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CHAPTER
MEC 451
3 Thermodynamics
Lecture Notes:
MOHD HAFIZ MOHD NOH
HAZRAN HUSAIN & MOHD
SUHAIRIL
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450
First Law of
Shah Alam, Selangor Thermodynamics
ENERGY ANALYSIS
OF CLOSED SYSTEM
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Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
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MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
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Closed
Heat
System V
Work
z
Reference Plane, z = 0
or
Ein − Eout = ∆E system
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If the system does not move with a velocity and has no change in
elevation, the conservation of energy equation is reduced to
Qnet − Wnet = ∆U
The first law of thermodynamics can be in the form of
2
V2 − V1
2
g ( z 2 − z1 )
qnet − wnet = u 2 − u1 + +
(kJ / kg )
2000 1000
2
V2 − V1
2
g ( z 2 − z1 )
Q net − W net = m u2 − u1 + +
(kJ )
2000 1000
For a constant volume process,
2
V2 − V1
2
g ( z 2 − z1 )
Q net − W net = m u 2 − u1 + +
2000 1000
2
V2 − V1
2
g ( z 2 − z1 )
Q net = m u2 − u1 + +
2000 1000
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MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
2
V2 − V1
2
g ( z 2 − z1 )
Q net − W net = m u2 − u1 + +
2000 1000
2
V2 − V1
2
g ( z 2 − z1 )
Q net − P (V2 − V1 ) = m u2 − u1 + +
2000 1000
2
V2 − V1
2
g ( z 2 − z1 )
Q net = m u2 − u1 + P(V2 − V1 ) + +
2000 1000
2
V2 − V1
2
g ( z 2 − z1 )
Q net = m h2 − h1 + +
2000 1000
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MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
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Example 3.1
A closed system of mass 2 kg Rearrange the equation
undergoes an adiabatic process. V2 2 − V12 g ( z2 − z1 )
Qnet − W net = m u2 − u1 + + ÷
The work done on the system is 2000 1000
30 kJ. The velocity of the system V2 2 − V12 g ( z2 − z1 )
−Wnet = m u2 − u1 + + ÷
changes from 3 m/s to 15 m/s. 2000 1000
During the process, the elevation 152 − 32 9.81( 45 )
of the system increases 45 meters. − ( −30 ) = 2∆u + 2 +
÷ 2 ÷
÷
2000 1000
Determine the change in internal ∆u = 14.451 kJ Ans..
energy of the system.
Solution:
Energy balance,
2
V2 − V1
2
g ( z 2 − z1 )
Q net − W net = m u2 − u1 + +
2000 1000
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s1 = s f 1 + x1 s fg1
= 2.1792 + 0.92 ( 4.3744 )
= 6.204 kgkJ. K
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v u s
0.15122 2945.9 7.1292
0.1634 u2 s2
0.17568 3116.9 7.4337
0.1634 − 0.15122
u2 = 2945.9 + ÷( 3116.9 − 2945.9 )
0.17568 − 0.15122
= 3030.42 kJ
kg
0.1634 − 0.15122
s2 = 7.1292 + ÷( 7.4337 − 7.1292 )
0.17568 − 0.15122
= 7.2790 kgkJ. K
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∆s = s2 − s1
= 7.2790 − 6.204
= 1.075 kgkJ. K
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u1 = u f @ 25o C = 104.88 kJ
kg
State 2
u2 = u f + x2 u fg
T2 = 25 C
o
v = 0.001003 m 3
f kg v2 − v f
0.01 3 x2 =
v2 = = 0.002 mkg vg = 43.34 mkg
3
v fg
5
check region ! = 2.3 × 10 −5
104.83 + 2.3 × 10 ( (2304.3)
2304.9 )
−5
v f < v < vg → saturated mixture ∴ u2 = 104.88
then : P2 = Psat = 3.169 kPa = 104.93
104.88 kJ
kg
Then :
The heat transfer for this process
Qnet = 5 ( 104.93 − 104.88 )
(104.88-104.83)
Qnet − Wnet = m ( ∆u + ∆ke + ∆Pe ) = 0.25 kJ
(
Qnet − Wnet = m ∆u + ∆ke + ∆Pe )
+ve sign indicates heat transfer
Qnet = m∆u = m ( u2 − u1 )
into the system.
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MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
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Supplementary Problems 1
1. Two tanks are connected by a valve. Tank A contains 2 kg of carbon
monoxide gas at 77°C and 0.7 bar. Tank B holds 8 kg of the same gas
at 27°C and 1.2 bar. Then the valve is opened and the gases are
allowed to mix while receiving energy via heat transfer from the
surrounding. The final equilibrium temperature is found to be 42°C.
Determine (a) the final pressure (b) the amount of heat transfer. Also
state your assumption. [P2=105 kPa, Q =
+37.25 kJ]
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MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
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Supplementary Problems 1
3. A piston-cylinder device contains 6 kg of refrigerant-134a at 800 kPa
and 50oC. The refrigerant is now cooled at constant pressure until it
exist as a liquid at 24oC. Show the process on T-v diagram and
determine the heat loss from the system. State any assumption made.
[1210.26
4. kJ]0.5 m3 rigid tank contains refrigerant-134a initially at 200 kPa and 40
A
percent quality. Heat is now transferred to the refrigerant until the
pressure reaches 800 kPa. Determine (a) the mass of the refrigerant in
the tank and (b) the amount of heat transferred. Also, show the process
on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.
[12.3 kg, 2956.2
5. kJ]
An insulated tank is divided into two parts by a partition. One part of
the tank contains 6 kg of an ideal gas at 50°C and 800 kPa while the
other part is evacuated. The partition is now removed, and the gas
expands to fill the entire tank. Determine the final temperature and the
pressure in the tank.
[50°C, 400 kPa] 16
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Boundary Works
P
2
1 5
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isothermal V2
W12 = P1V1 ln
V1
polytropic
P2V2 − P1V1
W12 =
isentropic 1− n
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Example 3.4
Process 1-2: isobaric work output of 10.5 kJ from an initial volume of 0.028
m3 and pressure 1.4 bar,
Process 2-3: isothermal compression, and
Process 3-1: isochoric heat transfer to its original volume of 0.028 m 3 and
pressure 1.4 bar.
Calculate (a) the maximum volume in the cycle, in m3, (b) the isothermal work,
in kJ, (c) the net work, in kJ, and (d) the heat transfer during isobaric expansion,
in kJ.
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Solution:
Process by process analysis, The isothermal work
Section 1 − 2 ( isobaric ) Section 2 − 3 ( isothermal )
W12 = P ( V2 − V1 ) = 10.5
2 2 = PV
PV 3 3
140 ( V2 − 0.028 ) = 10.5 0.103
P3 = ÷( 140 ) = 515 kPa
V2 = 0.103 m3 0.028
V3
→ W23 = PV 2 2 ln
V2
0.028
= 140 ( 0.103) ln ÷
0.103
= −18.78 kJ
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Section 3 − 1( isochoric )
W31 = 0
∴Wnet = W12 + W23 + W31
= 10.5 − 18.78
= −8.28 kJ
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Example 3.5
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Solution:
Process by process analysis,
Section 1 − 2 ( isothermal )
1 1 = PV
PV 2 2
115
V1 = ÷0.22 ( 0.12 )
415
= 0.00732 m3
V2
W12 = PV
1 1 ln
V1
0.0264
= 415 ( 0.00732 ) ln
0.00732
= 3.895 kJ
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MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
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= ÷
0.525 P1 V4
V3 = + 0.0264
115 n
62 0.00732
= 0.03097 m3 = ÷
415 0.03097
ln 0.1494 = n ln 0.2364
n = 1.3182
Section 3 − 4 ( isochoric ) 1 1 − PV
PV
W41 = 4 4
W34 = 0 1− n
415 ( 0.0072 ) − 62 ( 0.03097 )
=
1 − 1.3182
= −3.5124 kJ
Supplementary Problems 2
1. A mass of 0.15 kg of air is initially exists at 2 MPa and 350 oC. The air
is first expanded isothermally to 500 kPa, then compressed
polytropically with a polytropic exponent of 1.2 to the initial state.
Determine the boundary work for each process and the net work of the
cycle.
2. 0.078 kg of a carbon monoxide initially exists at 130 kPa and 120 oC. The
gas is then expanded polytropically to a state of 100 kPa and 100 oC.
Sketch the P-V diagram for this process. Also determine the value of n
(index) and the boundary work done during this process.
[1.248,1.855 kJ]
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Conservation of Mass
Conservation of mass is one of the most fundamental
principles in nature. We are all familiar with this
principle, and it is not difficult to understand it!
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Mass flow through a cross-sectional area per unit time is called the
mass flow rate. Note the dot over the mass symbol indicates a time
rate of change. It is expressed as
m = ∫ ρV .dA
If the fluid density and velocity are constant over the flow cross-
sectional area, the mass flow rate is
AV
m = ρAV =
ν
1
where ν =
ρ
ν is called specific voulme
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m in − m out = m CV
m in = m out (kg/s)
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As the fluid upstream pushes mass across the control volume, work
done on that unit of mass is
A
δ W flow = F dL = F dL = PdV = Pvδ m
A
δ W flow
δ w flow = = Pv
δm
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V2 V2
∑ energy = u + Pν + 2 + gz = h + 2 + gz
The first law for a control volume can be written as
. .
. Vout
2
. Vin
2
Q net − W net = ∑ mout hout + + gz out − ∑ min hin + + gzin
out 2 in 2
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2
V2 − V1
2
g ( z 2 − z1 )
qnet − wnet = h2 − h1 + +
(kJ / kg )
2000 1000
2
V2 − V1
2
g ( z 2 − z1 )
Q net − W net
= m h2 − h1 + + (kJ )
2000 1000
. . . 2
V2 − V1
2
g ( z 2 − z1 )
Q net − W net = m h2 − h1 + +
(kW )
2000 1000
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. . . Vin
2
. . . Vout
2
Q in + W in + ∑ min hin +
+ gzin = Q out + W out + ∑ mout hout +
+ gzout
in 2 out 2
. Vin
2 . Vout
2
min hin + = mout hout +
2 2
V1
2
V2
2
h1 + = h2 +
2 2
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h1 + ÷ = h2 +
1
of the air and (b) the temperature 2 2 ÷
of the air leaving the diffuser.
From Ideal Gas Law:
RT1
v1 = = 1.015 mkg
3
P1
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h2
T2 =
Cp
Enthalpy at state 1
304.42
h1 = C pT1 = 1.005 ( 283) =
1.005
= 284.42 kJ
kg
= 302.9 K
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. . . Vin
2
. . . Vout
2
Q in + W in + ∑ min hin + + gzin = Q out + W out + ∑ mout hout + + gzout
in 2 out 2
. . .
min ( hin ) = W out + mout ( hout )
. .
W out = m ( h1 − h2 )
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MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
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. . . Vin
2
. . . Vout
2
Q in + W in + ∑ min hin + + gzin = Q out + W out + ∑ mout hout + + gzout
in 2 out 2
. . .
W in + min ( hin ) = mout ( hout )
. .
W in = m ( h2 − h1 )
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Example 3.8
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Solution:
From energy balance:
State1 . . . Vin 2
Qin + W in + ∑ min hin + + gzin ÷ =
p1 = 2 MPa sup erheated 2
in
T1 = 400o C h1 = 3247.6
3248.4 kJ
.
kg . . Vout 2
State 2 Q out + W out + ∑ mout hout + + gzout ÷
out 2
P2 = 15 kPa
sat. mixture Solve the equation:
x2 = 0.9
h2 = h f 2 + x2 h fg 2
∆h = h2 − h1 = −-887.39
885.87 kJ
= 225.94 + 0.9 ( (2372.3)
2373.1)
kg
V2 2 − V12
= 2361.01
2361.73 kJ
kg
∆KE = = 14.95 kJ
kg
2000
g ( z2 − z1 )
∆PE = = −0.04 kJ
kg
1000
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V12 − V2 2 g ( z1 − z2 )
Wout = ( h1 − h2 ) + ÷+ ÷
2000 1000
= 887.39
885.87 − 14.95 + 0.04
= 870.96 kJ
872.48 kg
W&out 5000
m& = = = 5.74
5.73 kgs
Wout 870.96
872.48
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Thus
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Throttling Valve
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Example 3.10
State1 Steam enters a throttling valve at
8000 kPa and 300°C and leaves
P1 = 8000 kPa sup erheated at a pressure of 1600 kPa.
Determine the final temperature
T1 = 300 C h1 = 2786.5 kJkg
o
and specific volume of the
State 2 steam.
P2 = 1600 kPa
make int erpolation
h2 = h1
P ( kPa ) T ( C)
o vf vg hf hg
1500 198.29 0.001154 0.131710 844.55 2791
1600 T2 vf 2 vg 2 hf 2 hg 2
1750 205.72 0.001166 0.113440 878.16 2795.2
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Mixing Chamber
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Mixing Chamber
Energy Balance:
& 1h1 + m
m & 2 h2 = m
& 3 h3
& 1h1 + ( m
m & 1 ) h2 = m
&3 −m & 3h3
& 1 ( h1 − h2 ) = m
m & 3 ( h3 − h2 )
h3 − h2
&1 = m
m &3 ÷
h
1 − h2
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Heat Exchanger
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the minimum mass flux of the water the rate of heat transfer
so that the water does not
completely vaporize
Q& w = m& w ( h2 w − h1w )
ms C p , s ( T1s − T2 s ) = 4.62 ( 2794.2 − 88.61)
m& w =
( h2 w − h1w ) = 12.5 MW
100 ( 1.25 ) ( 450 − 350 )
=
2794.2 − 88.61
= 4.62 kgs
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Supplementary Problems 3
1. Air flows through the supersonic nozzle . The inlet conditions are 7 kPa
and 420°C. The nozzle exit diameter is adjusted such that the exiting
velocity is 700 m/s. Calculate ( a ) the exit temperature, ( b )the mass flux,
and ( c ) the exit diameter. Assume an adiabatic quasiequilibrium flow.
3. Steam enters a turbine at 4000 kPa and 500 oC and leaves as shown in Fig
A below. For an inlet velocity of 200 m/s, calculate the turbine power
output. ( a )Neglect any heat transfer and kinetic energy change ( b )Show
that the kinetic energy change is negligible.
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Figure A
4. Consider an ordinary shower where hot water at 60°C is mixed with cold
water at 10°C. If it is desired that a steady stream of warm water at 45°C
be supplied, determine the ratio of the mass flow rates of the hot to cold
water. Assume the heat losses from the mixing chamber to be negligible
and the mixing to take place at a pressure of 150 kPa.
5. Refrigerant-134a is to be cooled by water in a condenser. The refrigerant
enters the condenser with a mass flow rate of 6 kg/min at 1 MPa and 70ºC
and leaves at 35°C. The cooling water enters at 300 kPa and 15°C and
leaves at 25ºC. Neglecting any pressure drops, determine (a) the mass
flow rate of the cooling water required and (b) the heat transfer rate from
the refrigerant to water.
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