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So wait…….
What is the problem with this network???
• Impedances
• Outages
Bus Classification
1.Slack bus or Reference bus or Swing bus:
|V| and δ are specified. P and Q are unspecified, and to be
calculated.
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Power Balance Equations
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Power Flow Requires Iterative Solution
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Gauss Iteration
Example: Solve x - x 1 0
x ( v 1) 1 x ( v )
Let v = 0 and arbitrarily guess x (0) 1 and solve
v x(v) v x (v )
0 1 5 2.61185
1 2 6 2.61612
2 2.41421 7 2.61744
3 2.55538 8 2.61785
4 2.59805 9 2.61798
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Stopping Criteria
S*i n n
Vi*
YikVk YiiVi YikVk
k 1 k 1,k i
1 S*i n
Vi * YikVk
Yii V k 1,k i
i
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Gauss Two Bus Power Flow Example
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Gauss Two Bus Example, cont’d
1 S*2 n
V2 * YikVk
Y22 V2 k 1,k i
1 -1 j 0.5
V2 (5 j15)(1.00)
5 j14.70 V2 *
Guess V2(0) 1.00 (this is known as a flat start)
v V2( v ) v V2( v )
0 1.000 j 0.000 3 0.9622 j 0.0556
1 0.9671 j 0.0568 4 0.9622 j 0.0556
2 0.9624 j 0.0553
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Gauss Two Bus Example, cont’d
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Slack Bus
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Stated Another Way
15 5 10
j0.1 j0.1 Ybus j 5 15 10
Bus 3
10 10 20
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Gauss with Many Bus Systems
1 S*i n
Vi ( v 1)
(v )* YikVk (v)
Yii V
i k 1, k i
hi (V1(v ) ,V2(v ) ,..., Vn( v ) )
But after we've determined Vi( v1) we have a better
estimate of its voltage , so it makes sense to use this
new value. This approach is known as the
Gauss-Seidel iteration.
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Gauss-Seidel Iteration
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Newton-Raphson Method (scalar)
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Newton-Raphson Method, cont’d
( v 1) (v ) 1 (v ) 2
x x ( v ) (( x ) - 2)
2x
Guess x (0) 1. Iteratively solving we get
v x(v) f ( x(v ) ) x ( v )
0 1 1 0.5
1 1.5 0.25 0.08333
2 1.41667 6.953 103 2.454 103
3 1.41422 6.024 106
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Sequential Linear Approximations
At each
iteration the
N-R method
uses a linear
approximation
Function is f(x) = x2 - 2 = 0. to determine
Solutions are points where the next value
f(x) intersects f(x) = 0 axis for x
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Newton-Raphson Comments
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