Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER
MEC 451
3 Thermodynamics
Lecture Notes:
MOHD HAFIZ MOHD NOH
HAZRAN HUSAIN & MOHD SUHAIRIL
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 First Law of
Shah Alam, Selangor
Thermodynamics
ENERGY ANALYSIS
OF CLOSED SYSTEM
2
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
3
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Closed
Heat
System V
Work
z
Reference Plane, z = 0
or
Ein Eout Esystem
4
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
If the system does not move with a velocity and has no change in
elevation, the conservation of energy equation is reduced to
Qnet Wnet U
The first law of thermodynamics can be in the form of
V2 V1
2 2
g ( z 2 z1 )
qnet wnet u2 u1
(kJ / kg)
2000 1000
V2 V1
2 2
g ( z 2 z1 )
Q net W net m u2 u1
(kJ )
2000 1000
For a constant volume process,
V2 V1
2 2
g ( z 2 z1 )
Q net W net m u2 u1
2000 1000
V2 V1
2 2
g ( z 2 z1 )
Q net m u2 u1
2000 1000 6
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
V2 V1
2 2
g ( z 2 z1 )
Q net W net m u2 u1
2000 1000
V2 V1
2 2
g ( z 2 z1 )
Q net P(V2 V1 ) m u2 u1
2000 1000
V2 V1
2 2
g ( z 2 z1 )
Q net m u2 u1 P(V2 V1 )
2000 1000
V2 V1
2 2
g ( z 2 z1 )
Q net m h2 h1
2000 1000
7
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
8
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Example 3.1
A closed system of mass 2 kg Rearrange the equation
undergoes an adiabatic process. V2 2 V12 g ( z2 z1 )
The work done on the system is Qnet W net m u2 u1
2000 1000
30 kJ. The velocity of the system V2 2 V12 g ( z2 z1 )
changes from 3 m/s to 15 m/s. Wnet m u2 u1
2000 1000
During the process, the elevation 9.81 45
152 32
of the system increases 45 meters. 30 2u 2 2
2000 1000
Determine the change in internal
u 14.451 kJ Ans..
energy of the system.
Solution:
Energy balance,
V2 V1
2 2
g ( z 2 z1 )
Q net W net m u2 u1
2000 1000
9
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
780.09 0.92(1806.3
779.780.92 1805.7)
2441.9 kL kJ
2441.024
kg
kg
ss1 ssf 1 x1 s fg1
1 f,1 x1 s fg,1
2.1792
2.17850.92 0.92(4.3744
4.3735)
6.204
3
kJ m
6.20212
kg . K
kg
10
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
v u s
0.15122 2945.9 7.1292
0.1634 u2 s2
0.17568 3116.9 7.4337
0.1634 0.15122
u2 2945.9 3116.9 2945.9
0.17568 0.15122
3030.42 kJ
kg
0.1634 0.15122
s2 7.1292 7.4337 7.1292
0.17568 0.15122
7.2790 kgkJ. K
11
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
s s2 s1
7.2790 6.204
1.075 kgkJ.K
12
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
13
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
u1 u f @ 25 C 104.88
kJ
104.83 kJ
k
kgg
State 2
u2 u f x2 u fg
T2 25 C v 0.001003 m 3
f kg v2 v f
0.01 3 x2
v2 0.002 mkg vg 43.34 mkg
3
v fg
5
check region ! 2.3 105
v f v vg saturated mixture 104.83 2.3 105 (2304.3)
u2 104.88 2304.9
then : P2 Psat 3.169 kPa 104.93
104.88 kJ
kg
Then :
The heat transfer for this process
Qnet 5 104.93 104.88
(104.88-104.83)
Qnet Wnet m u ke Pe 0.25 kJ
Qnet Wnet m u ke Pe
Qnet mu m u2 u1
+ve sign indicates heat transfer
into the system.
14
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Supplementary Problems 1
15
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Supplementary Problems 1
3. A piston-cylinder device contains 6 kg of refrigerant-134a at 800 kPa
and 50oC. The refrigerant is now cooled at constant pressure until it
exist as a liquid at 24oC. Show the process on T-v diagram and
determine the heat loss from the system. State any assumption made.
[1210.26 kJ]
4. A 0.5 m3 rigid tank contains refrigerant-134a initially at 200 kPa and 40
percent quality. Heat is now transferred to the refrigerant until the
pressure reaches 800 kPa. Determine (a) the mass of the refrigerant in
the tank and (b) the amount of heat transferred. Also, show the process
on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.
[12.3 kg, 2956.2 kJ]
5. An insulated tank is divided into two parts by a partition. One part of
the tank contains 6 kg of an ideal gas at 50°C and 800 kPa while the
other part is evacuated. The partition is now removed, and the gas
expands to fill the entire tank. Determine the final temperature and the
pressure in the tank.
[50°C, 400 kPa] 16
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Boundary Works
P
2
1 5
18
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
19
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
isothermal V2
W12 P1V1 ln
V1
polytropic
P2V2 P1V1
W12
isentropic 1 n
20
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Example 3.4
Process 1-2: isobaric work output of 10.5 kJ from an initial volume of 0.028
m3 and pressure 1.4 bar,
Process 2-3: isothermal compression, and
Process 3-1: isochoric heat transfer to its original volume of 0.028 m3 and
pressure 1.4 bar.
Calculate (a) the maximum volume in the cycle, in m3, (b) the isothermal work,
in kJ, (c) the net work, in kJ, and (d) the heat transfer during isobaric expansion,
in kJ.
21
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Solution:
22
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Section 3 1 isochoric
W31 0
Wnet W12 W23 W31
10.5 18.78
8.28 kJ
23
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Example 3.5
24
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Solution:
Section 1 2 isothermal
1 1 PV
PV 2 2
115
V1 0.22 0.12
415
0.00732 m3
V2
W12 PV
1 1 ln
V1
0.0264
415 0.00732 ln
0.00732
3.895 kJ
25
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
0.525 P1 V4
V3 0.0264
115 n
62 0.00732
0.03097 m3
415 0.03097
ln 0.1494 n ln 0.2364
n 1.3182
Section 3 4 isochoric 1 1 PV
PV
W41 4 4
W34 0 1 n
415 0.0072 62 0.03097
1 1.3182
3.5124 kJ
Supplementary Problems 2
1. A mass of 0.15 kg of air is initially exists at 2 MPa and 350oC. The air is
first expanded isothermally to 500 kPa, then compressed polytropically
with a polytropic exponent of 1.2 to the initial state. Determine the
boundary work for each process and the net work of the cycle.
2. 0.078 kg of a carbon monoxide initially exists at 130 kPa and 120oC. The
gas is then expanded polytropically to a state of 100 kPa and 100oC.
Sketch the P-V diagram for this process. Also determine the value of n
(index) and the boundary work done during this process.
[1.248,1.855 kJ]
27
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
28
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
29
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Conservation of Mass
Conservation of mass is one of the most fundamental
principles in nature. We are all familiar with this
principle, and it is not difficult to understand it!
30
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Mass flow through a cross-sectional area per unit time is called the
mass flow rate. Note the dot over the mass symbol indicates a time
rate of change. It is expressed as
m V .dA
If the fluid density and velocity are constant over the flow cross-
sectional area, the mass flow rate is
AV
m AV
1
where
is called specific voulme
31
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
32
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
As the fluid upstream pushes mass across the control volume, work
done on that unit of mass is
A
W flow F dL F dL PdV Pv m
A
W flow
w flow Pv
m
33
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
V2 V2
energy u P 2 gz h 2 gz
. . . Vout
2
. Vin
2
Q net W net mout hout gzout min hin gzin
out 2 in 2
34
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
V2 V1
2 2
g ( z 2 z1 )
qnet wnet h2 h1
(kJ / kg)
2000 1000
V2 V1
2 2
g ( z 2 z1 )
Q net W net
m h2 h1 (kJ )
2000 1000
. . . V2 V1
2 2
g ( z 2 z1 )
Q net W net m h2 h1
(kW )
2000 1000
35
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
36
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
37
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
. .
. Vin
2
. . . Vout
2
Q in W in min hin gzin Q out W out mout hout gzout
in 2 out 2
. Vin
2
. Vout
2
min hin mout hout
2 2
V1
2
V2
2
h1 h2
2 2
38
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
T1 300o C x2 0.9
Exit velocity:
V1 0
V2 2000 3067.1 2486.1
1078 m / s
39
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
P1
40
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
h2
T2
Cp
Enthalpy at state 1
304.42
h1 C pT1 1.005 283
1.005
284.42 kJ
kg
302.9 K
41
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
42
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
. . . Vin
2
. . . Vout
2
Q in W in min hin
gzin Q out W out mout hout
gzout
in 2 out 2
W out m h1 h2
. .
43
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
. .
. Vin
2
. . . Vout
2
Q in W in min hin gzin Q out W out mout hout gzout
in 2 out 2
W in m h2 h1
. .
44
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Example 3.8
45
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Solution:
From energy balance:
State1 . . . Vin 2
Qin W in min hin gzin
p1 2 MPa sup erheated 2
in
T1 400o C h1 3247.6
3248.4 kJ
.
kg . . Vout 2
State 2 Q out W out mout hout gzout
out 2
P2 15 kPa
sat. mixture Solve the equation:
x2 0.9
h2 h f 2 x2 h fg 2
h h2 h1 -887.39
885.87 kJ
225.94 0.9 (2372.3)
2373.1
kg
V2 2 V12
2361.73
2361.01 kJ
kg
KE 14.95 kJ
kg
2000
g z2 z1
PE 0.04 kJ
kg
1000
46
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
V12 V2 2 g z1 z2
Wout h1 h2
2000 1000
885.87
887.39 14.95 0.04
870.96 kJ
872.48 kg
Wout 5000
m 5.74
5.73 kgs
Wout 870.96
872.48
47
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
48
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Thus
49
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Throttling Valve
50
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Example 3.10
State1 Steam enters a throttling valve at
8000 kPa and 300°C and leaves
P1 8000 kPa sup erheated at a pressure of 1600 kPa.
T1 300 C h1 2786.5 kJkg
o Determine the final temperature
and specific volume of the
State 2 steam.
P2 1600 kPa
make int erpolation
h2 h1
P kPa T C
o vf vg hf hg
1500 198.29 0.001154 0.131710 844.55 2791
1600 T2 vf 2 vg 2 hf 2 hg 2
1750 205.72 0.001166 0.113440 878.16 2795.2
51
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
52
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Mixing Chamber
53
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Mixing Chamber
Energy Balance:
m1h1 m2 h2 m3h3
m1h1 m3 m1 h2 m3h3
m1 h1 h2 m3 h3 h2
h3 h2
m1 m3
1
h h2
54
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Heat Exchanger
56
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
the minimum mass flux of the water the rate of heat transfer
so that the water does not
Qw mw h2 w h1w
completely vaporize
57
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Supplementary Problems 3
1. Air flows through the supersonic nozzle . The inlet conditions are 7 kPa
and 420°C. The nozzle exit diameter is adjusted such that the exiting
velocity is 700 m/s. Calculate ( a ) the exit temperature, ( b )the mass flux,
and ( c ) the exit diameter. Assume an adiabatic quasiequilibrium flow.
3. Steam enters a turbine at 4000 kPa and 500oC and leaves as shown in Fig
A below. For an inlet velocity of 200 m/s, calculate the turbine power
output. ( a )Neglect any heat transfer and kinetic energy change ( b )Show
that the kinetic energy change is negligible.
58
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Figure A
4. Consider an ordinary shower where hot water at 60°C is mixed with cold
water at 10°C. If it is desired that a steady stream of warm water at 45°C
be supplied, determine the ratio of the mass flow rates of the hot to cold
water. Assume the heat losses from the mixing chamber to be negligible
and the mixing to take place at a pressure of 150 kPa.
5. Refrigerant-134a is to be cooled by water in a condenser. The refrigerant
enters the condenser with a mass flow rate of 6 kg/min at 1 MPa and 70ºC
and leaves at 35°C. The cooling water enters at 300 kPa and 15°C and
leaves at 25ºC. Neglecting any pressure drops, determine (a) the mass
flow rate of the cooling water required and (b) the heat transfer rate from
the refrigerant to water.
59
MEC 451 – THERMODYNAMICS