Ge Protection Slide PDF

Universal Relay Family
Protection Overview
Contents...
Configurable Sources
FlexLogic™ and Distributed FlexLogic™
L90 – Line Differential Relay
D60 – Line Distance Relay
T60 – Transformer Management Relay
B30 – Bus Differential Relay
F60 – Feeder Management Relay
Power Management The Universal Relay

Configurable Sources
Concept of ‘Sources’
• Configure multiple three phase current and

voltage inputs from different points on the
power system into Sources
• Sources are then inputs to Metering and
Protection elements
Source
Metering Protection
Σ I
A W 51P
V I
Universal Relay

Sources: Typical Applications
• Breaker-and-a-half schemes
• Multi-winding (multi-restraint)
Transformers
• Busbars
• Multiple Feeder applications
• Multiple Meter
• Synchrocheck

Sources Example 1: Breaker-and-a-Half Scheme
50BF
50BF
VT1
CT1 CT2
50P
87T Transformer
CT3

Sources Example 1: Traditional Relay Application
50BF 50BF
VT1
CT1 CT2
50P
50BF W 50BF
RELAY RELAY
87T Transformer
External
Summation
VOLT AMPS
50P
W CT3
87T AMPS
Transformer Differential
Relay

Sources Example 1: Inputs into the Universal Relay
CT2 VT1
CT3 CT1

Sources Example 1: Universal Relay solution using Sources
ΣII Source #1
CT1 50BF
Physical 3-phase I
V V
I &V Inputs
VT1
ΣI I Source #2
Configure Sources CT2
50BF
CT1 (done via settings) I
V V
CT1
CT2 CT2 ΣI I Source #3
50P W
VT1
CT3 V I
87T
ΣI I
Source #4
CT3
I
V V
Universal Relay

Sources Example 2: Breaker-and-a-Half Scheme with 3-Winding Transformer
50BF 50BF
VT1
CT1 CT2
50P
87T T1
CT3
CT4

CT4 CT2 VT1
CT3 CT1

ΣI I Source #1
CT1 50BF
Physical 3-phase I V
V
I &V Inputs
VT1
ΣI I Source #2
CT2
50BF
CT1 I V
V
Configure Sources
(done via settings) CT1
CT2 CT2 ΣI I
Source #3
50P W
CT3
VT1 V I
87T
CT4 ΣI I Source #4
CT3
I V
V
ΣI I
CT4 Source #5
I V
V
Universal Relay
Sources
Multiple
Example 3: Busbar
Feeder with 5 feeders
+ Busbar
W 51 27P
VT1
50/ 50/ 50/ 50/ 50/

51 51 51 51 51
W W W W W
81 81 81 81 81
CT1 CT2 CT3 CT4 CT5

CT4 CT2 VT1
CT5 CT3 CT1

CT1
ΣI I Source #1
50/51 81 W
VT1 I V
V
Physical 3-phase
I &V Inputs
ΣI I Source #2
VT1 CT2
50/51 81 W
VT1 I V
V
CT1
Configure Sources
(done via settings)
ΣI I Source #3
CT3 50/51 81 W
CT2 VT1 V I
ΣI I Source #4
CT3 CT4 50/51 81 W
VT1 I V
V
CT4
ΣI I Source #5
CT5 50/51 81 W
CT5 VT1 I V
V
ΣI I Source #6
Universal 51 27P W
CT1..CT5
Relay VT1 I V
V

FlexLogicTM
&
Distributed FlexLogicTM
Universal Relay: Functional Architecture
A/D Metering
Metering
Analog
Analog A/D Computed
Computed
Inputs
Inputs Parameters
Parameters Protection
Protection &
& Control
Control
DSP
DSP Elements
Elements
Digital
Digital Programmable
Programmable
Inputs
Inputs Logic Virtual
Virtual
Logic
Outputs
Outputs Digital
Digital
(FlexLogic™)
(FlexLogic™) Outputs
Outputs
Virtual
Virtual
Inputs
Inputs Remote Remote
Remote Remote
Inputs
Inputs Outputs
Outputs Hardware
Software
Ethernet
Ethernet (Fiber)
(Fiber)
Ethernet LAN (Dual Redundant Fiber)

Distributed FlexLogic Example 1: 2 out of 3 Trip Logic Voting Scheme
Local: Trip LOCAL RELAY

Remote Input: Trip Relay 2 AND
ENABLE Digital
Output
Local: Trip
Remote Input: Trip Relay 3 AND OR 0ms
0ms
ENABLE
Remote
Output
Remote Input: Trip Relay 2
Remote Input: Trip Relay 3 AND
ENABLE
Substation LAN
RELAY 2 Local RELAY 3

RELAY
Distributed FlexLogic Example 1: Implementation of 2 out of 3 Voting Scheme

Distributed FlexLogic Example 2: Transformer Overcurrent Acceleration
TIME
Animation
UR-T60
Transformer IED
Transformer
TOC Curve
Coordination
Time Accelerated
Transformer
TOC Curve
Feeder TOC Curve
UR-F60 UR-F60 UR-F60

Current Pick-Up Level Feeder IED Feeder IED Feeder IED
Substation LAN: 10/100 Mbps Ethernet

(Dual Redundant Fiber)
Transformer IED:
IF Phase or Ground TOC pickup THEN send GOOSE message to ALL Feeder IEDs.
Feeder IEDs:
Send “No Fault” GOOSE if no TOC pickup ELSE Send “Fault” GOOSE if TOC pickup.
Transformer IED:
If “No Fault” GOOSE from any Feeder IED then switch to accelerated TOC curve.

FlexLogic: Benefits
• FlexLogic™
– Tailor your scheme logic to suit the application
– Avoid custom software modifications
• Distributed FlexLogic™
– Across the substation LAN (at 10/100Mpbs)
allows high-speed adaptive protection and
coordination
– Across a power system WAN (at 155Mpbs
using SONET system) allows high-speed
control and automation

L90
Line Differential Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay : Features
• Protection:
– Line current differential (87L)
– Trip logic
– Phase/Neutral/Ground TOCs
– Phase/Neutral/Ground IOCs
– Negative sequence TOC
– Negative sequence IOC
– Phase directional OCs
– Neutral directional OC
– Phase under- and overvoltage
– Distance back-up
L90 Current Differential Relay : Features
• Control:
– Breaker Failure (phase/neutral amps)
– Synchrocheck & Autoreclosure
– Direct messaging (8 extra inter-relay DTT bits
exchanged)
• Metering:
– Fault Locator
– Oscillography
– Event Recorder
– Data Logger
– Phasors / true RMS / active, reactive and
apparent power, power factor
L90 Current Differential Relay: Overview
Direct point-to-point Fiber

(up to 70Km)
(64Kbps)
- G.703 - G.703
- RS422 OR - RS422
Via SONET system telecom multiplexer
(GE’s FSC)
(155Mbps)
FSC FSC
(SONET) (SONET)

L90 Current Differential Relay: Line Current Differential
• Improved operation of the line current

differential (87L) element:
– dynamic restraint increasing security without
jeopardizing sensitivity
– line charge current compensation to increase
sensitivity
– self-synchronization

L90 Current Differential Relay: Traditional Restraint Method
Operate Current K2
K1
Restraint Current
– Traditional method is STATIC

– Compromise between Sensitivity and Security
L90 Current Differential Relay: Dynamic Restraint
• Dynamic restraint uses an estimate of a

measurement error to dynamically increase
the restraint
• On-line estimation of an error is possible
owing to digital measuring techniques
• In digital relaying to measure means to
calculate or to estimate a given signal
feature such as magnitude from the raw
samples of the signal waveform

L90 Current Differential Relay: Digital Phasor Measurement
• The L90 measures the current phasors

(magnitude and phase angle) as follows:
– digital pre-filtering is applied to remove the
decaying dc component and a great deal of high
frequency distortions
– the line charging current is estimated and used
to compensate the differential signal
– full-cycle Fourier algorithm is used to estimate
the magnitude and phase angle of the
fundamental frequency (50 or 60Hz) signal

Sliding
SlidingData
DataWindow
Window
window present
present
time
time
time time
waveform
waveform magnitude
magnitude
Sliding
SlidingData
DataWindow
Window
window
window
window
window
window
window
window
window
time time
waveform
waveform magnitude
magnitude
L90 Current Differential Relay: Goodness of Fit
• A sum of squared differences between the

actual waveform and an ideal sinusoid over
last window is a measure of a “goodness of
fit” (a measurement error)
window
time
L90 Current Differential Relay: Phasor Goodness of Fit
• The goodness of fit is an accuracy index for

the digital measurement
• The goodness of fit reflects inaccuracy due to:
– transients
– CT saturation
– inrush currents and other signal distortions
• The goodness of fit is used by the L90 to alter
the traditional restraint signal (dynamic
restraint)

L90 Current Differential Relay: Operate-Restraint Regions
IILOC ––local
localcurrent
current
LOC
IIREM ––remote
remoteend
endcurrent
current
REM
Imaginary (I LOC/I REM)
OPERATE
OPERATE
RESTRAINT Real (I LOC/I REM)
OPERATE
OPERATE

L90 Current Differential Relay: Dynamic Restraint
Dynamic restraint signal =

Traditional restraint signal + Error factor
Imaginary (I LOC/I REM)
OPERATE
Error factor is high
Real (I LOC/I REM)

REST.
Error factor is low

L90 Current Differential Relay: Charge Current Compensation
• The L90 calculates the instantaneous values

of the line charging current using the
instantaneous values of the terminal voltage
and shunt parameters of the line
• The calculated charging current is
subtracted from the actually measured
terminal current
• The compensation reduces the spurious
differential current and allows for more
sensitive settings

L90 Current Differential Relay: Charge Current Compensation
• The compensating algorithm:

– is accurate over wide range of frequencies
– works with shunt reactors installed on the line
– works in steady state and during transients
– works with both wye- and delta-connected VTs
(for delta VTs the accuracy of compensation is
limited)

L90 Current Differential Relay: Effect of Compensation
Local and remote voltages
Voltage,
Voltage,VV
200
200
150
150
100
100
50
50
0
0
-50
-50
-100
-100
-150
-150
-200
-200 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
time,
time,sec
sec

Traditional and compensated differential

currents (waveforms)
Current,
Current,AA
0.3
0.3
0.25
0.25
0.2
0.2
0.15
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.05
0
0
-0.05
-0.05
-0.1
-0.1
-0.15
-0.15
-0.2
-0.2 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
time,
time,sec
sec

Traditional and compensated differential

currents (magnitudes)
Current,
Current,AA
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0
0 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
time,
time,sec
sec

L90 Current Differential Relay: Self-Synchronization
RELAY 1 RELAY 2
Forward t0
travel tf
time t1 Relay
“ping-pong”
turn-around
t2 time
Return tr
travel t3
time
t3 − t0 − (t2 − t1 )
t f = tr =
2
L90 Current Differential Relay: Ping-Pong (example)
Relay 1 Relay 2
Send start bi t 0 Ini ti al cl ocks mi sm atch=1.4m s or 30°
Store T1i-3=0
Communication path Send start bi t
0 Store T2i-3=0
8.33 ms
Capture T2i-2=2.3
5.1 2.3
Capture T1i -2=5.1
8.33 ms
Send T1i-2=5.1 8.33
8.33 Send T2i-2=2.3
8.33 ms Store T1i-2=5.1

13.43
10.53
Store T2i-2=2.3
8.33 ms
Send T1i-1=16.66 16.66
16.66 Send T2i-1=16.66

8.33 ms
Store T1i-1=8.33
21.76 Capture T2i=18.96
Store T2i-1=8.33 18.96
Capture T1i=21.76
T2i-3=0 a2=5.1-0=5.1
T1i-2=5.1 b2=18.96-16.66=2.3
T1i-3=0 a1=2.3-0=2.3 T1i-1=16.66 θ2=(5.1-2.3)/2=
T2i-2=2.3 b1=21.76-16.66=5.1 T2i=18.96 = +1.4ms (behind)
T2i-1=16.66 θ1=(2.3-5.1)/2=
T1i=21.76 = -1.4ms (ahead)
Speed up
Slow down
30°
0°
t1 t2

L90 Current Differential Relay: Ping-Pong (example cnt.)
Relay 1 Relay 2
33.32
Store T1i-3=33.32
33.32
Store T2i-3=33.32
8.52 ms
Capture T2i-2=35.62
38.28
35.62
Capture T1i -2=38.28
8.14 ms
41.55
Send T1i-2=38.28 41.55
Send T2i-2=35.62
8.52 ms
Store T1i-2=38.28
Store T2i-2=35.62
8.14 ms
Send T1i-1=50.00 50.00 49.93

Send T2i-1=49.93
8.52 ms 53.16
54.03
Store T1i-1=50.00
Store T2i-1=49.93 Capture T2i=53.16
Capture T1i=54.03
8.14 ms
T2i-3=33.32 a2=38.28-33.32=4.96
T1i-3=33.32 a1=35.62-33.32=2.3 T1i-2=38.28 b2=53.16-50.00=3.16
T2i-2=35.62 b1=54.03-49.93=4.1 T1i-1=50.00 θ2=(4.96-3.16)/2=
T2i-1=49.93 θ1=(2.3-4.1)/2= T2i=53.16 = +0.9ms (behind)
T1i=54.03 = -0.9ms (ahead)
Speed up
Slow down
0°
19.5°
30°
t1 t2

L90 Current Differential Relay: Digital “Flywheel”
ω ω
“Virtual Shaft”
clock 1 clock 2
• If communications is lost,
lost sample clocks
continue to “free wheel”
• Long term accuracy is only a function of the
base crystal stability

L90 Current Differential Relay: Peer-to-Peer Operation
– Each relay has sufficient information to make

an independent decision
– Communication redundancy
L90-1 L90-2
L90-3

L90 Current Differential Relay: Master-Slave Operation
– At least one relay has sufficient information to
make an independent decision
– The deciding relay(s) sends a transfer-trip
command to all other relays
L90-1 L90-2
L90-3 Data (currents)

Transfer Trip
L90 Current Differential Relay: Benefits
• Increased Sensitivity without sacrificing

Security:
– Fast operation (1÷1.5 cycles)
– Lower restraint settings / higher sensitivity
– Charging current compensation
– Dynamic restraint ensures security during CT
saturation or transient conditions
– Reduced CT requirements
– Direct messaging
– Increased redundancy due to master-master
configuration
L90 Current Differential Relay: Benefits
• Self-Synchronization:
– No external synchronizing signal required
– Two or three terminal applications
– Communication path delay adjustment
– Redundancy for loss of communications
• Benefits of the UR platform (back-up
protection, autoreclosure, breaker failure,
metering and oscillography, event recorder,
data logger, FlexLogicTM, fast peer-to-peer
communications)
D60
Line Distance Relay
D60 Line Distance Relay: Features
• Protection:
– Four zones of distance protection
– Pilot schemes
– Negative sequence TOC
– Negative sequence IOC
– Phase directional OCs
– Neutral directional OC
– Negative sequence directional OC

• Protection (continued):
– Power swing blocking
– Out of step tripping
• Control:
– Breaker Failure (phase/neutral amps)
– Synchrocheck
– Autoreclosure

• Metering:
– Fault Locator
– Oscillography
– Event Recorder
– Data Logger

D60 Line Distance Relay: Stepped Distance
• Four zones of stepped distance:

– individual per-zone per-element characteristic:
• dynamic memory-polarized mho
• quadrilateral
– individual per-zone per-element current
supervision
– multi-input phase comparator:
• additional ground directional supervision
• dynamic reactance supervision
– all 4 zones reversible
– excellent transient overreach control
D60 Line Distance Relay: Zone 1 and CVT transients
• Capacitive Voltage Transformers (CVTs)

create certain problems for fast distance
relays in conjunction with high Source
Impedance Ratios (SIRs):
– the CVT induced transient voltage components
may assume large magnitudes (up to about 30-
40%) and last for a comparatively long time (up
to about 2 cycles)
– the 60Hz voltage for faults at the relay reach
point may be as low as 3% for a SIR of 30
– the signal is buried under the noise
Sample
SampleCVT CVToutput
outputvoltages
voltages
1
(the
(theprimary
primary voltage
voltagedrops
drops
0.8 totozero)
zero)
0.6
0.4 "High-C CVT" (CVT-1)
0.2
"Extra-High-C CVT" (CVT-2)
Voltage [pu]
-0.2
-0.4 0.3
NOISE COMPONENT 2
-0.6 0.25
-0.8 0.2
-1
0.15
0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 NOISE COMPONENT 1
time [sec] 0.1
60Hz SIGNAL
0.05
-0.05
Illustration
Illustrationof
ofthe
the -0.1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
signal-to-noise
signal-to-noiseratio
ratio
• CVTs cause distance relays to overreach

• Generally, transient overreach may be
caused by:
– overestimation of the current (the magnitude of
the current as measured is larger than its actual
value, and consequently, the fault appears
closer than it is actually located),
– underestimation of the voltage (the magnitude
of the voltage as measured is lower than its
actual value)
– combination of the above
x 10 5
5 x 10
5
Estimated
Estimatedvoltage
voltagemagnitude
magnitude
5
4
4
does not(a)
doesnot seem
seemtotobe
(a) beunderestimated
underestimated
3
3 estimated
estimated
2 amplitude
2 amplitude
1
1
0
0
-1 voltage
-1 voltage
-2
-2
waveform
waveform
4
x 10 4
x 10
2.2%
2.2%of
ofthe
thenominal
nominal==
-3
-3
4
4 70%
70%of
ofthe
theactual
actual value
value
-4 3
-4 3
-5
-5
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 2
0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.142 0.16 0.18 0.2
1
1
0
0
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
-4
-40.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13
0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13
1515
3434
4242
4444 Actual
ActualFault
Fault
Location
Location
1010
dynamic
dynamicmhomho
zone
zoneextended
extended Line
Line
[ohm]
for
forhigh
highSIRs
Reactance[ohm]
3030 SIRs Impedance

Impedance
55
Reactance
1818
Trajectory
Trajectory
2222 (msec)
(msec)
00
2626
Impedance
Impedancelocuslocusmay
may pass
pass
-5-5
-10
-10 -5-5 00 below
below
55 the
theorigin
origin
1010 of
ofthe
theZ-plane
Z-plane--
Resistance
Resistance[ohm]
[ohm] this
thiswould
wouldcall
callfor
foraatime
timedelay
delay
totoobtain
obtainstability
stability
• Transient overreach due to CVTs -

solutions:
– apply delay (fixed or adaptable)
– reduce the reach
– adaptive techniques and better filtering
algorithms

Actual
Actual maximum
maximumreach
reachcurves
curves
100
D60
100
9090
8080 Relay D
7070
[%]
6060
Rach[%]
MaximumRach
5050
Maximum
4040
Relay S
3030
2020
Relay A
1010
00
00 55 1010 1515 2020 2525 3030
SIR
SIR

• D60 Solution:
– Optimal signal filtering
• currents - max 3% error due to the dc component
• voltages - max 0.6% error due to CVT transients
– Adaptive double-reach approach
• the filtering alone ensures maximum transient
overreach at the level of 1% (for SIRs up to 5) and
20% (for SIRs up to 30)
• to reduce the transient overreach even further an
adaptive double-reach zone 1 has been implemented

• The outer zone 1:

– is fixed at the actual reach
– applies certain security delay to cope with CVT
transients
X
• The inner zone 1: Delayed

Trip
– has its reach
dynamically
controlled by the
voltage magnitude Instantaneous
Trip
– is instantaneous
R

No Trip
Set reach
Delayed
Trip
Instantaneous
Trip

zone11reach, pu
reach,pu 1
1
0.95
0.95
innerzone
0.9
0.9
theinner
0.85
forthe
0.85
Multiplierfor
0.8
Multiplier
0.8
0.75
0.750 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Element’s
Element’sVoltage,
Voltage,pu
pu

• Performance:
– excellent transient overreach control (5% up to
a SIR of 30)
– no unnecessary decrease in speed

D60 Line Distance Relay: Zone 1 Speed
Phase
PhaseElement
Element
30
30
25
25
[ms]
Time[ms]
20
20
SIR
SIR==0.1
0.1
OperatingTime
SIR = 1
SIR = 1
15 SIR
15 SIR==10
10
Operating
SIR = 20
SIR = 20
SIR
SIR==30
30
10
10
55
00
0%0% 10%
10% 20%
20% 30%
30% 40%
40% 50%
50% 60%
60% 70%
70% 80%
80%
Fault
FaultLocation
Location[%]
[%]

D60 Line Distance Relay: Zone 1 Speed
Ground
GroundElement
Element
35
35
30
30
25
25
[ms]
Time[ms]
SIR
SIR==0.1
0.1
20
OperatingTime
20 SIR = 1
SIR = 1
SIR
SIR==10
10
Operating
15 SIR = 20
SIR = 20
15 SIR
SIR==30
30
10
10
55
00
0%0% 10%
10% 20%
20% 30%
30% 40%
40% 50%
50% 60%
60% 70%
70% 80%
80%
Fault
FaultLocation
Location[%]
[%]

D60 Line Distance Relay: Pilot Schemes
• Pilot Schemes available:

– Direct Underreaching Transfer Trip (DUTT)
– Permissive Underreaching Transfer Trip (PUTT)
– Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip (POTT)
– Hybrid Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip
(HYB POTT)
– Blocking Scheme

D60 Line Distance Relay: Pilot Schemes
• Pilot Schemes - Features:

– integrated functions :
• weak infeed
• echo
• line pick-up
– basic protection elements used to key the
communication:
• distance elements
• fast and sensitive ground (zero- and negative
sequence) directional IOCs with
current/voltage/dual polarization

D60 Line Distance Relay: Benefits
• Excellent CVT transient overreach control

(without unnecessary decrease in speed)
• Fast, sensitive and accurate ground
directional OCs
• Common pilot schemes
protection, autoreclosure, breaker failure,
metering and oscillography, event recorder,
data logger, FlexLogicTM, fast peer-to-peer
communications)
T60
Transformer Management Relay
T60 Transformer Management Relay: Features
• Protection:
– Restrained differential
– Instantaneous differential overcurrent
– Restricted ground fault
– Underfrequency

T60 Transformer Management Relay: Features
• Metering:
– Oscillography
– Event Recorder
– Data Logger

T60 Transformer Management Relay: Restrained differential
• Internal ratio and phase compensation

• Dual-slope dual-breakpoint operating
characteristic
• Improved dynamic second harmonic
restraint for magnetizing inrush conditions
• Fifth harmonic restraint for overexcitation
conditions
• Up to six windings supported

T60 Transformer Management Relay: Differential Signal
• Removal of the zero sequence component

from the differential signal:
– optional for delta-connected windings
– enables the T60 to cope with in-zone grounding
transformers and in-zone cables with significant
zero-sequence charging currents
• Removal of the decaying dc component
• Full-cycle Fourier algorithm for measuring
both the differential current phasor and the
second and fifth harmonics

T60 Transformer Management Relay: Restraining Signal
• Removal of the decaying dc component

• Full-cycle Fourier algorithm for measuring
the magnitude
• “Maximum of” principle used for deriving
the restraining signal from the terminal
currents:
– the magnitude of the current flowing through a
CT that is more likely to saturate is used

T60 Transformer Management Relay: Operating Characteristic
• Two slopes used to cope with:

– small errors during linear operation of the CTs
(K1) and
– large CT errors (saturation) for high through
currents (K2)
differential
K2
K1
A
B1 B2 restraining

T60 Transformer Management Relay: Operating Characteristic
• Two breakpoints used to specify:

– the safe limit of linear CT operation (B1) and
– the minimum current level that may cause large
spurious differential signals due to CT
saturation (B2)
differential
K2
K1
A
B1 B2 restraining

T60 Transformer Management Relay: Magnetizing Inrush
i [A]
1500
Sample magnetizing
Sample(a)
magnetizing
inrush
inrushcurrent
current
1000
500
-400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Time (cycles)
I 2 / I1 (b)
1
Second
Secondharmonic
harmonic
0.8
ratio
ratio
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (cycles)

T60 Transformer Management Relay: Magnetizing Inrush
• New second harmonic restraint:

– uses both the magnitude and phase relation
between the second harmonic and the
fundamental frequency (60Hz) component
• Implementation issues:
– the second harmonic rotates twice as fast as the
fundamental component (60Hz)
– consequently the phase difference between the
second harmonic and the fundamental
component changes in time...

T60 Transformer Management Relay: New Inrush Restraint
Fundamental
phasor
2nd harmonic
phasor
Solution:
Solution:
I2 I2
I 21 = = arg (I 2 ) − 2 ⋅ arg (I 1 )
I 1 ⋅ e jωt I1
3D View
Inrush
InrushPattern
Pattern

3D View
Internal
InternalFault
FaultPattern
Pattern

• Basic Operation:
– if the second harmonic drops magnitude-wise
below 20%, the phase angle of the complex
second harmonic ratio is close to either +90 or
-90 degrees during inrush conditions
– the phase angle may not display the 90-degree
pattern if the second harmonic ratio is above
some 20%
– if the second harmonic ratio is above 20% the
restraint is in effect, if it is below - the restraint
and its duration depend on the phase angle

New
Newrestraint
restraint 90
0.4
120 60
characteristic
characteristic 0.3
150 30
0.2
0.1
90
0.4
120 60
180 OPERATE 00 0
0.3
150 30
0.2
210 330
0.1
180 0 0
240 300
270
210 330
The
Thecharacteristic
characteristicisis
dynamic
dynamic 240 300
270


Effective
Effectiverestraint
restraintcharacteristic:
characteristic:
time
time(cycles)
(cycles)the
therestraint
restraintisiskept
kept
0.25
0.25 vs.
vs.complex
complexsecond
secondharmonic
harmonicratioratio
0.2
0.2 55
33 33
0.15 44
4.1
22
0.15 55004.1 22
00.1.1
545
4
11
0.1
0.1 11
11
22 3 0.1
33 0.0. 11
0.05 3322
0.05
3 0.1
00.1
.1
1211215544
00 .11
00.
-0.05 11
-0.05
55
44
-0.1 22
-0.1
33 33 0.0 13 22
-0.15 .1.1
02 1.1 13
-0.15 052
11
544 454
-0.2 5
-0.2
-0.25
-0.25
-0.2
-0.2 -0.1
-0.1 00 0.1
0.1 0.2
0.2 0.3
0.3

Effective
Effectiverestraint
restraintcharacteristic:
characteristic:
time
timefor
forwhich
whichthe
therestraint
restraintisiskept
kept
vs.
vs.complex
complexsecond
secondharmonic
harmonicratioratio
3D View

T60 Transformer Management Relay: Benefits
• Up to six windings supported

• Improved transformer auto-configuration
• Improved dual-slope differential
characteristic
• Improved second harmonic restraint
protection,metering and oscillography,
event recorder, data logger, FlexLogicTM,
fast peer-to-peer communications)

B30
Bus Differential Relay
B30 Bus Differential Relay: Features
• Configuration:
– up to 5 feeders with bus voltage
– up to 6 feeders without bus voltage

• Protection:
– Biased differential protection
• CT saturation immunity
• typical trip time < 15 msec
• dynamic 1-out-of-2 or 2-out-of-2 operation
– Unbiased differential protection
– CT trouble

• Metering:
– Oscillography
– Event Recorder
– Data Logger
– Phasors / true RMS
– active, reactive and apparent power, power
factor (if voltage available)

B30 Bus Differential Relay: CT saturation problem
• During an external fault

– the fault current may be supplied by a number
of sources
– the CTs on the faulted circuit may saturate
– Saturation of the CTs creates a current
unbalance and violates the differential principle
– The conventional restraining current may not be
sufficient to prevent maloperation
• CT saturation detection and other operating
principles enhance the through-fault
stability
B30 Bus Differential Relay: DIF-RES trajectory
DIF – differential
RES – restraining
differential
K2 External
fault: ideal
CTs
K1
A
B1 B 2 restraining

differential
K2 External
fault: ratio
mismatch
K1
A
B1 B 2 restraining

differential
K2 External
fault: CT
saturation
K1
A
B1 B 2 restraining

differential
K2 Internal
fault: high
current
K1
A
B1 B 2 restraining

differential
K2 Internal
fault: low
current
K1
A
B1 B 2 restraining

differential
K2 External
fault:
extreme CT
K1 saturation
A
B1 B 2 restraining

B30 Bus Differential Relay: Operating principles
• Combination of
– Low-impedance biased differential
– Directional (phase comparison)
• Adaptively switched between
– 1-out-of-2 operating mode
– 2-out-of-2 operating mode
• by
– Saturation Detector

B30 Bus Differential Relay: Two operating zones
• low currents
• saturation possible
differential
due to dc offset
• saturation very K2
difficult to detect
DIF1
• more security K1
required A
B1 B2 restraining

B30 Bus Differential Relay: Two operating zones
• large currents
• quick saturation
possible due to
DIF2
differential
large magnitude
• saturation easier K2
to detect
• security required K1
only if saturation A
B1 B2 restraining
detected

B30 Bus Differential Relay: Logic
DIF1
AND
DIR TRIP
OR
SAT OR
DIF2 AND

1-out-of-2 (DIF) if no saturation

differential
2-out-of-2 (DIF+DIR) if saturation

detected
K2
2-out-of-2
(DIF+DIR)
K1
A
B 1 B2 restraining

DIF1
AND
DIR TRIP
OR
SAT OR
DIF2 AND

B30 Bus Differential Relay: Directional principle
• Internal faults - all currents approximately

in phase

• External faults - one current approximately

out of phase

• Check all the angles

• Select the maximum current contributor and
check its position against the sum of all the
remaining currents
• Select major current contributors and check
their positions against the sum of all the
remaining currents

differential less
"contributor"
(phasor)
BLOCK
TRIP
TRIP "contributor"
BLOCK (phasor)
BLOCK

External Fault Conditions
 Ip 
imag   BLOCK
 ID − Ip 
 
BLOCK OPERATE  Ip 
ID - Ip real  
ALIM Ip  ID − I p 
 
-ALIM
BLOCK OPERATE
BLOCK

Internal Fault Conditions
 Ip 
imag   BLOCK
 ID − Ip 
 
OPERATE
BLOCK
 Ip 
ID - Ip real  
 ID − I p 
 
Ip
BLOCK OPERATE
BLOCK

DIF1
AND
DIR TRIP
OR
OR
SAT
AND
DIF2

B30 Bus Differential Relay: Saturation Detector
• differential-restraining trajectory
• dI/dt
differential
K2
K1
A
B 1 B2 restraining

Sample
Sample External
External
40
40
Fault
Fault (Feeder
(Feeder 1)
1)
Feeder 1
20
Feeder 1
20
0
0
-20
-20
-40
-40
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
40
40
Feeder 2
20
Feeder 2
20
0
0
-20
-20
-40
-40
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
40
40
Feeder 3
20
Feeder 3
20
0
0
-20
-20
-40
-40
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
40
40
Feeder 4
20
Feeder 4
20
0
0
-20
-20
-40
-40
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
40
40
Feeder 5
20
Feeder 5
20
0
0
-20
-20
-40
-40
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Time, sec
Time, sec

Analysis
Analysis of
ofthe
the DIF-
DIF-
35
35
Phase
PhaseAA(Infms)
(Infms) RES
RES trajectory
trajectory enables
enables
30
30
the
the B30
B30 to
to detect
detectCT
CT
saturation
saturation
25
25
Differential [A]
20
Differential [A]
20
15
15
16 13
16 13
17
18 15
10 19
17
18 15 14
10 19 14 12 11
121011
10
22
23
24 20
25
26
27
21
22
23
24 20 9
28
2532
31
29
26
27
21
30
33
28
32
31
29
30
33 89
78
5 7
5
6
2 3
1 4 5 6
0 2 3
1 4 5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Restraining [A]
Restraining [A]

Sample
Sample External
External
20
20
Fault
Fault (Feeder
(Feeder 4)
4) --
Feeder 1
Feeder 1
0
0
-20
-20
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
severe
0.35severe CT
0.4 CTsaturation
saturation
0.45
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
20
20
after
after1.5msec
1.5msec
Feeder 2
Feeder 2
0
0
-20
-20 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
20
20
Feeder 3
Feeder 3
0
0
-20
-20 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
20
20
Feeder 4
Feeder 4
0
0
-20
-20 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
20
20
Feeder 5
Feeder 5
0
0
-20
-20 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Time, sec
Time, sec

dI/dt
dI/dt principle
principleenables
enables
Phase
the
the B30
B30 toto detect
detectCT
CT
PhaseAA(Infms)
(Infms)
saturation
saturation
10
9
20 15 11
12
1310
911
20 15 14 1312
14
16
16
17
18 8
17
18 8
19
19
15
15
20
Differential [A]
20
Differential [A]
22 21 7
22 21 7
23
23
24 6
24 5 6
10 27
25 5
10 2627
25
26
29 28
30 28
31 29
30
3231
33 4
3233 4
5
5
3
3
2
1
0 2
1
0
0 5 10 15 20
0 5 10 15 20
Restraining [A]
Restraining [A]

NORMAL
SAT := 0
I DIF < K 1*IRES "saturation"

for 200msec condition
EXTERNAL
FAULT
SAT := 1
DIF=0
DIF=1 for 100msec
EXTERNAL
FAULT / CT SAT
SAT := 1

• Operation:
– The SAT flag WILL NOT set during internal
faults whether or not the CT saturates
– The SAT flag WILL SET during external faults
whether or not the CT saturates
– The SAT flag is NOT used to block the relay
but to switch to 2-out-of-2 operating principle

B30 Bus Differential Relay: Benefits
• Sensitive settings possible

• Very good through-fault stability
• Fast operation (less than 3/4 of a cycle)
protection,metering and oscillography,
event recorder, data logger, FlexLogicTM,
fast peer-to-peer communication)

B30 Bus Differential Relay: Extensions
66feeders
feeders
fast
66feeders
feeders communication
66feeders
feeders

F60
Feeder Management Relay
F60 Feeder Relay : Features
• Protection:
– Phase/Neutral/Ground IOC & TOC
– Phase TOC with Voltage Restraint/Supervision
– Negative sequence IOC & TOC
– Phase directional supervision
– Neutral directional overcurrent
– Negative sequence directional overcurrent
– Phase undervoltage & overvoltage
– Underfrequency
– Breaker Failure (phase/neutral supervision)

F60 Feeder Relay : Features
• Control:
– Manually Control up to Two Breakers
– Autoreclosure & Synchrocheck
– FlexLogic
• Metering:
– Fault Locator
– Oscillography
– Event Recorder
– Data Logger
apparent power, power factor, frequency
F60 Feeder Relay: Phase Directional Element
• Directional element -90 o
controls the RUN

command of the B LO CK VAG (Unfaulted ) Fault an gle
set @ 60 o Lag
overcurrent element VPol
VAG (Faulted)
(emulation of IA
ECA
set @ 30 o
“torque control”) VBC
VBC
• Memory voltage V CG V BG +90 o
polarization held for

1 second
Phasors for Phase A P olarization:
VPol = VBC *(1/_ECA) = po larizing voltage

IA = ope rating current
o
EC A = Elem ent Characteris tic A ngle @ 30

F60 Feeder Relay: Neutral Directional Element
• Single protection element providing both

forward and reverse looking IOC
• Independent settings for the forward and
reverse elements
• Voltage, current or dual polarization
• Fast and secure operation due to the energy
based comparator and positive sequence
restraint

F60 Feeder Relay: Ground Directional Elements
• Limitations of Fast Ground Directional

IOCs:
– Spurious zero- and negative-sequence voltages
and currents may appear transiently due to the
dynamics of digital measuring algorithms
– Magnitude of such spurious signals may reach
up to 25% of the positive sequence quantities
– Phase angles of such spurious signals are
random factors
– Combination of the above may cause
maloperations
Sample
Sample three-phase
three-phase
25
25
fault
faultcurrents
currents
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
-5
-5
-10
-10
-15
-15
-20
-20
-25
-250.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
time [sec]
time [sec]

Sample
Sample three-phase
three-phase
fault
faultcurrents
currents (phasors)
(phasors)
Fault phasors
10 (symmetrical)
5
Imaginary
0
Pre-fault phasors
(symmetrical)
-5
Transient phasors
(slightly asymmetrical)
-10
Transient phasors
(slightly asymmetrical)
-10 -5 0 5 10
Real

Sample
Sample three-phase
three-phase
currents
currents (symmetrical
(symmetrical
14
14
components)
components)
12
12
Positive Sequence
10
10
8
8
6
6
4
4
Zero Sequence
2
2 Negative Sequence
0
00.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
time [sec]
time [sec]

• Solutions to the problem of spurious zero

and negative sequence quantities:
– do not allow too sensitive settings
– apply delay
– new approach:
• energy based comparator
• positive sequence restraint

• Operating “power” is calculated as a

function of:
– magnitudes of the operating and polarizing
signals
– the angle between the operating and polarizing
signals in conjunction with the characteristic
and limit angles
• Restraining “power” is calculated as a
product of magnitudes of the operating and
restraining signals

• The “powers” are averaged over certain

short period of time creating the operating
and restraining “energies”
• The element operates when
Operating Energy > K ⋅ Restrainin g Energy
• Both “forward” and “reverse” operating

energies are calculated
• The factor K is lower for the reverse
looking element to ensure faster operation
50
50 Forward
Forward looking
looking
40
Restraining Energy element
30
40
30
element
20
20
10
10
0
0
-10
-10
Reverse
Reverse looking
looking
-20 Operating Energy
0.05
-20
0.05
0.1
0.1
0.15
0.15
time [sec]
time [sec]
0.2
0.2
0.25
20
0.25
element
element
20
15
15
Operating Energy
Despite
Despitespurious
spurious 10
10
negative
negativesequence
sequence 5
5
neither
neitherthe
theforward
forwardnor
nor
0
0
the
thereverse
reverselooking
looking
-5
-5
element
elementmaloperate
maloperate
-10
-10
-15
0.05
Restraining Energy
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
-15
0.05 0.1 0.15
time [sec] 0.2 0.25
time [sec]

• Positive Sequence Restraint:

– Classical Negative Sequence IOC:
I 2 > PICKUP
– Positive Sequence Restrained Negative
Sequence IOC:
I 2 − K1 ⋅ I1 > PICKUP
– K1 = 1/8 for negative sequence IOC
– K1 = 1/16 for zero sequence IOC

F60 Feeder Relay: Negative Sequence Directional Element
• Single protection element providing both

forward and reverse looking IOC
• Independent settings for the forward and reverse
elements
• Mixed operating mode available:
– Negative Sequence IOC / Negative Sequence
Directional
– Zero Sequence IOC / Negative Sequence Directional
• Energy based comparator and positive sequence
restraint

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Send T1i-2=5.1 8.33

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Send T1i-1=16.66 16.66

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