TRIGONOMETRY

Pre-Calculus | STEM | 2nd Quarter

 UNIT CIRCLE

Trigonometry | Pre-Calculus | STEM | 2nd Quarter

 TRIGONOMETRY

- derived from Greek words trigon which

means “triangle” and metron which means
“measure.”
- deals with the relationships between the
sides and angles of a triangle
 TRIGONOMETRY

vAngle – formed by two rays intersecting at

a common point called vertex
ANGLE
 EXAMPLE

What is the length of the arc subtended

by a central angle measuring (a) 2𝜋 rad,
#
(b) $ rad, if the circle has a radius r?
 ANGLE

𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
 ANGLE

Radian is the measure of

the central angle
subtended by an arc of
the circle whose length
equal to the radius of the
circle.
 EXAMPLE

What is the length of the arc subtended

by a central angle measuring (a) 2𝜋 rad,
#
(b) $ rad, if the circle has a radius r?
 ANGLE

1 complete revolution
= 360° (degrees)
= 2𝜋 radians
= 400 gradians (gon)
 ANGLE

1° = 60. (minutes)
1′ = 60. ′ (seconds)
 ANGLE: STANDARD POSITION

An angle is in standard position if its

vertex is at the origin and its initial
side coincides with the positive x-
axis.
 COTERMINAL ANGLES

- angles in standard position having

same terminal side

𝜃< = 𝜃 + 2𝜋𝑛
𝜃< = 𝜃 + 360𝑛
 EXAMPLE

Find one positive and one negative

#
coterminal angles of (a) 78°, and (b)
?
rad.
 UNIT CIRCLE

- circle centered at
the origin and has a
radius of 1 unit
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

Find the point/s on the unit circle whose

A
x-coordinate is − .
$
 TRIGONOMETRY

vAngle – formed by two rays intersecting at

a common point called vertex
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Trigonometry | Pre-Calculus | STEM | 2nd Quarter

 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

v also called circular functions

v functions of an angle
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
 EXAMPLE

Find the six trigonometric functions

#
of rad.
$
 EXAMPLE

Find the six trigonometric functions

#
of rad.
B
 REFERENCE ANGLE

• Positive acute angle formed by the terminal

side of a given angle and the x-axis
 REFERENCE ANGLE

If the given 𝜃 is positive,

(0 < 𝜃 < 90°) I: 𝜃 . = 𝜃
(90° < 𝜃 < 180°) II: 𝜃 . = 180° − 𝜃
(180° < 𝜃 < 270°) III: 𝜃 . = 𝜃 − 180°
270° < 𝜃 < 360° IV: 𝜃 . = 360° − 𝜃
 REFERENCE ANGLE

If the given 𝜃 is negative,

−270° > 𝜃 > −360° I: 𝜃 . = 360° − 𝜃
(−180° > 𝜃 > −270°) II: 𝜃 . = 𝜃 − 180°
(−90° > 𝜃 > −180°) III: 𝜃 . = 180° − 𝜃
(0 > 𝜃 > −90°) IV: 𝜃 . = 𝜃
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Find the exact value of:

K$#
1. cos −45° 4. sec M
KAA# L#
2. sin B 5. csc N
L#
3. cot M
 TRIGONOMETRY

vAngle – formed by two rays intersecting at

a common point called vertex
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
 IDENTITY

- equation is true for any value of 𝜃 for which

the functions are defined
 CONDITIONAL EQUATION

- equation satisfied by some values

 PROBLEM

A
1. Determine if csc 𝜃 = is an identity or
OPQ R
a conditional equation.
 PROBLEM

2. Determine if cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 = 1 is an

identity or a conditional equation.
 PROBLEM

3. Determine if sin$ 𝜃 + cos $ 𝜃 = 1 is an

identity or a conditional equation.
 PROBLEMS

Simplify:
4. sin 𝐴 + cos 𝐴 cot 𝐴
ATOPQ RKUVOW R
5. UVO R ATOPQ R
UOU RTUVX R
6.
OPQ RTXYQ R
 PROVING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

1. Start with one side of the equation.

Choose the more complicated side.
2. Manipulate that side to arrive at the
expression on the other side of the
equation using identities.
 PROBLEMS

Prove:
7. tan 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 sec 𝜃
UVO \ A
8. tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 = AKOPQW \ ] OPQ \
AKO^U \
9. csc 𝑥 =
OPQ \KXYQ \
 PROBLEMS

Prove:
10. sec N 𝑥 − tanN 𝑥 = sec $ 𝑥 + tan$ 𝑥
$ $ $ $
11. sec 𝑥 + csc 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 csc 𝑥
O^U \TUOU \ UVX \
12. csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 =
O^UW \
 PROBLEMS

Prove:
OPQ_ \KUVO_ \
13. OPQ \KUVO \ = 1 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
UV` R
14. tan 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 − ATOPQ R
SUM AND DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES

sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
tan 𝐴 − tan 𝐵
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) =
1 + tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
 SUM AND DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES

sin 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ± cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

tan 𝐴 ± tan 𝐵
tan(𝐴 ± 𝐵) =
1 ∓ tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
DOUBLE-ANGLE IDENTITIES

sin 2𝐴 = 2sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴

cos(2𝐴) = cos $ 𝐴 − sin$ 𝐴

cos(2𝐴) = 2cos $ 𝐴 − 1
cos(2𝐴) = 1 − 2sin$ 𝐴

$ XYQ d
tan(2𝐴) =
AKXYQW d
 OTHER FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES

sin −𝜃 = − sin 𝜃 csc −𝜃 = −csc 𝜃

cos −𝜃 = cos 𝜃 sec −𝜃 = sec 𝜃
tan −𝜃 = − tan 𝜃 cot −𝜃 = − cot 𝜃
HALF-ANGLE IDENTITIES

𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃
sin =
2 2

𝜃 1 + cos 𝜃
cos =
2 2

𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃
tan =
2 1 + cos 𝜃
 Evaluate
1. tan 255°
L#
EXAMPLE 2. sin
A$
#
3. cos
A$