ePsf] gfkmf jf nfef+zafkt k|fKt
kl/df0f,
#= s'g} j}b]lzs C0f nufgLdf k|fKt d'Vo shf{ lkmtf{ jf Jofhafkt k|fKt
kl/df0f,
$= pBf]u ljefu jf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefuaf6 :jLs[t k|ljlw
x:tfGt/0f ;Demf}tfadf]lhd k|fKt kl/df0f .

-v_= ljz]if k|lta4tfx¿ (Specific Commitments)

o; cGtu{t !! ;]jf If]q cGtu{tsf ljleGg ;]jf–pkIf]qx¿df ljleGg k|lta4tfx¿
JoQm ul/Psf 5g\ . tLdWo] vf; vf; pkIf]qdf ul/Psf k|d'v k|lta4tfx¿
b]xfoadf]lhd 5g\ .

-64-
-!_ Jofj;flos ;]jfx¿ M Jofj;flos ;]jfcGtu{t g]kfnn] v'nf u/]sf If]qx¿df
ljleGg k]zfut ;]jfx¿, sDKo'6/ / ;Da4 ;]jfx¿, cg';Gwfg / ljsf; ;]jfx¿,
ck/]6/sf] ;xof]uljgf ;~rfng ul/g] ef8f tyf lnh ;]jf / cGo Jofj;flos ;]jfx¿
cfpF5g\ . oL If]qcGtu{t ljleGg ;]jf pkIf]qdf g]kfnn] u/]sf k|d'v k|lta4tfx¿nfO{
lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
!=! k]zfut ;]jfcGtu{tsf pk–;]jf If]qx¿ M
sfg"gL ;]jf M o; cGtu{t :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL sfg"gL ;]jf / cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL ;]jf
-k/fdz{ tyf k|ltlglwTj_ u/L b'O{ j6f ;]jf pkIf]q ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . oL ;]jf k|bfg ug{]
qmddf ljb]zL ;]jf k|bfosnfO{ g]kfnL cbfntdf pkl:yltsf] lglDt ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf]
cg'dlt / g]kfn jf/ Pzf]l;P;gsf] ;b:otf cfjZos kg{] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .
n]vf, n]vf k/LIf0f / n]vfkfng ;]jf M o; cGtu{t ljQLo n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jf, n]vf
k'g/fjnf]sg ;]jf / ljQLo lx;fasf] ;Íng;DaGwL ;]jf u/L # j6f ;]jf pkIf]q
kb{5g\ . o; cGtu{t ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] g]kfndf nufgL u/]/ ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ s''n
nufgLsf] %!% ;Dd dfq nufgL ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
cfls{6]Sr/n ;]jfx¿ M o; ;]jf pkIf]q cGtu{t ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] Jofkfl/s
pkl:ylt -df]8 #_ cGtu{t g]kfndf ;]jf Jofkf/ ubf{ s'n nufgLsf] ^^% ;Dd dfq
ljb]zL nufgL ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
OlGhlgol/Ë ;]jfx¿ M o; cGtu{t l;len OlGhlgol/Ësf lgdf{0f;DaGwL sfo{sf nflu
OlGhlgol/Ë l8hfOlgË ;]jfx¿, cf}Bf]lus k|zf]wg / pTkfbgsf nflu OlGhlgol/Ë
l8hfOlgË ;]jfx¿, lgdf{0f / :yfkgf r/0fsf qmddf cfjZos cGo OlGhlgol/Ë
;]jfx¿ / cGo OlGhlgol/Ë ;]jfx¿ h:tf $ j6f ;]jf pkIf]q cfpF5g\ . oL If]qx¿df
ljb]zL nufgLsf] clwstd ;Ldf ^^% ;Dd x'g;Sg]] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
PsLs[t OlGhlgol/Ë ;]jfx¿ M o; ;]jf pkIf]q cGtu{t ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] g]kfndf
;]jf Jofkf/ ubf{ ^^Ü ;Dd nufgL ug{;Sg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .
zx/L of]hgf tyf e"–w/ftnLo cfls{6]Sr/n ;]jfx¿ M o; ;]jf pkIf]q cGtu{t
g]kfndf ;+:yf vf]nL Jofkf/ ubf{ s'n nufgLsf] ^^Ü ;Dd j}b]lzs nufgL ug{ kfpg]
Joj:yf /flvPsf] 5 .
e]6]l/g/L ;]jfx¿M o; pkIf]q cGtu{t Jofkf/ ubf{ s'n nufgLsf] %!% ;Dd ljb]zL
nufgL /xg] u/L g]kfndf ;+:yf vf]nL ;]jf k|bfg ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

-65-
!=@ sDKo'6/ / o;;Da4 ;]jfcGtu{tsf pk–;]jfIf]qx¿ M o; cGtu{t sDKo'6/
xf8{j]o/ h8fg;DaGwL k/fdz{ ;]jfx¿, ;ˆ6j]o/ k|of]u;DaGwL ;]jfx¿, tYofÍ
k|zf]wg;DaGwL ;]jfx¿, tYofÍdf cfwfl/t ;]jfx¿, sDKo'6/;d]tsf sfof{noLo d]l;g
tyf pks/0fx¿ dd{t–;Def/;DaGwL ;]jfx¿ / cGo sDKo'6/ ;]jfx¿ h:tf ;]jf
Jofkf/sf ^ j6f pkIf]qx¿ tf]lsPsf 5g\ . oL ;]jf pkIf]q cGtu{t ljb]zL nufgLstf{n]
g]kfndf ;+:yf vf]nL ;]jf Jofkf/ ubf{ s'n nufgLsf] *)Ü ;Dd j}b]lzs nufgL ug{
kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
!=# cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; ;]jfx¿ M o; cGtu{t tfk, k|sfz, ljB't\–r'DasLo, cGtl/If
lj1fgh:tf k|fs[lts lj1fg;Fu ;DalGwt cg';Gwfgx¿ -cf0fljs pmhf{ / o;;Da4
cGo pmhf{ afx]s_ tyf k|of]ufTds lj1fg;DaGwL OlGhlgol/Ë tyf k|ljlw;DaGwL
cg';Gwfgx¿ u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf cg';GwfgnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o; ;]jf pkIf]q cGtu{t
j}b]lzs nufgLsf] nflu %!Ü ;Dd v'nf ul/Psf] 5 .
!=$ ck/]6/sf] ;xof]uljgf ;~rfng ul/g] ef8f tyf lnh ;]jf M o; cGtu{t lel8of]
6]k;DaGwL ef8f tyf lnh ;]jf pkIf]q v'nf ul/Psf] 5 . o; pkIf]qdf j}b]lzs
nufgLsf] clwstd ;Ldf g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o xF'bfsf] ;dodf %!Ü /
;b:otfsf] kfFr jif{kl5 rflxF *)Ü ;Dd x'g;Sg] u/L tf]lsPsf] 5 .
!=% cGo Jofj;flos ;]jfx¿M o; cGtu{t lj1fkg;DaGwL ;]jfx¿, ahf/ cg';Gwfg
tyf hgdt ;j{]If0f ;]jfx¿, Joj:yfkg k/fdz{ ;]jfx¿, k|ljlw k/LIf0f tyf ljZn]if0f
;]jfx¿, vfgL;DaGwL ;]jfx¿, j}1flgs tyf k|fljlws k/fdz{;DaGwL ;]jfx¿, Kofs]lhª
;]jfx¿, d'b|0f k|sfzg ;]jfx¿ / ;ef–;df/f]x;DaGwL ;]jfx¿ u/L ljleGg ( j6f
;]jf pkIf]qx¿ v'nf ul/Psf 5g\ . oL ;]jf pkIf]qdf ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] nufgL ubf{
clwstd %!% ;Dd nufgL ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
-@_ ;~rf/ ;]jfx¿ M
@=! s'l/o/ ;]jfx¿ M o; cGtu{t dN6L–df]8n s'l/o/ ;]jfx¿ kb{5g\ . o; If]qdf s'n
nufgLsf] clwstd *)% ;Dd ljb]zL nufgL ug{ kfpg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .
@=@ b"/;~rf/ ;]jfx¿ M o; cGtu{t cfwf/e"t b"/;~rf/ ;]jfx¿, df]afOn b"/;~rf/
;]jfx¿ / d"No clej[l4 ePsf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfx¿ cfpF5g\ . o; cGtu{t ljleGg ;]jf
pkIf]qdf ul/Psf k|lta4tfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\–

-66-
@=@=! cfwf/e"t b"/;~rf/ ;]jf M o; cGtu{t :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf, cfGtl/s 6]lnkmf]g
;]jf, cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf, 6]n]S; ;]jf / cfGtl/s tyf cGt/fli6«o 6]lnu|flkms
;]jfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;]jf pkIf]qx¿df ljb]zL nufgL clwstd *)% ;Dd ug{
kfpg] Jojyf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ;g\ @))( sf] hgj/L;Dddf ;]jf pknAw
u/fpg] ;]jfk|bfosx¿sf] ;+Vofdf s'g} aGb]h gnufpg], g]kfndf pknAw gx'g] k/fdz{
;]jf k|fKt ug{sf nflu () lbg;Dd ljb]zL k/fdz{bftfnfO{ g]kfn cfO{ sfd ug{ lbOg],
;~rfns ;ldltsf ax'dt ;b:ox¿ g]kfnL gful/s x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg 5 . cfwf/e"t
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf cGtu{t g]kfnn] cltl/Qm k|lta4tfx¿ klg hfx]/ u/]sf] 5 .
@=@=@= df]afOn b"/;~rf/ ;]jf M o; ;]jf pkIf]qcGtu{t df]jfOn b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf
;+o'Qm nufgLdf *)% ;Dd ljb]zL nufgL ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}, ;g\
@))$ ;Dd @ j6f df]jfOn ;]jf ;~rfnsnfO{ cg'dlt lbOg] / ;g\ @))( sf]
hgj/L;Dddf ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] ;~rfnssf] ;+Vofdf s'g} aGb]h gnufOg] k|lta4tf
JoQm ul/Psf] 5 . df]afOn b"/;~rf/ ;]jf cGtu{t klg g]kfnn] cltl/Qm k|lta4tfx¿
hfx]/ u/]sf] 5 .
@=@=# d"No clej[l4 b"/;~rf/ ;]jf M o; ;]jf pkIf]q cGtu{t OG6/g]6, Od]n, EjfO;
d]n, lel8of] 6]S:6, ˆofS; d]n, le:of6, cl8of] sGkm/]G;, k] kmf]g, lk|–k]8 slnË sf8{,
:yfgLo, nfdf] b"/L tyf cGt/f{li6«o tYofÍ ;~rf/, /]l8of] k]lhË 6«Ín df]afOn /x]sf
5g\ . oL ;]jf pkIf]qx¿df ;+o'Qm nufgLdf *) k|ltzt;Dd j}b]lzs nufgLsf] nflu
v'Nff ul/Psf] 5 .
-#_ lgdf{0f tyf lgdf{0f;Da4 OlGhlgol/Ë ;]jf M
o; ;]jf Jofkf/sf] If]q cGtu{t d'VotM l;len OlGhlgol/Ësf] nflu ;fdfGo lgdf{0f
;]jf pkIf]q /x]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt
ubf{sf] ;dodf %!% / ;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf] kfFr jif{kl5 *)% ;Dd j}b]lzs nufgL
ug{ kfpg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .
-$_ ljt/0f ;]jfx¿ M
o; ;]jf Jofkf/ If]q cGtu{t sldzg Ph]G6sf] ;]jf / xf]n;]n ;]jf tyf /]l8of]
6]lnlehgsf ;fdu|Lx¿, ;ËLtsf ;fdu|Lx¿, ;fËLlts /]s8{ cflbsf] xf]n;]n Jofkf/h:tf
pkIf]qx¿ Kfb{5g\ . ;fy}, v'bf| Jofkf/ ;]jf, /]l8of], 6]lnlehgsf ;fdu|Lx¿, ;ËLtsf
;fdu|Lx¿, ;fËLlts /]s8{ cflbsf] v'bf| ;]jf / k|mG] rfOlhË klg o;} cGtu{t kb{5g\ .

-67-
oL ;]jf pkIf]qx¿df ljb]zL nufgLsf xsdf sldzg Ph]G6sf] ;]jf cGtu{t g]kfnn]
;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ubf{sf] ;dodf %!% ;Dd / ;b:otf k|fKt ePsf] kfFr jif{kl5
*)% ;Dd nufgL ug{;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . xf]n;]n ;]jf / l/6]n ;]jfdf ljb]zL
nufgL ug]{ ljifodf g]kfnn] kl5 lg0f{o u/]adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf /flvPsf] 5 . /]l8of],
6]lnlehgsf ;fdu|Lsf] xf]n;]n tyf l/6]n ;]jfdf clwstd ljb]zL nufgLsf] ;Ldf
*)% ;Dd sfod ul/Psf] 5 eg] k|m]GrfOlhË ;]jfdf %!% ljb]zL nufgL ug{;Sg]
k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .
-%_ lzIff ;]jfx¿ M
lzIff ;]jf Jofkf/sf] If]q cGtu{t g]kfnn] v'nf u/]sf ;]jf pkIf]qx¿df pRr lzIff
;]jf, k|f}9 lzIff ;]jf / cGo lzIff ;]jf u/L tLgj6f kb{5g\ . oL ;]jf If]qdf g]kfnn]
;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ubf{sf] ;dodf %!% / ;b:otf k|fKt ePsf] kfFr jif{kl5
clwstd *)% ;Dd ljb]zL nufgLsf] nflu v'nf ul/g] k|lta4tf JoQm ul/Psf] 5 .
-^_ jftfj/0fLo ;]jf M
o; cGtu{t kmf]xf]/ d}nf ;]jf, k'gM k|of]uLo kmf]xf]/ lgisf;g ;]jf / ;/;kmfO tyf
cGo ;DalGwt ;]jfx¿ h:tf pkIf]qx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;]jf pkIf]qx¿sf] Jofkf/df
ljb]zL nufgLsf] clwstd ;Ldf g]kfnn] ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ubf{sf] ;dodf
%!% ;Dd / ;b:otf k|fKt ePsf] kfFr jif{kl5 *)% ;Dd v'nf ul/g] k|lta4tf JoQm
ul/Psf] 5 .
-&_ ljQLo ;]jfx¿M
ljQLo ;]jf cGtu{t aLdf tyf aLdf;Da4 ;]jfx¿ / a}}lÍË tyf cGo ljQLo ;]jfx¿
u/L d'VotM b'O{j6f ;]jf If]q ljb]zLx¿sf] nflu v'nf ul/Psf 5g\ . o; cGtu{t hLjg
tyf lghL{jg aLdf ;]jf, k'gaL{df tyf /]S6«f];];g ;]jf, aLdf Ph]G6 / Ph]G;L ;]jf
/ ljleGg k|sf/sf a}lÍË tyf cGo ljQLo ;]jfx¿h:tf pkIf]qx¿ 5g\ . oL ljQLo
;]jf pkIf]qx/df ljb]zLx¿sf] z]o/ k"FhL ^&% ;Dd /xg;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
To;}u/L k'gaL{df tyf On]S6«f];];gsf] If]qdf nufgLsf] xsdf #! l8;]Da/, @))& ;Dd
@%,))) cd]l/sL 8n/;Ddsf] clgjfo{ k'gaL{df :jb]zL aLdf sDkgLdf ug{'kg{] / #!
l8;]Da/ @))& kl5 eg] o:tf] s'g} k|ltaGw g/xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . aLdf ;]jf
tyf xf]n;]n a}lÍË ;]jfsf ;~rfng;DaGwdf ljb]zL sDkgLx¿nfO{ ! hgj/L, @)!)
b]lv g]kfndf zfvf vf]Ng kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

-68-
-*_ :jf:Yo;DaGwL / ;fdflhs ;]jfx¿ M
o; cGtu{t c:ktfn ;]jf / nfutz'Nssf] s/f/sf] cfwf/df x'g] k|ToIf :jfldTj
/ Joj:yfkg ;]jfh:tf ;]jfsf pkIf]qx¿ kb{5g\ . o; cGtu{t ljb]zL nufgLsf]
clwstd ;Ldf %!% tf]lsPsf] 5 eg] lj1 lrlsT;sn] g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;nsf]
cg'dlt lnO{ a9Ldf Ps jif{;Dd g]kfndf sfd ug{;Sg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .
-(_ ko{6g / e|d0f;DaGwL ;]jfx¿ M
o; ;]jf If]qcGtu{t ko{6g, /]i6'F/f, xf]6n nh ;]jf -:6f/ xf]6n dfq_ / 6«fen Ph]G;L
tyf 6'/ ck/]6/ ;]jf kb{5g\ . oL pkIf]qx¿dWo] xf]6n tyf nh;]jfdf ljb]zL nufgLsf]
nflu clwstd ;Ldf *)% tf]lsPsf] 5 eg] 6«fen Ph]G;L / 6'/ ck/]6/ If]qdf
clwstd %!% ;Dd ljb]zL nufgL ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf /flvPsf] 5 .
-!)_ dgf]/~hg, ;f+:s[lts / v]ns"b ;]jf
o; cGtu{t cGo dgf]/~hg ;]jfx¿ / l;g]df ejg tyf l;g]df k|f]h]S;g ;]jf pkIf]q
;d]l6Psf 5g\ . o; ;]jf pkIf]qcGtu{t ljb]zL nufgLsf] xsdf g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf lnFbfsf] ;dodf %!% / ;b:otf k|fKt ePsf] kfFr jif{kl5 *)%
;Dd nufgL ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}, o; If]qdf Go"gtd ljb]zL nufgL
!) -bz_ nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .
-!!_ oftfoft ;]jf M
oftfoft ;]jf If]qcGtu{t xjfO{ oftfoft ;]jfx¿ -jfo'ofgsf] dd{t / ;Def/ ;]jf tyf
sDKo'6/ l/he]{;g k|0ffnL_, kfOknfOg oftfoft ;]jfx¿ -OGwgsf] 9'jfgL / cGo j:t'sf]
9'jfgL ;]jf_ / uf]bfd tyf j]o/ xfp; ;]jfx¿ h:tf pkIf]qx¿ kb{5g\ . oL If]qx¿df
ljb]zL nufgLsf] clwstd ;Ldf g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ubf{sf]
;dodf %!% / ;b:otf k|fKt ePsf] kfFr jif{kl5 *)% ;Dd ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . kfOknfOg oftfoft ;]jfcGtu{t OGwg 9'jfgL ;]jf pkIf]qsf] xsdf eg]
%!% ;Dd ljb]zL nufgL ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf /flvPsf] 5 .
plNnlvt ;a} ;]jf If]q÷pkIf]qx¿df k|lta4tf hfx]/ ug{] qmddf g]kfnn] cfGtl/s
;]jf k|bfosx¿sf] Ifdtf, d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf] cfjZostf / g]kfnl;t Jofkfl/s ;DaGw
/fVg rfxg] d'n'ssf] ahf/kx'Fr;DaGwL rf;f] / ;/f]sf/nfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ agfO{ k|lta4tf
to u/]sf] lyof] . ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o ag]kl5 o;/L JoQm ul/Psf k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ g]kfnn]
qmdzM sfof{Gjogdf ptfb{} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu ;]jf Jofkf/If]qdf cfjZos sfg"g
th'{df tyf ;+zf]wgsf] sfo{ ug]{b]lv lnP/ k|lta4tf k|lts"n x'g] Joj:yfsf] vf/]hLsf]

-69-
sfo{;d]t g]kfnaf6 ePsf] cj:yf 5 . oBlk plNnlvt gLltut, sfg"gL ;'wf/sf
afah"b ;]jf If]qdf ck]lIft ¿kdf nufgL j[l4 x'g g;s]sf] s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
cfufdL lbgdf o; ljifonfO{ uDeL/tf;fy ;dLIff ub{} pko'Qm sbd rfNg cfjZos
b]lvG5 .
$=$ Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] If]qdf g]kfnn] u/]sf k|lta4tfx¿ /
sfof{Gjog l:ylt
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfkl5 cGo ;b:o b]zx¿h:t} g]kfn klg Jofkf/;Da4
af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf] :jtM kIf /fi6« ag]sf] 5 . ;b:otf
k|flKtsf] r/0fdf j:t' Jofkf/ / ;]jf Jofkf/sf If]qdf h:t} Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s
;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] If]qdf klg g]kfnn] ljleGg k|lta4tfx¿ JoQm u/]sf]df k|d'v
k|lta4tfx¿ / ltgsf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 .
• af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0fsf] nflu kof{Kt dfqfdf cfjZos sfg"gL Joj:yf
ug]{ / ljBdfg k]6]G6, l8hfOg / 6«]8dfs{;DaGwL sfg"gx¿df l6«K;
;Demf}tf cg's'n x'g] u/L ;+zf]wg ug{] k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]adf]lhd
o;;DaGwL k|lqmof cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 . o; qmddf ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf
lng] r/0fd} ;fljssf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g / lgodfjnLdf ;+zf]wg
u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofO{ ;lsPsf] 5 eg] cGo P]g th{'df tyf ;+zf]wg
ug{] sfo{ hf/L 5 .
• Plant Varieties Protection / Genetic Resources ;+/If0f;DaGwdf
sfg"gL ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{] k|lta4tfadf]lhd o;;DaGwL P]g th{'dfsf
nflu k|f/lDes sfo{x¿ z'? ul/Psf 5g\ . o;} qmddf g]kfn cGt/f{li6«o
la?jf ;+/If0f dxf;lGw (IPPC) sf] kIf /fi6« ag]sf] 5 .
• k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] ;Gbe{df ag{ dxf;lGwsf] kIf /fi6« aGg]
k|lta4tfadf]lhd ;f] sfo{ k"/f ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L /f]d dxf;lGw
(Rome Convention), !(^! sf] ;b:o aGg] k|lqmof cufl8 a9]sf] 5 .

• af}l4s ;DklQsf] k|zf;gsf] nflu 5'§} sfof{no :yfkgf ug{]

k|lta4tfadf]lhd k|f/lDes u[xsfo{ z'? ePsf] 5 .
• af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf If]qdf tflnd tyf hgr]tgfd"ns
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] k|lta4tfadf]lhd ;do ;dodf o;;DaGwL
tflnd ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .

-70-
 • TRIPS ;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfgx¿ ! hgj/L, ;g\ @))& ;Dddf sfof{Gjogdf
Nofpg] k|lta4tf /x]sf]df clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf nflu ;f] ;dofjlw
yk eO{ ;g\ @)!# sf] h"gsf] cGTo;Dd k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . tbg';f/ ;f]
;doleq l6«K; ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] lx;fan] gLltut, sfg"gL
/ ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf sfo{ qmdzM cl3 a9fOPsf 5g\ .
• k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g tyf ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g / lgodfjnL gofF th'{df eO{
sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf 5g\ .
• gofF cf}Bf]lus gLlt ;g\ @)!) df :jLs[t eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf]
5 . tbg';f/ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g / ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw
x:tfGt/0f P]gdf kl/dfh{gsf] nflu cfjZos d:of}bf tof/ ug{] sfo{
clGtd r/0fdf k'u]sf] 5 .
• gofF cf}Bf]lus ;+DklQ P]g d:of}bfsf] r/0fdf 5 .
j:t' / ;]jf Jofkf/sf] t'ngfdf l6«K; ;Demf}tf g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df s]xL gf}nf], hl6n,
vlr{nf] / k|fljlws kIf;Fu ;d]t hf]l8Psf] ljifo ePsf]n] o;sf] sfof{Gjog s]xL
dGb /x]sf] 5 . vf;u/L o; If]qdf bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj 7"nf] v8\lsPsf] ljifo
/x]sf] 5 . t/ klg lgs6 eljiodf o;;DaGwL gofF gLlt tyf PsLs[t P]g hf/L
ug{] tyf hgzlQm ljsf;df ljz]if hf]8 lbg] u/L xfnsf lbgdf k|of; cl3
a9fOPsf]n] l6«K; ;Demf}tfcGtu{t k"/f ug{ afFsL /x]sf k|lta4tfx¿ klg qmdzM
sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] ck]Iff lng;lsG5 .
$=% ;Ë7gdf JoQm ul/Psf k|lta4tfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 ljleGg If]qdf kg{;Sg]
k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f
hgj/L !, ;g\ !((% df ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgfkZrft\ clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿dWo] jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf ;lDdng x'g ;kmn g]kfn
klxnf] /fi6« xf] . jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 ;Ë7gdf k|j]z ug]{ qmddf g]kfnn] s[lif tyf
u}/ s[lif If]qdf cfˆgf] eG;f/ dx;'n b/sf] ;LdfÍg (Tariff Binding) tTsfn sfod
ePsf] eG;f/ dx;'n b/eGbf pRr sfod ug{ ;kmn x'g'sf ;fy} clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6«sf] gftfn] ljleGg 5"6 tyf ;x'lnotx¿ lglZrt ;dosf nflu pkef]u ug{ ;b:o
/fi6«x¿nfO{ ;xdt u/fpg ;s]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L ;]jf Jofkf/ / Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s
;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] If]qdf sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf gftfn] ;Dej eP;Dd Go"gtd
k|lta4tfx¿ dfq JoQm u/L /fli6«o lxtnfO{ clwstd ;'/lIft /fVg g]kfn ;kmn

-71-
ePsf] lyof] . o;/L ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf ;lDdngsf] qmddf ljleGg hl6ntf /
;Ldfx¿sf aLr g]kfnn] b]vfPsf] ;'ema'em / s'zn ;Demf}tf ;LknfO{ ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gdf Pp6f ;kmn ;Demf}tf jftf{sf] pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf lnOg] ul/G5 . g]kfnn]
;b:otfsf nflu h'g Kofs]h k|fKt ug{ ;kmn eof] To;nfO{ UNCTAD h:tf ;+:yfn]
;Gt'lnt Kofs]hsf] ¿kdf ;x|fxgf klg u/]sf lyP . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o
aGg] qmddf d'n'ssf] s[lif, pBf]u, jfl0fHo, /fh:j, ;]jf Jofkf/, Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s
;DklQsf] clwsf/nufotsf If]qdf ;Dej eP;Dd Go"gtd c;/ dfq kg{] u/L g]kfnsf]
tkm{af6 k|lta4tfx¿ JoQm ePsf lyP . ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 vf;vf; If]qdf kg{;Sg]
k|efjsf] ;+lIfKt ljZn]if0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
$=%=! /fh:j kl/rfngdf kg]{ k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:osf] gftfn] ;Ë7gsf] l;4fGt / eG;f/ dx;'n tyf
Jofkf/;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfgadf]lhd s'g} klg ;b:on] :jb]zleq cfoft
x'g] j:t'df qmdzM eG;f/ dx;'n 36fpFb} tyf Jofkf/df nufO{ cfPsf ;a} vfn] u}/ eG;f/
cj/f]wx¿ (Non Tariff Barriers) x6fpFb} cGo ;b:ox¿sf] pTkfbgsf] nflu ahf/
v'nf ub{} hfg'kg{] x'G5 . o; qmddf g]kfnh:tf /fh:jsf] 7"nf] lx:;f eG;f/ dx;'naf6
;Íng ul//x]sf /fi6«nfO{ eG;f/ dx;'n b/df s6f}tLaf6 /fh:jdf gsf/fTds c;/
kg{] cfzÍf plAhg;S5 . t/ g]kfnn] ;Ë7gdf cfa4 x'g] qmddf clwsf+z s[lif tyf u}/
s[lif j:t'df tTsfn nfuL cfPsf eG;f/ dx;'nb/eGbf clwstd eG;f/ nufpg kfpg]
u/L pRr eG;f/ dx;'n ;LdfÍg (Tariff Binding) u/]sf] 5 . o; qmddf g]kfnn] s[lif
j:t'df nufpg kfpg] clwstd eG;f/ dx;'n cf};tdf $@ k|ltzt / u}/ s[lifj:t'df
nufpg kfpg] clwstd eG;f/ dx;'n cf};tdf @$ k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf 5 . hals
clxn] g]kfnn] u}/ s[lifj:t'sf] cfoftdf nufPsf] cf};t eG;f/ b/ !@=@ k|ltztdfq
5 . t;y{, eG;f/ /fh:j sd x'g] l:yltdf ;LdfÍg ul/Psf] xb;Dd uP/ dx;'n b/
j[l4 u/L /fh:j a9fpg ;lsg] l:ylt 5 . xfn g]kfnn] nufpFb} cfPsf] eG;f/ dx;'n
b/ (Applied rate) ;LdfÍg ul/Psf] eGbf w]/} g} Go"g ePsf] / cfjZostfcg';f/ of}6f
;Ldf;Dd o;df j[l4 ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg ePsf] x'Fbf ;b:otfaf6 /fh:j kl/rfngdf
s'g} x|f; cfpg] jf xflg gf]S;fgL k'Ug] l:ylt /x]sf] 5}g .
$=%=@ pBf]u / jfl0fHo If]qdf kg{] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f
g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o aGg'eGbf w]/} cl3b]lv g} cfly{s ;'wf/ / cfly{s
pbf/Ls/0f sfo{qmdnfO{ PskIfLo ¿kdf qmdzM cl3 a9fpFb} cfPsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf]
cfly{s tyf Jofkf/ gLlt e]befjnfO{ k|fT] ;flxt ug{] vfnsf] gePsf] / cfoft lgof{tdf

-72-
;flasdf /x]sf kl/df0ffTds aGb]h, nfO;]G; k|yf cflb lgoGq0ffTds Joj:yf x6fO{
;lsPsf]n] pBf]u jfl0fHo If]q t'ngfTds ¿kdf pbf/ / :jR5 k|lt:kwf{nfO{ k|j4{g ug{]
vfnsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] df}hb" f pBf]u, jfl0fHo If]qsf gLlt, sfg"g ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf]
k|fjwfg;Fu w]/x} b;Dd ldNbf]hN' bf] eO;s]sf]n] s]xL ;fdfGo kIfdf ;'wf/afx]s o;df yk
cfd"n kl/jt{g ug{k' g{] l:ylt lyPg . ctM ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 pBf]u, jfl0fHo If]qsf]
gLltut lg/Gt/tf / :yfloTjdf s'g} gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ b]lvFbg} . ;Ë7gsf] k|fjwfgcg'¿k
Jofkf/;Da4 gLlt tyf k|lqmofx¿ kf/bzL{ x'gk' g{] Joj:yfn] Jofkf/ Joj;fo ;~rfngdf
;'udtf cfpg] / o;af6 nufgLdf ;d]t j[l4 eO{ pBf]u, jfl0fHo If]qdf ;sf/fTds
of]ubfg k'Ug] b]lvG5 . oBlk 7"nf] nufgL / pGgt k|ljlw k|of]u u/L ljb]zdf pTkflbt
j:t' :jb]zL j:t'sf] t'ngfdf d"No / u'0f:t/df a9L k|lt:kwL{ x'g] x'gfn] tL j:t' tyf
;]jf g]kfn lelqO{ oxfFsf ;fgf kFh " L / k|ljlwaf6 pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfnfO{ k|lt:yflkt
ug{] ;DefjgfrflxF s]xL xb;Dd 5 . csf{tkm{ ljb]zL j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfoftaf6 :jb]zL
j:t' tyf ;]jfnfO{ yk k|lt:kwL{ aGg] bafa l;h{gf eO{ pTkfbg / u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ cfpg]
;Defjgf klg TolQs} alnof] 5 .
$=%=# s[lif If]qdf kg{] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f
;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfkZrft\ ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] s[lifIf]qdf k|bfg ub{} cfPsf] cg'bfgsf]
dfqf 36fpg'kg{] jf lglZrt lsl;dsf cg'bfgx¿afx]s c¿ lsl;dsf cg'bfg vf/]h
ug{'kg{] Joj:yf 5 . o:tf] Joj:yfaf6 g]kfnh:tf] ;fgf] / s[lifdf lge{/ cy{tGq ePsf]
d'n'snfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ k5{ ls egL cfzÍf pTkGg x'g' :jfefljs xf] . t/ ljZj
Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] s[lif;DaGwL ;Demf}tfn] s[lif If]qsf] cg';Gwfg, l;~rfO{ ;'ljwfdf
lj:tf/, aLplahgdf ;'wf/, afnL ;+/If0f, jftfj/0f ;'wf/, vfB ;'/Iff, dnvfbsf]
Joj:yf, s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf cflb y'k|} If]qdf cg'bfg lbg kfOg] Joj:yfnfO{ xl/of]
afs;leq juL{s[t u/L To;df /f]s nufpg gkg{] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; cltl/Qm,
g]kfnh:tf cNk ljsl;t /fi6«nfO{ jflif{s s[lif pTkfbgsf] s'n d"Nosf] bz k|ltzt;Dd
s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu cg'bfgsf] ¿kdf vr{ ug{ kfOg] / s[lif If]qdf lbg kfOg]
cg'bfgnfO{ jflif{s k|ltJolQm cfo Ps xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/ gk'u];Dd lg/Gt/tf lbg
;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . csf{] dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f g]kfnh:tf clt sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf
nflu s[lif If]qdf s'g} klg cltl/Qm bfloTj k"/f ug{' gkg{] Joj:yf 5 . g]kfnn] xfn s[lif
If]qdf pNn]vgLo ¿kdf s'g} cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ug{ g;s]sf], lbFb} cfPsf] cg'bfgnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsg] l:ylt ePsf] / eljiodf lglZrt xb;Dd cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ug{
5"6 kfpg] ;Gbe{df ;b:otf kZrft\ s[lif If]qdf s'g} gsf/fTds k|efj kg{] b]lvFb}g .
a? s[ifsx¿nfO{ dnvfb, aLplahg / l;~rfO{df cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds

-73-
Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ ;lsP :jb]zL s[lifhGo pTkfbgsf] lgof{tdf j[l4 eO{ yk cfly{s nfe
lng;lsg] b]lvG5 .

$=%=$ tof/L kf]zfs lgof{tsf] If]qdf kg{] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f

ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] j:q;DaGwL ;Demf}tfn] ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿nfO{ tof/L kf]zfssf] lgof{tdf lbFb} cfPsf] sf]6f ;'ljwfnfO{ bzjif{leq x6fpg'kg{]
Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . tbg';f/ ;flasdf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] g]kfnh:tf ;fgf
b]znfO{ Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) cGtu{t lglZrt sf]6f;Ddsf] lgof{tdf
lbFb} cfPsf] eG;f/ 5"6sf] ;'ljwf ! hgj/L, ;g\ @))% af6 ;dfKt x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
;x'lnotk"0f{ sf]6f k|yfsf] ;dflKtkl5 g]kfnsf] tof/L kf]zfssf] lgof{tdf x|f; cfPsf]
5 . t/ g]kfn ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o gaGbf klg pQm sf]6f k|yf ;dfKt x'g] l:ylt lyof] . o;
k[i7e"lddf g]kfnh:tf /fi6«n] cfˆgf] t'ngfTds nfe ePsf If]qdf s]lGb|t eO{ pTkflbt
j:t'sf] d"No / u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ u/L ahf/ ljljwLs/0fsf ;fy lgof{t a9fpg]tkm{ nfUg'
cfjZos x'g cfPsf] 5 .

$=%=% ljb]zL j:t' cTolws cfoft eO{ :jb]zL cy{tGq / pBf]uwGbfdf kg{] k|efjsf]
ljZn]if0f
;b:otfkl5 ljb]zL j:t' cTolws cfoft eO{ :jb]zL cy{tGq / :jb]zL pBf]unfO{
w/fzfoL agfpF5 ls eGg] k|Zgsf] ;Gbe{df ;Ë7gleqsf sltko k|fjwfgn] To:tf]
cgk]lIft / c:jfefljs cfoftnfO{ /f]Sg ;]kmuf8{\; nufotsf ;'wf/fTds pkfox¿
(Trade Remedy Measures) sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf ltgsf] cjnDagaf6 :jb]zL
pBf]unfO{ kg{] k|lts"n c;/ / uDeL/ xflggf]S;fgLaf6 hf]ufpg ;lsg] l:ylt 5 eGg
;lsG5 . To:t} pTkfbgd"NoeGbf sd d"Nodf jf cg'bfg ;xfotfdf pTkflbt j:t'
:jb]z lelqO{ :jb]zL pBf]unfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg] l:ylt pTkGg ePdf o:tf
c:jR5 / cjfl~5t Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfknfO{ PlG68lDkË tyf sfpG6/e]lnË dx;'n
nufP/ lg?T;flxt ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfkZrft\
s'g} klg :jb]zL pBf]unfO{ ;fdfGotof ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ ;lsb}Fg . olb To:tf] ;+/If0f
lbg'k¥of] eg] klg eG;f/ z'Nssf] dfWodaf6 dfq lbg ;lsG5 . o;f] xf] tfklg
;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]ux¿nfO{ ;/sf/n] k|ToIf ¿kaf6 ;+/If0f lbg ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfn] s'g} cj/f]w l;h{gf ub{}g . o; qmddf Psflt/ :jb]zsf 7"nf tyf
demf}nf pBf]unfO{ eG;f/ z'Nssf] cjnDag u/]/ ;+/If0f lbg ;lsG5 eg] csf{lt/
g]kfn cg]skIfLo ;Demf}tfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf] kIf

-74-
/fi6« gePsf]n] ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df :jb]zL pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt j:t' ljb]zL j:t'sf]
t'ngfdf bz k|ltzt;Dd dxFuf] eP klg vl/b ug{ ;lsg] ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^$
sf] Joj:yfnfO{ cg';/0f ub{} :jb]zL pTkfbgnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd k|ToIf ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{]
af6f] klg v'nf /x]sf] 5 .

$=%=^ cfoft–lgof{tsf k|lqmof tyf eG;f/ d"NofÍg k|lqmof / sfo{ljlwx¿df kg{]

k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ cfoft, lgof{t k|lqmof / eG;f/ sfo{ljlw ;s];Dd
;/n, kf/bzL{ / cgfjZos emGem6 tyf nfut Joxf]g'{ gkg{] k|sl[ tsf] x'gk' 5{ tfls
;b:ox¿aLr j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] Jofkf/ ;xh ¿kdf x'g ;sf];\ . g]kfndf lglZrt
j:t'x¿sf] cfoft;DaGwdf cfoft Ohfht lbg], j:t'sf] pTklQsf] k|df0fkq hf/L ug{,]
/ eG;f/ ;]jf z'Ns lng] cEof; ePsf]n] oL ;a} k|lqmof / sfo{ljlwnfO{ ;/nLs/0f
ub{} kf/bl{zt{ f j[l4 ug{ h?/L x'g cfPcg';f/ ;Ë7gsf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ ;/n / kf/bzL{
agfO{ ;lsPsf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] eG;f/ d"NofÍg;DaGwL ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v
ePcg';f/sf Joj:yfx¿nfO{ ;d]6L gofF eG;f/ P]g / lgodfjnL hf/L ul/;lsPsf]
5 . jfl0fHo ljefuaf6 cfoft lgof{t ;DaGwdf cfjZos kg{] sfuhft / k"/f ug{k' g{]
sfo{ljlw;DaGwdf lbUbz{g k|sflzt ug{] / o;df ;d;fdlos ;+zf]wg ug{] sfo{ x'bF }
cfPsf] 5 . ;]jf nfut;DaGwdf h'g ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ h] hlt vr{ nfUg] xf] Tolt
xb;Dd dfq /sd c;'n ug{ kfOg] ;Ë7gsf] l;4fGtadf]lhd ;]jfnfutnfO{ klg qmdzM
cf}lrTok"0f{ agfpFb} nluPsf] 5 . cfoft lgof{t;DaGwdf /x]sf cgfjZos k|lqmof /
sfuhftx¿df s6f}tL ub{} nluPsf] 5 . o;n] Psflt/ cfoft­–lgof{t k|lqmof ;/n eO{
cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ k|j4{gdf ;xof]u k'Ug]5 eg] csf{tkm{ Jofkf/sf] sf/f]jf/ nfut klg
36\g k'uL lgof{tnfO{ yk k|lt:kwL{ agfpg d2t ldNg] b]lvG5 . ;fy}, b]zleq sRrfkbfy{
/ pkef]Uo j:t' t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;:tf] d"Nodf pknAw eO{ :jb]zL pTkfbs tyf
pkef]QmfnfO{ klg nfe g} k'Ug] b]lvG5 .

$=%=& ;]jf Jofkf/sf] If]qdf kg{] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f

ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gn] ;]jf Jofkf/nfO{ ljleGg afx| ;]jf If]q / Ps zo ;f7L pkIf]qdf
juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 . tLdWo] g]kfnn] P3f/ ;]jf If]qsf em08} ;Q/L pkIf]qx¿df
PsfpGg k|ltztb]lv c;L k|ltzt;Dd ljb]zL nufgLsf] :jfldTj /xg;Sg] u/L cfˆgf]
ahf/ v'nf u/]sf] 5 . ljb]zL ;]jf k|bfosn] g]kfndf ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ rfx]df
g]kfnL;Fusf] ;+o'Qm nufgLdf sDkgL ;~rfng ug{;Sg], ;~rfns ;ldltdf :yfgLo

-75-
;~rfns ;b:ox¿sf] ;+Vofsf] kGw| k|ltztdf ga9\g] u/L ljb]zL ;~rfns /fVg
kfOg] zt{ /flvPsf] 5 . v'nf ul/Psf] ;]jf If]qdf j}b]lzs nufgL / k|ljlw lelqg] x'Fbf
g]kfndf Psflt/ cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] lj:tf/ x'g] ;Defjgf 5 eg] csf{tkm{ ljb]zL
;]jf k|bfosn] sDtLdf aL; k|ltzt :yfgLo nufgL /fVg'kg{], clwsf+z /f]huf/L :jb]zL
sfdbf/nfO{ lbg'kg{] h:tf Joj:yfn] :jb]zL nufgLstf{ k|f]T;flxt x'g], :yfgLo :t/df
/f]huf/L a9\g] / :jb]zL ;~rfnsx¿df sfnfGt/df ljb]zL 1fg / ;Lk :yfgfGt/0f
eO{ Jofj;flos s'zntf / pBdzLntf j[l4 x'g] ;Defjgf 5 .

$=%=* Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] If]qdf kg{] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f

c¿ b'O{ If]qsf] t'ngfdf Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] If]q g]kfnsf]
;Gbe{df s]xL gf}nf] ePsf]n] o;af6 ;d'lrt nfe xfl;n ug{ gLltut tyf ;+:yfut
;'wf/df pRr hf]8 lbg'kg{] l:ylt 5 . xfn o;;DaGwdf lj:t[t gLlt agfpg] sfo{
cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . tTkZrft\ af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL PsLs[t P]g agfpg] /
df}h"bf P]gdf ;'wf/ ug{] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy cl3 a9fpg'kg{] x'G5 . ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gsf] xËsËdf cfof]lht 5}6f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf
nflu TRIPS Compliance sf] cjlw #) h'g, @)!# ;Dd a9fPsf]df cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo
;Dd]ngn] ;f] cjlw ;g\ @)!^ ;Dd a9fpg ;DalGwt kl/ifb\nfO{ o;;DaGwL k|lqmof
cl3 a9fpg lgb{]zg lbPsf] 5 . k|fKt ;+qmd0f cjlwsf] clwstd pkof]u ub{} af}l4s
;DklQ;DaGwL gLlt tyf P]g lgdf{0f ug{], df}h"bf ;DalGwt P]gx¿df kl/dfh{g /
;'wf/ ug{] sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fpFb} lgwf{l/t ;doleq l6«K;sf] ;Demf}tfnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf
ptfg{ rgfvf] aGg'kg{] l:ylt 5 . ;fy}, g]kfnsf] ckf/ h}ljs ;Dkbf, k/Dk/fut
1fg / ;LknfO{ klg ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ub}{ o;sf] Jofkfl/s pkof]uaf6 nfe lng]tkm{
k|of; h?/L 5 . g]kfndf af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf ljZj af}l4s ;DklQ
;Ë7g (WIPO) n] ;+:yfut tyf hgzlQm ljsf; nufotsf If]qdf ljleGg k|fljlws
;xof]u pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . cfufdL lbgdf k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf ;fy} cf}Bf]lus
;DklQsf] clwsf/, ef}uf]lns ;Í]tLs/0f (Geographical Indication), k/Dk/fut 1fg,
cfg'j+lzs ;|f]tdf kx'Frh:tf kIfdf alnof] sfg"g / ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf u/L
af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwstd Jofkf/af6 nfe lng pRr hf]8 lbg'kg{] l:ylt 5 .

$=%=( ;/sf/sf] cfly{s gLlt lgdf{0f ug{] clwsf/ ;Í'rg x'g] s'/fsf] ljZn]if0f
lgZro klg ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o alg;s]kl5 ;/sf/n] PstkmL{ ¿kdf
h'g;'s} ;dodf h] h:tf] plrt nfUof] To:tf] gLlt jf sfg"g hf/L ug{ ldNb}g .

-76-
;fdfGotM ;/sf/n] Jofkf/nfO{ k|efljt ug{] gLlt, sfg"g jf sfo{ljlw cflbdf km]/abn
ubf{ ;Ë7gdf k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf] s'/fsf] cwLgdf /xL ug{'kg{] x'G5 . t/ o;nfO{
b]zleq cfjZostfg';f/ gLlt lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ug{] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/df cfPsf]
;Í'rgsf ¿kdf a'‰g'x'Fb}g . a¿ of] Joj:yfn] ;/sf/nfO{ hyfefjL s/ tyf eG;f/sf
b/x¿ km]/abn ug{ tyf Jofkf/df cgfjZos zt{x¿ tf]Sgaf6 /f]s nufP/ Jofkf/df
;'lglZrttf / k"jf{g'dfgLotf :yflkt ug{ an k'¥ofPsf] 5 eGg;lsG5 . ;fy}, ;Ë7gsf]
;b:o alg;s]kl5 ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gn] cfGtl/s Jofkf/ gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;b:o
b]znfO{ lgb{]lzt u5{ eGg] s'/f klg ;To xf]Og . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g lgoddf cfwfl/t
;+:yf ePsf]n] o;n] ;b:o /fi6«x¿af6 cg'df]lbt ;Demf}tf / lgodx¿sf] cwLgdf /xL
ljZj Jofkf/nfO{ v'nf / cj/f]w/lxt tl/sfn] ;~rfng ug{ dfq hf]8 lbG5, g ls s'g}
;b:onfO{ JolQmut ¿kdf cfGtl/s gLlt lgdf{0f ug{df ;'emfj jf lgb{]zg lbG5 . t;y{,
;Ë7gdf cfa4 eO;s]kl5 klg ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] cfoft x'g] ;fdfgx¿sf] u'0f:t/ /
dfkb08 :jljj]sLo clwsf/ k|of]u u/L cfˆgf] d'n'ssf] lxt / /fli6«o ;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs
:jf:Yo tyf g}ltstf Pj+ jftfj/0fLo kIfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL cfkm}Fn] tf]Sg ;S5g\, o;sf]
nflu ;Ë7gn] s'g} /f]s6f]s ub{}g, a? o;/L tf]lsg] dfkb08 / u'0f:t/rflxF j:t'ut,
j}1flgs / ljgf e]befj ;a}nfO{ Ps}gf;n] nfu" x'g] ePsf]n] clwsf/ ;Í'rgsf] cj:yf
cfpg;Sg] b]lvFb}g .

$=%=!) jftfj/0f, dfgj, kz' tyf jg:klt :jf:Yo;DaGwdf kg{] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g d"ntM v'nf / cj/f]w/lxt ljZj Jofkf/sf] kIfdf sfd ug{] ;+:yf
xf] . t/ o;n] Psf]xf]/f] ¿kdf v'nf / :jtGq Jofkf/sf] dfq kIf glnP/ dfgj, kz'
tyf jg:klt :jf:Yodf vnn kg{] l:yltdf Ps ;b:o /fi6«af6 csf{] ;b:odf j:t'
tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft lgof{tnfO{ /f]Sg;Sg] u/L ljleGg ;'/IffTds pkfox¿ cjnDag
ug{ ;lsg] ;Demf}tfnfO{ klg ;d]6]sf] 5 . To:t} Jofkf/af6 jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds
c;/ kg{ glbg / ;fwg;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ubf{ lbuf] / cfbz{td kl/rfng ug{ ;b:o
/fi6«x¿nfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu cg'bfg lbg;lsg] Joj:yf klg
/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn dfgj, kz' tyf jg:klt :jf:Yo;DaGwL (SPS) / Jofkf/sf k|fljlws
dfkb08 (TBT) sf If]qdf sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x]sf] / g]kfndf cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfk|fKt
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfo (Accreditation Board) xfn;Dd :yfkgf x'g g;s]sf] ;Gbe{df
:jb]zL pTkfbgsf] lgof{tnfO{ lgaf{w ¿kdf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df k|j4{g ug{ o;;DaGwL
cfw'lgs k|of]uzfnf / u'0f:t/ k|df0fLs/0f lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug{' clt h?/L 5 .
o;sf] nflu 5'§} P]g hf/L ug{'kg{] ;Gbe{df ;f]sf] d:of}bf tof/ ug{] sfo{ ePsf] 5 .

-77-
xfnsf lbgdf g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu / vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f
ljefusf] k|of]uzfnfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] agfpg] k|of; eO/x]sf]
5 . o;sf] nflu o'/f]lkog o'lgog nufotsf bft[ lgsfosf] ;xof]udf ljleGg sfo{x¿
rln/x]sf 5g\ . k|of]uzfnfsf] :t/f]Ggltkl5 lgof{t k|j4{gdf 7f]; of]ubfg k'Ug] ck]Iff
lng;lsG5 .

$=%=!! ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfn] g]kfnh:tf ;fgf /fi6« ljZj cy{tGqdf emg\ ;LdfGtLs[t
x'Fb} hfG5g\ eGg] sygsf] ljZn]if0f
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf ;fgf 7"nf ;a} vfn] /fi6« ;b:o /x]sf 5g\ . cfh s'n ljZj
Jofkf/sf] kGrfGgAa] k|ltzteGbf a9L lx:;f ;Ë7g cGtu{tsf ;b:ox¿sf] /x]sf] 5 .
oBlk ;Ë7gdf cfa4 ;a} /fi6«sf] cfly{s x}l;ot Pp6} 5}g / ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6
;a} /fi6«n] ;dfg kmfObf lng ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . h'g /fi6«sf] cfk"lt{ Ifdtf ;'b[9 5,
gLltut l:y/tf, ;'zf;g / Jofkf/ ;xof]uL k"jf{wf/;+/rgfx¿sf] :t/ dfly 5 tL
/fi6«n] ljZj Jofkf/df a9L / sdhf]/ /fi6«n] sd dfq kmfObf p7fpg ;s]sf 5g\ .
t/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf cfa4 ePkl5 g]kfnh:tf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6« emg\
;LdfGtLs[t x'Fb} uPsf] eGg] egfOdf rflxF ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg] 7fpF sd} 5 . lsgls
;Ë7gdf ;fgf 7"nf ;a} /fi6«sf] Pp6} sfg"gL x}l;ot 5 / Ps /fi6« Ps dtsf] cfwf/df
lg0f{o x'g] kl/kf6Ln] ;fgf /fi6«sf] cfjfhnfO{ klg ljZj Jofkf/ d~rdf TolQs} dxŒjsf
;fy k|:t't ug{] af6f] v'nf 5 . s'g} klg lg0f{onfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'k"j{ ;Dk"0f{
;b:o /fi6«sf] ;xdlt cfjZos x'G5 . olb s'g} Pp6f ;b:on] lg0f{odf lj/f]w u/]df Tof]
lg0f{o sfof{Gjog x'g;Qm}g . of] Joj:yf g]kfnh:tf ;fgf /fi6«sf] lxtdf 5 . ;Ë7gn]
cËLsf/ u/]sf] e]befj/lxt Jojxf/ / kf/blz{tf;DaGwL gLltx¿ g]kfnh:tf ;fgf
d'n'ssf nflu ;xof]uL ;flat ePsf 5g\ . lsgls ;Ë7gdf cfa4 ePkl5 s'g} klg
7"nf /fi6«n] ;fgf /fi6«nfO{ e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{, Jofkf/df cgfjZos tuf/f] l;h{gf
ug{ kfpFb}g . Pp6f d'n'snfO{ lbPsf] ;'ljwf csf{] d'n'snfO{ klg ljgf zt{ tTsfn
pknAw u/fpg'kg{] Joj:yfn] ;fgf /fi6« nfeflGjt g} x'g] l:ylt 5 . ;fy}, ;fgf /fi6«n]
7"nf /fi6«;Fu j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf ;DaGwdf s'g} lvrnf] pTkGg eP ;Ë7gsf] ljjfb
;dfwfg ;+oGqdf ph"/L u/L ljjfb ;'N6fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . ;Ë7gdf cfa4 ;fgf
/fi6«x¿n] 5'§} ;d"x agfO{ wgL /fi6«x¿l;t yk 5"6, ;x'lnot / k|fljlws ;xfotfsf]
nflu bafa klg l;h{gf ug{;S5g\ . ;Ë7gcGtu{tsf ljleGg ;Demf}tf / lg0f{ox¿n]
clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf nflu Joj:yf u/]sf] ljz]if / k[ys\ Jojxf/af6 g]kfnh:tf
clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«nfO{ a9L nfe p7fpg ;Sg] cj;/ pknAw 5g\ .

-78-
 kl/R5]b–%
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfkZrft\ g]kfnn] ;DkGg u/]sf k|dv
' sfo{x¿
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfkZrft\ g]kfnn] ;b:otf k|flKt ug{] qmddf JoQm u/]sf
k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt P]g tyf gLltx¿ th'{df
Pj+ ;+zf]wg ug{], ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{], k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{,
k|fljlws ;xof]u kl/rfng ug]{ nufotsf sfo{x¿nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy cl3 a9fpFb}
cfPsf] 5 . ;fy}, ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljleGg kIfdf hgr]tgf clej[l4 Pj+
cg'ej cfbfg–k|bfgsf] sfo{x¿nfO{ ;d]t k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 .
cGt/f{li6«o:t/df ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g cGtu{tsf ljleGg d~rx¿df ;lqmo ;xeflutf
hgfpFb} clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] Jofkf/ / cfly{s ljsf;sf d'2fx¿nfO{ dxŒjsf ;fy
p7fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . oL sfo{x¿nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf b]xfoadf]lhd k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .

%=! gLltut÷sfg"gL ;'wf/x¿

ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf lng] qmddf g]kfnn] j:t' Jofkf/, ;]jf Jofkf/ /
af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf ljleGg k|lta4tfx¿ hfx]/ u/]sf] lyof] . tbg';f/ oL
k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf ptfg{ em08} tLg bh{g hlt gLltut, sfg"gL kIfdf
;'wf/ ck]lIft lyof] . o; qmddf sltko df}h"bf gLlt, P]g tyf lgodfjnLx¿df ljZj
Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] k|fjwfgcg's"n x'g] u/L ;+zf]wg ug{ cfjZos lyof] eg] sltko If]qdf
gofF gLlt, P]g tyf lgodfjnL th{'df u/L nfu" ug{'kg{] l:ylt lyof] . To:t} sltko
ljifodf cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx¿sf] kIf aGg'kg{] cfjZostf lyof] . g]kfnn] ;Ë7gsf]
;b:otf lng] qmddf k]z u/]sf] sfg"gL ;'wf/sf] sfo{of]hgf (Legislative Action Plan)
df ljleGg $@ j6f ljifox¿ ;d]l6Psf lyP . tLdWo] xfn;Dd cfwfhlt sfof{Gjogdf
ptf/L ;lsPsf 5g\ eg] Ps bh{g hlt ljifox¿ clxn] k|f/lDes tof/L, th{'df,
kl/dfh{g / ;+zf]wgsf ljleGg r/0faf6 u'lh|/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnn] ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf
lnPkZrft\ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] l;4fGt / efjgf cg's"n x'g] u/L ul/Psf s]xL k|d'v
gLltut tyf sfg"gL ;'wf/sf ljifox¿nfO{ ;+If]kdf tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf ul/Psf] eG;f/ dx;'n;DaGwL ;LdfÍg (Tariff Binding)
cg's"n x'g] u/L eG;f/ b/x¿nfO{ qmdzM ;dfof]hg ub{} nluPsf] 5 . eG;f/
d"NofÍg k|lqmof / d"NofÍgsf cfwf/x¿ ;Ë7gsf] l;4fGtadf]lhd x'g] u/L
sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] ;Gbe{df gofF eG;f/ P]g, @)^$ hf/L u/L ;f]xL cg'¿k
gofF eG;f/ lgodfjnL ;d]t sfof{Gjogdf NofO;lsPsf] 5 .

-79-
• cGo dx;'n tyf z'Nsx¿nfO{ @ b]lv !) jif{sf] cjlwdf x6fpg] k|lta4tfadf]lhd
;flasdf nufO{ cfPsf :yfgLo ljsf; z'Nsnufotsf sltko z'Nsx¿nfO{
k"0f{¿kdf x6fOPsf] 5 eg] s[lif ;'wf/ z'NsnfO{ qmdzM sd ub{} nluPsf] 5 .
• ;flassf] jfl0fHo gLlt / cf}Bf]lus gLltdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L gofF jfl0fHo gLlt,
@)^% / gofF cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . gofF hf/L ePsf] cf}Bf]lus
gLltcg';f/ ;flassf] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gnfO{ ;Ë7gsf] k|fjwfgadf]lhd kl/dfh{g
ug{ tyf ;d;fdlos agfpg d:of}bf tof/ eO{ 5nkmnsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 .
• ;Ë7gsf] ;Demf}tfcg's"n cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;xh, kf/bzL{ /
k"jf{g'dfgLo agfpg lgsf;L k}7f/L -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)!# df cfjZos ;+zf]wg
ul/;lsPsf] 5 . k'gZr kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{cg';f/ cfoft–lgof{tnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{
;flassf] P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf Jofks kl/jt{g ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] ;Gbe{df
gofF P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf] d:of}bf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . lgsf;L k}7f/L -lgoGq0f_
P]g, @)!# df ul/Psf] ;+zf]wg adf]lhd g]kfn /fhkqdf ldlt @)^^ sflt{s !^
df lgsf;L tyf k}7f/Ldf k"0f{ k|ltaGw nufOPsf j:t'x¿ / lgsf;L tyf k}7f/Ldf
kl/df0ffTds aGb]h nufOPsf j:t'x¿sf] ;"rL k|sflzt u/L lgsf;L tyf k}7f/L
Jofkf/df kf/blz{tf / k"jf{g'dfgLotf ;'lglZrt u/L lgsf;L tyf k}7f/L Jofkf/nfO{
;xhLs/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 .
• k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g tyf ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g tyf lgodfjnL, ljB'tLo sf/f]jf/;DaGwL
P]g hf/L ul/Psf 5g\ .
• la?jf ;+/If0f P]g / lgodfjnLdf ;Ë7gsf] l;4fGtcg's"n ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] 5 .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gcGtu{tsf ;Demf}tfx¿ cg'sn " x'g] u/L ljb]zL nufgL tyf
Psåf/ gLlt, ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, cf}ifwL P]g / u'0f:t/ -k|df0f
lrXg_ P]g cflbdf cfjZos ;+zf]wgsf] sfo{ cl3 a9]sf] 5 . Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s
;DklQsf] ;+/If0f, cfg'jl+ zs ;|ft] df kxFr
' , :jf:Yo ;+:yf ;~rfng;DaGwdf gofF
P]gsf] d:of}bf tyf ;f] ;DaGwL gLlt / lgodfjnLx¿ th{d ' fsf] qmddf /x]sf 5g\ .
• ;]kmuf8{\;, PG6L8lDkË tyf sfpG6/e]lnË dx;'n;DaGwL P]gsf] d:of}bf tof/ eO{
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu 5nkmnsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 .
• ;]jf Jofkf/sf] If]qdf gofF /fi6« a}Í P]g, gofF a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g,
gofF sDkgL P]g th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . ljb]zL ljlgdo -lgodg_
P]g / lgodfjnL, lwtf]kq ljlgod P]gdf ;Ë7gsf] ;Demf}tfcg's"n cfjZos
kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] 5 eg] bfdf;fxL;DaGwL P]g hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . aLdf P]g
;+zf]wgsf] k|lqmofdf /x]sf] 5 .

-80-
• ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx¿sf] kIf aGg] qmddf !! hgj/L, ;g\ @))^ df
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;+/If0f;DaGwL jg{ dxf;lGw (Berne Convention) / * d],
;g\ @))^ df la?jf ;+/If0f;DaGwL dxf;lGw (Instrument of International
Plant Protection (IIPP) Convention) sf] g]kfn kIf /fi6« ag]sf] 5 . j:t'sf]
cGt/f{li6«o ljqmL;DaGwL /fi6«;+3Lo s/f/ dxf;lGw (Convention on Contracts for
the International Sale of Goods, Vienna, 1980) sf] kIf aGg] ;Gbe{df cfjZos
k|lqmof cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 .
g]kfnn] ;Ë7gdf k]z u/]sf] sfg"gL ;'wf/;DaGwL sfo{of]hgfdf xfn;Dd ePsf]
k|ult ljj/0f cg';"rL–@ / # df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

%=@ ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4

;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4sf] ;Gbe{df jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf] kxn / ;lqmotfdf
cGo ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿, ;/sf/L / u}/ ;/sf/L If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo / bft[
/fi6« tyf lgsfosf] ;d]t ;xof]u, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng
x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . ;~rflnt k|d'v sfo{x¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
• jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf] of]hgf tyf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;xof]u dxfzfvfcGtu{t
j}bl] zs ;xfotf kl/rfng zfvf / ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g k|lta4tf sfof{Gjog zfvf
dfkm{t ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g;Da4 ljifox¿df cGt/–dGqfno÷lgsfo ;dGjosf]
sfo{ x'bF } cfPsf] 5 . dGqfnosf] ;+of]hgdf ljleGg bft[ lgsfo tyf ;DalGwt
;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]udf ;/sf/L / lghL If]qsf ;/f]s ] f/jfnf lgsfosf JolQmx¿sf]
Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g;DaGwL ljleGg ljifodf ;do ;dodf
tflnd tyf cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfn ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
• WTO/EIF Support Project cGtu{t xfn Nepal Enhanced Capacities for Trade
and Development, (NECTRADE) gfds cfof]hgf ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . o;n]
g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf u/]sf k|lta4tfx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ dGqfnosf]
;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt
(Nepal Trade Integration Strategy, NTIS-2010) sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;d]t ;xof]u
ul//x]sf] 5 .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g;DaGwL ljleGg ljifodf lgoldt ¿kdf ;"rgf tyf
hfgsf/Lx¿ k|jfx ug{ ;g\ @))# sf] gf]e]Da/b]lv sf7df08f}sf] aa/dxndf WTO
Reference Centre ;~rfng ub{} cfOPsf] 5 . ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;xh kx'Frdf /x]sf]
pQm s]Gb|df ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g;DaGwL ljleGg ljifodf d'lb|t tyf cgnfOg

-81-
 ;fdu|Lx¿dfkm{t hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 . s]Gb|df Ps k':tsfno;d]t /x]sf] 5 .
hxfF ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g, cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/sf ljleGg kIfl;t ;/f]sf/ /fVg]
;d;fdlos ljifodf pkof]uL k':ts tyf cGo kf7\o;fdu|L ;Ílnt 5g\ . s]Gb|df
dGqfnosf sltko k|sfzgx¿ lgMz'Ns pknAw x'g] Joj:yf klg ldnfOPsf] 5 .
s]Gb|df ;do–;dodf Jofkf/;DaGwL ljleGg ;d;fdlos ljifodf ;/sf/L tyf
lghL If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] pkl:yltdf cGtlqm{of tyf 5nkmn sfo{qmdx¿
klg ;~rfng ug{] ul/Psf] 5 .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;lrjfno, h]g]efdf ;do–;dodf jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfnoaf6 ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljleGg ljifodf k|of]ufTds / sfo{:ynsf]
cg'ej lbnfpg] p2]Zon] ;Ë7gsf] ;xof]udf dGqfnoaf6 Intern sf] ¿kdf
sd{rf/L v6fO{ k7fpg] ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}, ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g;Fu ;DalGwt
If]qLo tyf :YffgLo :t/sf] nfdf] tyf 5f]6f] cjlwsf tflnd, uf]i7Lx¿df g]kfn
;/sf/sf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;xefuL x'g k7fO{ pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf j[l4df ;xof]u
k'¥ofpFb} cfOPsf] 5 .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf cGo clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf k|ltlglwx¿;Fu ;do–
;dodf cg'ej cfbfg k|bfgsf sfo{x¿ x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g;DaGwL ljifodf k|efjsf/L cGt/–lgsfo ;dGjosf nflu
;DalGwt dGqfno, ljefux¿, g]kfn /fi6« a}Í / lghL If]qsf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj
x'g] u/L WTO Focal Points sf] u7g ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] a}7s lgoldt ¿kdf
cfof]hgf u/L ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] k|lta4tf k"/f ug{] nufotsf ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ;d;fdlos ljifoj:t'df 5nkmn u/L lg0f{o ePsf ljifox¿nfO{
sfof{Gjog ug{] ul/Psf] 5 .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf s]xL ;Demf}tfx¿df c¿ ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ cfjZos hfgsf/L
k|bfg ug{ Enquiry Points sf] :yfkgf ug{k' g{] Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ldlt @)^).!.* sf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwdf ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnonfO{
Service Enquiry Point tf]lsPsf] 5 . o;}u/L dfgj, kz' tyf jg:klt :jf:Yo (SPS)
pkfox¿;DaGwL ljifodf lgoldt ¿kdf ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
cGtu{t vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefunfO{ SPS National Enquiry Point
tf]lsPsf] 5 . o:t} Jofkf/sf k|fljlws cj/f]wx¿ (TBT) ;DaGwL ljifodf lgoldt
tj/df ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ pBf]u dGqfno cGtu{t g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n
ljefunfO{ TBT National Enquiry Point tf]lsPsf] 5 . oL lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf
ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ k|fyldstf;fy cufl8 a9fpFb} cfOPsf] 5 .

-82-
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfkZrft\ Aid for Trade (AfT) tyf lj:tfl/t PsLs[t
;+/rgf (EIF) cGtu{t Jofkf/ If]qdf k|fKt x'g] ;xof]usf] plrt kl/rfng, Jofkf/
If]qdf ul/g'kg{] gLltut ;'wf/, cGt/–dGqfno ;dGjo, hgzlQm ljsf; tyf
;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4nufotsf ljifodf gLltut dfu{lgb{]z k|bfg ug{] tyf
Jofkf/nfO{ /fli6«o ljsf; gLltx¿df d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ nufot eljiodf ;fdgf
ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug{sf nflu ;'emfj lbg] p2]Zon] g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo
;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf jfl0fHo If]q;Fu ;Da4 ljleGg dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿, lghL
If]qsf 5ftf ;Ë7gsf k|d'vx¿ tyf g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf l8k'6L ue{g/ ;d]t ;b:o
/x]sf] Ps pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lgb{]zs ;ldlt (National Steering Committee)
u7g ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] ;lrjfnosf ¿kdf jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf]
of]hgf tyf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;xof]u dxfzfvf sfo{/t 5 . o; k|lqmofdf ;3fp
k'¥ofpg jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf ;x–;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf Pp6f /fli6«o
sfof{Gjog PsfO (National Implementation Unit : NIU) ;d]t u7g ul/Psf]
5 . o;n] Jofkf/ If]qsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg bft[ lgsfo tyf
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g / o;cGtu{tsf ljleGg ;+oGqx¿af6 pknAw x'g] cfly{s,
k|fljlws ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng / ;dGjo nufotsf sfo{x¿ ub{} cfPsf] 5 .
• g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg;DaGwL ;d;fdlos ljleGg ljifox¿df
cfjZostfg';f/ 5nkmn tyf k/fdz{ u/L lglZrt cjwf/0ff tof/ ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg ljutdf jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnodf ;lrjsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{'ePsf
cg'ejL k|zf;sx¿ tyf Jofkf/ If]qdf nfdf] ;dob]lv sfo{ u/L ljz]if cg'ej
/ ljz]if1tf xfl;n ug{'ePsf ljlzi6 JolQmTjx¿ ;lDdlnt Pp6f Jofkf/
;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt (Trade Advisory Committee) sf] u7g u/L cg'ejL k|zf;s
tyf ljz]if1x¿sf] 1fg tyf cg'ejnfO{ d'n'ssf] jfl0fHo If]qsf]] ljsf;sf nflu
pkof]u ug]{ ;+oGq agfOPsf]] 5 . of] ;ldltsf] a}7s ;fdfGotof #–# dlxgfdf
cfof]hgf ug{] ul/Psf] 5 .
• Jofkf/ If]qdf sfo{/t bft[ lgsfo, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;/sf/L tyf lghL
If]q;d]tsf] ;+o'Qm ;xeflutfdf ;do–;dodf ;fj{hlgs–lghL ;+jfb (Public
Private Dialogue : PPD) sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/L jfl0fHo If]qsf ;d;fdlos
d'2fx¿nfO{ s]nfpg], 5nkmn tyf k/fdz{ ug{] ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}, o:tf 5nkmn
tyf cGtlq{mofdfkm{t k|fKt gLltut cg'kf]if0f (Policy Feedback) nfO{ dxŒjk"0f{
Input sf ¿kdf lnO{ tbg';f/ ;DalGwt gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿df ;'wf/ /
kl/dfh{g ug{] sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fpFb} cfOPsf] 5 .

-83-
%=# k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf cfa4 eO;s]kl5 g]kfndf Jofkf/;Da4 k"jf{wf/x¿sf]
ljsf;sf] If]qdf w]/} sfo{x¿ ePsf 5g\ . tLdWo] s]xL k|dv ' sfo{x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .
• d'n'ssf rf/ k|d'v eG;f/ gfsfx¿ qmdzM jL/u~h, lj/f6gu/, e}/xjf /
sfFs8le§fdf cfw'lgs ;'Vvf aGb/ufxsf] lgdf{0f eO{ Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fdf 7"nf]
6]jf k'u]sf] 5 . logdf jL/uGhsf] ;'Vvf aGb/ufx /]ndfu{af6 hf]l8Psf] x'Fbf oxfF
ef/tsf] sf]nsftf aGb/ufxb]lv dfnj:t' ;f]em} 9'jfgL x'g] Joj:yfn] cfoft–
lgof{t ;xh x'g'sf] ;fy} Jofkf/sf] sf/f]af/ nfut klg pNn]Vo ¿kdf 36fpg
;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . rLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q ltAat / ToxfFdfkm{t rLg;Fu x'g]
Jofkf/df ;xhtf Nofpg l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf] tftf]kfgL eG;f/ If]q;Fu} nfrf{df
;'Vvf aGb/ufx lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De ePsf] 5 . l5d]sL /fi6« aËnfb]z / rLgsf]
:jzfl;t If]q ltAat;Fu Jofkf/ clej[l4 ug{sf] nflu ;txdfu{af6 ;Lwf oftfoft
;~rfng ug{] ;DaGwdf sfo{ cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 .
• l5d]sL /fi6« ef/t;Fu x'g] Jofkf/nfO{ yk ;xh, ;/n / :jrflnt agfpg ;Ldfgfsf
k|d'v rf/ eG;f/ gfsfx¿df ef/t ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf PsLs[t hfFrrf}sL (Integrated
Checkpost: ICP) sf] lgdf{0fsf nflu ;DefJotf cWoog ug{] sfo{ k"/f eO{ jL/u~h
/ lj/f6gu/df sfo{ k|f/De eO;s]sf] 5 . pQm PsLs[t hfFrrf}sLsf] lgdf{0fkl5
ef/t;Fu x'g] Jofkf/df xfn ef]Ug'kl//x]sf] k|lqmofut emGem6x¿df pNn]Vo ;'wf/
cfO{ ;do / nfutdf 7"nf] art x'g] ck]Iff lnOPsf] 5 . cltl/Qm kf/jxgdfu{sf]
vf]hLsf] qmddf ef/tsf] ljzfvfk§gd\ / aËnfb]zsf] df]Ënfkf]6{ cflbsf] k|of]u
ug]{ ;DaGwdf låkIfLo:t/df jftf{ cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 .
• g]kfnsf] eG;f/ k|0ffnLnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L :jrflnt / j}1flgs agfpg]
qmddf k|lqmofut ;/nLs/0f, cfl;s'8f ;ˆ6j]o/nfO{ pkof]udf Nofpg] h:tf
sfo{x¿ ;DkGg ul/Psf 5g\ .
• blIf0f Plzof pkIf]qLo ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t oftfoft Pj+ kf/jxg ;'ljwf
ljsf;sf] nflu Transport Corridor lgdf{0fsf nflu PlzofnL ljsf; a}Í
nufotsf bft[lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo eO/x]sf] 5 .
• g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt, @)!) df cfwfl/t eP/ j:t' tyf k"jf{wf/
ljsf;;DaGwL ljleGg sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf 5g\ . o; cGtu{t
vf;u/L lgsf;L x'g] j:t'sf] pTkfbg j[l4, u'0f:t/ ;'wf/, d"No z+[vnfdf ;'wf/
/ d"Noclej[l4, k|of]zfnf k/LIf0f ;'ljwf lj:tf/ cflb If]qdf ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ . o; qmddf sf7df08f}l:yt cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yndf

-84-
 aGb cj:yfdf /x]sf] zLtu[x (Cold Storage) nfO{ cfjZos dd{t;Def/ u/L
tyf pks/0f;d]t h8fg u/L ;~rfngdf NofOPsf] 5 . lgsf;L x'g] ;'g,
rfFbLnufotsf wft'af6 lgld{t x:tsnfsf ;fdfgx¿sf] /;fog k/LIf0f u/L
u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu g]kfn x:tsnf dxf;+3;Fu nfut ;fem]bf/Ldf g]kfn
x:tsnf k/LIf0f k|of]uzfnf :yfkgf u/L ;~rfngdf NofOPsf] 5 . pmgL un}Frf
tyf klZdgfdf k|of]u x'g] sRrf pmgsf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0fsf nflu cfjZos k/LIf0f
;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ul/g'sf ;fy} g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefusf] k|of]uzfnfsf]
Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg gofF pks/0f vl/b tyf h8fg sfo{ ul/Psf 5g\ .
;fy}, vfB j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f
ljefusf] k|of]uzfnfsf] :t/f]Ggltsf nflu ljleGg sfo{x¿ ePsf 5g\ . lgsf;L
x'g] jg:klt / jg:klthGo hl8a'6Lsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf nflu jg:klt ljefusf]
k|of]uzfnfsf] Ifdtf j[l4sf] sfo{qmd cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnaf6 aflx/ lgsf;L
x'g] s[lif tyf u}/ s[lif pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu cfjZos P]gsf]
th{'df tyf ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fsf sfo{ cl3 a9fOPsf 5g\ .

%=$ k|fljlws ;xof]u kl/rfng

ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g, cGs6f8, cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ s]Gb|, o'=Pg\=l8=kL= nufot ljleGg
b]zsf bft[ lgsfox¿n] ;Ë7gsf clt sd ljsl;t ;b:o b]zx¿sf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf
ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg k|fljlws ;xfotfx¿ pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . o;qmddf
g]kfn klg o:tf lsl;dsf k|fljlws ;xfotfaf6 nfeflGjt x'bF } cfPsf] 5 . Jofkf/ If]qsf]
ljsf;sf nflu k|fKt s]xL k|dv
' j}bl] zs k|fljlws ;xfotfsf] pNn]v tn ul/Psf] 5 .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gn] clt sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu PsLs[t
;+/rgf (IF) / lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgf (EIF) cGtu{t pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf]
;xfotf g]kfnn] klg ;b'kof]u ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o; qmddf PsLs[t ;+/rgf
cGtu{tsf] cfly{s÷k|fljlws ;xof]uaf6 ;g\ @))$ df Nepal Trade and
Competitiveness Study (DTIS, 2004) ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] cWoogn]
;'emfPadf]lhd Jofkf/;Da4 lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{] qmddf vf;u/L
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{no, pBf]u ljefusf] af}l4s ;DklQsf]
clwsf/sf] k|zf;g ug{] zfvf, eG;f/ ljefu, g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu
/ vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefusf] k"jf{wf/ ;'b[9Ls/0fsf sfo{x¿sf
;fy} tL lgsfodf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{x¿ ;DkGg

-85-
 ul/Psf 5g\ . b'O{ jif{ klxn] ;f] cWoognfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L gofF g]kfn Jofkf/
PsLs[t /0fgLlt (NTIS), @)!) tof/ ug{ lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgf (EIF) af6
;xof]u pknAw ePsf] lyof] . clxn] g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt @)!) sf]
sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;d]t EIF af6 ljleGg ;xof]ux¿ pknAw eO/x]sf] 5 . o;
qmddf /0fgLltn] s[lif–vfBj:t' cGtu{t klxrfg u/]sf] g]kfnsf] Pp6f k|d'v
lgsf;Lof]Uo j:t'– cb'jfsf] d"No clej[l4sf nflu EIF cGtu{t Standards and
Trade Development Facilities (STDF) sf] ;xof]udf k"jf{~rnsf] sfFs8le§fdf
Pp6f cb'jf k|zf]wg s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{] sfo{qmd EIF af6 :jLs[t eO{ xfn
sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . /0fgLltn] ;d]6]sf cGo s]xL s[lifhGo /
cf}Bf]lus j:t' tyf ;]jf Jofkf/ cGtu{tsf s]xL If]qdf ;xof]u kl/rfng ug{]
;DaGwdf k|lqmof cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 .
• EIF sf] ;xof]udf jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnocGtu{t xfn Nepal Enhanced
Capacities for Trade and Development (NECTRADE) +gfds kl/of]hgf
;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] vf;u/L b]zsf] ;du| ljsf; k|lqmofdf Jofkf/sf]
d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{ / Jofkf/ If]qdf ;+:yfut Pj+ dfgj;|f]tsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf
nflu ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 . To;}u/L g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t
/0fgLlt, @)!) df klxrfg ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljleGg
bft[ lgsfo / kIfx¿af6 ;xof]u kl/rfng / ;+of]hg ug{] sfo{ klg o;n]
ul//x]sf] 5 .
• g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o ag]sf] k[i7e"lddf ljleGg ljsl;t /fi6«sf
ljsf; ;xof]uL ;+:yfx¿n] klg g]kfnsf] Jofkf/sf ljleGg kIfx¿df ;'wf/sf nflu
k|fljlws ;xof]u k|bfg ul//x]sf 5g\ . o; qmddf hd{g cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u lgsfo
(GIZ) n] k|lta4tf sfof{Gjog, Ifdtf ljsf; / j:t' ljsf;sf If]qdf ;xof]u
ul//x]sf] 5 . o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] cfly{s ;xof]udf ;~rflnt EC–Nepal WTO
Assistance Project af6 WTO Reference Centre sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, hgzlQm ljsf;,
SPS / TBT h:tf If]qdf ;Da4 ;/sf/L ljefu Pj+ lghL If]qsf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf]
nflu ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} cd]l/sL ;xof]u lgsfo (USAID) sf]
cfly{s ;xof]udf ;~rflnt Nepal Economic, Agriculture and Trade Activity
(NEAT) af6 ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf;, gLltut–sfg"gL ;'wf/ / j:t' ljsf;sf nflu
ljleGg If]qdf ;xof]u kl/rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
• cGs6f8 (UNCTAD) sf] cfly{s k|fljlws ;xof]udf g]kfnsf] ;]jf If]qsf
;Defjgfx¿ ;DaGwdf Ps cWoog sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L cGt/f{li6«o

-86-
 Jofkf/ s]Gb| (ITC) sf] ;xof]udf klZdgfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu Ps lj:t[t kl/of]hgf
k|:tfj tof/ ug{] sfo{ clGtd r/0fdf k'u]sf] 5 .
%=% hgr]tgf j[l4 Pj+ cg'ej cfbfg–k|bfg
• g]kfn cltsd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿dWo] jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf
k|j]z ug]{ klxnf] d'n's ePsf] / t'ngfTds ¿kdf g]kfnsf] ;Demf}tf jftf{ Pp6f
s'zn / ;kmn ;Demf}tf jftf{sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] / o;nfO{ cGs6f8nufotsf
;+:yfaf6 klg ;x|fxgf ul/Psf] x'Fbf clxn] ;b:otfsf] nflu jftf{sf] k|lqmofdf
/x]sf clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿n] g]kfnsf] ;b:otfk|flKtsf] cg'ejaf6 l;Sg
cle?lr b]vfO/x]sf 5g\ . o; qmddf e'6fg, ckmuflg:tfg / ;f]nf]dg cfONof08sf
k|ltlglwx¿af6 g]kfnsf] ;lDdng k|lqmofsf] cg'ej xfl;n ug{] ;DaGwdf cWoog
e|d0f ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ . ;fy}, g]kfnsf] cg'ejaf6 l;Sg cGo s]xL d'n'sx¿n]
rf;f] b]vfO{ /x]sf 5g\ .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g / ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljleGg kIfx¿df ;Da4 ;/sf/L
lgsfo, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, lghL If]q tyf gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ ;';l" rt
ug{] p2]Zon] ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] ;+nUgtfdf ljleGg ;dodf hgr]tgf clej[l4
;DaGwL uf]i7L, cGtlqm{ofsf] cfof]hgf ub{} cfOPsf] 5 . o:tf uf]i7L tyf cGtlq{mofx¿
If]qLo / lhNnf:t/df klg cfof]hgf ug{] ul/Psf 5g\ . bft[ lgsfosf] ;xof]udf
;fj{hlgs–lghL ;+jfbsf] cfof]hgf u/L ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf dxŒjk"0f{
d'2fx¿df 5nkmn tyf lrGtg ug{] kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ul/g'sf ;fy} ;do–;dodf
;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 ljZj Jofkf/;DaGwL
ljifodf ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/Lx¿ k|;f/0f ug{] sfo{ klg x'bF } cfPsf] 5 .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf ljleGg kIfx¿df ;j{;fwf/0f ;a}df ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug{]
p2]Zon] ljleGg k'l:tsf tyf Go"hn]6/ k|sfzg u/L ljt/0f ub{} cfOPsf] 5 .
• d'ns' leq ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g / o;;DaGwL ljleGg ljifodf ljleGg ;+3;+:yfn] cfof]hgf
ug{] uf]i7L, 5nkmn tyf a}7sx¿df ;|ft] JolQmsf] ¿kdf o; dGqfnosf] of]hgf tyf
cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;xof]u dxfzfvfaf6 ;xeflutf / k|ltlglwTj x'bF } cfPsf] 5 .

%=^ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g / ;f] cGtu{tsf d~rx¿df g]kfnsf] ;xeflutf

-s_ cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngdf ;xeflutf M g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] gLlt
lgdf{0fsf] ;a}eGbf pRr:t/Lo lgsfo dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngdf lgoldt ¿kdf efu
lnFb} cfˆgf] wf/0ff k|:t't ub{} cfPsf] 5 . ;fdfGotof k|To]s b'O{–b'O{ jif{df x'g]

-87-
 ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng kl5Nnf] k6s
!%–!& l8;]Da/, @)!! df l:j6h/Nof08sf] h]g]efdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . o;
;Dd]ngdf dfggLo jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqLsf] g]t[Tjdf Ps pRr:t/Lo g]kfnL
k|ltlglwd08nn] g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 ;xeflutf hgfPsf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnn]
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLk|ltsf] cfˆgf] k|lta4tf bf]xf]¥ofpFb} bf]xf /fp08sf] jftf{
oyfzSo l56f] 6'ª\ofpg] kIfdf cfˆgf] wf/0ff /fv]sf] lyof] . o;}u/L ;Dd]ngk"j{
clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf tkm{af6 p7fpg'kg]{ Ph]08fsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{
a;]sf] LDCs Group sf] a}7sdf / WTO df lqmofzLn cGo ljifout ;ldltsf
a}7sx¿df h]g]efl:yt g]kfnL lgof]uaf6 ;lqmo ¿kdf ;xefuL eO{ cfˆgf]
wf/0ff k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . k|ltlglw d08nn] ;Dd]ng cjlwdf h]g]efdf 5'§f5'§}
cfof]lht LDCs Group / ;fs{ If]qsf jfl0fHo dGqLx¿sf] a}7sdf ;d]t efu lnO{
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 g]kfnh:tf sd ljsl;t d'n'sn] plrt nfe lng]
cj:yf ;[hgf ug{] sfo{df ljsl;t d'n'ssf] Wofgfsif{0f ub{} ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf
ljljw kIfx¿df cfˆgf] wf/0ff JoQm u/]sf] lyof] .
cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] /l;of, ;df]cf, efg'cf6' / df]G6]gu] f| ] oL rf/ gofF
/fi6«x¿nfO{ ;Ë7gdf ;lDdng (Accession) x'g lbg] s'/fnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .
o;af6 ca ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf ;flassf] !%# af6 a9]/ l5§} g} !%& k'Ug] ePsf] 5 .
o; ;Dd]ngn] sd ljsl;t d'ns ' sf ;]jf Jofkf/ If]qsf ;]jf k|bfosx¿nfO{ ljsl;t
b]zx¿n] ;f}ljWok"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{ cfufdL !% jif{;Dd 5"6 lbg] ljifodf ;xdlt
k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . ;fy}, Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf]
sfof{Gjog nufotsf cGo s]xL ljifodf klg ;Dd]ngdf lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] .
-v_ Jofkf/sf nflu ;xof]u ;dLIff a}7sdf ;xeflutf M ljZj:t/df x'g] AfT
sf] ;dLIff a}7sdf g]kfn ;lqmotfsf ;fy ;xefuL x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . Jofkf/sf
nflu ;xof]usf] t];|f] ljZj ;dLIff a}7s !*–!( h'nfO{ @)!! df l:j6h/Nof08sf]
h]g]efdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . o;k"j{ ;g\ @))* sf] gf]e]Da/df klxnf] / ;g\
@))( sf] h'nfO{df qmdzM klxnf] / bf];|f] ;dLIff ePsf] lyof] . t];|f] ;dLIff a}7ssf]
d'Vo ljifo (Theme) Jofkf/sf] nflu ;xof]u / o;sf] kl/0ffdsf] k|bz{g (Showing
Results) df s]lGb|t lyof] . of] a}7sdf Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf
;Gbe{df …Jofkf/sf nflu ;xof]u (AfT)Ú nfO{ s;/L k|efjsf/L agfpg], Jofkf/sf]
jftfj/0f ;'wf/ ug{ / Jofkf/sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ lghL If]q;Fu s;/L ;dGjo
ug{], If]qLo Jofkf/ PsLs/0fdf ePsf sl7gfOx¿nfO{ s;/L ;dfwfg ug]]{ / blIf0f–

-88-
 blIf0f ;xof]unfO{ sdhf]/ /fi6«sf] Jofkf/ k|j4{gdf s;/L clej[l4 ug]{ nufotsf
ljifox¿df uDeL/tf;fy 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . ;fy}, ;dLIff a}7sn] Aid for Trade
sf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg Pj+ o;nfO{ glthfd'vL agfpg Jofkf/nfO{ ljsf;sf] d"n
k|jfxdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{, ;xof]u k|:tfj oyfy{k/s / kf/bzL{ x'g'kg]{, Aid for
Trade sf] kl/rfngsf lgldQ agfOg] /fli6«o ;+oGq (National Mechanism) df
;xof]u k|fKt ug{] /fi6«sf] :jfldTj / pQ/bfloTj ;'lglZrt x''g'kg{]df ljz]if hf]8
lbPsf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] bf}/fgdf "Aid for Trade at a Glance: Showing Results"
gfds OECD-WTO cg'udg k|ltj]bg klg k|:t't ePsf] lyof] . of] ;dLIff
a}7sdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf] ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf
kfFr ;b:oLo 6f]nLn] efu lnO{ Jofkf/sf] nflu ;xof]u sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg] ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ff k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnn] clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf a9fpg Aid for Trade sf] cfjZostf / ;fGble{stf
pRr /x]sf] s'/f bf]xf]¥ofpFb} o;sf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfngsf lgldQ bft[ lgsfo /
k|fks /fi6« b'j} kIfsf] e"ldsfdf ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/sf lgldQ cfu|x u/]sf] lyof] .
g]kfnn] o;k"j{sf b'O{j6} ;dLIff a}7sdf klg ;lqmotfsf ;fy efu lnO{ Jofkf/sf]
nflu k|fKt x'g] ;xof]unfO{ s] s;/L k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] ;DaGwdf
sfo{kqdfkm{t cfˆgf] :ki6 b[li6sf]0f k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] .
-u_ Jofkf/ gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg ;dLIff a}7sdf ;xeflutf M g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gdf cfa4 ePsf] em08} cf7 jif{kl5 klxnf]kN6 ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] clt sd
ljsl;t /fi6«sf] x}l;otn] k"/f ug{k' g{] Jofkf/ gLlt ;dLIff (Trade Policy Review) sf]
sfo{ oxL dfr{ !# / !%, @)!@ df ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;lrjfno h]ge ] fdf ;DkGg
ul/Psf] 5 . clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] gftfn] k|To]s ^–^ jif{df o:tf] ;dLIff ;DkGg
ug{k' g{] ;Ë7gsf] k|fjwfg eP tfklg g]kfnn] s]xL l9nf] eP klg ;kmntf;fy of] sfo{
;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . o; Jofkf/ gLlt ;dLIffdf jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf ;lrjsf]
g]tT[ jdf dGqfnosf ;DalGwt dxfzfvf x]gx{' g' ] ;x;lrj tyf ;Da4 clws[tx¿,
sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfno, eG;f/ ljefu, g]kfn /fi6« a}s + sf pRr k|ltlglwx¿
tyf h]ge ] fl:yt dxfdlxd g]kfnL /fhb"t;d]tsf] Ps k|ltlglwd08nn] efu lnO{
g]kfnn] ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o alg;s]kl5 Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf ;DaGwdf rfn]sf gLltut,
;+:yfut k|lqmofut ;'wf/sf ;du| kIfdf ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf k|ltlglw;dIf cfˆgf]
k|:t'lt /fv]sf] lyof] . o; qmddf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 Pp6f / ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gsf] ;lrjfnotkm{af6 csf{] u/L b'Oj{ 6f k|ltj]bg k|:t't ul/Psf]df To; pk/
lj:t[t 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . ;dLIffsf bf}/fgdf ;b:o /fi6«sf k|ltlglwx¿n] ljleGg

-89-
 ljifodf s]lGb|t eO{ lh1f;f /fv]sf]df 6f]nLsf ;+of]hsnufot k|ltlglwd08nsf cGo
;b:ox¿af6 lh1f;f :ki6 kfg{] k|of; ul/Psf] lyof] . ;dLIff a}7sdf k|ltlglwd08nn]
g]kfnn] ljZj ahf/df kof{Kt kx'r F kfpg g;Sg'sf sf/0fx¿ / tL ;d:ofx¿
;dfwfg ug{ cfˆgf] tkm{af6 u/]sf k|of;x¿ tyf Jofkf/ ;fem]bf/ b]zx¿af6 ck]lIft
;xof]u, g]kfndf j}bl] zs nufgLsf] nflu cfsif{s If]qx¿ nufotsf ljifodf k|sfz
kf/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] k|:t'ltaf6 a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:o /fi6«sf k|ltlglwx¿ ;Gt'i6
x'gs
' f ;fy} ljleGg cfGtl/s ;d:ofsf afah"b g]kfnn] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] dfGotf
/ ;Ë7gdf u/]sf] k|lta4tf adf]lhd Jofkf/ tyf nufgLsf If]qdf sbdx¿ rfNg
;dy{ ePsf]df v';L hfx]/ ub{} Jofkf/ gLltsf] ;dLIff sfo{ ;dod} ;DkGg ug{ ;kmn
ePsf]df awfO{;d]t JoQm u/]sf lyP .
-3_ bf]xf ljsf; Ph]08fdf ;xeflutf M g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o
ePkZrft\ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gcGtu{t gofF ;Demf}tfsf ¿kdf /x]sf] Doha
Development Agenda (DDA) df ;dflji6 ljleGg ljifox¿dWo] Special
and Differential Treatment (S&DT), Trade in Services, Agriculture, Trade
Facilitation nufotsf dxŒjk"0f{ ;Demf}tf jftf{df ;lqmo ¿kdf efu lnO{ clt
sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] gftfn] cfˆgf] wf/0ff /fVb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . e"kl/j]li6t clt
sd ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6« ePsf gftfn] g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf lqmofzLn
LDCs Group sf Ph]08fdf cfˆgf wf/0ffnfO{ :yflkt ug{ ;f] ;d"xsf] a}7s tyf
5nkmndf h]g]efl:yt lgof]udfkm{t ;lqmo ;xeflutf hgfpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
-ª_ cGs6f8 a}7sdf ;xeflutf M ljsf;zLn tyf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf]
Jofkf/ / ljsf;sf] If]qdf dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] /fi6«;+3Lo Jofkf/ / ljsf;
;Dd]ng (UNCTAD) sf] ljleGg a}7sdf g]kfnn] ;lqmotfsf ;fy efu lnO{
g]kfnh:tf ;fgf / sdhf]/ cy{tGq ePsf] d'n'ssf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu
dxŒjk"0f{ cfjfh p7fpFb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . ljZj cy{tGqdf sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x]sf
/fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf; u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ljZj cy{tGqdf k|efjsf/L
tj/n] cfa4 x'g ;3fp k'¥ofpg] ;d]tsf p2]Zo /fvL ;g\ !(^$ df ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3sf] Pp6f ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf of] ;Ë7g :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;sf
xfn;Dd t]x|j6f cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ . ltgdf ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf]
/ ;Ë7gsf] Oltxf;df t]x|f}F a}7s ;g\ @)!@ sf] clk|nsf] rf}yf] xKtfdf stf/sf]
/fhwfgL bf]xfdf cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 jfl0fHo
tyf cfk"lt{ dGqLsf] g]t[Tjdf ^ ;b:oLo Ps k|ltlglwd08nn] efu lnPsf] lyof] .

-90-
 ;Dd]ngsf] ljifo "Development-Centered Globalization : Towards Inclusive
and Sustainable Growth and Development" eGg] lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf lgwf{l/t
ljifoj:t' pk/ 5nkmn ug{ ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf ;/sf/ k|d'v, dGqLx¿, pRr
kb:y kbflwsf/Lx¿, ;+o'Qm, /fi6«;+3cGtu{tsf ljleGg lgsfo tyf Ph]G;Lsf
k|ltlglwx¿, gful/s ;dfh, lghL If]q / k|fl1s If]qsf k|ltlglwx¿ klg ;xefuL
ePsf lyP . ;Dd]ngdf cGs6f8sf] t]x|f}F d'Vo ;Dd]ngsf cltl/Qm clt sd
ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf dGqLx¿sf] 5'§} a}7s, e"kl/j]li6t clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf
dGqLx¿sf] a}7s / Unf]an ;le{; kmf]/dsf] a}7s klg cfof]hgf ePsf]df oL ;a}
a}7sdf g]kfnL k|ltlglwd08nn] ;lqmo ;xeflutf hgfPsf] lyof] .
-r_ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngdf ;xeflutfM g]kfnn] ljleGg
;dodf cfof]lht clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] ;Dd]ng / a}7sdf ;xeflutf hgfpFb}
cfPsf] 5 . o; qmddf ;g\ @))% sf] h'g dlxgfdf hflDaofsf] Livingstone df
cfof]hgf ePsf] ljZjsf cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] rf}yf] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngdf
efu lnO{ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf Jofkf/ nufotsf d'2fnfO{ k|efjsf/L tj/n]
ljZj;dIf /fv]sf] lyof] . clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] s'n ljZj Jofkf/df ! -Ps_
k|ltzteGbf klg sd c+z /xg uPsf] kl/k]|Iodf cltsd ljsl;t ;b:ox¿sf]
nflu ljz]if Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ l;4fGtnfO{ jf:tljs ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]
b[li6sf]0faf6 of] ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] . pQm ;Dd]ngn] ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gsf] jftf{ r/0fdf /x]sf] bf]xf /fp08sf] Ph]08fdf ;femf cjwf/0ff tof/
ub}{ cltsd ljsl;t ;b:ox¿sf] tkm{af6 ;dGjostf{sf] ¿kdf hflDaofnfO{
lhDd]jf/L lbO{ …lnleª:6f]g 3f]if0ffkqÚ hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . xËsËdf cfof]lht
;Ë7gsf] 5}6f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngdf oxL 3f]if0ffkqsf] cfwf/df clt sd ljsl;t
;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] ;d"xn] ljifout¿kdf cfˆgf] wf/0ff k|:t't u/]sf lyP .
o;}u/L g]kfnn] kf/Uj]sf] Asuncion df ;g\ @))% sf] cui6df cfof]lht e"kl/j]li6t
cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿ (LLDCs) sf] dlGq:t/Lo ;Ddn]gdf ;xeflutf hgfO{
e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«sf] Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf l;nl;nfdf d'Vo r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf]
kf/jxg clwsf/sf ljifodf dxŒjk"0f{ wf/0ff k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ @)!! sf] d]
Dff 6sL{sf] O:tfga'ndf cfof]lht clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] rf}yf] /fi6«;+3Lo
;Dd]ngdf klg efu lnO{ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ ljZj cy{tGqdf k|efjsf/L
9Ën] cfa4 t'Nofpg s] s:tf] Joj:yf cËLsf/ ul/g' cfjZos / pko'Qm 5 eGg]
;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 dxŒjk"0f{ cjwf/0ff k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] .

-91-
 kl/R5]b–^
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿

^=! clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o kxnx¿

;+oQ ' m /fi6«;3
+ n] ;j{ky| d ;g\ !(&! Dff ljsf;df cToGt k5fl8 k/]sf b]zx¿nfO{
nlIft u/L clt sd ljsl;t /fi6« (Least Developed Countries : LDCs) sf ¿kdf
juL{st[ u/]sf] xf] . ;g\ !(&) df bf];f| ] ljsf; bzssf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; /0fgLlt
tof/ ug{] ;Gbe{df /fi6«;3 + n] cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfoleq ;a}eGbf lgw{gtd / cfly{s tyf
;fdflhs b[li6n] cToGt sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x]sf b]zx¿nfO{ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf
¿kdf klxrfg u/]sf] xf] . z'?df o; ;d"xdf kRrL; /fi6«x¿ dfq /x]sf lyP eg] clxn]
of] ;+Vofdf em08} bf]Aa/ j[l4 eP/ c7rfnL; k'us ] f] 5 . logdf clk|msfdf t]QL;j6f,
Plzofdf rf}wj6f / blIf0f cd]l/sf÷Sof/]laog If]qdf Psj6f /x]sf 5g\ . clt sd
ljsl;t /fi6«x¿dWo] g]kfn nufot ;f]xj| 6f /fi6« e"kl/j]li6t 5g\ . ;+oQ ' m /fi6«;3
+ n]
d'VotM tLgj6f cfwf/ Go"g cfo, dfgj k"h F Lsf] Go"gtf / cfly{s hf]lvdsf cfwf/df
clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] juL{s/0f u/L o; ;d"x cGtu{t /xg] b]zx¿sf] ;"rL
k|sfzg ub{} cfPsf] cfPsf] 5 . /fi6«;3 + dftxtsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\n] k|To]s
tLg jif{df Committee for Development Policy (CDP) sf] l;kmfl/zdf o:tf] ;"rLdf
k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] ub{5 . cfDbfgL, dfgj k"h F L tyf cfly{s hf]lvdsf] cfwf/df s'g} /fi6«
of] ;d"xdf kg{] eP tfklg ;DalGwt /fi6«n] of] ;d"xcGtu{t ;"rLs[t x'g ;xdlt JoQm
gu/];Dd of] ;d"xdf /flvFbg} . lglZrt cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/;"rsx¿df ePsf]
;'wf/;Fu} s'g} klg /fi6« of] ;d"xaf6 :t/f]Gglt (Graduate) eO{ ljsf;zLn /fi6«sf] ;d"xdf
k|jz] ug{ ;S5 . clxn] clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'g
cfDbfgL kl/;"rstkm{ cd]l/sL 8n/ Ps xhf/ 5of;Lsf] ;Ldf (Threshold) tf]lsPsf]
5 . sl/a rf/ bzssf] cjlwdf tLgj6f b]z– af]T:jfgf, s]k e8{] / dfnlbE; dfq of]
;d"xaf6 dfly p7\g ;s]sf 5g\ . o;n] clt sd ljsl;t d'ns ' x¿df cfly{s ;fdflhs
¿kfGt/0fsf] ult cToGt 9Lnf] ePsf] s'/fnfO{ bzf{p5 F .
ljsf;sf Go"g cfly{s ;fdflhs kl/;"rs ePsf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] cfly{s
;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ljleGg k|of;x¿ x'bF } cfP tfklg of]
;d"xsf /fi6«x¿ cem} bogLo l:yltd} /x]sf 5g\ . clxn] clt sd ljsl;t d'ns ' sf]
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg ljZjsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] b'O{ k|ltzteGbf sd 5 . clt
sd ljsl;t d'ns ' sf] ljZj j:t' Jofkf/df sl/a Ps k|ltzt hlt lx:;f 5 eg] ;]jf

-92-
Jofkf/df To;sf] cfwf dfq lx:;f 5 . s'n pgfGrf; clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«dWo] t]QL;
j6f /fi6« ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf cfa4 5g\ h;n] ljZj hg;+Vofsf] afx| k|ltzt / ljZj
Jofkf/df d'l:ssn] Ps k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6\5g\ .
clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf ljsf;sf vf; cfjZostf / d'2fnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;Daf]wg
ug{ ;+oQ' m /fi6«;3+ sf] tŒjfjwfgdf ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngx¿ cfof]hgf eO{ clt sd
ljsl;t /fi6«sf] ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg dxŒjk"0f{ gLlt, /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgfx¿ to
ug{] sfd x'bF } cfPsf 5g\ . xfn;Dd rf/j6f /fi6«;3+ Lo cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] ;Dd]ng
cfof]hgf ePsf 5g\ . logdf klxnf] ;g\ !(*! Dff k]l/;df, bf];f| ] ;g\ !(() df k]l/;d},
t];f| ] ;g\ @))! Dff a|;N] ;df / rf}yf] ;g\ @)!! Dff 6sL{sf] O:tfga'ndf ePsf] lyof] .
O:tfga'n ;Dd]ngn] clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] ljsf;sf] nflu dxŒjfsf+IfL Instanbul Plan
of Action (IPoA) kfl/t u/]sf] 5 h;df Jofkf/;lxt cf7j6f k|fyldstfsf If]q klxrfg
ul/Psf 5g\ . clt sd ljsl;t b]zsf ;/sf/, bft[ lgsfo / lghLIf]q tyf gful/s
;dfhaf6 ;d]t u/L ;~rfng ul/g] u/L s'n b'O{ zo rjfnL; j6f ljleGg sfo{x¿
pQm sfo{of]hgfdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . o;n] ;g\ @)@) ;Dddf xfnsf clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿dWo] cfwfnfO{ clt cljsl;t cj:yfaf6 :t/f]Gglt (Graduate) x'g cfjZos kg{]
dfkb08 k"/f ug{ ;3fpg] s'/f k|fyldstf;fy cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . o;sf] nflu sDtLdf jflif{s
;ft k|ltztsf] b/n] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug{] nIo klg lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] Jofkf/ / ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df ef]Ug'kl//x]sf ;d:ofnfO{
;Daf]wg ug{ ;g\ !(^$ df :yflkt Jofkf/ / ljsf;;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ;Dd]ng,
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\, ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g (WTO), cGt/f{li6«o
Jofkf/ s]Gb| (ITC) / /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd (UNDP) h:tf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿n]
klg dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ub{} cfPsf 5g\ .

^=@ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/;Da4 k|d'v d'2f tyf
;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf xfn ax;df /x]sf sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿;Da4 k|d'v d'2f tyf
;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿nfO{ ;+If]kdf lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M

-s_ Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ (TRIPS)

l6«K; sfplG;n cGtu{t eO/x]sf] jftf{df cd]l/sf, ci6«]lnof nufotsf b]zx¿n]
ef}uf]lns ;Í]t (GI) cGtu{t xfn l:kl/6 / jfOg (Sprit & Wine) nfO{ k|bfg ul//x]sf]

-93-
ef}uf]lns ;Í]t cGo pTkfbgx¿nfO{ klg k|bfg ug]{, ax'kIfLo ef}uf]lns ;Í]t /lhi6/
sfod ug]{ h:tf d'2fx¿ p7fPsf 5g\ eg] o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] g]t[Tjdf s]xL cGo
ljsl;t b]zx¿, ljsf;zLn b]zx¿ / cNk ljsl;t b]zx¿ u/L ;Ë7gsf !!)
;b:o /fi6«x¿n] dflysf b'O{ k|fjwfgx¿ nufot ljsl;t, ljsf;zLn / cNk ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿aLr ;xdltsf lgldQ t];|f] k|fjwfg klg cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . o; cGtu{t
!_ s'g} b]zsf pTkfbsx¿n] s'g} cGo b]zsf] h}ljs ;+;fwgx¿sf] pkof]u ubf{ pQm
;+;fwgx¿sf] pTklQsf] ;|f]t pNn]v ug'{kg]{, @_ o;/L k|of]u ubf{ ;DalGwt ;|f]t
d'n'ssf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lng'kg]{, / #_ :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{ k|lqmofdf pQm ;+;fwgx¿sf]
k|of]uaf6 x'g] nfe ;|f]t d'n's;Fu Gofof]lrt ¿kdf afF8kmf8 ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿ 5g\ . t/
ax'dtsf] of] k|:tfjnfO{ ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] dfg]sf 5}gg\ . pgLx¿sf] egfOcg';f/
o;/L h}ljs ;+;fwgx¿sf] k|of]usf] ;DaGwdf clu|d hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{, pkof]usf]
lgldQ pTklQ d'n'ssf] k"j{ ;xdlt lng'kg]{ / To;af6 k|fKt x'g] nfe afF8kmfF8 ug]{
h:tf s'/f ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf xf]Og ls h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGw / ljZj af}l4s
;Dkbf ;Ë7g (WIPO) h:tf lgsfox¿df 5nkmn x'g'k5{ .
clt sd ljsl;t, ljsf;zLn / ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf] k|:tfjdf
klg xfn cfP/ cNk ljsl;t / cGo /fi6«x¿aLr dt leGgtf ;[hgf ePsf] 5 .
ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿n] pQm ;Demf}tfdf pTklQsf] ;|f]t (Source of Origin)
pNn]v ug{ rfx]sf 5g\ eg] cNk ljsl;t d'n'sx¿n] ;|f]t d'n's (Country of Origin)
/fVg rfx]sf 5g\ . cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] egfOcg';f/ pTklQsf] ;|f]t eGgfn] h}ljs
kbfy{sf] pTklQ ePsf] d'n's jf cg';Gwfg k|of]uzfnfx¿nfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 . o;n]
ubf{ nfesf] afF8kmFf8df pTklQ d'n'sn] geP/ cg';Gwfg ug]{ k|of]uzfnf jf ;+:yfx¿n]
kmfObf lng ;S5g\ . t/ pTklQ d'n's pNn]v ubf{ pQm h}ljs ;+;fwgx¿ hxfF, h'g
d'n'sdf pTklQ ePsf] xf] p;n] dfq nfe afF8kmfF8df ;xeflutf hgfpg kfpF5 . o;
s'/fdf k|:tfjsx¿aLrd} ;xdlt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g / 5nkmn hf/L 5 .
l6«K; ;Demf}tfsf] wf/f ^^=! cg';f/ ;f] ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog ul/;Sg'kg]{ cjlw cNk
ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] lgldQ pgLx¿sf] Go"g cfly{s / k|fljlws Ifdtfsf] sf/0fn] ;g\
@))% ;Dd /flvPsf] lyof] . kl5 bf]xf r/0fsf] ;Demf}tf jftf{ ;DkGg x'g g;s]sf]n]
cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] of] cjlw k'gM nDAofpg cg'/f]w u/]sf] kl/k|I] odf z'?df 5"6
lbOPsf] cjlwdf ;f9] ;ft jif{ hlt yk u/L ! h'nfO{, @)!# ;Dd k'¥ofOPsf] lyof] . xfn
klg cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] cj:yf p:t} /x]sf], bf]xf jftf{ ;dfkg klg x'g g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf ;Ë7gdf cfa4 cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] ;d"xn] l6«K; sfof{Gjogsf] cjlwnfO{

-94-
k'gM nDAofpg cg'/f]w ul//x]sf] sf/0f ;g\ @)!! sf] l8;]Da/df h]ge
] fdf a;]sf] ;Ë7gsf]
cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo a}7sn] cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] cfu|xnfO{ ;sf/fTds ¿kdf lnO{ csf]{
dlGq:t/Lo a}7sdf k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ l6«K; kl/ifb\nfO{ lgb]z
{ g lbPsf] 5 .
l6«K; kl/ifb\ cGtu{t ;Demf}tf jftf{sf qmddf /x]sf cGo d'2fx¿df l6«K; ;Demf}tfsf]]
wf/f ^^=@ df cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿df k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ p2]Zon]
ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] cfˆgf b]zsf 7"nf sDkgLx¿nfO{ cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿df cfw'lgs
k|ljlwx¿ x:tfGt/0f u/]afkt ljleGg ;'ljwf Pj+ ;x'lnot k|bfg ug{'kg{] k|fjwfg 5 . t/
of] k|fjwfg sfof{Gjog gePsf] egL Psflt/ cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] hf]8bf/ cfjfh
p7fO/x]sf 5g\ eg] csf{lt/ ljsl;t /fi6«x¿ of] Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf cfO/x]sf]
eg]/ ljleGg tYofÍx¿ k|:t't ul//x]sf 5g\ . o; ljifodf xfn l6«K; jftf{df cNk
ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] olb o:tf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eg] o:tf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{
k|lqmofnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L / kf/bzL{ agfpg'kg]{ / o;/L ;'ljwf k|bfg ubf{ h'g cNk
ljsl;t /fi6«x¿df k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] xf] ;f] /fi6«sf] ;xdlt klg k|fKt ug'{kg]{
s'/fx¿nfO{ p7fO/x]sf 5g\ .
-v_ ;]jf Jofkf/ (Trade in Services)
;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL jftf{df cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] ljz]if 5"6sf] ;'ljwf (LDC Service
Waiver) sf] dfu ul//x]sf]df cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{
o:tf] 5"6 (Waiver) k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t ca ;Ë7gsf ljsl;t /
ljsf;zLn ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] :j}lR5s ¿kdf cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] ;]jf Joj;fonfO{
cfˆgf] ahf/df clws ;f}ljWok|fKt /fi6«sf] ;'ljwf (MFN) / /fli6«o Jojxf/ (National
Treatment) sf] l;åfGtsf] ckjfb:j¿k ljz]if ;'ljwfx¿ lbg ;Sg]5g\ / cNk ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿nfO{ o:tf] ;'ljwf k|bfg u/] afkt cGo ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] ;f] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{
;b:o;Fu ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] ;'ljwf dfu ug{ kfpg] 5}gg\ . t/ o:tf] ;'ljwf s'g} Ps
cNk ljsl;t /fi6«nfO{ lbPkl5 ;a} cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ ljgf zt{ ;dfg¿kn]
tTsfn k|bfg ug'{kg]{ rflxF x'G5 . o; ;DaGwdf cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] casf] r'gf}tL
eg]sf] ljsl;t Pj+ ljsf;zLn b]zx¿df xfn pknAw ;]jf Jofkf/sf] ahf/, o:tf]
5"6cGtu{t tTsfn lng;lsg] / lng'kg]{ ;'ljwfx¿, To:tf ;'ljwf k|fKt ePdf To:tf
;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ b]zx¿df eljiodf ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] ;]jf ahf/ cflbsf] lj:t[t Pj+
j:t'k/s cWoog u/L To; cg';f/ cfˆgf] ;]jf pBf]usf] ljsf; ug]{ / ljsl;t Pj+
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿;Fu To; cg';f/ ;'ljwfsf] dfu ug]{ xf] . o; cltl/Qm ljsl;t,
ljsf;zLn b]zx¿ Pj+ cGo ;xof]uL ;+:yfx¿n] cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] ;]jf Jofkf/sf

-95-
;DefjgfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ;DalGwt ;]jf pBf]usf] ljsf;df / ltgsf]
ahf/ kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug{ cfly{s Pj+ k|fljlws ;xof]u k'¥ofpg cfjZos 5 .
-u_ eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf (Duty Free Quota Free Market
Access)
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] 5}6fF} dlGq:t/Lo xËsË ;Dd]ngn] ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] cNk
ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] nflu tTsfn zt k|ltzt eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt ahf/ kx'Fr
lbg'kg]{, t/ s]xL ljsl;t /fi6«x¿ h;n] ljleGg sf/0fx¿n] tTsfn To:tf] ;'ljwf
lbg ;Sb}gg\ pgLx¿n] sDtLdf (&∞ j:t'df eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt ahf/ kx'Fr
lbg'kg]{ / of] ;'ljwfnfO{ qmdzM a9fP/ kl5 !))∞ df k'¥ofpg' kg]{ lg0f{o u/]sf]
lyof] . tbg';f/ w]/} ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] ef/t rLgh:tf ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿n]] o;
k|fjwfg cGtu{t cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf lglDt (&∞ eGbf a9L ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf
lbO{ klg ;s]sf 5g\ . t/ w]/}h;f] cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf nflu k|d'v lgof{t
ahf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] o; k|fjwfgsf] sfof{Gjog gu/]sf]n]
g]kfn, a+unfb]z, sDaf]l8of h:tf /fi6«x¿sf] lgof{t vf;u/L tof/L kf]zfs -ufd{]G6_
sf] lgof{tdf 7"nf] gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ uPsf] 5 . To;df klg ljsl;t b]zx¿n]
;+/If0ffy{ 5'6\ofPsf #% ;Ldfleq xfdLh:tf sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf clwsf+z
lgof{tof]Uo j:t'x¿ kg{ k'uL ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{af6 jl~rt /xg'kg{] l:ylt 5 .
t;y{ of] ;'ljwfnfO{ zt k|ltzt agfpg'kg{] dfu sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] 5 . o;
af/]df ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf uDeL/ ax; klg rln/x]sf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn]
xËsË dlGq:t/Lo a}7ssf] clt sd ljsl;t d'n'snfO{ ;x'lnotk"0f{ ahf/ kx'Fr
;'ljwf lbg];DaGwL lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog bf]xf ljsf; jftf{sf] ;kmntfk"j{s ;dfkg
ePkl5 dfq ug]{ c8fg /fv]sf] 5 .
o; d'2fdf cNk ljsl;t b]zx¿aLr klg cfk;L ljjfb /x]sf] 5 . cd]l/sf;Fu African
Growth and Opportunity Agreement (AGOA) dfkm{t ;Da4 clk|msL /fi6«x¿ h;n]
o; ;Demf}tf cGtu{t cd]l/sfdf cfˆgf pTkfbgx¿ ljgf eG;f/ dx;'n lgof{t ug{
kfpF5g\ ltgn] of] ;Demf}tf aflx/sf /fi6«x¿nfO{ eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt (DFQF)
ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf lbFbf cfk"mn] kfO/x]sf] ;'ljwfsf] dflh{g 36\g hfg] / o;n] cfˆgf]
lgof{tnfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ hfg] x'Fbf ;a} cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ o:tf] ;'ljwf
lbg gx'g] ts{ /fVb} cfPsf 5g\ . otf g]kfn, a+unfb]zh:tf /fi6«x¿ h;n] o:tf]
;'ljwf kfPsf 5}|gg\ / h;sf j:q tyf tof/L kf]zfsh:tf j:t'sf] lgof{tdf pRr
dx;'n nfu]sf] sf/0f oL j:t'x¿sf] lgof{tdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ uPsf] 5, ltgn]

-96-
cd]l/sfn] plNnlvt ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt ahf/ ;a} cNk ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿nfO{ lbg'kg{] s'/fsf] jsfnt ul//fv]sf 5g\ .
xËsË dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿sf] xsdf eg] pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] Ifdtf
cg';f/ cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ ahf/ kx'r F ;'ljwf lbg'kg]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t
ef/t, rLg, a|flhnh:tf 7"nf ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿n] cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ s]xL j:t'x¿sf]
lgof{tdf eG;f/ 5"6 lbO{ ;xof]u klg k'¥ofO{ /x]sf 5g\ . t/ of] klg cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf]
cfjZostf cg'¿k 5}g . o;nfO{ cem} pNn]Vo ¿kdf a9fpg' kg]{ cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf]
dfu 5 / of] dfuk|lt k|dv' ljsf;zLn b]zx¿ ;sf/fTds g} b]lvPsf klg 5g\ .
-3_ ;x'lnot IfoLs/0f (Preference Erosion)
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] l;4fGtcg'¿k ;a} ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] ;a} ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ Ps
;dfg Jojxf/ ug'k{ 5{, s;}nfO{ sd / s;}nfO{ a9L ;'ljwf lbg' x'bF g} . t/ o;/L ;a}
/fi6«x¿nfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf Jojxf/ ul/Fbf klxn]bl] v g} s]xL a9L ;'ljwf kfO/x]sf cNk
ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ dsf{ kg{ hfg] x'G5 . Go"g cfly{s / k|fljlws Ifdtfsf] sf/0fn]
cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df ljsl;t Pj+ cGo ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿;Fu
k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . t;y{ olb pgLx¿nfO{ c¿ ;/x Jojxf/ u/]/ ;dfg b/df
dx;'n 36fpg Pj+ cGo ;'/IffTds k|fjwfg x6fpg afWo kfl/of] jf cGo b]zsf] ahf/df
pgLx¿sf] j:t'nfO{ ;d]t Ps} lsl;dn] ;dfg ¿kdf dx;'n 36fpg] jf cGo ;x'lnot
k|bfg ug{] ul/of] eg] pgLx¿ cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{df l6Sg ;Sb}gg\ / pgLx¿sf] Jofkf/
Pj+ cy{tGq w/fzfoL x'gk'U5 . o:tf] kl/l:ylt cfpg glbg cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] ljZj
Jofkf/ ;Ë7g cGtu{tsf ljleGg jftf{x¿df pgLx¿sf] lgldQ 5'§} / ljz]if ;x'lnotk"0f{
Jojxf/ dfu ul//x]sf 5g\ . o; cGtu{t vf;u/L pgLx¿n] cfkm}n F ] eG;f/ dx;'n Pj+
cGo s/x¿ 36fpFbf cGo ;b:o /fi6«x¿eGbf yf]/} b/df / lj:tf/} 36fpg kfpg'kg],{
cGo /fi6«x¿n] eG;f/ dx;'n / cGo s/x¿ 36fpFbf cGo ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf lglDt
eGbf cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] lgldQ w]/} / l56f] 36fpg] tfls cGo ;b:ox¿ / cNk
ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] ahf/ kx'r F df t'ngfTds ¿kdf cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ s]xL a9L
;x'lnot sfod eO{ pgLx¿sf] j:t' / ;]jfsf] lgof{tdf gsf/fTds c;/ gk/f];\ eg]/
dfu ul//x]sf 5g\ . o; af/]df ;a} ;b:o /fi6«x¿ l;4fGttM ;sf/fTds g} b]lvG5g\ .

-ª_ skf; d'2f (Cotton Issue)

ljZjsf wgL skf; pTkfbs b]zx¿n] cfˆgf] b]zleq skf;sf] v]tLdf pRr ;x'lnot
(Subidy) lbg] / cGoq b]zx¿af6 skf;sf] cfoftdf pRr dx;'n nufO{ lbgfn] vf;u/L

-97-
klZrd / dWo clk|msfsf rf/ d'Vo skf; pTkfbs cNk ljsl;t b]zx¿– a]lgg, rf8,
dfnL / a'ls{gfkmf;f]sf skf; pTkfbs ul/a ls;fgx¿ cTolws dsf{df kg{ uPsf
5g\ . o;n] tL b]zx¿sf] /fli6«o pTkfbg, /f]huf/L, cfo / lgof{tdf 7"nf] gf]S;fgL
k'Ug uPsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] ;d"xn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf
wgL skf; pTkfbs /fi6«x¿n] cfˆgf] cfGtl/s skf; v]tLdf ;x'lnot x6fpg' kg]{,
skf; cfoftdf nufpFb} cfPsf] pRr eG;f/ dx;'n x6fpg' kg]{, pTkfbs /fi6«x¿nfO{
kg{ uPsf] gf]S;fgLsf] lglDt Ifltk"lt{ k|bfg ug'{kg]{ / skf; v]tLsf] ljsf;sf] nflu
;DalGwt cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ cfly{s / k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg'kg{]
dfu ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . o; af/]df s'g} 7"nf] ljjfb klg b]lvFb}g / vf;} ;xdlt klg
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . vf;u/L skf; ljjfbnfO{ s[lif ;Demf}tfsf] tLg :tDeM ahf/ kx'Fr,
3/]n' ;xof]u / lgof{t ;x'lnot cGtu{t g} /fvL 5nkmn ug]{ ls 5'§|} ljifosf] ¿kdf
5nkmn ug]{ eGg] ljjfb 5 . To:t} Ifltk"lt{nfO{ s;/L lbg], Ifltk"lt{s} ¿kdf lbg] jf
ljsf; ;xof]usf] ¿kdf lbg] eGg] s'/fdf klg ;b:ox¿aLr ;xdlt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
o; cltl/Qm ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g s'g} bft[ lgsfo gePsf]n] Ifltk"lt{sf] ;dGjo s;n]
ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] klg lgSof}{n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

-r_ Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f (Trade Facilitation)

bf]xf ljsf; r/0fcGtu{t Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f (Trade Facilitation) ;DaGwL jftf{ klg
eO/x]sf] 5 . Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fn] ;a} /fi6«x¿nfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpg] ePsf]n] o; jftf{df
w]/} hl6ntf 5}g . cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf jftf{ lgisif{df k'u]kl5
o; cGtu{tsf k|fjwfgx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ x'G5, h;df Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f;DaGwL
ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f Pj+ ljsf;, ;DalGwt P]g, lgod / k|lqmofx¿sf] kl/dfh{g
nufotsf ljleGg sfdx¿ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . t/ o;/L ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] gj lgdf{0f
Pj+ ljsf;, P]g–sfg"g, lgod, k|lqmofx¿sf] kl/dfh{g / th'{df cflb sfo{ ug{sf]
lgldQ cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] df}h'bf cfly{s Pj+ k|fljlws Ifdtf / bIf hgzlQm
ckof{Kt /x]sf] x'“bf pgLx¿n] tTsfn} pQm k|fjwfgx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf
5}g . o; kl/k|]Iodf clt ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] jftf{df ;xdlt
ePsf k|fjwfgx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ OR5f b]vfPtf klg pQm k|fjwfgx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{
rflxg] cfly{s Pj+ k|fljlws ;xof]u h'6fO{ lbg'kg]{ dfu ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;fy}, ha;Dd
pQm sfo{sf] lgldQ cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ kof{Kt cfly{s Pj+ k|fljlws ;xof]usf]
;'lglZrttf x'Fb}g ta;Dd pgLx¿ o; ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug{ ;xdt b]lvGgg\ . pQm
dfuk|lt bft[ lgsfo / d'ns ' x¿ ;sf/fTds g} 5g\ . o;} kl/k|I] odf pQm ;Demf}tfdf

-98-
;xdlt eOxfn]df cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg] ;fdYo{ s] slt 5 <
xfn pgLx¿ s'g cj:yfdf 5g\ / o;sf] nflu ca yk s] s] ug'k{ 5{ < o;sf] lgldQ
pgLx¿sf] cfly{s Pj+ k|fljlws Ifdtf slQsf] 5 < / pgLx¿nfO{ yk s:tf] / slt ;fwg
{ ug{ xfn cWoog z'? eO/x]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df UNCTAD
;|ft] rflxG5 eGg] lgSof}n
n] blIf0f Plzofsf] ef/t, g]kfn, e'6fg / a+unfb]zdf Pp6f gd"gf cWoog (Pilot Study)
ev{/} dfq z'? u/]sf] 5 .
-5_ ;'ljwfsf] zL3| pkof]u (Early Harvest)
bf]xf ljsf; r/0fsf] jftf{df Single Undertaking cGtu{t ljleGg If]qx¿df ;3g jftf{
eO/x]sf 5g\ . oLdWo] cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] ;Gbe{df eGg'kbf{ d'VotM s[lif, u}/
s[lif, ;]jf Jofkf/, Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/, Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f / cGo yk
s]xL If]q ljz]if dxŒjsf 5g\ . clxn]sf] jftf{sf] k|lqmof cg';f/ pQm ;a} jftf{sf] If]qdf
;a} ;b:ox¿aLr ;j{ ;Ddlt sfod ePkl5 dfq jftf{ ;kmntfk"js { ;DkGg x'G5 /
sfof{Gjogdf cfpF5 . s'g} Pp6f If]qdf dfq ;xdlt eP/ kof{Kt x'bF g} . ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gdf Single Undertaking nfO{ lnP/ elgPsf] 5– …ha;Dd ;a} s'/fdf ;xdlt x'Gg
ta;Dd s'g} s'/fdf klg ;xdlt ePsf] dflgGg (Nothing is agreed until everything
is agreed) .Ú o; k|lqmofsf] s]xL kmfObf eP klg o;n] jftf{sf] k|lqmofnfO{ cgfjZos
¿kdf hl6n tyf nfdf] agfPsf] 5 . kmn:j¿k cfh bz jif{ lalt;Sbf klg bf]xf ljsf;
r/0fsf] jftf{ ;DkGg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cTolws ;Lldt cfly{s Pj+ k|fljlws Ifdtf /
cfd ul/aLsf] sf/0fn] cNk ljsl;t /fi6« o;af6 a9L df/df k/]sf 5g\ .
plNnlvt ;a} If]qdf jftf{ ug{] qmddf d:of}bfsf ¿kdf tof/ ul/Psf] ;Demf}tf kqdf
cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ ljleGg 5"6 tyf ;'ljwfx¿ lbg] egL pNn]v ePsf 5g\ .
cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] egL /flvPsf pQm ;x'lnotk"0f{ k|fjwfgx¿df
;fgfltgf k|fljlws s'/fx¿df afx]s cGodf ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] vf;} lj/f]w klg 5}g . t/
;Dk"0f{ bf]xf r/0fsf] jftf{sf] ;kmn ;dfkg gePsf]n] pQm k|fjwfgx¿ sfof{Gjogdf
cfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o;n] ul/a /fi6«x¿nfO{ cToGt} xflg gf]S;fgL k'Ug uPsf] 5 .
vf;u/L ljutsf] $ jif{df ;[hgf ePsf ljZj:t/sf ax' ;Í6x¿ M cfly{s ;Í6,
pmhf{ ;Í6, vfBfGg ;Í6 / hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿df cToGt} 7"nf]
ljklQx¿ ;[hgf ePsf 5g\ . t/ cfˆgf] ;Lldt cfly{s k|fljlws Ifdtfsf] sf/0fn]
pgLx¿sf] k|lt/f]w Ifdtf eg] lbglbg} v:sFb} uPsf] 5 . o:tf] sl7g ;dodf pgLx¿n]
ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿af6 yk cfly{s, k|fljlws, ahf/ kx'Fr;DaGwL ;xof]u /
;'ljwfx¿ kfpg'kg]{df xfn pknAw To:tf ;'ljwfx¿ klg 36\g] ;Gqf; pTkGg ePsf]

-99-
5 . o:tf] kl/l:yltdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf ljleGg d:of}bf ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf
;x'lnotk"0f{ k|fjwfgx¿ h;df s'g} ;b:o /fi6«sf] lj/f]w 5}g, sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]df
ljZjsf ul/a d'n's / hgtfx¿nfO{ 7"nf] /fxt x'g]5 . o; s'/fnfO{ x[boËd u/L
cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] ;Ë7gsf] a}7sx¿df Psflt/ bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fcGtu{tsf
;Dk"0f{ ljifodf ;a} ;b:ox¿sf] ;xdlt x'g cem} ;do nfUg] / csf{]lt/ cNk ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿sf] cj:yf lgs} sl7g x'Fb} uPsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf jftf{sf] qmddf /x]sf ;a}
;Demf}tfsf] d:of}bfdf plNnlvt / ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] ;xdlt hgfPsf cNk ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿;Fu ;DalGwt k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ 5'§} Kofs]hdf /fvL tTsfn ;f] Kofs]hdf ;xdlt
u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ cfu|x u/L /fv]sf 5g\ . h;nfO{ pgLx¿n] 'Early Harvest' sf] gfd
lbPsf 5g\ . o; s'/fdf cGo ;b:o /fi6«x¿aLr vf;} ;xdlt h'6\g ;s]sf] 5|}g . t/
cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] o; dfunfO{ clxn] klg tLj| ¿kdf p7fO/x]sf 5g\ .
-h_ pTklQsf] lgod (Rules of Origin)
w]/}h;f] ljsl;t Pj+ ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿n] eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt ;'ljwf cGtu{t cNk
ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/ kxF'rsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . olb ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿n] cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ xfn pknAw u/fO/x]sf o; k|sf/sf ;x'lnotk"0f{
ahf/ kx'Frsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ dfq klg /fd|/L pkof]u ug{;Sg] xf] eg] pgLx¿sf] lgof{t /
pTkfbgdf sof}F u'0ff j[l4 eO{ pgLx¿sf] cfly{s :t/df lgs} ;'wf/ x'g;SYof] . t/ o:tf]
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . xfn cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] cfkm"nfO{ pknAw u/fOPsf] ahf/sf]
lgs} ;fgf] efu dfq pkof]u ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ eg] afFsL 7"nf] efu To;} v]/ uO/x]sf] 5 .
o;f] x'gfsf] k|d'v sf/0fdWo] Pp6f sf/0f cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] pTkfbg vf;u/L
lgof{tof]Uo j:t'x¿sf] cfk"lt{ g} Go"g x'g' xf] eg] Tof] eGbf 7"nf] csf{] sf/0frflxF cNk
ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] lgldQ ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿n] eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt
ahf/ kx'Fr cGtu{t cfoft x'g] j:t'x¿sf] lgldQ s7f]/, hl6n / nfdf] æpTklQsf]
lgodÆ lgwf{/0f ug'{ xf] . o; ljifodf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] a}7sx¿df cNk ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿n] k6s–k6s s'/f p7fO/x]sf 5g\, t/ ;DalGwt ljsf;zLn Pj+ ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿n] o; af/]df vf;} Wofg lbg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ut jif{ o'/f]k]nL ;d'bfon] clt
sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] u'gf;f]nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL xftxltof/afx]s c¿ ;a} j:t'sf]
lgof{tdf lbFb} cfPsf] ;x'lnotk"0f{ ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf (EBA) sf] k|lqmofl;t ;Da4
pTklQsf] lgoddf s]xL ;'wf/ u/]sf] 5 . h;nfO{ cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] t'ngfTds
¿kdf pbf/ egL k|+z;f u/]sf 5g\ . cfzf ug{ ;lsG5, cfufdL lbgdf c¿ ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿n] ;d]t o;sf] cg's/0f ug]{ 5g\ .

-100-
-em_ ;lDdng (Accession)
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g :yfkgfsf] !^ jif{kl5 klg ;lDdngsf] k|lqmofaf6 ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o
aGg] cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] ;+Vof cToGt gu0o 5 . o; ;d"xaf6 xfn;Dd hDdf
rf/j6f /fi6«x¿ g]kfn, sDaf]l8of, efg'cft' / ;df]cfn] dfq ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf lng
;s]sf 5g\ eg] xfn ;lDdng k|lqmofdf /x]sf cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] ;+Vof !) -bz_
/x]sf] 5 . o;/L cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿ sd} dfq ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o aGg
;Sg'sf] k5fl8 ;b:otf lng] k|lqmof nfdf] / emGeml6nf] x'g' tyf ;lDdng jftf{sf]
qmddf cGo ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ cgfjZos / ;fdYo{ aflx/sf
dfux¿ /fVg' h:tf tŒjx¿nfO{ d"n sf/s dflgPsf] 5 . o; tYonfO{ b[li6ut
u/L ;Ë7gn] ;g\ @))@ df cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] ;lDdng k|lqmofnfO{ r':t /
;xh agfpg Ps lgb]{lzsf g} hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . o; lgb]{lzsfsf] ;f/tŒj eg]sf]
;lDdng jftf{sf] qmddf cGo ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿;Fu pgLx¿sf]
ljsf;:t/;Fu d]n gvfg] u/L s'g} jrga4tf (Commitment) dfUg' x'Fb}g eGg] lyof] .
t/ jftf{sf] qmddf ;b:ox¿n] o; lgb]{lzsfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] b]lvPg . kmn:j¿k
clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o aGg !%–!^ jif{;Dd jftf{
ug'{k/]sf] l:ylt 5, h'g pgLx¿sf] cfly{s / k|fljlws IfdtfeGbf aflx/sf] s'/f xf] .
o; tYonfO{ dWogh/ ub{} cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf k6s–k6s
pgLx¿sf] lgldQ ;b:otf k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n / ;xh t'Nofpg / pgLx¿sf] cfly{s
ljsf;sf] :t/ / Ifdtfcg';f/ cGo ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] nlrnf] dfu /fVg'kg]{ s'/fx¿
p7fO/x]sf]df s]xL ;do cl3 ;Ë7gleqsf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] ;d"xn] gofF
lgb{]lzsf (LDCs Accession Guidelines) tof/ u/L :jLs[ltsf] lgldQ cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo
a}7sdf k|:t't u/]sf]df a}7sn] ljleGg kl/dfh{g;lxt ;f] lgb{]lzsfnfO{ :jLs[t u/]sf]
5 . of] lgb]{lzsf cfkm}Fdf cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] kIfdf Pp6f 7"nf] ;sf/fTds km8\sf]
xf] . lsgls o;n] ;b:o aGg] qmddf /x]sf cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿;Fu cGo ;b:o
/fi6«x¿n] dfu /fVbf pgLx¿sf] cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf] :t/eGbf k/ uP/ dfu /fVg
gkfOg], clt sd ljsl;t b]zx¿n] Go"gtd eG;f/ ;LdfÍg (Tariff Bindings) ubf{
slt k|ltzt;Dd ug{ kfpg], Go"gtd cf};t eG;f/ b/ slt;Dd tf]Sg;Sg], Go"gtd
sltj6f ;]jf If]q÷pkIf]q v'nf ug{'kg{] h:tf s'/fdf d'n's;fk]If ¿kdf ;Ldf tf]Sg]
k|of; u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf lglDt cfufdL lbgdf ;b:otf jftf{
t'ngfTds ¿kdf s]xL ;xh x'g] b]lvG5 . t/ ljutdf em}F o; lgb]{lzsfsf] d'Vo r'gf}tL
klg o;sf] dd{cg';f/ Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog ug{;Sg' xf] h'g ljutsf] cg'ejaf6 Tolt
;/n b]lvFb}g .

-101-
-~f_ lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgf (Enhanced Intergrated Framework)
;Ë7gdf cfa4 cNk ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] ;Ë7gsf ljleGg ;Demf}tfx¿sf
k|fjwfgx¿af6 kmfObf lng g;s]sf] dfq xf]Og ls ljz]iftM pgLx¿nfO{ g} k|bfg
ul/Psf ;x'lnotk"0f{ Joj:yfx¿ h:t} ljz]if u|fXotf k|0ffnL (GSP) / o:t} cGo cfly{s
Pj+ k|fljlws ;xof]ux¿ ;d]taf6 nfeflGjt x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o;sf] vf; sf/0f
Psflt/ pgLx¿;Fu cfˆgf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf / ;fdYo{ pRr ePsf lgof{tof]Uo
j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] klxrfg u/L tbg';f/ lgof{tJofkf/nfO{ cl3 a9fpg] sf}zn 5}g
eg] csf{]lt/ pgLx¿nfO{ bft[ /fi6« / lgsfox¿af6 Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu
s] s:tf ;xof]u, ;x'lnot pknAw x'g;S5 / To;af6 s;/L clwstd kmfObf lng
;lsG5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;d]t hfgsf/L 5}g . o; k[i7e"lddf pgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] Jofkfl/s
Pj+ cfly{s cfjZostf klxrfg ug{ ;3fpg], pQm cfjZostfcg'¿k cfof]hgfx¿
ljsf; ug{ d2t ug{] / ltgnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug{;Sg] Ifdtf clej[l4df
;xfotf k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ;g\ !((& df ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] kxndf PsLs[t
;+/rgf (Integrated Framework : IF) sf] z'?jft ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;+/rgfcGtu{t
g]kfn;lxt s]xL b]zx¿df Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf If]qdf s]xL sfdx¿ eP . t/ of]
k|lqmof ljleGg sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ Toltsf] k|efjsf/L aGg g;ls/x]sf] k[i7e"lddf xËsË
dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] o;nfO{ lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgfsf] ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg] lg0f{o
u¥of] . kmntM nfdf] ;dosf] uxg jftf{kl5 ;g\ @))* df of] lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgf
(EIF) sfof{Gjogdf cfof] . o; ;+/rgfsf] vf; ljz]iftf eg]sf] of] cNk ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf] lgldQ ;dlk{t Ps ax'kIfLo ;xfotf ;+oGq xf]
h;sf] lg0f{o ug]{ Pj+ lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|lqmofdf cGo ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] cltl/Qm
cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] ;d]t dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . t/ o;sf y'k|} ;d:ofx¿ 5g\
h;sf] af/]df g]kfn nufotsf cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] ;Ë7gsf ;DalGwt a}7sx¿df
hf]8bf/ cfjfh p7fO/x]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] d'Vo tLgj6f ;d:ofx¿ lgDg cg';f/ 5g\M–
!= c:yfO{ k|lqmof M ;a}eGbf klxnf] / d'Vo ;d:of eg]sf] of] ;+/rgf cNksfnsf nflu
/xg' xf] . tTsfnnfO{ o;sf] cjlw sl/a % jif{ hlt /x]sf] 5 . oBlk Dofb yk eO{
o;sf] sfof{Gjog cjlw a9\g] ;Defjgf klg 5 . t/ of] s'/f bft[ lgsfo / ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿sf] OR5fdf lge{/ 5 . csf{] s'/f of] ;+/rgf bft[lgsfox¿sf] Ps kIfLo
lg0f{ocg';f/ rNb} cfPsf] 5 . t;y{ o;df ;'wf/ ck]lIft 5 . of] ;+/rgf cNkljsl;t
/fi6«x¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf;df ;dlk{t ax'kIfLo k|lqmof ePsf]n] cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf
lglDt clt pkof]uL 5 . t;y{ o;nfO{ oyf:j¿k jf kl/dflh{t :j¿kdf ;zQm /

-102-
:yfO{ ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg pko'Qm x'G5 . oBlk o;df bft[ lgsfo / ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿sf] ;xdlt h'6fpg] sfo{rflxF Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g .
@= ;fF3'/f] sfo{If]q M lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgfsf] sfo{If]q (Scope) cToGt ;fF3'/f] 5 .
vf;u/L o; ;+/rgfaf6 cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/;DaGwL cfjZostf klxrfg
ug]{, cfof]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ / Jofkf/ k|j4{g;DaGwL
;–;fgf ;+/rgfx¿ ;'wf/ jf lgdf{0f ug]{ h:tf ljifodf dfq ;xfotf pknAw x'G5 .
cToGt ;fF3'/f] sfo{If]q ePsf]n] jt{dfg cj:yfdf of] k|lqmofn] cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{
vf;} ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf Go"g 5 . t/ of] k|lqmof cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf]
lxtdf ;dlk{t ax'kIfLo k|lqmof ePsf] / o;sf] lg0f{o Pj+ sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf ;d]t
pgLx¿sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf / ;+nUgtf /xg] ePsf]n] o; k|lqmofnfO{ cem ;zQm, ;'b[9
/ Jofks agfpg' cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] kIfdf ePsf]n] o;sf] lgldQ pgLx¿n]
x/;Dej k|oTg ug'{ dgfl;a b]lvG5 .
#= ;Lldt cfly{s ;|f]t M lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgfcGtu{t xfn bft[ lgsfo tyf
ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] pknAw u/fPsf] cfly{s ;xfotf /flz cToGt Go"g 5 .
o:tf] ;Lldt sf]ifaf6 cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿df Jofkf/ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f;DaGwL 7f];
sfo{ cl3 a9fpg ;Dej 5}g . ctPj of] ;+oGqdf ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] lgsfo tyf
/fi6«x¿n] cf­–cfˆgf] lx:;f j[l4 u/L eljiodf o;sf] sfo{If]q a9fpg] / Jofkf/ If]qdf
7f]; sfo{x¿ x'g;Sg] l:ylt lgdf{0f ug{' h?/L 5 .
$= emGeml6nf] k|lqmof M xfn of] ;+oGqaf6 ;xfotf k|fKt ug{] k|lqmof nfdf], emGeml6nf]
/ s]xL xb;Dd vrf{n' klg 5 . o; k|lqmofnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf], ldtJooL / k|efjsf/L
agfpFb} cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf j[l4df ;xof]uL x'g] lx;fan] o;nfO{
kl/rfng ug{] sfo{ klg Pp6f r'gf}tLs} ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
^=# ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g cGtu{t ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf clt sd ljsl;t ;b:o
/fi6«x¿nfO{ pknAw 5"6, ;x'lnot tyf ;'ljwfx¿
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf s'n ;b:ox¿dWo] em08} b'O{ ltxfO ;b:o ljsf;zLn / cNk
cljsl;t /fi6«x¿ 5g\ . ltgdf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿ t]QL; j6f 5g\ . ljsf;zLn
/ clt sd ljsl;t u/L ;Ë7gdf cfa4 /fi6«x¿sf] ;+Vof 7"nf] ePsf]n] ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gdf x'g] 5nkmn / ;Demf}tfx¿df xfnsf jif{x¿df oL ;b:ox¿n] dxŒjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]Ng] u/]sf 5g\ . ljZj cy{tGqdf oL /fi6«x¿sf] lx:;f qmdzM a9\b} uPsf] /

-103-
logLx¿n] Jofkf/nfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf lnPsf]n] ca
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf klg logLx¿sf] rf;f] / ;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿ 5nkmn tyf
;Demf}tfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ d'2f aGg] u/]sf 5g\ . oBlk ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿aLr cToGt 7"nf]
ljljwtf ljBdfg 5 . ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljleGg ;Demf}tf tyf cGo ljifodf
ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿aLr cf–cfˆg} b[li6sf]0f / Jofkf/ ;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿ ePsf]n]
logLx¿ ljleGg ;d"x, pk;d"xdf afFl8Psf 5g\ . ltgdf g]kfnh:tf e"kl/j]li6t /
;fgf 6fk" /fi6«n] Jofkf/sf] ;DaGwdf ef]Ug'kg{] ;d:of c¿ ljsf;zLn /fi6«sf] eGbf
5'§} ePsf]n] logLx¿sf] klg cfˆg} ;d"x 5 . oL ;a} ljljwtfsf afah"b ljsf;zLn
tyf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] Jofkf/ ;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ / sdhf]/
cfwf/ ePsf ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿sf] IfdtfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL o:tf d'n'sx¿nfO{
cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/sf] d"n k|jfxdf ;d]6\g] / ;lqmo ¿kdf ;xefuL u/fpg] jftfj/0f
tof/ ug{] k|of]hgsf nflu ;Ë7gleq s]xL ljz]if / k[ys\ k|fjwfgx¿ (Special &
Differential Treatment) sf] Joj:yf 5 . rfn" bf]xf r/0fsf] ;Demf}tf jftf{ ;DkGg
ePkl5 ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«n] ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 cem a9L nfe
p7fpg;Sg] l:ylt lgdf{0f x'g]5 . vf;u/L ljsf;zLn /fi6«sf] vf; cfjZostfx¿nfO{
;Daf]wg ug{ ;Ë7gleq xfn /x]sf ;x'lnotk"0f{ Joj:yfx¿nfO{ d'VotM b]xfosf tLg
efudf juL{s/0f u/L x]g{ ;lsG5 .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;Demf}tfx¿df /x]sf ljsf;zLn /fi6«sf] kIfsf
k|fjwfgx¿
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;lrjfnoaf6 pknAw x'g] k|fljlws ;xfotfx¿
• Jofkf/ / ljsf;;DaGwL ;ldlt / pk;ldlt cGtu{tsf ;xof]ux¿

^=#=! ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;Demf}tfx¿df /x]sf ljsf;zLn /fi6«sf] kIfsf

k|fjwfgx¿
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g cGtu{tsf ;Demf}tfx¿n] ljsf;zLn / sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf
nflu ljleGg ;x'lnotk"0f{ Joj:yfx¿ u/]sf 5g\ . ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLcGtu{t
o:tf] ;x'lnotk"0f{ Joj:yfx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] sfd ;g\ !(^) sf] bzssf] dWob]lv g} x'Fb}
cfPsf] kfOG5 . ljz]ifu/L tTsfnLg Uof6df ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] jr{:j /x]sf sf/0f
ljsf;zLn / cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] o; k|0ffnLaf6 vf;} nfe lng g;ls/x]sf]
s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ u/L Uof6 k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug{'kg{] s'/fn] ;f7Lsf] bzsdf cfP/ lgs}
rrf{ kfof] . o;} qmddf Uof6 k|0ffnLaflx/ /x]sf d'n'sx¿sf] Jofkf/ / ljsf;;DaGwL
;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] p2]Zon] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] kxndf ;g\ !(^$ df k|yd

-104-
/fi6«;+3Lo Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng h]g]efdf cfof]hgf eO{ United Nations Conference
on Trade & Development (UNCTAD) gfds ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf eof] . o; ;Dd]ngsf] lg0f{o
/ bafa:j¿k Uof6 k|0ffnLdf klg s]xL ;'wf/ ug{] k|of; z'? eof] . kmntM Uof6sf] 5}6f}F
r/0f -;g\ !(^$–^&_ sf] jftf{ h;nfO{ s]g]8L r/0fsf] jftf{sf ¿kdf klg lrlgG5
o;n] lg0f{o u/]cg';f/ Uof6, !($& df Jofkf/ / ljsf; (Trade and Development)
zLif{ssf] efu $ yk ul/of] . o; efudf hDdf tLgj6f bkmfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ / logn]
ljsf;zLn ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] ljsf;sf] d'2fnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd ;Daf]wg ug{] k|of; u/]sf
5g\ . o;}a]nf ljsf;f]Gd'v / cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/ / ljsf;sf] d'2fnfO{
k|fyldstf;fy ;Daf]wg ug{] p2]Zon] Uof6cGtu{t Psflt/ …Jofkf/ / ljsf;Ú gfds
Ps :yfoL ;ldlt u7g eof] eg] csf{lt/ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf sdhf]/ /fi6«nfO{
nfe k'¥ofpg] b[li6sf]0faf6 Non Reciprocity sf] l;4fGtn] k|j]z kfof] . o;}aLrdf ;g\
!(^* df ef/tsf] gofF lbNnLdf cfof]hgf ePsf] cGs6f8sf] bf];|f] ;Dd]ngdf ljsl;t
/fi6«sf] ahf/df ljsf;f]Gd'v / cNkljsl;t /fi6«sf] pTkfbgnfO{ ljz]if u|fXotfk"0f{
ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf lbg'kg{] s'/f kfl/t ePcg';f/ ;g\ !(&! b]lv Generalised System
of Preference(GSP) sfof{Gjogdf cfof] . of] Joj:yf xfn klg sfod} 5 . cufl8 uP/
6f]Sof] r/0fsf] jftf{ -!(&#–&(_ n] klg ljsf;f]Gd'v / cNkljsl;t /fi6«sf] Jofkf/ /
ljsf;sf ;jfnx¿nfO{ s]xL dfqfdf ;Daf]wg ug{] k|of; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;} jftf{sf]
kl/0flt:j¿k ;g\ !(&( sf] gf]e]Da/df Uof6sf ;+ljbfsf/L kIfx¿n] ljsf;f]Gd'v
/fi6«x¿nfO{ k[ys\ / ljz]if ;f}ljWok"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{] ;DaGwdf of}6f dxŒjk"0f{ cg'R5]b
kfl/t u/] . Enabling Clause sf ¿kdf lrlgg] pQm cg'R5]b clxn] klg ljsf;f]Gd'v
/ cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ ljleGg ;x'lnot / 5"6 k|bfg ug{] ;DaGwdf dxŒjk"0f{
dflgG5 . o;n] Uof6sf] klxnf] l;4fGt ;a} ;b:oaLr clt ;f}ljWok"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{'kg{]
s'/fsf] ckjfb:j¿k ljsf;f]Gd'v / cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] pTkfbgsf ;DaGwdf
ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] PskIfLo ¿kdf ljz]if / k[ys\ Jojxf/ ug{ ;Sg] s'/fsf] cg'df]bg
ub{} GSP sf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ j}wflgs dfGotf k|bfg u¥of] . o;/L ;g\ !(^) sf]
bzsb]lv g} Uof6 k|0ffnLcGtu{t ljsf;f]Gd'v / cNkljsl;t ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/
k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug{], ahf/ kx'Frdf lj:tf/ / Jofkf/ Ifdtfdf clej[l4 u/L pgLx¿nfO{
ljZj Jofkf/df k|efjsf/L tj/df ;dflxt ug{] k|of; ePsf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !((% df
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgfkl5 of] k|of;n] yk ult lnPsf] b]lvG5 .

ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gcGtu{t ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf nflu o:tf

ljz]if / ;x'lnotk"0f{ k|fjwfgx¿ Joj:yf ul/g' k5fl8 d'VotM tLgj6f b[li6sf]0fx¿n]

-105-
pTk|]l/t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|yd, ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿ Ifdtfsf] cefjdf cGt/f{li6«o
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf ;lqmo ¿kdf ;xefuL x'g ;Sb}gg\ t;y{ pgLx¿sf] nflu ljz]if
Joj:yf h?/L 5 eGg] dfGotf . bf];|f], Jofkf/af6 k|fKt x'g] nfe ljsf;zLn / ljsl;t
d'n'sdf ;dfg x'gg;Sg] ePsf]n] o;sf nflu ljsf;zLn d'n'sdf s]xL k[y\s Jojxf/
cfjZos x'G5 eGg] egfO . t];|f], ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tfn] oL b'O{ k|s[ltsf b]zx¿aLrsf]
clwsf/ / k|lta4tfsf] ;Gt'ng ldnfpg oL ;d"xaLrsf] sdhf]/L / km/snfO{
dWogh/ ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 eGg] b[li6sf]0f . ljz]if tyf k[y\s Jojxf/ (S & DT) cGtu{t
vf;u/]/ % k|sf/sf Joj:yfx¿ ;d]l6Psf kfOG5g\ . tL x'g\– Jofkf/sf] cj;/ a9fpg]
k|s[ltsf k|fjwfgx¿, ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] k|fjwfgx¿, k|lta4tf hfx]/df nrstfsf]
k|fjwfg, k|lta4tf sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yfsf] k|fjwfg / clt sd
ljsl;t /fi6«sf nflu ljz]if Joj:yfsf] k|fjwfg . ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn tyf clt
sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf;sf] :t/ Pp6} gePsf] x'Fbf ;a} ;b:o
/fi6«x¿nfO{ Ps} k|sf/sf lgodx¿ kfngf ug{ afWo kfg{'x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotfcg'¿k
ljsf;f]Gd'v / cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ ljz]if / k[y\s Jojxf/ ug{] ljleGg k|fjwfgx¿
ljleGg ;Demf}tfdf /flvPsf 5g\ . o:tf k|fjwfgx¿n] vf;u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt
sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ Psflt/ sd jf Go"gtd dfqfdf dfq k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]
k'Ug] ;x'lnot k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ eg] csf{lt/ k|lta4tf tyf ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogsf
nflu t'ngfTds ¿kdf nfdf] ;do;Ldf pknAw u/fPsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ljsl;t
/fi6«sf nflu Ps jif{, ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x¿nfO{ kfFr jif{ / g]kfnh:tf cNk ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿nfO{ P3f/ jif{sf] ;do;Ldfsf] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] lyof] . Toltn] gk'u]/ cNk
ljsl;t /fi6«sf nflu l6«K; ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] cjlwdf csf{] ;f9] ;ft
jif{ yk u/]/ clxn] #) h'g, @)!# ;Dd k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . ;]km uf8{\;, PG6L8lDkË tyf
sfpG6/e]lnË dx;'n klg ljsl;t /fi6«sf t'ngfdf ljsf;zLn / cNk ljsl;t
/fi6«n] a9L ;do nfu" ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . o;}u/L ljsl;t /fi6«n] s[lifhGo
j:t'sf] cfoftdf nufpFb} cfPsf] eG;f/ dx;'n b/nfO{ 5 jif{leq 5QL; k|ltztn],
ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«n] bz jif{leq rf}aL; k|ltztn] dfq 36fP k'Ug] / g]kfnh:tf clt
sd ljsl;t /fi6«n] rflxF s[lif j:t'sf] cfoftdf nufO{ cfPsf] eG;f/ dx;'n b/nfO{
36fpg' gkg{] k|fjwfg ;d]l6Psf] lyof] . To:t} ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] s'n s[lif pTkfbgsf]
d"Nosf] kfFr k|ltzt;Dd dfq s[lifdf cg'bfg lbg kfpg] Joj:yf 5 eg] ljsf;f]Gd'v
/fi6«x¿nfO{ bz k|ltzt;Dd cg'bfg lbg kfpg] 5"6 5 . Jofkf/ gLlt k'g/fjnf]sgsf
;Gbe{df klg ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] k|To]s b'O{–b'O{ jif{df o:tf] ;dLIff ug{'kg{] k|fjwfg

-106-
5 eg] cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ ^ -5_ jif{df jf ;f] ;Dej geP ;f]eGbf s]xL a9L
cjlwdf klg u/] x'g] u/L ;x'lnot lbOPsf] 5 .

j:t' tyf ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL b'j} ;Demf}tfn] ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf lglDt s]xL ljz]if
5"6sf] Joj:yf ;d]6s ] f 5g\ . Uof6sf] efu $ df Joj:yf ePsf] …Jofkf/ / ljsf;Ú zLif{s
cGtu{tsf k|fjwfgx¿n] ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x¿l;t Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf ubf{
cfk"mn] pknAw u/fP ;/xs} 5"6 tyf ;x'lnot ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«l;t ck]Iff ug{ gx'g]
'Non-reciprocity' sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;d]6s ] f 5g\ . To:t} ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] ljsf;f]Gd'v
/fi6«x¿nfO{ dfgj, k|f0fL tyf jg:klt :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;Demf}tf / Jofkf/sf k|fljlws
cj/f]w;DaGwL ;Demf}tf nfu" ug{ k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg'kg{] k|fjwfg klg
;DalGwt ;Demf}tfdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf pTkfbgnfO{
;x'lnotk"0f{ ahf/ kx'r F sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{k' g{] s'/f klg ljleGg ;Demf}tfdf k/]sf 5g\ .
o;} cfwf/df xfnsf lbgdf GSP sf cltl/Qm s]xL o'/f]lkog d'ns ' x¿n] clt sd ljsl;t
d'ns' x¿nfO{ xftxltof/ afx]ssf cGo j:t' (Everything but Arms: EBA) sf] lgof{tdf
pTklQsf] lglZrt k|lqmof k"/f u/L cfPsf] l:yltdf eG;f/ d'Qm kxFr ' ;'ljwf lbg] u/]sf
5g\ .

^=#=@ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;lrjfnoaf6 pknAw x'g] k|fljlws ;xfotfx¿

ljsf;f]Gd'v / cltsd ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;lrjfnoaf6
ljleGg k|fljlws ;xfotfx¿ pknAw x'g;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . logdf vf;u/L ;b:o
/fi6«x¿aLr pTkGg x'g] s'g} klg Jofkf/;DaGwL ljjfbsf] ;DaGwdf sfg"gL k/fdz{ ;]jf
pknAw u/fpg], ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljleGg kIfdf ljsf;f]Gd'v / ljsf;zLn
/fi6«sf ;fj{hlgs If]qsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] 1fg tyf ;Lk clej[l4 ug{ / pgLx¿sf]
Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg tflnd, k|lzIf0f, cGtlqm{of, uf]i7L cflb ;~rfng ug{],
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g / ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljleGg kIfdf ;j{;fwf/0fdf ;xh
¿kdf ;TotYo ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ WTO Reference Centre ;~rfng ug{] nufotsf
ljifodf ;lrjfnon] ljsf;f]Gd'v, clt sd ljsl;t / cfly{s ;+qmd0faf6 u'lh|/x]sf
d'n'snfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .

^=#=# Jofkf/ / ljsf;;DaGwL ;ldlt (Trade and Development Committee)

ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf cfa4 ljsf;f]Gd'v / cltsd ljsl;t ;b:ox¿sf] lxtdf
sfd ug{ Ps ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 . tTsfnLg Uof6s} kfnfb]lv cl:tTjdf /x]sf]

-107-
…Jofkf/ / ljsf;;DaGwL ;ldltÚ gfdsf] of] ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q cToGt lj:t[t
5 . o;n] ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x¿sf] kIfdf /x]sf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gcGtu{tsf
ljleGg ;Demf}tfleqsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ s] s;/L sfof{Gjog ul/Fb}5 ;f]sf] cg'udg
ug{]b]lv lnP/ k|fljlws ;xfotfsf] nflu dfu{lgb{]z to ug]{, ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf
ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x¿sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{] / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf]
l:yltnfO{ cfsng, ljZn]if0f u/L s] s:tf] ;xfotf cfjZos kg{] xf] ;f] ;d]t
lgSof}{n u5{ . ;Ë7gsf ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t
;b:ox¿nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] ;'ljwf / 5"6sf] ljj/0f;DaGwdf o; ;ldltnfO{
hfgsf/L u/fpg'kb{5 . o;/L k|fKt x'g cfPsf ;"rgf tyf ljj/0fnfO{ ;ldltn]
;DalGwt ;a} ;b:ox¿aLr k|jfx ub{5 . ljsl;t ;b:ox¿n] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf
pTkfbgnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] GSP ;'ljwf / ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿aLr x'g] ljleGg
;f}ljWok"0f{ Joj:yf / ;Demf}tfaf/] o; ;ldltnfO{ hfgsf/L (Notification) u/fpg'kb{5 .
Jofkf/ / ljsf;;DaGwL ;ldlt cGtu{t clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] ljsf;;DaGwL
d'2fnfO{ k|fyldstf ;fy x]g{ / pgLx¿nfO{ k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg clt sd
ljsl;t /fi6«;DaGwL Ps pk;ldlt klg /x]sf] 5 . oL ljleGg dxŒjk"0f{ Joj:yfx¿sf]
afah"b ef}lts / dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf] Go"gtf, sd;n k"jf{wf/ / sdhf]/ ;+/rgfTds
Joj:yf tyf sltko cj:yfdf /fhg}lts cl:y/tf ;d]tsf] sf/0f ljsf;f]Gd'v /
ltgdf klg vf;u/L clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gleqsf oL ljz]if
/ k[ys\ Jojxf/af6 ck]lIft kmfObf p7fpg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .

^=$ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] Ifdtf j[l4sf nflu ;Ë7g cGtu{t ul/Psf
Joj:yfx¿sf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g cGtu{t clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/ Ifdtfdf ljsf; /
cfk"lt{ kIfdf ;'wf/ u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf a9L ;xefuL x'g ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ;Ë7g cGtu{t ljleGg ;+oGqx¿ :yfkgf ul/Psf 5g\ . ltgdf k|d'v
b'O{ ;+oGqsf] ;+lIfKt lrgf/L oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

^=$=! lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgf (Enhanced Integrated Framework)

of] ljZjsf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«nfO{ ljZj cy{tGqdf k|efjsf/L tj/n] cfa4 x'g
;3fp k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ljleGg bft[lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ;xfotf /flznfO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf
kl/rfng ug{sf nflu ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gleq cnUu} :jfoQ ¿kdf :yflkt Pp6f
Funding Mechanism xf] . ;g\ !((^ df l;Ëfk'/df ePsf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] klxnf]

-108-
dlGq:t/Lo a}7sn] ;Ë7gsf clt sd ljsl;t d'n'snfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf a9L
;xefuL x'g;Sg] u/fpg pgLx¿nfO{ ljsl;t /fi6«n] ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{'sf
;fy} pgLx¿sf] sdhf]/ Jofkf/ Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg cfly{s, k|fljlws ;xfotf
pknAw u/fpg Ps k|sf/sf] PsLs[t ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f x'g'kg{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] .
tbg';f/ ;f] ;Dd]ng ePsf] Ps jif{kl5 ;g\ !((& sf] cS6f]a/df ljleGg ^ j6f
cGt/;/sf/L lgsfox¿– cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if (IMF), cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ s]Gb| (ITC),
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo Jofkf/ / ljsf; ;Dd]ng (UNCTAD), /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd
(UNDP), ljZj a}Í (WB) / ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g (WTO) sf] ;xof]udf Integrated
Framework (IF) gfdn] Ps ;+oGq sfof{Gjogdf cfof] . of] ;+oGqn] vf;u/L clt sd
ljsl;t /fi6«sf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu pgLx¿sf] Jofkf/ gLltx¿sf] th{d ' f tyf
sfof{Gjog, Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf jftf{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf;, ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf cfa4tf
h:tf If]qdf ljleGg k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] sfo{ z'? u¥of] . o;}aLr ;g\
@))! Dff stf/sf] bf]xfdf ePsf] dlGq:t/Lo a}7sn] lgb{z ] u/]adf]lhd ;g\ @))@ sf]
dfr{df clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] Jofkf/l;t ;Da4 k|fljlws kIfdf ;xof]u pknAw
u/fpg ;Ë7gn] Jofkf/ ;Da4 k|fljlws kIfx¿ (Trade Related Technical Assistance :
TRTA) klg sfof{Gjogdf Nofof] .

;g\ @))% df xËsËdf ePsf] kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] IF ;f]r] cg'¿k k|efjsf/L
x'g g;s]sf] tYonfO{ dWogh/ u/L df}h"bf IF nfO{ yk ;fwg ;|f]t h'6fO{ Enhanced
Integrated Framework sf ¿kdf k'gM;+/rgf u/L ;g\ @))^ sf] l8;]Da/;Dddf
sfof{Gjogdf NofO;Sg] k|lta4tf hfx]/ u¥of] . tbg';f/ Integrated Framework
Working Group (IFWG) / Integrated Framework Steering Committee (IFSC) n]
@))& sf] d] dlxgfb]lv EIF nfO{ ;~rfngdf Nofpg] lg0f{onfO{ cg'df]bg u/] . oBlk
;DalGwt ;a} kIf;Fu 5nkmn k/fdz{ ubf{ s]xL a9L ;do nfUg uPsf]n] ;g\ @))(
sf] h'nfO{b]lv dfq EIF k"0f{ tj/df sfof{Gjogdf cfpg;Sof] . o;sf d'Vo p2]Zox¿df
cNk ljsl;t /fi6«df Jofkf/nfO{ /fli6«o ljsf; gLlt, /0fgLltdf d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{],
Jofkf/;Da4 k|fljlws ;xfotfsf] kl/rfngdf ;dGjo ug{ plrt ;+/rgfsf] ljsf;
ug{] / Jofkf/sf cfk"lt{hGo ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] cflb
5g\ . xfn o;sf ;xof]uL lgsfosf ¿kdf African Development Bank (AfDB),
Common Market for East and Southern Africa (COMESA), Standards and Trade
Development Facility (STDF), Trade Mark Southern Africa (TMSA) / World Bank
Trade Facilitation Facility (TFF) h:tf s]xL gofF ;+:yfx¿ klg ylkPsf 5g\ . o;sf]

-109-
;~rfngsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o / /fli6«o:t/df u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf] ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf 5 .
cGt/f{li6«o:t/df EIF Steering Committee (EIF-SC), EIF Board / EIF Secretariat sf]
Joj:yf 5 . o;sf] ;lrjfno h]g]efdf /x]sf] 5 . EIF cGtu{t kl/rflnt x'g] ;xfotf
/flzsf] kl/rfngsf nflu United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) nfO{
Trust Fund Manager lgo'Qm ul/Psf] 5 . EIF nfO{ Aid for Trade sf] ;d'lrt
kl/rfngsf] lgldQ ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{] ;+oGq (vehicle) dflgPsf]
5 . t/ EIF sf] sf]if cNk ljsl;t /fi6«sf] cfjZostfsf] t'ngfdf cem} klg lgs}
;fgf] / o;sf] ;~rfng k|lqmof klg s]xL nfdf] / emGeml6nf] ;d]t ePsf] x'Fbf o;af6
sdhf]/ /fi6«x¿n] ck]lIft kmfObf p7fpg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . s]xL sdhf]/Lx¿sf afah"b
EIF cNk ljsl;t /fi6«nfO{ s]Gb|laGb'df /fVb} ;Ë7gcGtu{t PsLs[t ¿kdf ;xfotf
kl/rfngsf nflu Joj:yf ePsf] Psdfq ax'b]zLo (Multilateral) ;xfotf k|0ffnL
ePsf]n] o;sf] cfˆg} vfn] dxŒj 5 . eljiodf o;sf] sfo{If]q / sf]ifdf clej[l4 ub{}
o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfdf j[l4 ug{' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgf / g]kfn (EIF and Nepal)

EIF cGtu{t pknAw x'g] ;xfotfaf6 nfeflGjt x'g rfxg] ;b:o b]zx¿df /fli6«o:t/df
klg o;sf] ;+/rgf /xg'kg{] k|fjwfgcg';f/ g]kfndf g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrjsf]
cWoIftfdf jfl0fHo If]q;Fu ;Da4 ljleGg dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿, g]kfn /fi6« a}Ísf
l8k'6L ueg{/ / lghL If]qsf 5ftf ;Ë7gx¿sf k|d'vx¿ ;b:o /x]sf] lgb{]zs ;ldlt,
;f] dftxt kmf]sn KjfOG6 -jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf ;lrj_ / EIF ;Da4
sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;~rfng / ;dGjosf nflu jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnodf /fli6«o
sfof{Gjog PsfO (National Implementation Unit : NIU) /x]sf] 5 . h;sf] k|d'vdf
dGqfnosf of]hgf tyf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ dxfzfvfsf ;x;lrj /xg] Joj:yf
5 . /fli6«o lgb{]zs ;ldltnfO{ ljleGg ljifodf ;xof]u k|bfg ug{, /fli6«o gLlt tyf
sfo{qmdx¿df Jofkf/nfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{, Jofkf/ If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{
/ g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt, @)!) sf cGt/–;DalGwt ljifox¿sf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogdf an k'¥ofpgsf nflu ljleGg dGqfnosf ;x;lrjx¿sf] ;+of]hsTjdf
ljleGg ^ j6f k|fljlws ;ldltx¿ u7g ul/Psf 5g\ .
clt sd ljsl;t b]zsf] gftfn] g]kfnnfO{ IF / EIF b'j} ;+oGqaf6 Jofkf/ Ifdtf
ljsf;sf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ cfly{s k|fljlws ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5 . tTsfnLg IF sf]
Window 1 sfo{qmd cGtu{t o'Pg\l8kLdfkm{t\ cd]l/sL 8n/ #*,))) ;xof]u pknAw

-110-
ePsf] lyof] . of] /sd IF sf] /fli6«o ;lrjfno :yfkgf ug{] nufotsf ljleGg rf/j6f
dxŒjk"0f{ If]qdf vr{ ul/Psf] lyof] . lgof{t Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf nflu Nepal Trade and
Competitiveness Study, 2004 (DTIS, 2004) tof/ ug{ k|fljlws ;xfotf klg o;}
cGtu{t pknAw ePsf] lyof] . o;}u/L ;g\ @))% sf] hgj/Ldf IF Window II cGtu{t
NTCS, 2004 n] l;kmfl/z u/]sf ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ cd]l/sL 8n/
^,^%,))) ;xfotf pknAw ePsf] lyof] . o;af6 ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4, Jofkf/
;xhLs/0f, ljleGg Enquiry Points sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f nufotsf If]qdf sfo{x¿ ;DkGg
ePsf lyP . oL sfo{qmdx¿ ;dGjofTds 9Ën] ;Dkfbg ug{ o'Pg\l8kLsf] ;xof]udf
Enhancing Nepals' Trade-related Capacities (ENTReC) gfds kl/of]hgf ;~rfngdf
NofOPsf] lyof] . EIF sf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf ;g\ @))(÷!) df ;g\ @))$ df tof/
ul/Psf] Jofkf/ tyf k|lt:kwf{Tdstf cWoog (NTCS) nfO{ k"0f{tM cBfjlws u/L gofF
g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt, @)!) (NTIS, 2010) tof/ ul/of] . xfn pQm /0fgLltsf]
sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljleGg kl/of]hgfx¿ tof/ ug{] / sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] r/0fdf
/x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] nflu klg EIF af6 ;xof]u pknAw eO/x]sf] 5 .
o;}aLr #) dfr{, @)!) df EIF Tier 1 cGtu{t Nepal Enhanced Capacities for
Trade and Development (NECTRADE) kl/of]hgf ;~rfngdf Nofpg] u/L ;Demf}tf
ePcg';f/ xfn ;f] kl/of]hgf ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . tLg jif{ cjlw / sl/a ( -gf}_
nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ ah]6 /x]sf] pQm kl/of]hgfaf6 g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLltsf]
sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0fdfkm{t Jofkf/sf] nflu j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf]
cTo'Qd kl/rfng ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ck]Iff lnOPsf] 5 . xfn ;f] kl/of]hgfn] EIF sf]
;xof]udf Tier-2 cGtu{t ;~rfng x'g] ljleGg kl/of]hgfx¿sf] ljsf; / 5gf}6 ug{]
sfo{ cl3 a9fO/x]sf] 5 . kl/of]hgfx¿ 5gf}6 ug{] sfo{ ;DkGg ePkl5 sfof{Gjogdf
nlug]5 . EIF Tier 1 cGtu{tsf] NECTRADE kl/of]hgfn] Jofkf/ If]qdf gLltut
/ k|lqmofut ;'wf/ tyf ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fdf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] eg] EIF Tier 2
cGtu{tsf kl/of]hgfx¿ d"ntM Jofkf/;Da4 k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f / ljsf;df
s]lGb|t x'g]5g\ .
^=$=@ Jofkf/sf] nflu ;xof]u (Aid for Trade: AfT)
Jofkf/sf] nflu j}bl] zs ;xof]u ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf cfa4 clt sd ljsl;t /
ljsf;zLn ;b:o /fi6«sf] cfk"lt{hGo ;d:ofx¿nfO{ lg/fs/0f ub{} pgLx¿sf] Jofkf/
IfdtfnfO{ clej[l4 u/L ljZj Jofkf/df pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf / lx:;fnfO{ psf:gsf nflu
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] kxndf cl3 a9fOPsf] cjwf/0ff xf] . ;g\ @))% sf] l8;]Da/df

-111-
xËsËdf ;DkGg ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] 5}6F f} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn]] o;nfO{ 5nkmnsf]
of}6f d'Vo ljifo agfPsf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngdf ;Ë7gsf sd ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn
;b:ox¿ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf cfa4 ePkl5 emg\ ;LdfGtLs[t x'bF } uPsf] / ljZj
cy{tGqdf pgLx¿ d"nk|jfxLs[t x'g g;ls/x]sf] l:yltnfO{ dgg u/L ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n]
sdhf]/ /fi6«sf] cfk"lt{hGo Ifdtf a9fpg / Jofkf/;Da4 k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug{df 7f];
;xof]u lj:tf/ ug{k' g{] s'/fdf ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿n] hf]8bf/ cfjfh p7fPsf lyP .
kmntM ;Dd]ngsf] cGTodf hf/L dlGq:t/Lo 3f]if0ffn] AfT nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf ptfg{ s]
s:tf] df]8fln6L / ;~rfngljlw pko'Qm x'G5 cWoog u/L ;'emfj k]z ug{ Pp6f sfo{bn
u7g ug{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf dxflgb{z ] snfO{ lgb{z
] u¥of] .
dlGq:t/Lo 3f]if0ffkqfg';f/ u7g ePsf] sfo{bnn] @))^ sf] h'nfO{df ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\df
;'emfj k]z u¥of] . ;f] ;'emfjdf AfT nfO{ d'VotM ^ j6f If]qdf juL{s/0f u/L tbg';f/
;xfotf kl/rflnt / s]lGb|t ug{] s'/f lyof] . klxrfg ul/Psf If]qx¿ lyP– Jofkf/;Da4
k"jf{wf/x¿, pTkfbsTj Ifdtf lgdf{0f, Jofkf/ ljsf;, Jofkf/;Da4 ;dfof]hg, Jofkf/
gLlt tyf lgodx¿ / juL{s/0fdf gk/]sf Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;;DaGwL cGo If]q .
sfo{bnn] k]z u/]sf] ;'emfjdf AfT sf d'Vo p2]Zox¿sf] ¿kdf ljsf;zLn / vf;u/L
sd ljsl;t /fi6«df Jofkf/nfO{ cfly{s j[l4, ljsf; / ul/aL lgjf/0f tyf ;x;|fAbL
ljsf; nIosf] p2]Zo k|flKt ug{ ;xof]u x'g] lsl;dn] ;dy{ agfpg ;xof]u ug{],
ljsf;zLn / sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ ahf/ kx'Fr Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ cfk"lt{hGo Ifdtf
/ Jofkf/;Da4 k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug{], Jofkf/ ;'wf/ / cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f
sfo{qmdnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug{], If]qLo PsLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg], ljZj
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf ;xh ¿kdf PsLs/0f x'g / ;b:ox¿nfO{ Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf tyf
;dembf/Lx¿nfO{ nfu" ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] cflb s'/fnfO{ pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] .
sfo{bnn] AfT sf] kl/rfng ;DaGwdf b'O{j6f d'Vo l;4fGtx¿ cjnDag ug{ klg
;'emfj k]z u/]sf] lyof] . ltgdf klxnf] j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|efjsfl/tf ;DaGwdf
k]l/; 3f]if0ffkqn] cl3 ;f/]sf ljifonfO{ AfT sf] k|efjsfl/tf j[l4 ug{ klg nfu" ug{]
s'/f lyof] . h;df j}b]lzs ;xfotf lnFbf k|fKt ug{] /fi6«sf] g]t[Tj / :jfldTj ;'lglZrt
x'g'kg{], ;xfotf /fli6«o nIo k|flKtdf ;xof]uL x'g'kg{], bft[lgsfo / k|fks /fi6«aLr
plrt ;dGjo / tfnd]n x'g'kg{], ;+o'Qm pQ/bfloTj ;'lglZrt ul/g'kg{], / glthfd'vL
Joj:yfkg h:tf ljifo kb{5g\ . bf];|f] AfT sf] k|efjsfl/tf;DaGwdf ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gn] cg'udgstf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{] . o; cg';f/ ljsl;t /fi6«n] låkIfLo:t/df
s'g} ljsf;zLn / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«nfO{ Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf If]qdf ;xof]u

-112-
pknAw u/fO{ /fv]sf]df To;/L hf/L ;xfotf k|lta4tfadf]lhd eP gePsf] / lgwf{l/t
p2]Zo k|flKtdf vr{ eP gePsf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gn] n]vfhf]vf ug{'kg{] s'/f lyof] .
tbg';f/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7n] AfT sf] ljZjJofkL ;dLIffsf] nflu k|To]s @–@ jif{df
a}7sx¿ cfof]hgf ub{} cfPsf] 5 . xfn;Dd o; k|sf/sf] ;dLIff a}7s tLg k6s
cfof]hgf ePsf] 5 . ltgdf ;aeGbf kl5Nnf] ;dLIff (Third Global Review of AfT)
;g\ @)!! sf] cui6 dlxgfdf h]g]efdf ePsf] lyof] h;sf] d'Vo ljifo (Theme) g}
kl/0ffdsf] k|bz{g (Showing Results) eGg] lyof] . xfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gn] AfT
nfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ljZj:t/df g} ;lqmotf b]vfO/x]sf] 5 / tbg';f/ o;sf] kl/df0f /
k|efjsfl/tfdf klg qmdzM j[l4 x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] Jofkf/sf] nflu j}b]lzs
;xfotf cGtu{t Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu ljleGg ;xof]u k|fKt ub{} cfPsf] 5 .

^=% ;Ë7gdf cfa4 clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] eljiosf] sfo{lbzf

clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] ljZjsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] s/Lj !@Ü lx:;f cf]u6]sf
5g\, eg] s'n ljZj Jofkf/df pgLx¿sf] of]ubfg !Ü eGbf sd 5 . o;nfO{ s'g} klg
b[li6sf]0fn] Gofof]lrt 7x¥ofpg ;lsGg . clxn] cfly{s Pj+ k|fljlws sf/0fn] pgLx¿
sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x] klg pkof]u gePsf ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿ pgLx¿;Fu k|r'/ dfqfdf
/x]sf] 5 . pQm ;fwg / ;|f]tx¿sf] ;d'lrt bf]xg / ljsf;af6 eljiodf ljZj Jofkf/sf]
cfotg pNn]vgLo ¿kdf j[l4 x'g;S5 . o;n] cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] cfly{s ;d[l4
/ ¿kfGt/0fdf dfq xf]Og ;a} ljsf;f]Gd'v / ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] pTkfbg, /f]huf/L /
cfo:t/df j[l4 ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u k'uL ;a} nfeflGjt aGg;Sg] l:ylt lgdf{0f x'g;S5 .
cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] cfly{s ;d[l4;Fu} ljsl;t b]zsf pTkfbgx¿sf] nflu ahf/
lj:tf/ x'g] x'Fbf cNk ljsl;t /fi6«sf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' k|sf/fGt/n]
ljsl;t b]zx¿sf] ;d]t lxtdf 5 .
t;y{, cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ ul/aLsf] b'Zrqm (Vicious Circle of Poverty) af6 lgsfNg'
/ pgLx¿nfO{ ljZj cy{tGqsf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt ug'{ cfh ;a}sf] st{Jo x'g cfpF5 .
o;sf] lgldQ ;j{ky| d t cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿ :jo+n] b]zleq}af6 7f]; k|of;x¿ yfNg'k5{
eg] csf{lt/ cGt/f{li6«o d~rx¿df ;d]t k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng'kg{] x'G5 . o;qmddf
d'ns
' df /fhg}lts l:y/tf lbO{ ;'zf;g sfod ug],{ d'ns
' sf] cfly{s ;Defjgfsf If]qx¿sf]
klxrfg u/L ltgsf] ;d'lrt kl/rfngtkm{ nufgL s]lGb|t ug{,] ljb]zL bft[ /fi6« Pj+
;+:yfx¿;Fu ;d'lrt ;dGjo sfod u/L Ps ;'ljrfl/t ljb]zL ;xof]u gLlt (Prudent
Foreign Aid Policy) cGtu{t pgLx¿sf] ;xof]u a9L pTkfbs If]qdf k|jflxt ug],{ d'ns
' df

-113-
Jofkf/ jftf{sf] nflu of]Uo, ;';l" rt, bIf hgzlQmx¿sf] ljsf; ug{] cflb lqmofsnfkx¿
k|fyldstf;fy b]zleq tTsfn yfngL ug{' cfjZos 5 .
o;}u/L cGt/f{li6«o:t/df vf;u/L ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g, ljZj af}l4s ;Ë7g, ljZj
:jf:Yo ;Ë7g, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 h:tf ax'kIfLo d~rx¿df cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf]
;zQm ;d"x u7g u/L cfˆgf] kIfdf b/f] kIf kf]if0f (Lobbying) ug]{, tL lgsfox¿af6
cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf nflu pknAw x'g;Sg] ;|f]t ;fwgx¿sf] clwstd pkof]u
ug]{ sfo{x¿ u/L cfly{s ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ km/flsnf] kfg{]tkm{ k|oTg ug{' h?/L 5 .
cfly{s ;d[l4 / ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIosf dxŒjfsf+IfL p2]Zox¿ k"/f ug{ ljsl;t Pj+
ljsf;zLn /fi6«x¿ Pj+ ;+:yfx¿af6 cfly{s ;xfotf kl/rfng ug{ dfq xf]Og pGgt,
cfw'lgs Pj+ Jofjxfl/s k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug{]tkm{ klg plQs} hf]8 lbg'kb{5 .
o; ;Gbe{df vf;u/L ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf eO/x]sf ljleGg d:of}bf ;Demf}tf
kqx¿df cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ kmfObf x'g] k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z ug{ clwstd
k|oTg ug]{, ;Ë7gdf cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] ;d"xn] p7fO/x]sf LDC Package, Early
Harvest h:tf dfunfO{ cem ;zQm ¿kdf agfpg] / To;sf] lgldQ b/f] kIf kf]if0f ug]{
sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf;fy cl3 a9fpg h?/L 5 . clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] lgldQ
pknAw Jofkf/;Da4 k|fljlws ;xof]u (TRTA) sfo{qmd cGtu{t k|fljlws ;xof]u Pj+
Ifdtf j[l4, lj:tfl/t PsLs[t ;+/rgf, Jofkf/sf] nflu ;xof]u h:tf sfo{qmdx¿åf/f
a9L eGbf a9L cfly{s Pj+ k|fljlws ;|f]t h'6fpg], ltgnfO{ a9L sfof{Gjog–d}qL agfpg
hf]8 lbg], To:tf sfo{qmdx¿ :jLsf/ ubf{ ltgnfO{ k]l/; l;4fGt, cfqmf sfo{of]hgf
h:tf ;j{:jLs[t cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u l;4fGtcg'¿k a9L kf/bzL{, dfud'vL, Jofjxfl/s
/ ;Dalwt cNk ljsl;t /fi6«sf] :jfldTj, g]t[Tj Pj+ pQ/bfloTj ;d]t sfod x'g] u/L
:jLsf/ ug]{ h:tf s'/fx¿df Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ cfjZos 5 . o; cltl/Qm ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7g cGtu{tsf ljleGg ;Demf}tf / lg0f{ox¿n] clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf lgldQ
pknAw u/fPsf ljleGg ;'ljwfx¿sf] clwstd ;b'kof]u ug{]tkm{ hf]8 lbg' cfjZos
5 . o; qmddf cfufdL lbgdf sdhf]/ /fi6«x¿n] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g cGtu{tsf eG;f/
tyf sf]6f/lxt ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf (DFQF), ;fdfGo u|fXotf k|0ffnL (GSP), Global
System of Trade Preference (GSTP), k|fljlws ;xfotf tyf Ifdtf ljsf; (TA&CB),
ljz]if / k[ys\ Jojxf/ (S&DT), Enabling Clause, Service Waiver h:tf ;x'lnotk"0f{
k|fjwfgx¿sf] ulx/f] cWoog, ljZn]if0f u/L tL ;'ljwfx¿nfO{ s;/L /fli6«o lxtdf
clwstd ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf /fVg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
o; cltl/Qm d'n'sleq cfk"lt{ kIfsf cj/f]wx¿ (Supply Side Constraints) vf;u/L

-114-
lgof{tof]Uo j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg, ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f, Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf
k|of;x¿df Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ cfjZos 5 . To;}u/L cGt/f{li6«o:t/df ;Ë7gsf ;b:o
/fi6«x¿;Fu eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt ahf/ kx'Frsf] ;'ljwf k"0f{ ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ pTklQsf]
lgodnfO{ ;/nLs/0f ug]{, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug]{, cfly{s / k|fljlws Ifdtf j[l4 ug{
låkIfLo / ax'kIfLo ;xof]u pNn]Vo ¿kdf j[l4 ug]{ h:tf dfux¿ /fVg'k5{ / ltgnfO{
;kmn agfpg ;zQm jftf{ / kIfkf]if0f ug'{k5{ . cGt/f{li6«o :t/df cfˆgf] kIf dha't
agfpg cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿aLrsf] PstfnfO{ cem ;'9[9 / ;Ifd agfpg' k5{ .
6sL{sf] O:tfga'ndf ;g\ @)!! sf] d] dlxgfdf ;DkGg cNkljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] rf}yf]
;Dd]ngn] kfl/t u/]sf] sfo{of]hgfnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9Ën] sfof{Gjog ug{ pQ/–blIf0fdfq
xf]Og blIf0f–blIf0f ;xof]u lj:tf/ ug{ ;d]t cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] ;zQm ¿kdf
cleofg ;~rfng ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

-115-
 kl/R5]b–&
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf 5nkmn / ;Demf}tfsf r/0fdf /x]sf
s]xL gofF tyf cGt/–;Da4 ljifox¿
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] sfo{If]q ljutdf ;DkGg ePsf lglZrt ;Demf}tfleqsf ljleGg
afWotfx¿ (Obligations) sf] kfngf / sfof{Gjogdf dfq ;Lldt g/xL gofF–gofF
ljifodf jftf{ tyf ;Demf}tf ug{] klg /x]sf] 5 . ;Ë7gleq ;b:ox¿aLr Jofkf/sf
lj:t[t ljifo / d'2fnfO{ lnP/ lg/Gt/ ax; / 5nkmn rNg] u5{ . tLdWo] sltko
k'/fg} ljifodf s]lGb|t 5g\ eg] sltko gofF . ;Ë7gleq xfn d'Vo ax;sf ¿kdf /x]sf
Jofkf/;DaGwL vf;vf; d'2fx¿sf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
&=! bf]xf ljsf; Ph]08f (Doha Development Agenda : DDA)
stf/sf] /fhwfgL bf]xfdf ;g\ @))! sf] gf]eD] a/ ( b]lv !$ ;Dd ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] rf}yf]
dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] . s'n !@! ;b:o b]zsf dlGq:t/Lo k|ltlglw, @*
ko{jI] fs /fi6« tyf ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;+3;+:yfsf k|ltlglwn] efu lnPsf] pQm ;Dd]ngn]
d'Vo ¿kdf bf]xf 3f]if0ffkq, Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf /
hg:jf:Yo tyf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g cGtu{tsf df}hb" f ;Demf}tfsf sfof{Gjog;DaGwL d'2fsf
ljifodf ul/Psf lg0f{ox¿nfO{ ;du|df cg'df]bg u/]sf] lyof] . Psflt/ ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n]
;Ë7gdf u/]sf k|lta4tf sfof{Gjog gug{] / csf{t] km{ clt sd ljsl;t tyf ljsf;zLn
/fi6«x¿ Go"g cfly{s, k|fljlws Ifdtfsf sf/0f ;Ë7gcGtu{tsf ;Demf}tfx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog
ug{ g;Sg] l:yltdf ePaf6 ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg] sfo{
r'gf}tLk"0f{ alg/x]sf] kl/k|I] odf bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLcGtu{t ljleGg
ljifodf gofF r/0fsf ;Demf}tf jftf{x¿ k|f/De u/L oL ;a} s'/fnfO{ 6'Ëf] nufpg] k|lta4tf
JoQm u/]sf] lyof] . ;fy}, ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljBdfg sltko ;Demf}tfx¿ sfof{Gjog
ug{] qmddf ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«n] ;fdgf ug{k' l//x]sf ;d:ofx¿nfO{
;Daf]wg ug{ ljleGg kIfdf ;'wf/ ug{k' g{] s'/fnfO{ klg To;n] ;d]6s ] f] lyof] . bf]xf ;Dd]ngn]
cl3 ;f/]sf 5nkmnsf log} Kofs]hnfO{ ;dli6ut ¿kdf bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fsf ¿kdf
lrlgG5 / ;+lIfKtdf of] ;Demf}tf jftf{nfO{ bf]xf r/0f (Doha Round) sf] jftf{ eg]/ elgG5 .
vf;u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] ljsf;sf d'2fnfO{ s]Gb|laGb'df /fv]/ gofF
r/0fsf] ;Demf}tf jftf{ z'? ug{] lg0f{o of] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] u/]sf] x'bF f To;} cfwf/df
o;nfO{ bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8f eg]/ elgPsf] xf] .

-116-
vf;u/L ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 klg ljZj Jofkf/df clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿sf] lx:;f vf;} a9\g g;s]sf], ljZjsf ul/a / sdhf]/ cy{tGq ePsf d'n'sx¿
emg\ ;LdfGtLs[t x'Fb} hfg yfn]sf] ;Gbe{df ljZj Jofkf/df s] s;/L pgLx¿nfO{ clws
dfqfdf ;xefuL u/fpg ;lsG5 / ljZj cy{tGqaf6 a9L kmfObf lng;Sg] l:yltdf
k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f tTsfnLg ljZjdf 7"nf] ax;sf] ljifo ag]sf] lyof] . o;}a]nf
cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ nlIft u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]
kxndf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo (MDGs) kfl/t x'g' / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf cftÍsf/L
36gf 36\g'n] clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] d'2fx¿df uDeL/tf / pbf/tfsf ;fy ;f]Rg
cGt/f{li6«o hut\nfO{ afWo agfof] . o; qmddf ljZjsf lgw{g / clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6«sf] cfly{s l:yltdf ;'wf/ gNofP;Dd ljsl;t /fi6«df klg zflGt, ;'/Iff / ;d[l4nfO{
lbuf] ¿kdf l6sfO{ /fVg sl7g x'g] s'/f ljsl;t /fi6«x¿df dx;''; ePcg';f/ bf]xf
dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] ljZj Jofkf/df kl5 k/]sf ;b:ox¿sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg
s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ ljifox¿df ;Demf}tf jftf{ cl3 a9fpg] lg0f{o u¥of] .
bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] Psftkm{ ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ a9L Jofks / ;dfj]zL agfpg gofF
r/0fsf] jftf{ k|lqmof z'? ug{ dfu{ k|z:t u¥of] eg] csf{tkm{ ljsf;df Jofkf/sf] dxŒjnfO{
cfTd;ft u/L ;Dk"0f{ Jofkf/ jftf{nfO{ ljsf; Ph]G8fsf] ¿kdf cufl8 ;fg{] sfd u¥of] .
3f]if0ffkqn] ljut %) jif{df cfly{s j[l4, ljsf; / /f]huf/L ;[hgfdf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
k|0ffnLn] l;h{gf u/]sf] ;sf/fTds k|efjsf] pRr d"NofÍg ub{} ljZjJofkL cfly{s
dGbLsf] ;Gbe{df cfly{s ;'wf/sf sfo{qmd / pbf/ Jofkf/ gLltx¿nfO{ cjnDag ub{}
tyf ;+/If0fjfbL gLltx¿nfO{ kl/Tofu ub{} cfly{s k'g?Tyfg, j[l4 / ljsf;nfO{ k|j4{g
ug{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] k"0f{ pkof]u ub{} hfg] s'/fdf k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf]
lyof] . vf;u/L cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/n] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ k|j4{g ug{ / ul/aL lgjf/0f
ug{df pNn]Vo e"ldsf v]Ng;Sg] s'/fnfO{ x[boËd u/L 3f]if0ffkqn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
k|0ffnLn] pknAw u/fPsf a9\bf] cj;/x¿ / cfly{s nfedf ljsf;zLn / clt sd
ljsl;t /fi6«sf] oyf]lrt lx:;f ;'lglZrt ug{ ljz]if hf]8 lbg'kg{] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/
u/]sf] 5 . ;Ë7gsf clwsf+z ;b:o ljsf;zLn / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6« ePsf]
;Gbe{df tL /fi6«x¿sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] :t/cg';f/ ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf cfa4 u/L
tL ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/ lx:;f ;'lglZrt ug{ ljz]if ahf/ kx'Fr ;'ljwf, ;Gt'lnt
Jofkf/ lgodsf] sfof{Gjog / tL b]zx¿sf] k|fljlws tyf Jofkf/ Ifdtf clej[l4sf
nflu cfly{s ;xof]u ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|lta4tf 3f]if0ffkqn] JoQm u/]sf] 5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v
/ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] rfxgf / cfjZostfnfO{ bf]xf sfo{;"rLsf] s]Gb|laGb'df

-117-
/fv]/ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf ;sf/fTds ;'wf/ ug{ kxn ul/g] s'/f klg 3f]if0ffkqdf
cleJoQm ePsf] 5 . clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿ ljz]if ;+/rgfTds sl7gfOx¿sf sf/0f
ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 lsgf/f nfUb} hfgyfn]sf] l:yltdf ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf
pgLx¿sf] k|efjsf/L, nfebfos / cy{k"0f{ PsLs/0fnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ljz]if kxn
ug{] pb\3f]if 3f]if0ffkqn] u/]sf] 5 . Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0f / cfly{s ljsf; k|lqmofdf If]qLo
Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ dxŒj lbFb} lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k Jofkf/
k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg;d]t of] 3f]if0ffkqn] dfu{lgb{]z u/]sf] 5 .
bf]xf sfo{;"rL (Doha Work Programme)
bf]xf sfo{;r" L bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqcGtu{tsf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ Ph]G8f xf] . o;n] df}hb" f
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljleGg kIfx¿df ;'wf/ ug{ gofF ;Demf}tf jftf{ k|f/De ug{]
s'/fnfO{ ;d]6s ] f] 5 . bf]xf sfo{;r " LcGtu{t d'VotM @! j6f ljifo ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . o;
cGtu{t k|dv ' Ph]G8fsf ¿kdf ;dfj]z ePsf ljifoj:t'x¿ x'g–\ s[lif, ;]jf Jofkf/,
u}/ s[lifhGo j:t'x¿sf] ahf/ kx'r F , Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/, Jofkf/ /
jftfj/0f, PG6L–8lDkË / cg'bfg;DaGwL ax'kIfLo Jofkf/sf lgodx¿df ;+zf]wg, nufgL
/ k|lt:kwf{ gLlt, Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f, ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf kf/blz{tf, sdhf]/ d'ns ' x¿sf]
Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu k|fljlws tyf cGo ;xfotf, ljsf;f]Gd'v d'ns ' x¿nfO{ ljz]if /
k[ys\ Jojxf/, ljsf;f]Gd'v d'ns ' sf] pTkfbgnfO{ ljsl;t ;b:ox¿sf] ahf/df ;xh
ahf/ kx'r F ;'ljwf cflb . bf]xf r/0fsf] jftf{ elgP klg k|:tfljt ljifosf clwsf+z
;Demf}tf jftf{x¿ h]ge ] fd} ljleGg ;ldltcGtu{t eO/x]sf 5g\ . clwsf+z ;Demf}tf
jftf{x¿ ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\cGtu{t /x]sf] Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf ;ldlt (Trade Negotiation
Committee) / o; dftxtsf ljleGg ;xfos ;ldlt÷pk ;ldltx¿df x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .
sltko dxŒjk"0f{ jftf{x¿rflxF ;DalGwt kl/ifb\ / ;DalGwt ;ldltsf] ljz]if ;qdf klg
rln/x]sf 5g\ . Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf ;ldlt (TNC) nfO{ ;Demf}tf jftf{sf nflu pko'Qm ;+oGq
/ k|lqmofx¿ to ug]{ tyf ;Demf}tf jftf{df ePsf k|ultsf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug{] lhDd]jf/L
lbOPadf]lhd ;ldltn] oL sfo{x¿ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . tbg';f/ gofF ;Demf}tf jftf{ s] s;/L
cl3 a9fpg] eGg] af/] dfu{lgb{z ] g g} klg hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . bf]xf sfo{;r " Ldf ;d]l6Psf
ljifosf clwsf+z Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf jftf{x¿nfO{ Pp6} Kofs]h (Single Undertaking) sf
¿kdf cl3 a9fpg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . s'g} ljifosf] ;Demf}tf ;do cufl8 g} ;DkGg
ePdf c:yfoL jf :yfoL ¿kdf cfjZostfg';f/ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;lsg] (Early
Harvesting) sf] k|fjwfg;d]t bf]xf sfo{;r " Ln] ;d]6s
] f] eP klg xfn;Dd s'g} klg ljifo
sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ .

-118-
lj:t[t / To;df klg sltko hl6n ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6s ] f]n] bf]xf sfo{;r
" Lsf] 5nkmn
cem} 6'lËg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;g\ @))# sf] ;]K6]Da/df cfof]lht Sofgs'gsf] kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo
;Dd]ngn] bf]xf sfo{;r" L cGtu{t ;dfj]z ePsf ljifodf ePsf] k|ultsf] ljj/0f ;Íng
ug{] / sltko ljifodf 5nkmnsf] tl/sf / k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ug{] elgPsf] eP tfklg
;b:ob]zx¿aLr sfo{;r " Ln] ;d]6s
] f ljleGg ljifodf P]sdTo gx'bF f of] ;Dd]ngn] bf]xf
sfo{;r" LnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] ljifodf s'g} 7f]; lg0f{o lng;s]g . kl5 ;g\ @))$ sf] cui6
! df ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\n] ljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿aLr /x]sf] cGt/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f
ug{] p2]Zon] Pp6f k|md] js{ hf/L u¥of] . h'nfO{ Kofs]hsf ¿kdf kl/lrt o;n] ultxLg
cj:yfdf /x]sf] bf]xf r/0fsf] jftf{nfO{ k'gM ;'rf? ug{] sfd u¥of] . kmntM ;g\ @))% sf]
l8;]Da/df xËsËdf cfof]lht 5}6f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngdf bf]xf sfo{;r " Ldf s]xL k|ult
eof] t/ Kofs]hcGtu{tsf ;a} ljifodf s'/f ldNg ;s]g . ;ftf}F / cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo
;Dd]ngaf6 klg bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fnfO{ 6'Ëf]df k'¥ofpg s'g} ;fy{s kxn x'g ;s]g .
bf]xf sfo{;"rLcGtu{t ;dflji6 ljifodf l9nf]df ;g\ @))% sf] hgj/L ! ;Dd ;Demf}tf
jftf{ 6+'UofO;Sg] lg0f{o eP klg ;f] ;Dej gePsf]n] ;g\ @))^ sf] cGTo;Dddf 6+'Uofpg]
cgf}krfl/s ;xdlt ag]sf] lyof] . t/ Tof] klg ;Dej x'g ;s]g / cBko{Gt ;Demf}tf
jftf{ rfn" 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgfkl5sf] klxnf] tyf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
k|0ffnLsf] ;Gbe{df gjf}F r/0fsf] ;Demf}tf jftf{sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] of] jftf{ xfn;Dds}
;a}eGbf nfdf] ;Demf}tf jftf{sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ljsl;t / ljsf;zLn tyf cNk
ljsl;t d'n'sx¿aLr s[lifdf cg'bfg s6f}tL ug{], ljsl;t b]zx¿sf] On]S6«f]lgS;
/ c6f]df]afON; h:tf j:t'sf] lgof{tdf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿n] nufpFb} cfPsf] pRr
eG;f/b/nfO{ s6f}tL ug{], ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿nfO{ ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] ljleGg 5"6 /
;x'lnot clgjfo{ ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg'kg{] nufotsf s]xL ljifodf ;b:o /fi6«x¿aLr
uDeL/ dte]b sfod} /x]sf]n] bz jif{eGbf a9L cjlw JotLt eO;Sbf klg of] jftf{
cem} 6'lËg ;s]sf] 5}g . o;n] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] cl:tTj / k|efjsfl/tfdfly g}
k|Zg lrXg;d]t v8f u/]sf] 5 . bf]xf sfo{;"rLleqsf sltko d'2fx¿df ljsl;t /
ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿aLrsf] b"/L k'g{ g;lsg] u/L km/flsnf] x'Fb}
uPkl5 ;Ë7gsf dxflgb{]zs kf:sn nfdLn] ;g\ @))^ sf] h'nfO{ @$ df cgk]lIft
¿kdf bf]xf r/0fsf] jftf{nfO{ :ylut -lgnDag_ ug{ k'u] . kl5 ;g\ @))& sf] z'?b]lv
;b:ox¿aLr ;dembf/L ljsf; x'Fb} uPsf]n] kl5Nnf jif{x¿df bf]xf r/0fsf] jftf{n]
qmdzM ult lng yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . clxn] ljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v ;b:ox¿aLrsf]
b"/LnfO{ sd ub{} ;Demf}tf jftf{nfO{ oyfzSo rfF8f] 6+'Uofpg kxn hf/L 5 .

-119-
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gcGtu{tsf ljBdfg ;Demf}tfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df p7]sf sl/a
!)) j6f k]lrnf d'2fx¿dWo] bf]xf ;Dd]ng x'g' # -tLg_ jif{ klxn]bl] v ;b:ox¿aLr uDeL/
5nkmn / n]gb]g k|f/De ePsf]df bf]xf;Dd]ng;Dd cfOk'Ubf ljleGg !@ j6f zLif{scGtu{t
$) j6f eGbf a9L ljifodf ;dembf/L ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogl;t
hf]l8Psf afFsL ljifox¿ eg] clxn] bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8f cGtu{t ;Demf}tfsf r/0fdf
/x]sf 5g\ . bf]xf sfo{;r " Ln] ;d]6s
] f ;a} ljifodf ;xdlt eO;s]kl5 klg ;Demf}tf ePsf
ljifonfO{ s] s;/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] eGg] ;DaGwdf lglZrt sfo{kl| qmof (Modalities)
lgwf{/0f ug{k' g{] x'G5 . ctM cfufdL lbgsf jftf{x¿ ;xdlt x'g afFsL ljifonfO{ 6+U' ofpg]tkm{
dfq s]lGb|t geO{ ;xdlt ePsf ljifonfO{ s] s;/L nfu" ug{] eGg];DaGwL sfo{ljlw / k|lqmof
lgwf{/0f ug{l] t/ klg pGd'v x'gk' g{] b]lvG5 . bf]xf r/0fsf] ljsf; Ph]G8fx¿nfO{ 6'Ëf]df
k'¥ofO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;s]df Psflt/ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL ;Gt'lnt, ;dtfd"ns
/ k|efjsf/L aGg;Sg] b]lvG5 eg] csf{lt/ o;af6 ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gk|lt ljsf;f]Gd'v /
clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] e/f];fdf j[l4 eO{ pgLx¿nfO{ ljZj Jofkf/df a9L dfqfdf
cfa4 x'g / cfly{s nfe lng ;d]t ;3fp k'Ug] b]lvG5 . bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fcGtu{t
;Demf}tf jftf{df /x]sf d'Vo ljifox¿sf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
s[lif (Agriculture)
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] s[lif;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf @) n] ;f] ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf
Nofpg'kg{] ^ jif{sf] cjlw ;dfKt x'g' Ps jif{kj" { g} s[lif If]qdf ;'wf/ k|lqmofnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg] p2]Zon] gofF r/0fsf] ;Demf}tf jftf{ z'? ug{k' g{] k|fjwfgnfO{ ;d]6s ] f]
k[i7e"lddf o; ljifodf ;g\ @))) sf] z'?af6} ;Demf}tf jftf{ k|f/De ePsf] xf] . o;/L
z'? ul/Psf] jftf{nfO{ bf]xf sfo{;r " Ln] klg cfTd;ft u/L lg/Gt/tf lbof] . o; cGtu{t
s[lif If]qsf] ahf/ kx'rF df ;f/e"t ;'wf/ ug{,] s[lifdf ljBdfg lgof{t cg'bfg / 3/]n'
;xfotf;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿ eljiodf k"0f{tj/n] x6fpg] u/L Go"g ub{} n}hfg], ljsf;f]Gd'v
b]zsf] s[lif pTkfbgnfO{ ljz]if / leGg Jojxf/ ug{,] ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] vfB ;'/Iff /
u|fdL0f ljsf;nfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg] h:tf ljifo ;d]l6Psf lyP . o; ljifodf ;g\ @))#
sf] dfr{leq} jftf{sf] sfo{kl| qmof (Modalities) to u/L kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng cufj}
;b:o /fi6«x¿n] cfˆgf] lj:t[t k|:tfj -;"rL_ sf] vfsf k]z ug{k' g{] elgP klg ;f]cg';f/
x'g ;s]g . bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fsf] cleGg cË (Single Undertaking) sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] of]
ljifodf ;Ë7gsf] s[lif ;ldltsf] ljz]if ;qx¿df 5nkmn x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
;]jf Jofkf/ If]q (Trade in Services)
Uof6\;sf] wf/f !( df ;f] ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] l9nf]df % jif{leq Progressive

-120-
Liberalization nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] p2]Zosf nflu ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] gofF r/0fsf
jftf{x¿ z'? ug{k' g{] k|fjwfg ;d]l6Padf]lhd bf]xf sfo{;r " L hf/L x'ge
' Gbf em08} b'O{ jif{
klxn] g} ;g\ @))) sf] z'?d} ;]jf Jofkf/sf] If]qdf jftf{ z'? ePsf] lyof] . kl5 bf]xf
sfo{;r" Ldf o;nfO{ klg ;d]l6of] . bf]xf sfo{;r " Ln] ;]jf Jofkf/ If]qdf ul/g] jftf{nfO{
;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] cfly{s ljsf; / To;df klg vf;u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t
;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] cfly{s j[l4 tyf /f]huf/LnfO{ k|j4{g ug{] lsl;daf6 cufl8 a9fpg]
s'/fnfO{ lgb{z] u/]sf] 5 . ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL kl/ifb\n] ;g\ @))! sf] dfr{df ;]jf
Jofkf/ If]qdf ul/g] ;Demf}tf jftf{sf nflu dfu{lgb{z ] g / k|lqmofx¿ kfl/t u/]sf]df bf]xf
sfo{;r " Ln] To;nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 . bf]xf sfo{;r " Ln] ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] #) h'g, @))@
leq cf–cfˆgf k|lta4tfsf ;"rL k]z ug{] / ;g\ @))# sf] dfr{;Dddf cfˆgf k|f/lDes
k|:tfj k]z ug{] u/L Dofb tf]ss ] f]df ;f] cg';f/ x'g ;s]g . bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fsf] cleGg
cË (Single Undertaking) sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] of] ljifodf ;Ë7gsf] ;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL
kl/ifb\sf] ljz]if ;qx¿df / kl/ifb\sf] lgoldt a}7sdf 5nkmn x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
u}/s[lifhGo j:t'x¿sf] ahf/ kx'Fr (Non-Agricultural Market Access : NAMA)
bf]xf sfo{;r " Ln] ;Dk"0f{ u}/–s[lifhGo j:t'x¿sf] eG;f/ dx;'n b/ ;Dej eP;Dd
x6fpg] jf ;Dej geP 36fpg] lbzfdf sfo{ ug{ ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ lgb{l] zt u/]sf]
5 . o;n] vf;u/L pRr, c:jfefljs tyf :jb]zL k|zf]wg pBf]ux¿nfO{ ;+/If0f lbg]
;a} k|sl[ tsf eG;f/ dx;'nx¿ (Tariff Peaks, High Tariffs, Tariff Escalation) nfO{
x6fpg] ljifonfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ;fy}, u}/–s[lifhGo j:t'sf] cfoft–lgof{tdf nufOg]
;a} vfn] u}/–eG;f/ cj/f]wx¿nfO{ x6fpg / To;df klg ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd
ljsl;t b]zsf] lgof{tdf ljz]if dxŒj /fVg] j:t'sf xsdf eG;f/, u}/ eG;f/ b'j} y/Lsf
cj/f]wx¿nfO{ x6fpg jf Go"g ug{ sfo{;r " Ln] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o; cGtu{t x'g] ;Demf}tf
jftf{n] ljsf;zLn / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/sf ljz]if cfjZostf / lxtsf
ljifonfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL lg0f{o lng'kg{] / sdhf]/ /fi6«sf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf j[l4sf] nflu
cfjZos ;xof]u lj:tf/ ug{t] km{ ljz]if hf]8 lbg'kg{] s'/f klg sfo{;r " Ln] ;d]6s
] f] 5 .
bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fsf] cleGg cË (Single Undertaking) sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] of] ljifodf
Market Access Negotiating Group sf] a}7sdf 5nkmn x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ (Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual

Property Rights : TRIPS)
bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] ;Demf}tf jftf{ v'nf ug{] lg0f{o u/]sf] csf{] dxŒjk"0f{ If]q …Jofkf/;Da4
af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/Ú klg xf] . o; ljifonfO{ ljz]if dxŒj lbP/ dlGq:t/Lo

-121-
;Dd]ngn] …Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ / ;fj{hlgs :jf:YoÚ ljifodf
5'§} 3f]if0ffkq klg hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . 3f]if0ffkqn] af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL
;Demf}tfn] ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs :jf:YonfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ cfjZos kg{] pkfox¿
cjnDag ug{af6 lgif]w ug{ g;Sg] / ug{ gx'g] s'/fdf ;dy{g hgfpFb} Jofkf/;Da4
af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf] JofVof ubf{ ;Ë7gsf ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf]
;fj{hlgs :jf:YonfO{ ;+/If0f ug{;Sg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g] / To;df klg vf;u/L
;a} gful/sx¿sf] cf}ifwL ;]jg;Ddsf] kx'FrnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ;xof]uL x'g] lx;fan] ug{'kg{]
s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] . csf{] zAbdf eGg'kbf{ l6«K;;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkqn] dfgj :jf:Yo,
gofF–gofF cf}ifwL, cg';Gwfg / ljsf;h:tf ljifodf ;a}sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{] lx;fan]
o;;DaGwL gofF ;Demf}tf jftf{ cl3 a9\g'kg{] s'/fsf] pb\3f]if u/]sf] lyof] . 3f]if0ffkqn]
l6«K; ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjogdf ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ s]xL
nrstfsf] Joj:yf ub{} cfkTsfnLg kl/l:yltdf tL b]zsf ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yosf]
;'lglZrttfsf nflu clgjfo{ Ohfht (Compulsory Licensing) / ;dfgfGt/ cfoft
(Parallel Import) h:tf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ ;Sg] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 u¥of] . 3f]if0ffkqn]
clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ cf}ifwLsf] k]6]G6 (Pharmaceutical Patents) ;DaGwL
k|fjwfg nfu" ug{] cjlw ! hgj/L, ;g\ @)!^ ;Dd a9fpg] s'/fnfO{ klg ;d]6]sf] lyof] .
bf]xf sfo{;"rLn] l6«K; ;Demf}tf / h}ljs ljljwtf;DaGwL dxf;lGw (Convention on
Biological Diversity) aLrsf] ;DaGw / k/Dk/fut 1fg tyf nf]s;+:s[lt (Traditional
Knowledge and Folklore) sf ljifox¿nfO{ ljsf;sf d'2f;Fu ufF;]/ x]g{] u/L jftf{
k|lqmofnfO{ cl3 a9fpg klg lgb{]z u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, dlb/f / l:kl/6sf cltl/Qm cGo
j:t'x¿nfO{ klg pRr ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ l6«K;;Demf}tf cGtu{t ef}uf]lns ;Í]tLs/0fsf]
bfo/fnfO{ a9fpg] ;DaGwdf klg 5nkmn cl3 a9fpg sfof{b]z lbPsf] 5 . bf]xf ljsf;
Ph]G8fsf] cleGg cË (Single Undertaking) sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] of] ljifodf Jofkf/;Da4
af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL kl/ifb\sf] ljz]if ;qx¿df 5nkmn rln/x]sf] 5 .
l;Ëfk'/ d'2fx¿ (Singapore Issues)
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g :yfkgf ePkl5 ;g\ !((^ sf] l8;]Da/df l;Ëfk'/df cfof]hgf
ePsf] k|yd dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] ljleGg rf/j6f dxŒjk"0f{ ljifodf lj:t[t jftf{ z'?
ug{] lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . l;Ëfk'/ d'2fx¿ (Singapore Issues) sf ¿kdf kl/lrt oL
ljifox¿ lyP– Jofkf/ / nufgL, Jofkf/ / k|lt:kwf{ gLlt, ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf kf/blz{tf
/ Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f . oL ljifox¿nfO{ a9L Jofjxfl/s / ;a}sf] cg's"n x'g] u/L cl3
a9fpg bf]xf sfo{;"rLn] ;Demf}tf cl3 a9fpg] s'/fnfO{ bf]xf]¥ofPsf] eP klg tTsfn

-122-
;Demf}tf jftf{ k|f/De ug{] 3f]if0ffrflxF u/]sf] lyPg . bf]xf sfo{;"rLn] oL ljifox¿nfO{
kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngdf ;a} ;b:ox¿sf] ;j{;Ddltaf6 jftf{sf] sfo{k|lqmofx¿
lgwf{/0f ug{] sfo{ k"/f ePkl5 5nkmnsf lglDt cl3 a9fpg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] .
t/ oL rf/j6f ljifodf jftf{ k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg] sfo{ljlw to ug{] af/]df ;b:ox¿aLr
dt}So x'g;s]g . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k Sofgs'gdf cfof]lht ;Ë7gsf] kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo
;Dd]ng g} c;kmn x'gk'Uof] . kl5 ;g\ @))$ sf] cui6df ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\af6 kfl/t
k|m]djs{ ;Demf}tfdf l;Ëfk'/ d'2fsf ¿kdf /x]sf rf/j6f ljifox¿dWo] z'?sf tLgj6f
ljifonfO{ x6fO{ clGtd of}6f …Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fÚ sf ljifodf dfq ;Demf}tf jftf{ cl3
a9fpg] s'/f pNn]v ePcg';f/ xfn oxL Pp6f ljifodf dfq ;Demf}tf rln/x]sf] 5 .
xfn bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fsf] cleGg cË (Single Undertaking) sf] ¿kdf 5nkmndf
/x]sf] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f ;Demf}tfsf af/]df tn 5'§} rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf s]xL lgodx¿df ;'wf/ / :ki6 ug]{ ljifo (Improvement and
Clarification on WTO Rules)
bf]xf sfo{;"rLn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL cGtu{t PG6L–8lDkª / sfpG6/e]lnª dx;'n
nufpg] tyf cg'bfg;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ oL ;Demf}tfx¿sf] cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ff /
l;4fGtx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVb} tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v Pj+ clt sd ljsl;t ;b:o d'n'sx¿sf]
cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} a9L :ki6 kfg]{ / ;'wf/ ug{] s'/fnfO{ cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 .
o; qmddf oL ;Demf}tfx¿sf] s'g s'g kIfdf ;'wf/ ug{ jf s'g s'g k|fjwfgnfO{ a9L
:ki6 ug{ cfjZos 5 jftf{ u/L ;'wf/sf If]q klxNofpg sfo{;"rLn] lgb{]z u/]sf] 5 .
o; qmddf df5f dfg{] (Fisheries) If]qdf lbOg] cg'bfg ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf nflu
Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ If]q x'g;Sg] 7DofO /x]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t Jofkf/df ljrng Nofpg]
vfnsf Joj:yf / k|lqmofdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug{] s'/fdf ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] b]lvG5 .
o; ljifodf ;g\ @))@ sf] hgj/Laf6 ;Demf}tf jftf{ z'? ePsf] lyof] . bf]xf ljsf;
Ph]G8fsf] cleGg cË (Single Undertaking) sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] of] ljifodf Rules
Negotiating Group sf] a}7sdf 5nkmn x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

bf]xf sfo{;"rLn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf;DaGwL k|fjwfgdf

/x]sf c:ki6tfnfO{ lg/fs/0f ub{} cfjZos ;'wf/ ug{] ljifonfO{ klg lgb{]z u/]sf] 5 .
;Ë7gsf] If]qLo Jofkf/;DaGwL xfnsf] lgodn] If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ubf{
lglZrt zt{x¿ k"/f ug{'kg{] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] eP klg To;sf] JofVof ljjfbf:kb
/xFb} cfPsf] 5 . xfn clwsf+z ;b:ox¿ s'g} g s'g} If]qLo Jofkf/ ;+/rgfdf cfa4
x'Fb} hfg yfn]sf] / If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfx¿n] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ;xof]u

-123-
k'¥ofpg;Sg] b]lvPsf] ;Gbe{df ;DalGwt k|fjwfgsf] JofVofdf /x]sf ljjfbnfO{ klg
:ki6 kfg{ cfjZos dx;''; u/L bf]xf sfo{;"rLn] o; ;DaGwdf jftf{ cl3 a9fpg]
s'/fnfO{ ;d]6]sf] xf] . bf]xf sfo{;"rLn] If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfx¿sf] ljsf;fTds
kIfx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} jftf{ ;DkGg ug{ lgb{]z u/]sf] 5 . bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fsf]
cleGg cË (Single Undertaking) sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] of] ljifodf Rules Negotiating
Group sf] a}7sdf 5nkmn x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

ljjfb ;dfwfg ;dembf/L (Dispute Settlement Understanding)

;g\ !(($ df df]/Ssf]sf] df/fs]zdf ePsf] Uof6 dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gsf ;Demf}tfx¿ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] $ jif{ cyf{t\ ! hgj/L ;g\ !((( leq
ljjfb ;dfwfg ;dembf/L (Dispute Settlement Understanding) ;DaGwdf k'g/fjnf]sg
sfo{ k|f/De ug{'kg{] u/L lgb{]zg lbPsf] lyof] . tbg';f/ o; ljifodf ;g\ !((&
sf] pQ/f4{lt/af6 jftf{ k|f/De eof] / ;b:ox¿n] klxrfg u/]sf ljleGg d'2fx¿df
ljleGg r/0fdf cgf}krfl/s 5nkmnx¿ cfof]hgf ul/P . clwsf+z ;b:ox¿n] ljjfb
;dfwfg;DaGwL ljBdfg k|0ffnL / k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ cfjZos /x]sf] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf]
k[i7e"lddf bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] o; ljifodf klg jftf{ cl3 a9fpg] s'/fsf] pb\3f]if u¥of] .
t/ o;nfO{ bf]xf sfo{;"rLsf] Single Undertaking af6 x6fO{ k[ys\ ¿kdf jftf{ rnfpg]
3f]if0ffkqsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ o; ljifodf xfn 5'§} 5nkmn cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 . o;
;DaGwdf ljjfb ;dfwfg ;+oGqsf] ljz]if ;qdf 5nkmn hf/L 5 .
Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f (Trade and Environment)
bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] klxnf]kN6 Jofkf/ / jftfj/0faLrsf] cGt/\–;DaGwnfO{ ;d]t jftf{
sfo{;r" Ldf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . bf]xf sfo{;r
" Ln] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf lgodx¿ jftfj/0fLo
;Demf}tfsf kIf /fi6«x¿df s] s;/L nfu" ug{] eGg] ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] u/L jftf{ cl3
a9fpg lgb{z ] u/]sf] 5 . o;cGtu{t x'g] jftf{n] vf;u/L jftfj/0fLo ;Demf}tfx¿ / ljZj
Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf lgodx¿cGtu{t /x]/ lnOPsf Jofkf/ pkfox¿ (Trade Measures)
aLrsf] cGt/–;DaGwnfO{ :ki6 kfg{k' g{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fsf]
cleGg cË (Single Undertaking) sf] ¿kdf Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f ;ldltsf] ljz]if ;qx¿df
5nkmnsf] qmddf /x]sf] o; ljifosf af/]df tn 5'§} rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
ljB'tLo j:t'sf] sf/f]jf/ (Electronic Commerce)
bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] ljB'tLo sf/f]jf/;DaGwdf klxn] g} ePsf sfo{nfO{ cg'df]bg ub{}
o; ljifonfO{ /fd|/L Joj:yfkg ug{ pko'Qm ;+:yfut Joj:yfaf/] ljrf/ ug{ ;fwf/0f

-124-
kl/ifb\nfO{ lgb{]zg lbPsf] 5 . h]g]efdf ;g\ !((* df ePsf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf]
bf];|f] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] ljB'tLo j:t'sf] sf/f]jf/;DaGwdf hf/L u/]sf] 3f]if0ffkqdf
ljB'tLo sf/f]af/df ;b:o b]zx¿n] eG;f/ gnufpg] ;flassf] k|rngnfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbg] s'/f pNn]]v ePsf] k[i7e"lddf bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] To:tf] eG;f/ gnufpg] cEof;nfO{
kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng gx'Fbf;Dd hf/L /fVg] s'/fnfO{ ;dy{g hgfPsf] lyof] .
;fgf cy{tGq ePsf b]zx¿sf] ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf PsLs/0f (Integration of
Small Scale Industries into Global Trading System)
bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] ;fgf cy{tGq ePsf d'n'snfO{ ;Lldt k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgnufotsf
sf/0f ljZj Jofkf/df /fd|/L ;xefuL x'g] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df To:tf
d'n'snfO{ ljZj Jofkf/df k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cfa4 x'g ;3fp k'¥ofpg Jofkf/;Da4
pkfox¿df s] s:tf] ;'wf/ ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 ;dfwfg klxNofpg ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\nfO{
lgb{]zg lbPsf] 5 .
Jofkf/, C0f / ljQ (Trade, Debt and Finance)
bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] ljsf;zLn w]/} b]zx¿n] uDeL/ afXo C0fsf] ;d:of ef]lu/x]sf] / sltko
uDeL/ cfly{s ;Í6df kml;/x]sf] sf/0f To:tf b]zx¿nfO{ ljQLo ;Í6sf] ;d:ofl;t
h'Wg pkof]uL Jofkf/;Da4 pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg Jofkf/, C0f / ljQ
ljifodf 5nkmn cl3 a9fpg Pp6f ;ldlt u7g ug{] s'/fsf] pb\3f]if u/]sf] 5 .
Jofkf/ / k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f (Trade and Technology Transfer)
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf ljleGg ;Demf}tf tyf k|fjwfgx¿n] ljsl;t b]zx¿n] ljsf;f]Gd'v
d'n'sdf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f u/L pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]u ug{'kg{] s'/fsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] eP klg Jojxf/df k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f s] s;/L ug{] eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'g
g;ls/x]sf] k[i7e"lddf bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] o; ljifodf u[xsfo{ ug{ Pp6f sfo{bn u7g
ug{] s'/f JoQm u/]sf] 5 .
k|fljlws ;xfotf tyf Ifdtf ljsf; (Technical Cooperation and Capacity
Building)
bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqsf ljleGg kl/R5]bx¿df ljsf;f]Gd'v / vf;u/L cNk ljsl;t /fi6«nfO{
ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf k|efjsf/L 9Ën] cfa4 x'g ;dy{ agfpg k|fljlws ;xfotf tyf
Ifdtf ljsf;sf If]qdf ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg cfjZos ePsf] s'/f pNn]v ePsf 5g\ .
o;} k[i7e"lddf bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] Jofkf/;Da4 k|fljlws ;xfotf (Trade Related Technical

-125-
Assistance : TRTA) nfO{ k|efjsf/L tj/n] sfof{Gjogdf NofO{ ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x¿nfO{
s'zn Jofkf/ gLltx¿sf] th{d' f ug{ tyf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf jftf{df k|efjsf/L tj/n] k|:t't
x'g ;3fpg ;Ë7gsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ cfu|x u¥of] . bf]xf sfo{;r " Ln] ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] /fli6«o
ljsf; /0fgLlt tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿df Jofkf/nfO{ d"n k|jfxLs/0f u/L
Jofkf/af6 pRrtd nfe lng ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«nfO{ ;Ifd agfpg
cfjZos ;xfotf h'6fpg ;Ë7gsf] ;lrjfnonfO{ ljz]if lgb{z ] g lbPsf] 5 . ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿ / ljleGg cGt/­–;/sf/L ;Ë7gx¿af6 pknAw u/fOg] k|fljlws ;xof]unfO{ a9L
e/kbf{,] kof{Kt, ljZj;gLo, cg'udgof]Uo / lbuf] agfpg bf]xf sfo{;r " Ln] lgb{z
] u/]sf]
5 . ;fy}, ljleGg ;|ft] af6 k|jflxt x'g] ;xof]unfO{ ;dGjofTds, ;Ëltk"0f{ / kl/0ffdd'vL
agfpg]tkm{ hf]8 lbg klg o;n] cfu|x u/]sf] 5 . bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] ;Ë7g cGtu{t k|jflxt
x'g] k|fljlws ;xfotfnfO{ bL3{sfnLg 9Ën] cl3 a9fpg lgb{z ] g lbPadf]lhd ;fwf/0f
kl/ifb\n] ;g\ @))! sf] l8;]Da/df k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg] sf]ifdf *) k|ltztn]
/sd j[l4 u/L Doha Development Agenda Global Trust Fund :yfkgf u¥of] . of] sf]ifsf]
jflif{s ah]6 z'?df sl/a @ s/f]8 $) nfv l:j; k|ms +} /x]sf] lyof] .
clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿;DaGwL sfo{;"rL (Least Developed Countries Issues)
bf]xf 3f]if0ffkqn] clt sd ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] p7fPsf Jofkf/ ;/f]sf/sf
ljifox¿nfO{ pRr dxŒj lbFb} sdhf]/ /fi6«x¿nfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf ;dflxt
x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ ;xh ahf/ kx'Fr, pTkfbg tyf lgof{tsf cfwf/x¿sf] lj:tf/ /
ljljwLs/0f tyf Ifdtf ljsf;h:tf kIfdf ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
o;sf] nflu sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf pTkfbgnfO{ sf]6f tyf eG;f//lxt ahf/ kx'Fr (Duty
Free Quota Free Market Access) ;'ljwf lbg] s'/fdf k"0f{ k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub{} o;sf
cltl/Qm oL /fi6«x¿sf] lgof{t j[l4sf nflu ahf/ kx'Frdf ;'wf/ ug{ cGo cfjZos
pkfox¿af/]df ljrf/ ug{ ;d]t cfu|x u/]sf] 5 . 3f]if0ffkqn] clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6«x¿sf lglDt ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf lng] k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n / zL3| agfpg klg lgb{]z
u/]sf] 5 . clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf nflu nlIft u/L k|jflxt x'g] k|fljlws ;xfotfnfO{
yk k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;Gbe{df bft[ d'n'sx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] of]ubfgsf] c+z pNn]Vo ¿kdf
a9fpg klg 3f]if0ffkqn] cfu|x u/]sf] 5 . clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] t];|f] /fi6«;+3Lo
;Dd]ngn] kfl/t u/]sf] …a|;]N; 3f]if0ffÚ df plNnlvt ljifox¿nfO{ k|fyldstf ;fy
sfof{Gjogdf ptfg{ klg 3f]if0ffkqn] lgb{]z u/]sf] 5 . tbg';f/ ;Ë7gsf] …Jofkf/ /
ljsf;Ú ;ldlt cGtu{tsf] pk;ldltn] ;g\ @))@ sf] k]ma|'c/Ldf a|;]N; 3f]if0ffkqdf
pNn]v ePsf Jofkf/;Da4 ljifodf Ps sfo{;"rL th{'df klg u/]sf] 5 .

-126-
ljz]if / leGg Jojxf/ (Special and Differential Treatment)
3f]if0ffkqn] ljz]if / leGg Jojxf/nfO{ ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf] ljz]if clwsf/ (Special
Rights) sf ¿kdf k'gM PskN6 :jLsfb{} o;;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ yk :ki6 agfO{
clgjfo{ / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" x'g] Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos kIfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{
lgb{]z u/]sf] 5 . 3f]if0ffkqn] sfof{Gjog;Da4 d'2f / ;/f]sf/sf ljifonfO{ clt sd
ljsl;t /fi6«sf] ;Gbe{df ljz]if ¿kdf ljrf/ ug{ cfu|x ug{'sf ;fy} ljz]if / leGg
Jojxf/ cGtu{t /x]sf Joj:yfx¿dWo] s'g s'g afWosf/L 5g\ / s'g s'g afWosf/L
5}gg\ klxrfg ub{} afWosf/L gePsf k|fjwfgnfO{ afWosf/L agfpFbf ltgaf6 kg{;Sg]
;Defljt c;/x¿af/] ljrf/ ug{ Jofkf/ / ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ lgb{]z ;d]t u/]sf] 5 .
o;/L bf]xf sfo{;"rLn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ljleGg kIfdf ;'wf/ ug{] lj:t[t
Kofs]hnfO{ ;d]6]sf] lyof] . tLdWo] s]xLnfO{ kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngk"j{ / s]xLnfO{
;f] ;Dd]ngaf6 kfl/t ug{] k|f/lDes of]hgf lyof] . tbg';f/ kfFrf} ;Dd]ngsf]
k"j{;GWofdf Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ / ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yol;t hf]l8Psf
d'2fnufotsf s]xL ljifox¿df ;xdlt klg eof] . t/ afFsL y'k|} ljifodf ;xdlt
h'6\g g;Sbf bf]xf sfo{;"rLn] pb\3f]if u/]adf]lhd k"j{ lgwf{l/t ;do;Ldfleq clwsf+z
ljifodf ;Demf}tf 6'lËg ;s]g . vf;u/L s[lif tyf u}/ s[lifhGo j:t'sf] ahf/
kx'Fr, ljjfb ;dfwfg k|0ffnL, ljz]if / k[ys\ Jojxf/h:tf kIfdf ;Demf}tf jftf{sf
sfo{k|lqmofx¿ (Modalities) df ;xdlt h'6\g g;Sbf gofF ;Demf}tf jftf{n] ult lng
;s]gg\ . ef}uf]lns ;Í]tLs/0f btf{ ug{] ljifodf klg gofF ;dembf/L aGg ;s]g .
kmntM jftf{ ;DkGg ug{] ltlyldltx¿ af/Daf/ ;+zf]wg eO/x] . Sofgs'gdf cfof]lht
kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng;Dd cfOk'Ubf ;b:o /fi6«x¿ y'k|} d'2fx¿df ;xdltsf] glur
cfPsf] b]lvP klg s[lif / l;Ëfk'/ d'2fnufotsf ljifodf ulx/f];Fu ljeflht ePsf]
kfOof] . kmntM ;f] ;Dd]ng ljgf s'g} lgisif{ 6'lËof] . ;f] ;Dd]ng ePsf] bz dlxgfkl5
! cui6, ;g\ @))$ df ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\n] Pp6f k|m]djs{ ;Demf}tf -h'nfO{ Kofs]h_
kfl/t u¥of] . h;n] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ljjfbdf /x]sf l;Ëfk'/ d'2f cGtu{tsf rf/j6f
ljifodWo] c¿nfO{ kl/Tofu u/L Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f Pp6f ljifonfO{ dfq ;Demf}tf jftf{
;"rLdf ;dfj]z u/L cl3 a9\g] lg0f{o u¥of] . ;g\ @))% sf] xËsËdf cfof]lht 5}6f}F
dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngdf bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8f cGtu{tsf y'k|} ljifodf ;dembf/L ljsf;
eO{ bf]xf sfo{;"rLdf s]xL k|ult eof] . t/ klg bf]xf sfo{;"rLn] ;d]6]sf ;a} ljifodf
;xdlt h'6\gg;Sbf ;Demf}tf jftf{ nlDag k'Uof] / cf7f}F dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ng;Dd
cfOk'Ubf klg bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fn] d"t{ ¿k lng ;s]sf] 5}g . ljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v

-127-
b'j} d'n'sx¿n] km/flsnf] ;f]r /fv]/ ljleGg ljifodf /x]sf dtleGgtfnfO{ cGTo
gu/];Dd bf]xf r/0fsf] jftf{ rfF8} g6'lËg] nIf0f b]lvPsf] 5 .
xfn cGt/f{li6«o:t/df sltko ljsl;t b]zsf] d'Vo Wofg /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ ;'b[9
ug{]tkm{ s]lGb|t ePsf] ;Gbe{df Jofkf/nfO{ ;xh agfpg] p2]Zon] cl3 ;fl/Psf] bf]xf
ljsf; Ph]G8f clxn] s]xL cf]em]ndf kg{ k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . clxn] Jofkf/ / ;'/IffnfO{
;Fu;Fu} lnP/ cl3 a9\g'kg{] r'gf}tL ;Ë7gsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ 5 . o;af6 klg bf]xf ljsf;
jftf{nfO{ rfF8} lgisif{df k'¥ofpg s]xL ljnDa ePsf] b]lvG5 .
bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fsf d'Vo ljz]iftfx¿
• ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf ljsf;zLn / sd ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6«sf cfjZostf
/ lxtsf ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] .
• sdhf]/, ;fgf / hf]lvdo'Qm cfly{s cj:yf ePsf ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf nfebfos / cy{k"0f{ x'g] u/L PsLs/0f ug{] .
• ljsf;zLn / sd ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6«sf pTkfbgnfO{ ljsl;t d'n'ssf
ahf/df eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt kx'Fr ;'ljwf lbO{ lgof{tnfO{ ;xh agfpg] .
• ljsf;zLn / sd ljsl;t ;b:o /fi6«sf lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL Jofkf/
lgodx¿ ;/n, :ki6 / ;Gt'lnt agfpg] .
• ljz]if tyf leGg Jojxf/;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ a9L :ki6, afWosf/L /
sfof{Gjogof]Uo agfpg] .
• clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu k|fljlws ;xfotfdf
j[l4 ug{] .
• sd ljsl;t b]zx¿n] eG;f/sf b/x¿ qmdzM 36fpFb} hfg] / Jofkf/
pbf/Ls/0fsf nflu yk k|lta4tfx¿ clgjfo{ ¿kdf nfu" ug{' gkg{] .
• ljsl;t b]zx¿n] cEof;df NofO/x]sf] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/nfO{ ljrng ug{]
k|s[ltsf 3/]n' pTkfbg cg'bfg / lgof{t cg'bfgx¿ ;doa4¿kdf 36fpg] jf
x6fpg] .

&=@ Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f

Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f eGgfn] j:t'x¿sf] cfoft–lgof{tdf /x]sf k|lqmofx¿nfO{ ;/nLs/0f,
PsLs/0f, :t/Ls/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0f ub{} j}b]lzs Jofkf/nfO{ ;/n, ;xh / nfut
lskmfotL 9Ën] ;~rfng ug{] s'/fnfO{ a'lemG5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gn] o;nfO{ Jofkf/sf
k|lqmofx¿df ;/nLs/0f / Ps¿ktfsf] cy{df kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . o;cGtu{t gLltut

-128-
;'wf/b]lv k|lqmofut kf/blz{tf / ;/nLs/0f dfq xf]Og ;'b[9 k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f
/ kf/jxg ;xhLs/0f;Ddsf lj:t[t kIfx¿ cfpF5g\ h;n] b'O{ b]zaLr j:t'x¿sf]
cfoft–lgof{tdf /x]sf cj/f]w / nfutnfO{ Go"g agfpg ;xof]u u5{g\ . ljz]ifu/L
Jofkf/–;xhLs/0f u}/eG;f/hGo cj/f]w (Non-Tariff Barriers) nfO{ Go"gLs/0f /
lg/fs/0f ug]{, cfoft–lgof{tl;t ;Da4 z'Ns / cf}krfl/stfx¿ sd ug{], Jofkf/;Da4
P]g–lgodsf] bIftf;fy sfof{Gjog ug{], cfoft–lgof{t;DaGwL k|lqmofx¿nfO{ kf/bzL{
/ cf}lrTok"0f{ agfpg] s'/fl;t ;DalGwt 5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v / cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿
cfˆgf] OR5f / tTk/tfsf afah"b ljleGg /fhg}lts tyf ;Lldt cfly{s ;|f]tsf] sf/0f
:jtGq ¿kdf Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf pkfox¿ nfu" ug{ c;dy{ 5g\ . o;}n] pgLx¿n]
Jofkf/af6 ck]lIft nfe lng g;ls/x]sf] s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ljZj
Jofkf/df /fd|/L PsLs/0f x'g;Sg] l:yltdf k'¥ofpg ljsl;t /fi6«n] gLltut ;'wf/
/ k|lqmofTds Ps¿ktf sfod ug{]b]lv k"jf{wf/lgdf{0f;Dd cfjZos ;xof]u pknAw
u/fpg'kb{5 eGg] b[li6sf]0faf6 ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gleq of}6f gofF / HjnGt d'2fsf]
¿kdf of] ljifon] k|j]z kfPsf] xf] . Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f o:tf] If]q xf] h;n] Ps k6s
nufgL u/]kl5 jiff}F;Dd k|ltkmn lbO/xG5 / Jofkf/sf] sf/f]jf/ nfut 36fpg d2t
k'¥ofpFF5 . vf;u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v / cNk ljsl;t /fi6« / To;df klg e"kl/j]li6t /fi6«sf]
Jofkf/nfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg of] cToGt pkof]uL / dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] Oltxf;df ;j{k|yd ;g\ !((^ df l;Ëfk'/df ePsf] klxnf]
dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] d'2fnfO{ klxrfg u/]sf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngn]
…l;Ëfk'/ d'2fÚ cGtu{t ljleGg $ j6f ljifo klxrfg u/]sf]df rf}yf] dxŒjk"0f{ d'2f
Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f lyof] . ;Dd]ngn] ljsf;f]Gd'v / vf;u/L clt sd ljsl;t b]zdf
kf/jgsf] qmddf /x]sf j:t'nufot cfoft–lgof{t x'g] ;a} vfn] j:t'sf] cfjfudg,
5'6sf/f / hfFrkf; k|lqmofnfO{ zL3| / ;/n agfpg pgLx¿nfO{ k|fljlws ;xfotf
pknAw u/fpg'kg{] / Ifdtf j[l4 ug{'kg{] vfFrf] cf}FNofPsf] lyof] . o; qmddf ;g\ @))!
sf] bf]xfdf ePsf] rf}yf] dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fnfO{ bf]xf ljsf;
Ph]G8fcGtu{t ;dfj]z u/L o; ;DaGwdf gofF ;Demf}tf jftf{ k|f/De ug{] lg0f{o u¥of] .
t/ ljsl;t / ljsf;f]Gd'v ;b:ox¿aLr Ps dt x'gg;Sbf Sofgs'gdf cfof]lht
kfFrf} dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] o; ljifodf s'g} lg0f{o ug{ ;s]g . kl5 ;g\ @))$ sf]
cui6df ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\af6 ljsf;f]Gd'v / cNk ljsl;t /fi6«;Da4 bf]xf sfo{;"rLdf
;dfj]z ePsf sltko dxŒjk"0f{ ljifodf 5nkmn cl3 a9fpg] lg0f{o -h;nfO{ h'nfO{
Kofs]hsf ¿kdf lrlgG5_ ePkl5 o; ljifodf /x]sf] uTofj/f]wnfO{ tf]8\g] sfo{ eof] .

-129-
kmntM of] Pp6f dfq o:tf] l;Ëfk'/ d'2f xf] h;nfO{ cg]s ljjfbsf afah"b bf]xf ljsf;
Ph]G8f cGtu{t Pp6f cleGg cË (Part of Single Undertaking) sf]] ¿kdf jftf{ cl3
a9fpg ;b:o b]zx¿aLr ;xdlt ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !((& b]lv ;g\ @))# ;Dd Jofkf/
;xhLs/0fsf] ljifo ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] j:t' Jofkf/;DaGwL kl/ifb\n] x]b{Yof] eg]
clxn] of] bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8f cGtu{t 5nkmnsf] ljifo aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gcGtu{t Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f;DaGwL s'g} 5'§} ;Demf}tf 5}g . vf;u/L
eG;f/ dx;'n tyf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, !(($ sf] wf/f % -kf/jxgsf] :jtGqtf_,
wf/f * -z'Ns tyf cf}krfl/stfx¿_ / wf/f !) -Jofkf/ lgodx¿sf] k|sfzg /
k|zf;g_ Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fl;t ;Da4 5g\ . t;y{, bf]xf dlGq:t/Lo lg0f{on] klg log}
tLgj6f wf/fcGtu{tsf k|fjwfgx¿df ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v
/ cNk ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ lgb{]zg u/]sf]
5 . tbg'¿k bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fleq log} ljifox¿df 5nkmn eO/x]sf] 5 / w]/}h;f]
ljifodf ;dembf/L klg ag]sf] 5 . t/ bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fcGtu{tsf ;a} ljifodf
;b:o/fi6«x¿aLr ;xdlt geP;Dd s'g} klg ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf cfpg g;Sg]
k|fjwfgadf]lhd Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] ljifodf ;xdlt ePsf ljifox¿ klg slxn]af6
sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] x'g\ clxn] eGg;lsg] l:ylt 5}g .
&=# Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f (Trade and Environment)
Jfftfj/0f ;+/If0f cfh ljZjJofkL ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] . lbuf] ljsf;sf] s'/f ubf{ jftfj/0f
;+/If0f klxnf] zt{sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf ljleGg lgod tyf
;Demf}tfx¿df jftfj/0f of}6f cGt/–;DalGwt (Cross Cutting) d'2fsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
Jofkf/;DaGwL gLlt tyf pkfox¿n] jftfj/0f ;+/If0fnfO{ / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;DaGwL
gLlt tyf Joj:yfn] Jofkf/nfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;Sg] ePsf] x'Fbf Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f
Ps csf{af6 k|efljt x'g] ljifo x'g\ . Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f ;+/If0faLrsf] kf/:kl/s
;DaGwaf/] ljZj:t/df ;g\ !(&) sf] k|f/Ded} klxrfg eP klg p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df
cfO{ gk'Ubf;Dd ax'kIfLo Jofkf/df of] ljifon] vf;} k|fyldstf kfpg ;s]sf] lyPg .
Jofkf/;Da4 jftfj/0fLo ljifox¿n] p?Uj] r/0fsf] jftf{df cfP/ dfq lj:tf/df ;b:o
b]zx¿sf] Wofg lvRg ;kmn eP . kmntM of] r/0fsf] jftf{df o; ljifonfO{ uDeL/tf;fy
s]nfpg] sfo{ eof] . kmntM ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g:yfkgf;DaGwL df/fs]z ;Demf}tfsf]
k|:tfjgfdf klg Jofkf/sf] ljsf;sf] nflu ljZjsf] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u ubf{ lbuf]
ljsf;sf] p2]ZonfO{ Wofgdf /fvL jftfj/0fnfO{ hf]ufpg] / ;+/If0f ug{] ljifonfO{ klg
;b:ox¿n] cfTd;ft ug{'kg{] s'/fnfO{ ;d]l6of] . tTsfnLg Uof6cGtu{t ;g\ !(($ sf]

-130-
clk|ndf Jofkf/ / ljsf;;DaGwdf of}6f dlGq:t/Lo lg0f{onfO{ cg'df]bg ul/of] h;n]
Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f;DaGwL ;ldlt (Committee on Trade and Environment : CTE)
:yfkgf ug{] nufotsf ljifonfO{ ;d]6]sf] lyof] .
oBlk ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g cGtu{t jftfj/0f / ljsf;;DaGwL s'g} 5'§} ;Demf}tf 5}g t/
Uof6, !(($ sf ljleGg wf/f tyf sltko cGo ;Demf}tf jftfj/0fLo kIfl;t k|ToIf
;/f]sf/ /fVb5g\ . vf;u/L Uof6sf] wf/f ! / # df Joj:yf ePsf] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/
ug{ gkfOg];DaGwL k|fjwfg, wf/f !! df /x]sf] kl/df0ffTds aGb]hnfO{ pGd"ng ug{]
;DaGwL k|fjwfg, wf/f @) df /x]sf] ;fdfGo ckjfbx¿;DaGwL k|fjwfg / Uof6\;sf]
wf/f !$ df /x]sf] ;fdfGo ckjfb;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿n] Jofkf/ / jftfj/0faLrsf]
;DaGwdf ljleGg Joj:yfx¿ u/]sf 5g\ . ;fy}, ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gcGtu{tsf Jofkf/sf
k|fljlws cj/f]w;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, dfgj, kz' tyf jg:klt :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;Demf}tf,
Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf / s[lif;DaGwL ;Demf}tfn] klg
s]xL jftfj/0fLo ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf 5g\ . o:t} jftfj/0f / ljsf;;DaGwL Pj+ ;]jf
Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f;DaGwL b'O{j6f dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] klg jftfj/0f / Jofkf/sf]
;DaGwnfO{ lgb{]lzt u/]sf 5g\ .
clxn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gcGtu{tsf] Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f;DaGwL ;ldlt (CTE)
n] Jofkf/;Da4 jftfj/0fLo ljifonfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{] sfo{ ub{5 . o;df ;Ë7gsf
;a} ;b:o /fi6«x¿ / jftfj/0fsf] If]qdf ljZj:t/df sfd ug{] s]xL cGt/–;/sf/L
;Ë7gx¿ / ko{j]Ifsx¿ /xG5g\ . ;g\ !((% af6 o;n] sfo{ k|f/De u/]sf] xf] /
o;sf] a}7s jif{df ;fdfGotM tLg k6s a:g] u/]sf] 5 . Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf pkfox¿
/ jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿aLrsf] cGt/–;DaGwnfO{ kQf nufpg], jftfj/0fLo
;+/If0fsf nflu cËLsf/ ul/Psf pkfox¿af6 Jofkf/df lzlyntf / cj/f]w l;h{gf x'g
glbg] / ljZj Jofkf/sf] k|j4{gaf6 jftfj/0fdf sdeGbf sd c;/ l;h{gf u/L lbuf]
ljsf;nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{] ;DaGwdf cfjZos dfkb08 tyf k|lqmofx¿ lgwf{/0f ug{
;b:o b]zx¿nfO{ ;xfotf k'¥ofpg' o;sf] k|d'v sfo{ xf] . ;fy}, df}h"bf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
k|0ffnLsf k|fjwfgx¿df jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0fsf b[li6n] s]xL ;'wf/ jf kl/j{tg cfjZos
eP ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\;dIf ;'emfj k]z ug{' klg o;sf] Pp6f k|d'v sfo{ xf] . ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gdf x'g] Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;DaGwL 5nkmn d"ntM rf/j6f ;Ldfleq /x]/
x'g] u/]sf] 5 . tL x'g\– ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug{] lgsfo xf]Og, Uof6 /
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf lgodx¿n] ;b:ox¿nfO{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltx¿ cjnDag ug{
kof{Kt :yfg lbPsf 5g\, ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf

-131-
nflu ahf/ kx'Frsf] a9\bf] ;'ljwf lbg'kg{] / Jofkf/ / jftfj/0fsf d'2fx¿aLr ;dGjo
;'b[9 x'g'kg{] . ;+If]kdf eGg'kbf{ Psflt/ ;b:o /fi6«x¿af6 jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf] gfddf
hl6n / k|lqmofd'vL pkfox¿sf] cjnDag eO{ ljZj Jofkf/df lzlyntf gcfcf];\
eGg] / csf{]lt/ jftfj/0fLo kIfnfO{ k"/} a]jf:tf u/L Jofkf/sf] dfq lj:tf/ ug{] PsfËL
b[li6n] gLlt, lgod / k|lqmofx¿ agfpg] / v's'nf] ¿kdf nfu" ug{] sfo{ klg gxf];\ eGg]
b[li6sf]0faf6 of] cjwf/0ff lgb{]lzt ePsf] kfOG5 . Jofkf/sf] ljsf; / jftfj/0fsf]
;+/If0f b'O{ kIfaLr ;Gt'ng / ;dGjo ldnfO{ cl3 a9\g] s'/fdf o;n] hf]8 lbG5 .
ljsf; / jftfj/0f bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fn] klg ;d]6]sf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ ljifo xf] . bf]xf
dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] jftfj/0fl;t ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tfx¿ (MEA) df
jftf{ cl3 a9fpg] ;xdlt JoQm u/]sf] lyof] . bf]xf dlGq:t/Lo ;Dd]ngn] vf;u/L
jftfj/0fsf tLgj6f kIfdf 5nkmn cl3 a9fpg Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f ;ldltnfO{ lgb{]z
u/]sf] lyof] . tL x'g\– jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;DaGwL pkfox¿n] ahf/ kx'Frdf kfg{] k|efjx¿,
Jofkf/;Da4 af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf jftfj/0fl;t ;/f]sf/
/fVg] ljifox¿ h:t} h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, jftfj/0fLo k|of]hgsf nflu lgof{t
x'g] j:t'df k|of]u ul/g] n]an;DaGwL . To;}u/L jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf an k'¥ofpg
jftfj/0fLo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] Jofkf/df eG;f/ dx;'n x6fpg] jf sd ug{] tyf u}/
eG;f/hGo cj/f]wx¿nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{] ;DaGwdf klg 5nkmn ug{ sfof{b]z lbOPsf]
lyof] . oL ljifox¿df Jofkf/ / jftfj/0f;DaGwL ;ldltsf] ljz]if ;q (CTESS) df
5nkmn x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .
&=$ If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf (Regional Trade Agreements: RTAs)
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gn] b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L ;b:o /fi6«x¿aLr Jofkf/ tyf cfly{s
;xof]unfO{ k|j4{g ug{] p2]Zon] Jofkf/df /x]sf eG;f/ tyf u}/ eG;f/hGo cj/f]wx¿nfO{
kf/:kl/s ;xdltdf x6fpg] jf Go"g ug{] p2]Zon] ul/g] Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfnfO{ If]qLo
Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] If]qLo ;Demf}tf ljutdf ;fdfGotM
Pp6} ef}uf]lns If]qleqsf /fi6«x¿aLr Jofkf/df ;x'lnotk"0f{ Joj:yfx¿ nfu" ug{]
p2]Zon] x'g] u/]sf] eP klg xfn ljleGg If]qdf kg{] /fi6«x¿aLr klg Jofkf/ / cfly{s
;xof]unfO{ k|j4{g ug{] p2]Zon] cGt/–If]qLo:t/df klg o:tf ;Demf}tf x'g] u/]sf
5g\ . If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ ;Demf}tfsf kIf /fi6«x¿n] Ps csf{nfO{
Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/df ljleGg 5"6 tyf ;x'lnot k|bfg ug{] u/L ;f}ljWok"0f{ Jojxf/
ub{5g\ hals ;Demf}tfsf kIf g/x]sf afFsL cGo /fi6«x¿nfO{ o:tf] ;x'lnot tyf 5"6
lbOFb}g . If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfx¿dWo] s]xLn] j:t' tyf ;]jf b'j} If]qnfO{ ;d]6]sf 5g\

-132-
eg] w]/}h;f]n] rflxF j:t' Jofkf/nfO{ dfq ;d]6]sf b]lvG5g\ .
clxn] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/sf If]qdf Pp6f d'Vo ljz]iftfsf] ¿kdf If]qLo Jofkf/
;Demf}tfsf] nx/ g} rn]sf] 5 . European Union, NAFTA, SAFTA, ASEAN,
MERCOSUR, COMESA cflb o;sf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ . vf;u/L ;g\ !(() b]lv
If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf] pkqmd z'? ePsf]df ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgfkl5
o;n] emg\ ult lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ @)!@ sf] hgj/L;Dd ;+;f/df %!! j6f ljleGg
lsl;dsf If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] / tLdWo] #!( j6f xfn sfof{Gjogdf
/x]sf] s'/f ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] hfgsf/Ldf 5 . kl5Nnf jif{x¿df ax'rlr{t bf]xf
ljsf; Ph]G8fdf ;xdlt x'g g;Sbf If]qLo:t/df Jofkf/ tyf nufgL k|j4{g ug{ o;
lsl;dsf ;Demf}tfx¿ ug{ ;Ë7gsf ;b:o b]zx¿n] ?lr lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
ljleGg :t/df x'g] If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+j4{g ug{
;xof]uL e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ jf cj/f]w k'¥ofpF5 eGg] af/]df Pp6} dt kfOGg . ljleGg
:t/df ljleGg zt{ / ;x'lnot tf]s]/ ul/g] o; k|sf/sf If]qLo ;Demf}tfx¿n] ljZj
Jofkf/df cGof}n / yk hl6ntfx¿ l;h{gf u/]sf] egL s]xLn] o;nfO{ Spaghetti
bowl jf Noodle bowl effect sf] ¿kdf rrf{ ub{} If]qLo Jofkf/nfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
k|0ffnLsf] cj/f]ws tŒj (Stumbling Block) sf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . t/ csf{]lt/ s]xL
ljZn]ifsx¿sf] ljrf/df If]qLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ sdhf]/
xf]Og alnof] g} agfpg] sfd ug{] x'Fbf of] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] kl/k"/s jf
;xof]uL tŒj (Building Bloc) xf] eGg] egfO kfOG5 . x'g klg If]qLo ;Demf}tfx¿n]
Pp6f lglZrt If]q÷e"uf]nleq ;b:o /fi6«x¿aLr cfly{s PsLs/0f a9fpg, ;b:o
b]zx¿aLr x'g] Jofkf/df nufO{ cfPsf] eG;f/ dx;'n / cGo u}/ eG;f/ cj/f]wx¿nfO{
36fO{ Jofkf/nfO{ ;xh / :jtGq ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]uL e"ldsf v]Nb5 . t/
o:tf] If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ubf{ ;f] ;Demf}tf aflx/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ pgLx¿n]
klxnfb]lv pkef]u ub}{ cfPsf] ;'ljwf 36\g] u/L jf ;Demf}tf x'g'k"j{ eGbf a9L pgLx¿sf]
Jofkf/nfO{ lgoGq0ffTds agfpg] u/L zt{x¿ yf]kg{ rflxF kfOGg . ;fdfGotM If]qLo
Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf zt{x¿eGbf aflx/ uP/ ug{ kfOGg .
cyf{t\ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfn] k|bfg u/]sf ;'ljwfeGbf sd ;'ljwf pkof]u ug{
kfpg] lx;fan] o:tf] ;Demf}tf ul/Fb}g . o;}n] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf zt{x¿sf]
cwLgdf /xL ul/g] If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf ;Demf}tfx¿n]
klg 5"6 g} lbPsf 5g\ . j:t' Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf -Uof6_, !(($ sf] wf/f @$ / ;]jf
Jofkf/;DaGwL ;Demf}tf -Uof6\;_, !(($ sf] wf/f % n] kf/:kl/s ;xdltsf cfwf/df

-133-
Jofkf/sf d'Vo If]qx¿ (Substantial Sector) nfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L eG;f/ b/ s6f}tL tyf
cGo ;x'lnot lbg] u/L ;Demf}tf ug{ ;lsg] s'/fnfO{ 5"6 lbPsf] b]lvG5 . oBlk
o; k|sf/sf] ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ubf{ ;Ë7gsf] l;4fGtcg's"n x'g] u/L ug{'kg{] / ;f]sf]
hfgsf/L ;Ë7gnfO{ lbg'kg{] k|fjwfgrflxF tL wf/fx¿df pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .
If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf klg ljleGg kfFr txx¿ 5g\ . logdf ;a}eGbf tNnf]
k|fyldstfk"0f{ Jofkf/ If]q (Preferential Trading Area : PTA) xf] eg] To;kl5sf cGo
txx¿df qmdzM :jtGq Jofkf/ If]q (Free Trade Area : FTA), eG;f/ o'lgog (Customs
Union : CU), ;femf ahf/ (Common Market : CM) / cfly{s ;+3 (Economic Union
: EU) x'g\ . logdf hlt hlt dflysf] txdf uOG5 Tolt Tolt cfly{s PsLs/0fsf]
;3gtf ulx/f] x'Fb} hfG5 . cfly{s PsLs/0fsf] pRr / ;3g ¿k cfly{s ;+3sf] txdf
b]Vg kfOG5 . lsgls of] txdf k'u]kl5 ;b:ob]zx¿aLr j:t' tyf ;]jf / pTkfbgsf
;fwgx¿sf] :jtGq cfjfudg dfq xf]Og ;b:o b]zx¿sf] /fli6«o cfly{s gLltx¿ /
s/ k|0ffnLdf ;d]t Ps¿ktf /xG5 . Tolt dfq geP/ ;b:o b]zx¿aLrdf Pp6} ;femf
d'b|fsf] k|rng x'g] ub{5 . o;sf] pbfx/0f xf] o'/f]lkog o'lgog .
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;+/rgfleq If]qLo Jofkf/sf ljifox¿nfO{ x]g{ of}6f 5'§} ;ldlt
g} u7g ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !((^ sf] k]ma|'c/L ^ df :yflkt If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf
;ldlt gfdsf] of] ;ldlt ;Ë7gsf] ;fwf/0f kl/ifb\ cGtu{t lqmofzLn 5 . ;ldltn]
If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfx¿sf] d"NofÍg ug{], ;DkGg ;Demf}tfx¿ ;Ë7gsf] l;4fGt /
;Demf}tfx¿ cg's"n 5g\, 5}gg\ ljZn]if0f ug{] / If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfn] ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/nfO{ s] s:tf] c;/ kf5{ cWoog ug{'sf ;fy} oL b'O{aLr s] s:tf] ;DaGw x'g;S5
eGg] nufotsf ljifodf ljZn]if0f ug{] sfo{ ub{5 . If]qLo Jofkf/;DaGwL ;"rgf tyf
tYox¿ ;Íng u/L k|sfzg ug{] sfo{ klg o;n] ub{5 . If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf] tLj|
lj:tf/sf] ;Gbe{df o;nfO{ Jojl:yt, kf/bzL{ / ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] ;xof]uL
x'g] 9Ën] cl3 a9fpg ljleGg kIfdf ;'wf/ ug{'kg{] s'/f clxn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gleq
ax;sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fleqsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ ljifo If]qLo Jofkf/
;Demf}tf klg xf] .

-134-
 kl/R5]b–*
ljljw

*=! g]kfnn] ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 clwstd nfe lng cfufdL lbgdf
rfNg'kg{] sbdx¿
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 l;lh{t r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ Go"g ub{} pknAw cj;/x¿sf]
clwstd pkof]usf nflu cfGtl/s / afXo b'j} :t/df ljleGg kxnx¿ x'g' cfjZos
5 . o;sf] nflu ;/sf/ PSn}sf] dfq k|of; kof{Kt x'Fb}g . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf]
;b:otfaf6 d'n'ssf] cy{tGqdf ;sf/fTds kl/0ffdx¿ leœofpg, cfDbfgL, /f]huf/L
/ lgof{t Jofkf/sf If]qdf cg's"n cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug{ ;/sf/, lghL If]q, :yfgLo
lgsfo, gful/s ;dfh tyf ljsf;sf afXo ;fem]bf/x¿ ;a}sf] plQs} dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf
x'G5 . oL ;a} lgsfox¿sf] ;lqmotf / /rgfTds ;xsfo{n] dfq ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfaf6
d'n'sn] lng vf]h]sf] jfl~5t k|ltkmn kfpg ;S5 . o; ;Gbe{df plNnlvt ;a} If]qn]
lgjf{x ug{'kg]{ e"ldsfnfO{ ;+If]kdf lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M–
-s_ ;/sf/L If]qsf] e"ldsf
d'n'ssf] jfl0fHo If]qsf] ;du| ljsf;df ;/sf/L If]qsf] e"ldsf ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf]
x'G5 . vf;u/L ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 clwstd nfe lng] ;Gbe{df ;/sf/n]
lgjf{x ug{'kg{] d'Vo e"ldsfnfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd cf}FNofpg ;lsG5–
• Jofkf/nfO{ /fli6«o tyf If]qut ljsf;sf gLltx¿df d"nk|jfxLs/0f u/L /fli6«o
cfly{s ljsf;sf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;+jfxssf ¿kdf :yflkt ug{] .
• Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] nflu cfjZos gLlt, P]g tyf lgodx¿ ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gsf] ;Demf}tf cg's"n x'g] u/L ;doa4 ¿kdf th'{df, ;+zf]wg jf
kl/dfh{g u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf ul/Psf k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ ;DalGwt ;a} lgsfo;Fu
;dGjo u/L lgwf{l/t ;do;Ldfleq} k"/f ug{] .
• cfk"lt{hGo cj/f]wx¿nfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ Jofkf/ k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfx¿sf] ljsf;df
nufgL k|jflxt ug{] . kf/jxg ;'ljwfnfO{ yk ;/n, ;'/lIft / ;'lglZrt
t'Nofpg] .
• lgsf;L x'g] j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu cfjZos P]g th{'df u/L

-135-
 sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] . d'n'sleq cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] k|of]uzfnfx¿sf] lgdf{0f
tyf df}h"bf k|of]uzfnfx¿sf] :t/f]Gglt u/L k|df0fLs/0f;DaGwL sfo{nfO{
;xh agfpg] .
• :jb]zL pBf]ux¿nfO{ ljb]zL pBf]usf] c:jR5 cfly{s sf/f]af/af6 x'g;Sg]
xflggf]S;fgLaf6 ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ PlG68lDkË, sfpG6/e]lnË tyf ;]kmuf8{h:tf
ljifosf P]gx¿ oyfzL3| th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
• nufgL tyf Joj;fod}qL jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0fsf] nflu cfjZos gLlt tyf P]g
hf/L ug{] / cf}Bf]lus zflGt / ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{] .
• cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f;Fu;Fu} ahf/df b]vfkg{] ahf/ ljs[ltx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
;/sf/sf] lgofds IfdtfnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg] .
• ljb]zL k"FhL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0fnfO{ pRr ¿kdf k|j4{g ug{ o;;DaGwL
gLlt tyf P]gnfO{ ;d;fdlos agfpg] .
• Jofkf/sf] nflu k|fKt x'g] ;xof]u -Aid for Trade_ sf] kl/rfngnfO{ yk
k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos k|aGw ldnfpg] .
• ljleGg txdf x'g] Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf jftf{af6 clwstd nfe lng ;/sf/L tyf
lghL If]qsf] ;Demf}tf jftf{ Ifdtf / ;Lk a9fpg] .
• ljleGg :t/sf cWoog, gLlt tyf /0fgLltdfkm{t klxrfg ePsf k|lt:kwf{Tds
/ t'ngfTds nfe ePsf j:t', ;]jf / If]qx¿sf] k|j4{gdf hf]8 lbg] / To;
lsl;dsf cWoogx¿nfO{ hf/L /fVg] .
• gofF lgof{t ahf/ klxrfg u/L j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lgof{t ljljwLs/0fdf hf]8
lbg] .
• Jofkf/;DaGwL ljifodf ;/sf/L tyf lghLIf]qsf ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]
Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{] .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf ;Demf}tfx¿n] clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿nfO{ pknAw
u/fPsf] ljleGg ;x'lnot tyf 5"6;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿ cWoog u/L ltgsf]
clwstd ;b'kof]u ug{] .
• ljk|]if0f cfonfO{ pTkfbgd"ns pBf]ux¿df nufgL ug{ cfjZos gLlt, /0fgLlt
th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .
• Jofkf/ s"6gLltnfO{ cfly{s s"6gLltsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ cËsf] ¿kdf ljsf;
/ kl/rfng ug{] . ljb]zl:yt lgof]ux¿nfO{ Trade Intelligence sf ¿kdf
kl/rfng u/L Jofkf/ k|j4{gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

-136-
-v_ lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf M
v'nf / pbf/ cy{Joj:yf cGtu{t cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] ;~rfng / k|j4{gdf lghL
If]qsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] x'G5 . cfˆgf pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ Pj+ k|lt:kwL{ IfdtfnfO{
pRr agfpFb} cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df cfˆgf] klxrfg :yflkt / ;'/lIft u/fpg] k|d'v
lhDd]jf/L lghL If]qs} xf] . o; qmddf ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 clwstd nfe lng]
;Gbe{df lghL If]qn] v]Ng'kg{] e"ldsfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5–
• pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/Lotfsf lgldQ cfjZos k|ljlw, ef}lts ;+/rgf tyf
:t/o'Qm pTkfbg k|lqmof / tf}/ tl/sf cjnDag ug]{ .
• g]kfndf pTkflbt lgof{tof]Uo j:t'x¿sf] ahf/ lj:tf/sf nflu ;"rgf cfbfg
k|bfg, cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{ / ;/sf/;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{] .
• k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ cg';Gwfg / ljsf; (R&D) df nufgL j[l4
ug{] .
• cfˆgf] pBf]u Joj;fosf] k|j4{g, :t/f]Gglt, k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu
Jofj;flotfsf] ljsf; ug]{ . o;sf] nflu Joj:yfkgsf gofF / Jofjxfl/s
cjwf/0ffx¿ cjnDag ug]{, Joj;fodf d"No clej[l4sf] nflu sd{rf/Lsf]
Ifdtf ljsf;, sfo{ jftfj/0f ;an agfpg] nufotsf sfo{ ug]{ .
• Joj;fosf] cleGg cËsf] ¿kdf ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf] kl/kfngf ug]{ .
• ;/sf/ / gful/s ;dfh;Fu ;dembf/L sfod u/L /fli6«o gLlt lgdf{0fdf
cfjZos /fo ;'emfj pknAw u/fpg] .
• ;/sf/l;t nfut ;fem]bf/Ldf Jofkf/ If]qsf] ljsf;sf lglDt sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ug{] .
• Joj;fo ;~rfng ubf{ Ifl0fs d'gfkmfeGbf klg a9L d"No clej[l4 x'g], cu|
/ k[i7 ;DaGw sfod x'g], lbuf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg], /f]huf/L l;h{gf,
cfly{s j[l4 / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf ;sf/fTds nfe k'Ug] s'/f nfO{ b[li6ut u/L
ug{] . To;sf] nflu cfjZos Jofj;flos /0fgLlt th{'df u/L cl3 a9\g] .
• ljBdfg ;/sf/L gLlt, P]g, of]hgf / sfo{qmdsf] kl/lwleq /xL cfˆgf]
Jofj;flos pTkfbg, ahf/Ls/0f nufotsf Jofj;flos / nufgLsf sfo{
ug]{ .
• /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf dfGo l;4fGt / k|0ffnLcg'¿k :jR5 / dof{lbt
¿kdf Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ k|oTgzLn /xg] .
• Jofkf/sf] bfo/f a9fpg / lgof{t ljljwLs/0f ug{ Joj;foLx¿aLr cGt/f{li6«o
Jofkf/ sfg"g tyf k|lqmofx¿af/]df ;xL hfgsf/L / ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug{] .

-137-
-u_ :yfgLo lgsfosf] e"ldsf
:yfgLo lgsfo hg:t/df ljsf; lgdf{0fsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug{] / ljsf;
k|lqmofdf hg;xeflutf kl/rfng ug{] dxŒjk"0f{ ;+oGq x'g\ . oBlk g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df
xfn;Dd ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] e"ldsfnfO{ lnP/ vf;} w]/}
ljZn]if0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo :t/df s[lif tyf u}/ s[lif j:t'sf] pTkfbgsf] k|j4{g,
ahf/Ls/0f, ;fgfltgf Jofkf/ k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0fdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] 7f]; e"ldsf
x'G5 . t;y{, ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 nfe lng] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;lqmotf
/ ;+nUgtfnfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf /fVg' h?/L 5 . o; qmddf :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/sf] ;DaGwdf ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug{] / o;af6 pTkGg x'g] nfe tyf
r'gf}tLsf] af/]df hfu?s agfpg klg cfjZos 5 . ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6
clwstd nfe lng] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo lgsfon] v]Ng;Sg] e"ldsfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't
ug{ ;lsG5–
• :yfgLo pBdL, Joj;foL / Jofkfl/s ;d'bfonfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf]
;DaGwdf r]tgf clej[l4sf nflu sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] . u|fdL0ftx;Dd ljZj
Jofkf/ ;Ë7g;DaGwL ljifoj:t'df hgr]tgf j[l4 ug{] .
• /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/–dfucg'¿k :yfgLo pTkfbgnfO{ k|j4{g /
ljljwLs/0f ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
• :yfgLo pTkfbsx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L pTkflbt j:t'sf] d"No z+[vnf (Value
Chain) nfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg] .
• :yfgLo:t/df Jofkf/nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfx¿sf]
lgdf{0f ug{] .
• j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ / pTkfbg j[l4sf nflu lghLIf]q;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L cfjZos
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
• ;DefJo :YffgLo pTkfbgsf] lgof{t k|j4{g;DaGwdf ;Da4 ;/sf/L tyf lghL
lgsfo;Fu cfjZos ;Dks{, ;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{ u/L ;xh lgsf;Lsf]
jftfj/0f tof/ ug{] .
• lgof{tsf] b[li6n] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfgLo ljlzi6tfsf j:t'sf] klxrfg, k|j4{g /
lgsf;L j[l4sf nflu sfo{ ug{] .
• j:t' pTkfbg, k|zf]wg tyf lgof{t;DaGwdf /fli6«o:t/df ul/g'kg{] sfo{x¿sf
nflu :yfgLotxdf /fo–;'emfj ;Íng u/L ;DalGwt lgsfodf k7fpg] .

-138-
-3_ gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf
cfhef]ln cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs If]qdf gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs
;xeflutfsf] gofF t/ dxŒjk"0f{ ¿kdf lnOg] ul/Psf] 5 . vf;u/L cfd gful/s;Fu
;/f]sf/ /fVg] cfly{s, ;fdflhs d'2fx¿df pgLx¿sf] ;+nUgtfn] tL d'2fx¿nfO{ a9L
Jofjxfl/s, hgkIfLo / nf]ssNof0fsf/L agfpg ;xof]u k'Ug] x'Fbf gful/s ;dfhl;tsf]
;xsfo{nfO{ clxn] nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ ljz]iftfs} ¿kdf
:jLsfl/Psf] 5 . o; qmddf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ lhDd]jf/, hglxtsf/L tyf
nfebfoL agfpg] ;afndf gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsfnfO{ klg pRr ¿kdf cfTd;ft
ug{'kg{] x'G5 . o;af6 ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf cfd gful/ssf] ;/f]sf/ l;h{gf ug{ /
o; k|0ffnLsf] j}wtf j[l4 ug{ ;d]t ;3fp k'Ug;S5 . o; k[i7e"lddf gful/s ;dfhn]
v]Ng'kg]{ e"ldsfnfO{ lgDg ¿kdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5–
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf ljleGg kIfdf ;r]tgf j[l4;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug{] . ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf ;an / b'a{n kIf, cj;/ tyf hf]lvdsf]
;DaGwdf tYout ax;, k}/jL / 5nkmn sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 nfe lng tyf hf]lvd sd ug{ ;/sf/
tyf lghL If]qnfO{ ;hu u/fpg] tyf /rgfTds ;'emfjx¿ lbg] .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 l;lh{t cj;/x¿nfO{ clwstd pkof]u
ug{ ;/sf/, lghL If]q / bft[ lgsfonfO{ 3R3Rofpg] / cfjZostfg';f/
;dGjostf{sf] e"ldsf v]Ng] .
• g]kfnn] ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf lnFbf k|lta4tf JoQm u/]adf]lhd cfjZos sfg"g
th'{df / ;+zf]wg ug{sf] nflu ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos ;'emfj, ;"rgf / k[i7kf]if0f
k|bfg ug{] .
• ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf cfPsf gofF cjwf/0ff tyf k|0ffnL ;DaGwdf cWoog
ug]{, ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg] / o;;DaGwdf hgr]tgf j[l4;DaGwL sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug{] .
• bft[ lgsfo tyf ;+:yfaf6 Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu k|fKt ;xof]usf]
k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ug{ ;r]tssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{] . ;fy}, Jofkf/ If]qdf
kf/blz{tf, pQ/bfloTj / ;'zf;g ;'lgZrt ug{ /rgfTds e"ldsf lgjf{x
ug{] .

-139-
-ª_ cGt/f{li6««o ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] e"ldsf M
g]kfnh:tf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf; u/L ljZj Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf
k|efjsf/L 9Ën] cfa4 x'g ;3fp k'¥ofpg cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] dxŒjk"0f{
e"ldsf x'G5 . g]kfnn] Jofkf/ Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gcGtu{tsf
ljleGg ;+oGqx¿sf ;fy} ljleGg bft[ lgsfox¿af6 cfly{s k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw
ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o; qmddf g]kfnh:tf] ;fgf] cy{tGq ePsf] d'n'snfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/
k|0ffnLaf6 clwstd nfe lng ;3fp k'¥ofpg] ;Gbe{df ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿n] cfufdL
lbgdf v]Ng'kg{] e"ldsfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5–
• g]kfnnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ d~rx¿df k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{;Sg] t'Nofpg
Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf jftf{ Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s, k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw
u/fpg] . o;sf] nflu bft[ lgsfox¿n] ;Demf}tf jftf{sf ljleGg kIfdf ;}4flGts
tyf Jofjxfl/s 1fg k|bfg ug{{ ljleGg lsl;dsf tflnd, Exposure Visit /
cWoog e|d0fsf] cfof]hgf ug{ ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .
• ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] g]kfnnufotsf clt sd ljsl;t d'n'saf6 lgof{t x'g] j:t'
tyf ;]jfnfO{ ;xh ¿kdf cfˆgf] ahf/df kx'Fr lbgsf nflu o:tf d'n'sx¿sf]
lgof{tdf SPS / TBT ;DaGwL dfkb08nfO{ s]xL v's'nf] agfO{ ;/n / ;xh
dfkb08 sfod ug{]tkm{ kxn ug{'kg{] . ;fy}, bL3{sfndf SPS / TBT ;DaGwL
cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu Ifdtf ljsf;sf lglDt
cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg' klg plQs} cfjZos 5 .
• ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ljleGg ;Demf}tf, ;dembf/L / dlGq:t/Lo lg0f{ofg';f/
ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] ljsf;f]Gd'v / clt sd ljsl;t d'n'snfO{ pknAw u/fpg'kg{]
egL pNn]v ePcg';f/sf ;'ljwfx¿ tTsfn / ljgf zt{ pknAw u/fpg pbf/tf;fy
kxn x'g'kg{] . vf;u/L clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] s[lifnufotsf pTkfbgnfO{ zt
k|ltzt eG;f/ tyf sf]6f/lxt ahf/ ;'ljwf lbg ljsl;t /fi6«x¿af6 pbf/tf
b]vfOg' cfjZos 5 .
• ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog tyf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ d~rx¿df x'g] ;Demf}tf jftf{ tyf
5nkmndf ;lqmo ;xeflutfsf] nflu ljz]if ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .
• lgof{tof]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] pTkfbg j[l4, u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ / d"No z+[vnfdf
;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos cfly{s k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg] . o; qmddf g]kfn

-140-
 Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLlt, @)!) / jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^% n] klxrfg u/]sf k|d'v
lgsf;LhGo j:t'x¿sf] k|j4{gsf nflu 7f]; ;xof]u pknAw u/fOg' h?/L 5 .
• e"kl/j]li6t /fi6« g]kfnsf] lgof{t Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf
If]qdf nufgL lj:tf/ ug{] . o;qmddf vf;u/L Jofkfl/s dxŒjsf ;8s ;~hfnsf]
lgdf{0f, ;'Vvf aGb/ufxsf] ljsf; / ljz]if cfly{s If]qsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfngsf
nflu ;xfotfnfO{ lgb{]lzt ug{ h?/L b]lvG5 .
• cfˆgf] tkm{af6 g]kfnnfO{ Jofkf/sf nflu ;xfotf (AfT) / Jofkf/;Da4 k|fljlws
;xfotf (TRTA) cGtu{t pknAw u/fOg] ;xfotf /flzdf j[l4 ug{] . ;fy}, clt
sd ljsl;t b]z g]kfnsf] ;xfotf kl/rfng Ifdtf ;'b[9 agfpg / k|zf]rg
Ifdtf (Absorptive Capacity) j[l4 ug{ ;+:yfut Ifdtf tyf hgzlQm ljsf;sf
If]qdf klg ;xof]u lj:tf/ ug{] .

*=@ pk;+xf/
cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ lgoddf cfwfl/t agfO{ :jR5, kf/bzL{ / Jojl:yt
9Ën] ;~rfng ug{ tyf j}b]lzs Jofkf/df /x]sf ljleGg cj/f]wx¿nfO{ Go"g ub{}
Jofkf/ j[l4dfkm{t ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ b|'tt/ agfpg ;3fp k'¥ofpg
;g\ !((% df ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ;Ë7gn] d'VotM ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnL / o;;Fu ;DalGwt ;Demf}tf, ;dembf/L / lg0f{ox¿sf] sfof{Gjog,
cg'udgsf] sfo{ ub{5 . cfh ljZjsf !%% eGbf a9L /fi6« tyf :jtGq eG;f/ If]q o;
;Ë7gdf cfa4 /x]sf 5g\ . ljZj Jofkf/sf] (% k|ltzteGbf a9L sf/f]jf/ ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnL cGtu{t x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgfkl5 ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ lgoda4 tl/sfn] ;~rfng ug{, Jofkf/df /x]sf eG;f/ tyf u}/
eG;f/hGo cj/f]wx¿nfO{ Go"gLs/0f / lg/fs/0f ub}{ :jtGq / ;xh tl/sfn] j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] Jofkf/nfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ tyf j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf ;DaGwdf ;b:o /fi6«x¿aLr
pTkGg ljjfbx¿nfO{ ;dod} ;dfwfg ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'u]sf] dx;''; ul/Psf]
5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf ;Demf}tf, ;dembf/L / lg0f{ox¿df ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf clt
sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf nflu ljz]if, ;x'lnotk"0f{ / k[ys\ Jojxf/;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿nfO{
klg ;d]l6Psf] x'Fbf xfnsf jif{x¿df ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿n]
;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf lng] qmd a9\bf] 5 .

Plzofsf b'O{ 7"nf cy{tGqaLrsf] e"kl/j]li6t / ;fgf] cy{tGq ePsf] d'n's g]kfnn]
d'VotM j}b]lzs Jofkf/ ;~rfngsf qmddf ef]Ug'k/]sf ljleGg hl6ntfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg

-141-
ug{ tyf /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ ljZj cy{tGq;Fu cfa4 u/L ljZj ahf/df cfˆgf]
Jofkf/nfO{ ;/n / ;xh ¿kdf lj:tf/ ug{ ;3fp k'Ug] p2]Zon] ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf
lnPsf] xf] . ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 g]kfnL j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ljZjahf/df kx'Fr :yflkt
eO{ Psflt/ lgof{t k|j4{gdfkm{t cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ b|'tt/ agfpg ;xof]u k'Ug] /
csf{tkm{ j}b]lzs k|ToIf nufgL, cfw'lgs k|ljlw / ;:tf] d"Nodf b]zleq sRrf kbfy{
lelqO{ cf}Bf]lusLs/0fnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ d2t k'Ug] ck]Iff lnOPsf] lyof] . ;fy}, ljZjJofkL
k|lt:kwf{sf] sf/0f t'ngfTds nfe ePsf j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] klxrfg / k|j4{g eO{
k|lt:kwL{ d"Nodf j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg eO{ lgsf;L j[l4dfkm{t /fli6«o cy{tGqdf
;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'Ug] cfzf /flvPsf] lyof] . g]kfnh:tf] ;Lldt cfly{s ;fwg;|f]t
/ Ifdtf ePsf] d'n'snfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLdf cfa4 x'Fbf v'nf ljZj Jofkf/
k|0ffnLaf6 pTkGg x'g;Sg] r'gf}tLsf t'ngfdf a9L dfqfdf cj;/ / nfex¿ pknAw
x'g;Sg] / o;/L pknAw cj;/ / nfex¿ g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ b|'tt/
/ ;dfj]zL agfpg 7"nf] ;xof]uL x'g;Sg] s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ u/L g]kfnn] 7"nf] tof/L /
k|of;sf ;fy ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:otf lnPsf] xf] . t/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf
cfa4 ePsf] cf7 jif{kl5 ePsf] g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ gLlt ;dLIffn] g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ gLlt
tyf cEof;x¿ t'ngfTds ¿kdf pbf/, kf/bzL{ / v'nf cy{tGqsf] glur /x]sf] kfOP
klg g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/, nufgL / cf}Bf]]lusLs/0f cflb If]qdf h] h:tf] a9f]Q/Lsf]
ck]Iff ul/Psf] lyof] Tof] k|fKt x'g g;s]sf] tYo cufl8 NofPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lgof{t
Jofkf/df pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ cfpg g;s]sf] / o;sf] ljk/Lt cfoft x'g] j:t' tyf
;]jfsf] kl/df0f / d"No eg] lg/Gt/ psfnf] nfUb} uO{ Jofkf/ 3f6f pRr x'g k'u]sf] tYo
;dLIffn] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . lgZro klg of] g]kfnsf] nflu ;'vb s'/f xf]Og .

g]kfnsf] lg/fzfhgs j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] l:ylt k5fl8 cfGtl/s / afXo b'j} sf/0f
lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . d'n'sdf nlDabf] /fhgLlts ;+qmd0f, c;xh >d ;DaGw, ljB't\,
vfg]kfgL, af6f]3f6f] nufotsf k"jf{wf/ ;]jfx¿sf] ckof{Kttf, lgsf;L x'g] j:t'x¿sf]
u'0f:t/ k|df0fLs/0fsf] ;d:of, ljQLo ;Í'rg, lgsf;L x'g] j:t'sf] sdhf]/ cu| /
k[i7;DaGw, sd d"No clej[l4 x'g] j:t'df cTolws lge{/tf, pRr kl/jxg nfut cflb
cfGtl/s sf/0fx¿n] d'n'ssf] cfk"lt{Ifdtfdf ;Í'rg NofPsf 5g\ . csf{lt/ cGt/f{li6«o
ahf/df eO/x]sf] k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ nufotsf sRrf kbfy{sf] d"Nodf lg/Gt/ j[l4, ljZj
cfly{s ;Í6sf sf/0f j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] dfudf cfPsf] ljZjJofkL x|f; cflb afXo
sf/0fn] g]kfnsf] lgsf;L Jofkf/df gsf/fTds c;/ l;h{gf u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnh:tf
sdhf]/ cy{tGq ePsf cNk ljsl;t d'n'snfO{ ljleGg ;x'lnot, 5"6 / ;'ljwfx¿

-142-
k|bfg u/L ljZj Jofkf/df k|efjsf/L 9Ën] cfa4 x'g ;3fp k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ljZj
Jofkf/ ;Ë7g cGtu{t gofF ;Demf}tfsf] qmddf /x]sf] bf]xf ljsf; Ph]G8fdf ;dod}
;xdlt x'g g;Sbf klg g]kfnh:tf ;fgf / cNk ljsl;t /fi6« ljZj Jofkf/k|0ffnLdf
;LdfGtLs[t x'Fb} hfg] vt/f a9\bf] 5 .

o:tf] ;+j]bgzLn kl/l:yltdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gn] g]kfnh:tf clt sd ljsl;t

/fi6«sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg ;+oGq / k|lqmofdfkm{t pknAw u/fPsf cfly{s
k|fljlws ;xfotfsf] cTo'Qd kl/rfng ub{} :jb]zL j:t'sf] pTkfbg, pTkfbsTj / ljZj
ahf/df k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf j[l4 u/]/ lgsf;L j[l4 ug{ hf]8 lbg cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
;Ë7gsf ljleGg ;Demf}tfcGtu{tsf k|fjwfg / lg0f{ox¿n] clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf
nflu pknAw u/fPsf ljleGg ;x'lnot / 5"6sf] clwstd pkof]u ub{} ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gn] pknAw u/fPsf] ljZjJofkL ahf/ kx'Frsf] ;'ljwf / cGo cj;/x¿af6
plrt nfe lng ;ts{ /xFb} a'l4dQfk"0f{ 9Ën] cl3 a9\g' cfjZos 5 . o; qmddf
cfGtl/s ¿kdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf ul/Psf k|lta4tfadf]lhd gLltut, sfg"gL,
;+:yfut / k|lqmofut ;'wf/sf pkqmdx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ cl3 a9fpFb} b]zleq nufgL
d}qL jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug{' h?/L 5 eg] cGt/f{li6«o¿kdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g / ;f]
cGtu{tsf d~rx¿df clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf lglDt yk 5"6, ;x'lnot / cfly{s
k|fljlws ;xfotfsf] dfunfO{ yk ;zQm agfpFb} hfg cfjZos 5 .

ljZjJofkLs/0f / cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] jt{dfg o'udf ljZjsf ;fgf 7"nf ;a} /fi6«x¿
cfly{s¿kn] Pscsf{df lge{/ aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . clxn] wgL /fi6«sf] cfly{s ;d[l4 /
:yfloTjsf nflu ul/a /fi6«sf] klg cfly{s l:ylt ;Fu;Fu} cl3 a9\g' h?/L 5 eGg]
dfGotfsf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] Pp6f p2]Zo klg ;fgf / sd
ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] Ifdtf j[l4 u/L ljZj Jofkf/df k|efjsf/L 9Ën] PsLs[t x'g
;3fp k'¥ofpg] xf] . o;sf nflu ;Ë7g cGtu{t ljleGg cfly{s, k|fljlws ;xfotfb]lv
;Demf}tfx¿df ljz]if / k[ys\ Jojxf/sf] Joj:yf 5 . g]kfnn] o:tf cfly{s, k|fljlws
;xfotf tyf ;x'lnotk"0f{ k|fjwfgx¿sf] ;b'kof]u ub{} Jofkf/ Ifdtf j[l4dfkm{t ax'kIfLo
Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 clwstd nfe lng ;r]i6 x'g'kg{] a]nf cfPsf] 5 . lgoddf cfwfl/t
ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLaf6 clwstd kmfObf lng lgZro klg ;j{k|yd cfGtl/s
IfdtfnfO{ g} ;'b[9 / k|lt:kwL{ agfpg h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu ;/sf/L If]q, lghL If]q,
gful/s ;dfh / bft[lgsfox¿aLr plrt ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ lj:tf/ u/L cufl8 a9\g'
cfjZos x'G5 . o;f] x'g ;s]df cfk"lt{ Ifdtfdf ck]lIft ;'wf/ cfO{ ljZj Jofkf/

-143-
;Ë7gcGtu{tsf v'nf / pbf/ Jofkf/k|0ffnLaf6 g]kfnn] cfzf u/]cg'¿k nfe lng;Sg]
s'/fdf ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 .

```
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M

• World Trade Organization (2008), Understanding the WTO,

5th Edition. WTO- Information and External Relations Division,
Geneva.

• World Trade Organization (2010), Background Material for WTO

Training Activities. WTO- Institute for Training and Technical
Cooperation, Geneva, Switzerland.

• World Trade Organization (2009), The Doha Round Texts and

Related Documents. WTO- Information and External Relations
Division, Geneva.

• jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnoaf6 k|sflzt Jofkf/ / ljsf; klqsfsf ljleGg

cÍx¿

• jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnoaf6 k|sflzt ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g / g]kfn

k'l:tsfsf ljleGg ;+:s/0fx¿

• ;fjtL -@)^%_, ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7g M Ps kl/ro . ;fpy Plzof jfr cg

6«]8, Osf]gf]ldS; P08 OGefo/f]Gd]G6 (SAWTEE), sf7df08f} .

• www.wto.org

• www.mocs.org.np

-144-
 k'l:tsfdf k|of]u ePsf s]xL ;+If]kLs[t zAbx¿
(Acronyms)

AfDB - African Development Bank

AfT - Aid for Trade
AGOA - African Growth and Opportunity Agreement
AoA - Agreement on Agriculture
CDP - Committee for Development Policy
COMESA - Common Market for East and Southern Africa
CPC - Central Products Classification
CTE - Committee on Trade and Environment
CTESS - Committee on Trade and Environment in Special Session
DDA - Doha Development Agenda
DFQF - Duty Free Quota Free
DTIS - Diagnostic Trade Integration Strategy
EBA - Everything but Arms
EIF - Enhanced Integrated Framework
ENTReC - Enhancing Nepal's Trade Related Capacities
GATS - General Agreement on Trade in Services
GATT - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GI - Geographical Indication
GIZ - Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internatioale Zusammenarbeit
GSP - Generalized System of Preferences
IBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IF - Integrated Framework
IFWG - Integrated Framework Working Committee
IMF - International Monetary Fund
IPoA - Istanbul Plan of Action
ITO - International Trade Organization
LDCs - Least Developed Countries
LLDC - Land-locked Least Developed Countries
MEA - Multilateral Environmental Agreement
MFA - Multi- fibre Agreement

-145-
MFN - Most Favored Nation
MoFTR - Memorandum of Foreign Trade Regime
NAMA - Non-Agricultural Market Access
NECTRADE - Nepal Enhanced Capacities for Trade and Development
NIU - National Implementation Unit
NTCS - Nepal Trade and Competitiveness Study
NTIS - Nepal Trade Integration Strategy
OECD - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
PPD - Public Private Dialogue
RoO - Rules of Origin
S & DT - Special and Differential Treatment
SAWTEE - South Asia Watch on Trade, Economics and Environment
SCM - Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
SPS - Sanitary and Phytosanitary
STDF - Standards and Trade Development Facility
TA&CB - Technical Assistance and Capacity Development
TBT - Technical Barriers to Trade
TFF - Trade Facilitation Facility
TMSA - Trade Mark Southern Africa
TNC - Trade Negotiation Committee
TPR - Trade Policy Review
TPRB - Trade Policy Review Body
TPRM - Trade Policy Review Mechanism
TRIPS - Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
TRTA - Trade Related Technical Assistance
UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP - United Nations Development Programme
UNOPS - United Nations Office for Project Services
USAID - United States Agency for International Development
WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization
WTO - World Trade Organization

-146-
 cg';"rL–!
cg';"rL–!
ljZjJofkf/
ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf]
;Ë7gsf] ;+/rgf ;+(WTO
/rgfStructure)
Ministerial
Conference

General Council Meeting as General Council Meeting as

General Council
Dispute Settlement Body Trade Policy Review Body

Appellate Body Dispute

Settlement Panels

Committees on
Council for Council for Council for
Trade & Environment
Trade & Development
Trade in
Trade in Goods TRIPS Services
Sub-Committee on LDCs
Regional Trade Agreements
Balance of Payments Restrictions Committees on Committees on
Budget, Finance and Administration Market Access Trade in Financial
Working Parties on Agriculture Services
Accession SPS Measures Specific Commitments
Working Groups on TBT Working Parties on
Trade, Debt & Finance Subsidies & Countervailing Domestic Regulation
Trade & Technology Transfer Measures GATS Rules
(Inactive: Anti-Dumping Practices
-Relationship between Trade & Customs Valuation
Investment Rules of Origin Plurilaterals
-Interaction between Trade and Import Licensing Trade in Civil Aircraft
Competition Policy TRIMs Committee
-Transparency in Government Safeguards Government Procurement
Procurement) Working Party on Committee
State- Trading Enterprises

Plurilateral
Information Technology
Agreement Committee Doha Development Agenda
TNC and its bodies
Key Trade Negotiations
Reporting to General Council (or subsidiary Committee
& Dispute Settlement Body)
Plurilateral Committees inform the General Special Sessions of
Council or Goods Council of their activities,
Services Council/TRIPS Council/Dispute Settlement Body
although these agreements are not signed by all
/Agriculture Committee & Cotton Sub-Committee/Trade
WTO members
Trade Negotiations Committee Reports to & Development Committee/ Trade & Environment
General Council Committee
Negotiating Groups on
Market Access/ Rules/ Trade Facilitation

The General Council also meets as the Trade Policy Review Body and Dispute Settlement Body.

Source: www.wto.org

-147-
 cg';"rL–@
g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gdf k]z u/]sf] sfg"gL ;'wf/;DaGwL sfo{of]hgf
(Legislative Action Plan : LAP) adf]lhd
k|lta4tf sfof{Gjogsf] cBfjlws l:ylt
-@)^( c;f/d;fGt_
qm=;+= k|lta4tfx¿ jt{dfg l:ylt ;DalGwt lgsfo
gLlt
!= ljb]zL nufgL tyf ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] k|fjwfg pBf]u dGqfno
Psåf/ gLlt, @)$( adf]lhd df}h"bf gLltsf]
-;+zf]wg_ k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] sfo{ ;DkGg
eO{ gofF gLltsf] d:of}bf tof/
eO/x]sf] .
@ cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)$( ldlt @)^&.!.@! Dff gofF pBf]u dGqfno
-;+zf]wg_ cf}Bf]lus gLlt hf/L eO{ xfn
sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .
P]g
! cfos/ P]g, @)%* ldlt @)%*.!@.@( df gofF cy{ dGqfno
-gofF_ cfo s/ P]g hf/L eO{ xfn
sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .
@ bfdf;fxL;DaGwL P]g ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] cy{ dGqfno
-gofF_ k|fjwfg cg's"n x'g] u/L
ldlt @)^#.*.$ df gofF
bfdf;fxL;DaGwL P]g hf/L eO{
xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .
# ljb]zL ljlgdo ldlt @)%(.$.@@ df bf];|f] cy{ dGqfno
-lgoldt ug]{_ P]g, ;+zf]wg eO{ xfn sfof{Gjogdf
@)!( /x]sf] .
-;+zf]wg_
$ k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g P]g ldlt @)^#.(.#) df k|lt:kwf{ Jffl0fHo tyf
-gofF_ k|j4{g tyf ahf/ ;+/If0f P]g cfk"lt{ dGqfno
hf/L eO{ xfn sfof{Gjogdf
/x]sf] .
% eG;f/ P]g,@)!( ldlt @)^$.%.!$ df gofF cy{ dGqfno
-;+zf]wg_ eG;f/ P]g hf/L eO{ xfn
sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .

-148-
qm=;+= k|lta4tfx¿ jt{dfg l:ylt ;DalGwt lgsfo
^ la?jf ;+/If0f P]g, ldlt @)^$.%.@& df ;+zf]wg s[lif ljsf;
@)@( eO{ xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] . dGqfno
-;+zf]wg_
& PG6L–8lDkË tyf P]gsf] lj:t[t Jffl0fHo tyf
sfpG6/e]lnË P]g d:of}bf tof/ eO;s]sf] . xfn cfk"lt{ dGqfno
-gofF_ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] /fo k|ltlqmof
lng] sfo{ eO/x]sf] .
* lgsf;L–k}7f/L ldlt @)^#.*.* df ;Ë7gsf] Jffl0fHo tyf
-lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)!# k|fjwfgcg's"n ;+zf]wg eO{ xfn cfk"lt{ dGqfno÷
-;+zf]wg_ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] . kl/jlt{t jfl0fHo ljefu
;Gbe{cg';f/ gofF lgsf;L–
k}7f/L lgoGq0f P]gsf] d:of}bf
tof/ ug{] sfo{ cl3 al9/x]sf] .
( g]kfn u'0f:t/ -k|df0f gofF P]gsf] d:of}bf th{'df eO{ pBf]u
lrXg_ P]g, @)#& dlGqkl/ifb\sf] :jLs[ltsf nflu dGqfno÷g]kfn
-;+zf]wg_ k]z ug{] r/0fdf /x]sf] . u'0f:t/ tyf
gfktf}n ljefu
!) aLp lahg P]g, ldlt @)^$.!).!) df ;+zf]wg s[lif ljsf;
@)$% -;+zf]wg_ eO{ xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] . dGqfno
!! cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ df}h"bf P]gx¿nfO{ kl/dfh{g pBf]u
;DaGwL PsLs[t P]g ul/;lsPsf], gofF PsLs[t P]g / dGqfno÷pBf]u
-gofF_ gLltsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug{] sfo{ ljefu
eO/x]sf] .
!@ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ P]g, ldlt @)^#.*.* df ;+zf]wg eO{ pBf]u dGqfno
@)%( -;+zf]wg_ xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .
!# j}b]lzs nufgL tyf P]g ;+zf]wgsf] nflu d:of}bf pBf]u dGqfno
k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, tof/ ug{] sfo{ eO/x]sf] .
@)$( -;+zf]wg_
!$ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo d:of}bf tof/ ePsf] . kl/dfh{g pBf]u
P]g, @)$( -;+zf]wg_ u/L clGtd ¿k lbg] sfo{ dGqfno÷pBf]u
eO/x]sf] ljefu
!% g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL ;+zf]wgsf nflu cfjZos sfg"g, Gofo,
kl/ifb\ P]g, @)%) tof/L e}/x]sf] . ;+ljwfg;ef tyf
-;+zf]wg_ ;+;bLo dfldnf
dGqfno
!^ >d P]g, @)$*, ;+zf]wgsf nflu kxn >d tyf /f]huf/
-;+zf]wg_ eO/x]sf] . Joj:yf dGqfno

-149-
qm=;+= k|lta4tfx¿ jt{dfg l:ylt ;DalGwt lgsfo
!& jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, ;+zf]wgsf nflu cfjZos jftfj/0f, lj1fg
@)%# -;+zf]wg_ tof/L e}/x]sf] . tyf k|ljlw
dGqfno
!* jg:klt ;|f]t;DaGwL kxn x'g afFsL . jg tyf e"–;+/If0f
P]g -gofF_ dGqfno
!( cfg'j+lzs ;|f]tdf kxn x'g afFsL . jg tyf e"–;+/If0f
kx'Fr;DaGwL P]g dGqfno, s[lif
-gofF_ ljsf; dGqfno
@) cf}ifwL P]g, @)#% ;+zf]wgsf nflu tof/L e}/x]sf] . :jf:Yo tyf
-;+zf]wg_ hg;+Vof dGqfno
@! ljB'tLo sf/f]af/ ldlt @)^#.*.@@ df ljB'tLo lj1fg, k|lalw tyf
-;fOa/_ P]g -gofF_ -On]S6«f]lgs_ sf/f]af/ P]g gofF jftfj/0f dGqfno
hf/L eO{ xfn sfof{Gjogdf
/x]sf] .
@@ sDkgL P]g, @)%# ldlt @)^#.&.@$ df gofF pBf]u dGqfno
-;+zf]wg_ sDkgL P]g hf/L eO{ xfn
sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .
@# g]kfn rf6{8{ ldlt @)%(.#.@$ df ;+zf]wg cy{ dGqfno
PsfpG6]G6\; P]g, eO{ xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .
@)%# -k|yd ;+zf]wg_
@$ a}s tyf ljQLo ldlt @)^#.&.!( df gofF P]g cy{ dGqfno÷
;+:yf;DaGwL P]g hf/L eO{ xfn sfof{Gjogdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+s
-gofF_ /x]sf]
@% :jf:Yo ;+:yf gofF P]g th'{dfsf] nflu :jf:Yo tyf
;~rfng P]g -gofF_ cfjZos tof/L e}/x]sf] . hg;+Vof dGqfno
@^ lwtf]kq ldlt @)^#.(.#) df ;+zf]wg cy{ dGqfno
ljlgdo;DaGwL P]g, eO{ xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .
@)$) -;+zf]wg_
@& aLdf P]g, @)$( ;+zf]wgsf nflu kxn x'g cy{ dGqfno
-;+zf]wg_ afFsL .
lgodfjnL
! lgsf;L k}7f/L gofF P]gsf] d:of}bf adf]lhdsf] Jffl0fHo tyf
-lgoGq0f_ lgodfjnL, lgodfjnLsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug{] cfk"lt{ dGqfno÷
@)#$ -;+zf]wg_ sfo{ eO/x]sf] . jfl0fHo ljefu
@ g]kfn u'0f:t/ -k|df0f P]g ;+zf]wg ePkl5 th{'df pBf]u
lrXg_ lgodfjnL, x'g] . dGqfno÷u'0f:t/
@)$) -;+zf]wg_ tyf gfktf}n
ljefu

-150-
qm=;+= k|lta4tfx¿ jt{dfg l:ylt ;DalGwt lgsfo
# j}b]lzs nufgL tyf P]g kl/dfh{g ePkl5 th{'df pBf]u
k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f x'g] . dGqfno÷pBf]u
lgodfjnL ljefu
$ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g kl/dfh{g ePkl5 th{'df pBf]u
lgodfjnL x'g] . dGqfno÷pBf]u
ljefu
% eG;f/ lgodfjnL, ldlt @)^^.#.@( df gofF cy{ dGqfno
@)@^ -;+zf]wg_ P]gcg';f/sf] lgodfjnL hf/L
eO{ xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] .
^ la?jf ;+/If0f ldlt @)^^.!@.( df ;+zf]wg s[lif ljsf;
lgodfjnL, @)#! eO{ xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] . dGqfno
-;+zf]wg_
;Demf}tf÷dxf;lGw÷cle;lGw
! ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] @$ dfr{ @))$ df g]kfnn] jffl0fHo tyf
;Demf}tfx¿nfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o cfk"lt{ dGqfno
g]kfnn] cg'df]bg ug{] aGg] ;DaGwL k|f]6f]sn :jLs[t
;DaGwL] b:tfj]h u/]sf] ;"rgf ljZj Jofkf/
;Ë7gdf lbPsf] . To;sf] #)
lbgkl5 @# clk|n @))$ b]lv
g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf]
ljlwjt\ ;b:o ag]sf] .
@ j:t'sf] cGt/f{li6«o pk;ldlt u7g u/L dxf;lGwsf] Jffl0fHo
ljqmL;DaGwL s/f/ cWoog tyf kIf /fi6« aGg tyf cfk"lt{
af/]sf] /fi6«;+3Lo ug{'kg{] tof/Lsf ;DaGwdf dGqfno÷jfl0fHo
dxf;lGw -leogf, ;'emfj k]z ug{] u/L sfo{ cl3 ljefu
!(*)_ sf] cg'df]bg al9/x]sf]
# cGt/f{li6«o la?jf g]kfnn] * d] @))^ df ;f] s[lif ljsf;
;+/If0f dx;lGwsf] dxf;lGw cg'df]bg u/]sf] . dGqfno
b:tfj]h (Instrument
of International
Plant Protection
Convention -IIPPC)
$ ;flxlTos tyf !! cS6'a/, @))% df cfj]bg ;+:s[lt ko{6g tyf
snfTds ;[hgfx?sf] lbPsf]df !! hgj/L @))^ df gful/s p•og
;+/If0f ug]{ ;DaGwL ;dy{g k|fKt ePsf] . dGqfno
ag{ dxf;lGwdf
;dy{gsf] b:tfj]h

-151-
qm=;+= k|lta4tfx¿ jt{dfg l:ylt ;DalGwt lgsfo
;Dks{ laGb'x¿sf] :yfkgf
! ;Dks{ laGb' lj=;+= @)^) ;fnb]lv g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf
-Jofkf/sf k|fljlws u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefudf gfktf}n ljefu
cj/f]wx¿;DaGwL TBT Inquiry Point :yfkgf eO{
ljifodf cfjZos sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] .
;"rgf k|jfxsf nflu_
@ ;Dks{ laGb' -:jf:Yo lj=;+= @)^) ;fnb]lv vfB vfB tyf u'0f
tyf jg:klt :jf:Yo k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f lgoGq0f ljefu
pkfox¿;DaGwL ljefudf SPS Inquiry Point
ljifodf cfjZos :yfkgf eO{ sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] .
;"rgf k|jfxsf] nflu_
# ;Dks{ laGb' ldlt @)^).!.* b]lv jfl0fHo jfl0fHo tyf
-;]jf Jofkf/;DaGwL tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnodf Service cfk"lt{ dGqfno
ljifodf cfjZos Inquiry Point :yfkgf eO{ sfo{
;"rgf k|jfxsf] nflu_ ub}{ cfPsf] .

-152-
 cg';"rL–#

sfg"gL ;'wf/;DaGwL sfo{of]hgf (Legislative Action Plan) adf]lhd

k|lta4tf sfof{Gjogsf] ;+lIfKt emns

qm=;+= ljj/0f hDdf k"/f ePsf k"/f x'g afFsL

!= P]g 27 14 13
@= lgodfjnL 6 2 4
cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw÷ ;Demf}tf÷
#= 4 3 1
dxf;lGw
$= gLlt 2 1 1
%= ;Dks{ laGb' 3 3 0
s'n 42 23 19

k|lta4tf k"/f ug{ afFsL ljifo / ;DalGwt lgsfox¿

qm=;+ dGqfno gLlt P]g lgodfjnL ;Demf}tf÷ s'n
dxf;lGw
!= jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ – ! ! ! #
dGqfno
@= pBf]u dGqfno ! $ # – *
#= :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof – @ – – @
dGqfno
$= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f – @ – – @
dGqfno
%= sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfno – ! – – !
^ >d tyf /f]huf/ Joj:yf – ! – – !
dGqfno
&= cy{ dGqfno – ! – – !
*= jftfj/0f, lj1fg tyf – ! – – !
k|ljlw dGqfno
s'n ! !# $ ! !(

-153-
Note

-154-