TEORIJA LETA I – FORMULE

dα du r r 1
τ =µ⋅
dt
=µ⋅
dy
viskoznost
fluida [ ]
T [K ] = t o C + 273,15 δF = p ⋅ δS p = ρ ⋅ g ⋅h = γ ⋅h ρ=
m
V
vs =
ρ
p jednadžba stanja ρ relativna za zrak pri
ρ= ρr = R = 287,053 J/(kg ⋅ K) µ = 1,7894 ⋅ 10 −5 Pa·s
R ⋅T idealnog plina ρ ref gustoća ISA/SL
µ kinematička eksponencijalni T 1,5 Sutherlandov
ν = [m2/s] µ = 2,417 ⋅ 10 −7 ⋅ T 0,76 [Pa·s] µ = 1,458 ⋅ 10 −6
ρ viskoznost zakon T + 110,4 zakon
dp modul elastič- dρ dp V Machov brzina za
E = −V = E = ρ ⋅ a2 Ma = a = κ ⋅ R ⋅T κ = 1,4
dV nosti fluida ρ E a broj zvuka zrak
 dq   dq  spec. topline pri konstantnom cp κ⋅R R
cv =   cp =   R = c p − cv κ= cp = cv =
 dT  v =const  dT  p =const volumenu ili tlaku [J/(kg⋅K)] cv κ −1 κ −1
unutrašnja dq rev entropija R0
u = cv ⋅ T [J/kg] h = u + p ⋅ v = c p ⋅ T [J/kg] entalpija ds = H= ⋅h
energija T [J/(kg⋅K)] R0 + h
T2 p T ρ Daltonov ρp pp rel.
s 2 − s1 = c p ⋅ ln − R ⋅ ln 2 = cv ⋅ ln 2 + R ⋅ ln 2 pa = p z + p p ρ vz = ρ z + ρ p ϕ= =
T1 p1 T1 ρ1 zakon ρ p max p pz vlaž.

 R0 
2 1  pa ϕ ⋅ pz
dp
= −ρ ⋅ g
osnova diferencijalna
FZ = ρ ⋅ g ⋅ V
sila aerostat-
g = g n ⋅    − 1  ρ vz = −
dh jednadžba aerostatike skog uzgona   R Rp  R ⋅T T
 R0 + h   
promjena temperature, tlaka i
T = Tn − 6,5 ⋅ 10 −3 ⋅ H (
p = p n ⋅ 1 − 2,256 ⋅ 10 −5 ⋅ H
5, 256
)
ρ = ρ n ⋅ 1 − 2,256 ⋅ 10 −5 ⋅ H ( 4, 256
)
gustoće zraka u troposferi
−4 −4 temperatura, tlak i gustoća u
T = 216,65 K = const. p = 0,22336 ⋅ p n ⋅ e −1,577⋅10 (H −11000) ρ = 0,29708 ⋅ ρ n ⋅ e −1,577⋅10 (H −11000) donjem sloju stratosfere
∆m ∆V maseni i volu- jednadžba 1 2 Bernoullijeva
m& = = ρVA Q= = VA m& = const. p + ρV + ρgz = const.
∆t ∆t menski protok kontinuiteta 2 jednadžba
r r r r r r r r r
∂
∂t V∫
( )
ρVdV + ∫ ρV ⋅ dS ⋅ V = ∫ ρfdV − ∫ pdS + Fvisk + Fkont + Fosl jednadžba održanja
koli č ine gibanja
Ve = V
ρ ekvivalentna
brzina
S V S ρ n

c(s ) b2 1 1 1 1
α a = α − α z0 λ= AR = Z ′ = cz ρ ∞V∞2 A X ′ = cx ρ ∞V∞2 A ′ = c MPB
M PB ρ ∞V∞2 Ac q∞ = ρ ∞V∞2
c(0 ) S 2 2 2 2
2
p − p∞ V  ξ
Cp = = 1 −   c Mξ = c MAC + (c z cos α + c x sin α ) ξ − ξ AC ( ξ =
c
) c MPB = −ξ CP (c z cos α + c x sin α )
q∞  V∞ 
∂φ ∂ψ ∂φ ∂ψ y
u= = v= =− w = φ + iψ z = x + iy = re iθ r = x2 + y2 e iθ = cos θ + i sin θ θ = arctg
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x x
r Γ dyr × rr
dw kompleksna teorem dV = Biot – Savartov
V = = u − iv Fa′ = ρ ∞V∞ Γb c z = 2πα a 4π r 3
dz brzina Joukowskog zakon
1
γ (x )dx   dz  
c
1 osnovna jednadžba π xCP = x AC = simetrični
−
2π ∫ x0 − x
+ V∞ sin α − arctg   = 0
 dx  0  tankog aeroprofila
c z = 2πα c MPB = −
2
α 4
aeroprofil
0 
π π π
1 dz 2 dz 1 dz π A 
cos(nθ )dθ ∫ dx (1 - cosθ )dθ
π ∫0 dx π ∫0 dx
A0 = α − dθ An = c z = 2 A0π + A1π α z0 = c MPB = −  A0 + A1 − 2 
π 0
2 2 
1 π 1 c π x π 1 zakrivljeni
xCP = − ( A2 − A1 ) c Mx = − z − ( A1 − A2 ) + c z c MAC = − ( A1 − A2 ) x AC = c z = 2πα a
4 4 cz 4 4 c 4 4 aeroprofil
ρVx Vx 1 1
Re = = Z = C z ρ ∞V∞2 A X = C x ρ ∞V∞2 A
µ ν 2 2
 wy0 wy0 m0
α i = tg −1 ≈ αa = α0 − αi α a = α − α z0 C2 Cz m= eliptično
C xi = z αi = m
V∞ V∞ πAR πAR 1+ 0 krilo
πAR
2
b2 aspektni C2 N A  1 C z2 za krila
AR = odnos
C z = mα a C xi = z (1 + δ )
πAR
δ = ∑ n An  e=
1+ δ
C xi =
π eAR drugih oblika
S n=2  1 
Cz Cz  1 + τ1 1 + τ 2  1 1 1
αa = α0 + (1 + τ ) α1 = α 2 +  +  Z = Cz ρ ∞V∞2 A X = Cx ρ ∞V∞2 A M = CM ρ ∞V∞2 Ac
πAR π  AR 1 AR 2  2 2 2
ρV∞2 − M RC
M RC = M AC , K − Zx AC , K
(dM RC / dα ) b 1 + 2λ
M AC , K = C MAC , K Sc a x CP, K = x AC , K = − x AC , K = tgΛ
2 Z (dZ / dα ) 6 1+ λ
νx ν ρU 2 laminarni ρVx kr tranzicija laminarnog u
δ = 5,0 C fl = 1,328 X fl = C f A Rekrl = 5 ⋅ 10 5 Rekr =
U Ul 2 granični sloj µ turbulentni granični sloj
0, 2 0,455
ν  C ft = 0,074
1
C ft = za Re > 107 ρU 2 turbulentni
δ = 0,371x 0,8   X ft = C f A
U  Re 0, 2
(log Re) 2,58
2 granični sloj

0,074 1700 0,455 1700 laminarno-turbulentni C fnestl

C ftl = − C ftl = − za Re > 107 C fstl =
Re 0, 2 Re (log Re ) 2,58 Re granični sloj (1 + 0,144Ma ) 2 0, 65
∞
n
X uk = X 0 + X l X 0 = X 0, f + X 0 , p X l = X l , f + X l ,i X uk = ∑ X j X j = C xj
1
ρV∞2 Aref X uk = C xuk
1
ρV∞2 Aref
j =1 2 2
polara
C xuk = K 0 + K1C z2
zrakoplova
∂C L / ∂δ f ∂α u djelotvornost aerodin. karakteristike
τ= = L = C L q ∞ S up H = C h q∞ S f c f M = C M q ∞ S up c
∂C L / ∂α u ∂δ f upravljačke površine upravljačkih površina

V κp V2 a2 V2 Bernoulli-Lagrangeova p
Ma = a = κRT = c pT + = const. T+ = const. = const.
a ρ 2 κ −1 2 jednadžba ρκ
p − p∞ 2  p  2uˆ C p ,nestl C p ,nestl C z ,nestl C M ,nestl
Cp = =  − 1 Cp ≅ − Cp = = Cz = CM =
0,5ρ ∞V∞2 κMa ∞2  p∞  V∞ β 1 − Ma∞ 2
1 − Ma∞2 1 − Ma∞2
 κ 
 2 + (κ − 1)Ma ∞ ,kr  κ −1 
2
2 V∞,kr
x CP = xCP ,nestl x AC = x AC ,nestl C p ,kr =   − 1 Ma∞ ,kr =
κMa ∞2 ,kr  κ +1   a
 
V mc
V0 = V 2 + Vt 2 Vt = rϖ = 2πrn αa = β −φ H = 2π rtgβ H a = 2π rtgφ = Sk = H − H a σp =
n 2π r
D 2π  ∆Vu   ∆Vu  P 1
Ap = Fv = ρA p V + ∆Vu = m& ∆Vu Pu = m& V∆Vu 1 +  Pk = FvV = m& V∆Vu ηi = k =
4  2   2V  Pu 1 + ∆Vu / (2V )
V V V tgφ Pk
tgφ = = J= Fv = CT ⋅ ρ ⋅ n 2 ⋅ D 4 Pu = C p ⋅ ρ ⋅ n 3 ⋅ D 5 ηe = η= = η (J , β )
Vt 2π rn nD tg (φ + γ ) Pu
0, 2
δX c x V / (nD )  ρ  π 
2 r r r
γ = = Cs = =V  V0 P = V 2 + (Dπn )2 Ma 0 P = Ma 1 +   M 3 = (I 1ϖ 1 ) × ϖ 2
δZ c z C P0,2  P n2  J
 u 
l m1 l m 2 Vm1 Vm 2 Fin ,m1 Fin ,m 2 Fµ ,m1 Fµ ,m 2 F p ,m1
= = ... = k g = const. = = ... = k k = const. = = = = = ... = k F = const.
l o1 lo2 Vo1 Vo 2 Fin ,o1 Fin ,o 2 Fµ ,o1 Fµ ,o 2 F p ,o1
ρVx Vx V V2 ∆p Cp lf V '2 u '2
Re = = Ma = Fr = Eu = = St = It = εt =
µ ν 2 V∞
a gl ρV 2 V∞ V∞
Rem = Reo Ma m = Ma o Frm = Fro Eu m = Eu o St m = St o I t , m = I t ,o ε t ,m = ε t ,o