product.
Functions: solvent, fragrance enhancer,
Physical science
Cleaning Product – contains substance that
remove dirt, stain, bad smell.
> Detergent – contains surfactants (subs w/
cleaning properties; water-insoluble hydrocarbon
tail, water-soluble polar head.) form micelles
when placed in water.
Colloid – mixture of detergent and water.
Bleach – remove dyes and whiten cloth.
Chlorine – break chemical bond of pigment
> Air freshener/purifier – emit
fragrance/eliminate unpleasant odors.
Solid/Liquid freshener - (candle, oil, bead, gel)
violent fragrant. When mix w/ air move via
diffusion.
Diffusion – movement of particles high-low
concentration.
Aerosols – (spray) solid/liquid in gas. Fragrant
molecule dissolve in air.
> Disinfectant – antimicrobial product.
Antiseptics – used on living things
Alcohol/Chlorine – work by denaturing proteins
of microorganism. When proteins damaged,
metabolic processes disrupted to death.
Active Ingredient – compound fulfill function of
product.
- acidic, basic, neutral
Product labels – require to put ingredient.
> Dissolution – mode of action based on
principle, like-dissolves-like and solvent-solute
interaction.
> Acid-base – acid will react to base, v.v.
allowing it to dissolved by water.
> Reduction-Oxidation – convert subs into
water-soluble ions
> Surfactant – form tiny vessels (miscelle) carry
away undesired material (detergent/soap)
> Disinfectant – target biological organism
Example:|
Amphipathic molecule – where micelle forms;
have polar & non-polar molecule region.
Miscelle – soluble in water due to polarity
(head), nonpolar (tail) interact with oil and
grease dissolve in water.
Cleaning agent – mix of compounds; additive
ingredients
Additive ingredients – have some function in
masking agent, builder, preservative,
antimicrobial agent, bubble enhancer.
Solvent – increase quantity of cleaning agent.
- dilute to min. functional concentration
Fragrance enhancer – mask more putrid smell.
Masking agents – remove fragrance for
sensitive users.
Builders – present in detergents. Prevent
contaminant from reacting with active
ingredient.
Preservative – keep a.i functional. (salt, organic
reagent, buffers maintain pH balance)
Antimicrobial reagent – maintain appearance
or use. Microbes, cause of infection/product
degrade.
Bubble enhancer – to be more effective.
summary function of additive ingredient
> serve as disinfectant for hygienic
purpose/long-life of product
> enhance or mark specific property
> protect a.i from attacking molecule
examples:
Triclosan – antimicrobial; reduce bacteria
contamination. (toothpaste, soap)
Sodium tripolyphosphate – builder; full
potential of product; acts as pH buffer, prevent
deposition of soil.
Personal Care Products – used in personal
hygiene and beautification.
> Personal hygienic item – keep clean
> Cosmetics – enhance physical beauty
Shampoo – remove dust
Sebum – to lubricate hair keep it manageable.
mix triglyceride, wax, fatty acid. Made by
sebaceous gland.
Hair conditioner – change texture and
appearance of hair. When shampoo strip out
sebum it provides oil (EFAs) natural sebum. It
keeps hair softer. Contain moisturizer.
Soap – insoluble in water, cannot be washed by
water alone.
- made up of fatty acid.
- hydrophobic ends – unwanted particle
- hydrophilic ends – attracted to water
- form micelle when mix in water
Facial Cleanser
Sebaceous gland – produce sebum lubricate
skin and protect from bacteria.
Plug – sebum combines with dead cell
Propionibacterium acne – follicle plug, present
in skin.
Endocrine gland – high density in palm and
soles. Produce sweat. Active in thermoregulation
bc of evap of sweat has cooling effect.
Apocrine gland – found in armpit, external
genitalia. Secrete oily fluid. Comprised of fats
and proteins.
Antiperspirant – control sweat and body odor.
Deodorant – contain antimicrobial prevent body
odor, don’t control sweat.
Toothpaste – paste/gel used to remove food
from teeth and kill bacteria cause bad breath.
- abrasive – scrub away stain and plaque.
Polish teeth.
Dental plaque – sticky film; form 4-12 hr after
brushing
Tartar – stain on teeth.
Detergent – clean tiles
Pigment – decorate and color dead
Builder – detergent
Masking agent – rust in pipes pungent smell
Preservative – keep product function
Sodium Carbonate – alternative in calcium
hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite – active ingredient
remove stain from clothe
Sodium Hydroxide – active ingredient removes
clogs
Glycerol – make perfume retain on skin
Emulsion – non polar dissolved in ethanol
Ligands – bind metal ion
EDTA – heavy metal poisoning

Cosmetics – enhance appearance/scent

Foundation – cover blemish and even out skin
tone.
Concealer – thicker and more solid
Lipstick – add color/texture in lips
Lip gloss – shine lips
Lip balm – add color, moisturize
Blush/rouge – add color to cheek
Eyeshadow – add color eyelids
Eyebrow pencil – darken eyebrow make more
defined
Mascara – darken eyelashes and to appear long
and thick

Fragrances -
Cologne (eau de cologne) – eau; water, koln;
cologne. City in French, first scent made.
- most diluted 2-5% essential oil
Eau de toilette – more concentration than
cologne. 5-15% oil. More viscous.
Perfume – most concentrated/expensive. 15-40%
oil. Has thicker and oilier consistency.

Aerosol – ex of air freshener Piling larang

Soap – clean by forming micelle
TALUMPATI – binibigkas sa madla.
Micelle – vessel that amphipathic form
- masining na paghayag.
Paksa: lahat ay nagiging bago.
Balangkas:
- panimula
- paglalahad
- pagbibigay-diin
- impresyon
Pagsulat/Pagbigkas:
- Tiyakin ang makikinig at layunin ng okasyon.
- Akma ang paraan ng pagbigkas sa madla
upang masunod ang tempo.
- Pag may paksa na, gumawa ng balangkas. Dito
matitiyak ang materyales na gagamitin.
- Maghanap ng materyales. (aklat, artikulo,
panayam, kuwento, musika, larawan)
- Sulatin ang talumpati ayon sa nabuong
balangkas.
GABAY SA PAGSULAT:
- sumulat gamit ang wikang pabigkas
- simpleng estilo
- gumamit ng iba’t ibang estratehiya at
kumbensyon sa pahayag.
- gumamit ng angkop na salitang pantrasisyon
- huwag piloting isulat ang simula at katapusan
Uri Batay sa Layunin
• Talumpating Nagbibigay-kabatiran –
mapabatid ang isang bagay. (pagbigay ng ulat,
panuto, panayam)
• Talumpating Nanghihikayat –
nagmamatuwid. (Sermon sa simbahan,
kampanya/halalan, pakikipagtalo (kongreso),
hukuman)
• Talumpating nagbibigay-galang –
pagsalubong sa bagong kaanib sa kapisanan.
• Talumpating Nagbibigay-papuri – parangal,
pagtatalaga, pamamaalam, paghahandog,
pagmungkahi.
• Talumpating Pampasigla – anibersaryo,
pagtatapos sa paaralan, pagtatalaga ng gusali.
• Talumpating Pampalibang – salosalo,
miting.
POSISYONG PAPEL – kagaya ng debate
maipakita ang katotohanan ng isyu.
Balangkas: organisado sa pagkakasunod-sunod;
pinakapayak hanggang masalimuot.
Mga Hakbang sa Pagsulat
• Pumili ng paksang malapit sa puso
• Magsagawa ng panimulang pananaliksik
hinggil sa napiling paksa
• Bumuo ng pahayag ng tesis
• Subukin ang katibayan ng posisyon
• Magpatuloy sa paghanap ng ebidensya
• Buoin ang balangkas
2 Uri ng Ebidensya sa
Pangangatwiran
• Mga Katunayan – ideyang tinatanggap na
totoo.
• Mga Opinyon – pananaw ng tao.
PORMAT
I. Panimula
II. Paglalahad ng argumentong tumututol
III. Paglalahad ng posisyon
IV. Kongklusyon
REPLEKTIBONG SANAYSAY – (Kori Morgan)
personal na paglago mula sa pangyayari
- nakabatay sa karanasan, masasalamin
ang nilalaman sa pagkatao ng sumulat.
Mga Dapat Isaaalang-alang
- Tiyak na paksa
- Isulat sa unang panauhan ng panghalip
- Patunay batay sa naobserbahan
- Pormal na salita
- Tekstong naglalahad sa pagsulat nito. Gawaing
malinaw at madaling maunawaan.
- Sundin ang tamang estuktura
- Gawaing lohikal at organisado ang
pagkakasulat ng talata.
Paksang Maaaring Gawaan
- Librong katatapos lamang basahin
- Natatanging karanasan
- Paglutas sa suliranin
- Paglalakbay sa tiyak na lugar
- Praktikum tungkol sa kurso
- Isyu sa ipinagbabawal na gamot
- Isyu sa teritoryo sa West Philippine Sea
- Pagsali sa isang pansibikong Gawain
- Katatapos na proyekto hinggil sa pananaliksik
PORMAT:
• Simula
• Katawan
• Kongklusyon
LARAWANG SANAYSAY – serye ng larawan
lumikha ng serye ng emosyon sa mambabasa.
- mas makapanghikayat at maaliw ang
mambabasa
- gumagamit ng larawang maglalahad ng
pangyayari
 - tumutukoy sa kabuuon ng pangyayari
mula sa kuwento; ayon sa tema, may pinag-
uukulan.
Iba’t Ibang Paraan ng Pagpapahayag
• Pagsasalaysay
• Paglalahad
• Paglalarawan
• Pangungumbinsi
Mga Dapat Tandaan:
• Inaayos ayon sa kronolohikal na
pagkakasunod-sunod
• Siguraduhing pamilyar sa paksa
• Kilalanin kung sino ang mambabasa
• Kailangang may kaisahan ang larawan
• Malinaw ang patutunguhan ng sanaysay
• Ang larawan ang pangunahing nagkukuwento;
ang teksto ay suporta lamang.

LAKBAY SANAYSAY – travelogue/travel essay

- uri ng latlahain layunin at maitala ang
karanasan sa paglalakbay
- Noon Carandang; sanaylakbay
(sanaysay, sanay at lakbay)

Dahilan ng Pagsulat:
• Upang maitaguyod ang isang lugar at kumite
sa pagsusulat
• Upang makalikha ng patnubay para sa
posibleng manlalakbay
• Upang makapagtala ng pansariling kasanayan
tulad ng espritwalidad, pagpapahilom
• Upang maidokumento ang kasaysayan,
kultura, at heograpiya ng lugar sa malikhaing
pamamaraan

Mga Dapat Tandaan:

• Magkaroon ng kaisipang manlalakbay sa halip
na isang turista
• Sumulat sa unang panaunahang punte de-vista
• Magtala ng mahahalagang detalye at kumuha
ng larawan para sa dokumentasyon
• Ilahad ang mga realisasyon
• Gamitin ang kasanayan sa pagsulat ng
sanaysay
Statistics and
probability
• Estimate – value/range of values approx.
parameter.
• Estimation – process of determining
parameter values.
• Point Estimate – single value estimate for
population parameter.
• Sample Mean (x) – most unbiased point
estimate.
• Interval Estimate – interval/range of values
used to estimate population parameter.
• Level of Confidernce – prob. That interval
estimate contains pop. Parameter. RELATIONSHIP IN TERMS OF
• Sampling Error – diff. between point estimate STRENGTH
and actual pop. Parameter value • Perfect – all points in straight line
• Margin of Error (max. error) – (E) greatest
• Regression Analysis – two variables
possible distance between point estimate and
correlated, predict value of
value of parameter it is estimating.
dependent/independent if we know value of
• Proportion – probability of success in single
independent.
trial of binomial experiment
• Trend Line – determine regression line
• Regression Line – used in prediction; aka line
• Hypothesis – true/false
predictor
• Hypothesis Testing – process evaluating
claims

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
• Null – no difference
• Alternative – difference
DECISIONS
• Accept (Failed to reject)
• Reject
TYPES OF ERROR
• Type I – reject even if true
• Type II – accept even if false

TYPES OF TEST
• Directional – one-tailed; alpha; < >
• Non-Directional – two-tailed; beta; ≠
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
- margin of error
- power of test – (1 – b)
- .05 – significant/not - 01 – highly significant
CRITICAL REGION
- set of all values of test stats
- acceptance region – (1-a) - rejection region – a
STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TETSING
• State Ho and Ha
• Specify level of significance
•
•
Determine test stats
Establish critical region Practical
• Computation of test stats
• Decision Research
• Conclusion
METHODS
• Bivariate Data – two variables • Direct Observation – researcher study people
• Correlation Analysis – stats method without interfering. unknown to under study,
determine relationship between two variables conducted in public setting.
• Scatter Plot – graphical representation ex: observe strangers interact with public
RELATIONSHIP IN TERMS OF • Open-ended Survey – allow for generation
DIRECTION and analysis of qualitative; used to investigate,
• Positive – high-high/low-low not just which political candidates, but why they
• Negative – high-low/low-high chose them using own words.
• Zero – high-high/low • Focus Group – small group of participants (5-
15) social scientist use them in studies examine
event. Common within market research
• In-depth – one-on-one setting. Predetermined
list of questions. Doesn’t have formal guide.
• Oral History – historical account
• Participant Observation – researcher
participates in action to gain experience
• Ethnographic observation – most intensive.
Originate in anthropology. Researcher immerse
into setting and lives of participants.
• Content Analysis – used by sociologist to
analyze social life by words and images.
RESEARCH ETHICS
• Animal Care – proper respect/care for animals
• Carefulness – avoid errors/negligence;
examine work; keep record of activities
• Competence – maintain/improve professional
expertise thru lifelong education; promote
science as whole
• Confidentiality – protect confidential
communication
• Honesty – don’t fabricate.
• Human Subject Protections – minimize
harm, maximize benefits; respect human dignity;
distribute benefits.
• Integrity – act with sincerity; keep promise,
consistent
• Legality – know and obey laws
• Non-Discrimination – avoid discrimination
• Objectivity – avoid bias.
• Openness – share data; open to criticism
• Respect for Colleagues – treat them fair
• Respect for Intellectual Property – honor
patents; don’t use unpublished data without
permission; give proper acknowledgment; never
plagiarize
• Responsible Mentoring – help to educate;
promote welfare and allow to make own decision
• Responsible Publication – publish to
advance research not career; avoid
wasteful/duplicate publication
• Social Responsibility – promote social good;
prevent social harm
DATA ANALYSIS
• QDA – examine data to derive explanation for
specific phenomenon.
- understand objective by revealing
pattern/theme
CODING
- organized into segments and make meaning
out of it.
- assign word, phrase, number, symbol to each
- Creswell, JW (2009) – involves text
data/pictures gathered, segment into category,
label with a term.
• Pre-set – code created in advance based on
question, learning outcome, framework
• Emergent – idea/concept come up from
analyzing data not in the pre-set
CODING CONCEPTS
• Descriptive – summarize primary topic
• In vivo – using participants’ own language
• Process – word/phrase captures action
• Pattern – pattern in data
> Similarity – same way
> Difference – dif way
> Frequency – often/seldom
> Sequence – certain order
> Correspondence - relation
> Causation – one cause another
• Simulataneous – multiple codes to same text
• Emotion
Creating Categories
- Coding, will serve as system to organize data.
- when coded, gathered into families of
codes/categories
- materials; identifying similar phrases,
patterns and relationship
- look for interrelationship among categories
- materials are examined to make meaningful
patterns
- identified pattern used to create theme
> no fixed rule on how many code
- if you have 100-120, merge it.
- all materials must be coded to start the
abstractation of themes from it
• 1st Data Layout
- writing down
- transcribing
• 2nd Pre-coding
- circling - bolding
- highlighting - underlining
quotes
• 3rd Preliminary Jottings
- initial comments - observation
- memos
• APA – author/date based style.
• MLA – arts/humanities, USA
• HARVARD – similar to APA. Most used
referencing style in UK/Australia
• CHICAGO AND TURBIAN – two separate style
but smilar. Used in history/economics
 • Sepak Takraw – over the net
SAMPLE OF CITATION • Softball – good vb player, sports can also play
• Books • Magazine Article
• Websites • Journal Article MATCHING TYPE
• E-books • Encyclopedia • volleyball – net • footsal – kick
• Youtube video • baseball – ball • sepak - ratan
• softball -catching • soccer - ballpost
• volleyball – digging • basketball –
shoot/ring
• baseball – batting

PHYSical
RWS
education CLAIMS
• CLAIMS OF FACT
• James Naismith – creator of basketball • CLAIMS OF VALUES
• Dribbling – continuous tapping • CLAIMS OF POLICY
• 15m x 28m – standard size bb
• William Morgan – creator of volleyball
• Mintonette – former name of vb STATEMENTS
• 9m x 18m – standard size vb ASSERTION – statement use for declaration
• Soccer – ball keeper, similar to footsal • STATEMENT OF FACT
• Field – footsal (indoor) • STATEMENT OF CONVENTION
• Flexibility – least fitness component in • STATEMENT OF OPINION
football • STATEMENT OF PREFERENCE
• Swimming – water polo
-Hypertext / Intertext

-Book review

-Professional writing

ACADEMIC WRITING – style of expression

define intellectual boundaries
- Purpose: to inform
FEATURES:
• Complexity – written more complex – spoken
- written lngg has long words, more dense
- written text shorter; language more
grammatical complex, includes subordinate
clause and passive
- noun-based than verb-based phrase
• Formality - formal
• Precision – focus/figure precise
• Objectivity – general than personal
- few words refer to writer/reader
- emphasis is info you want to give and
argument you want to make
- use nouns rather than verbs
• Accuracy – vocab is accurate
- words with narrow language
- distinguish phoenetics and phoenemics
• Responsibility – provide evidence/justification

- demonstrate source you use

• Organization – well-organized; flows easily in
logical fashion
- good place to start genre
- once genre is decided, structure is easy
to determined.
• Planning – well-planned; after research and
evaluation acc to purpose/plan
• Voice – sound created by writer and
perspective from which piece is written.
- created thru tone/point of view

-Parts of letter