Step 5 - to make the final activity

Individual work

Student name

Jorge Ivan Mendieta Muñoz

Group: 203058_9

Identification number

5826178

UNIVERSITY OPEN AND DISTANCIA UNAD

School of Basic Sciences, Technology and Engineering

Electromagnetic Theory and Waves

2019 04-16
 Introduction

This work records the development of the activities proposed for the wave theory course where
the topics of Unit 1 - Electrodynamics and waves are addressed, performing practical exercises
with mathematical bases that allow us to define the behavior of electromagnetic waves. find
the loss tangent, the classification of the medium, the propagation parameters among other
data, in unit 2 Understand the behavior of the waves in open and closed media, where we also
carry out the development of a practical exercise and find the distance, the speed of wave
propagation, Snell's law is also used to calculate the wave's trajectory. And finally the unit 3
electromagnetic waves in guided media and radiation, where we address the issue of
transmission lines that are a material structure to efficiently transport radio frequency energy
from one point to another; as from one transmission device to another, from one transmitter
to the antenna, among other applications.

Application exercises:

For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the group number
and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the first 3 digits of the identification number.

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 582 𝑀𝐻𝑧 is transmitted from the bottom of a ship to a

receiver located at 𝑝 = 3 𝐾𝑚 depth. The wave is emitted with an advance angle of 𝑎 =
(10 + 9)°. Determine the time it takes for the wave to reach the receiver.

For development, follow the following steps:

a. Calculate the tangent of losses 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿).

𝜎 1.00𝑥10−3
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜

1.00𝑥10−3 1.00𝑥10−3
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 1
2𝜋 ∗ 582 ∗ 106 ∗ 80 ∗ 36𝜋 ∗ 10−9

𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟔 ∗ 10−8
(𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1.26 ∗ 10−3
(𝜽) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐°

b. Classify the behavior of the medium.

c. Calculate the propagation parameters of the wave 𝛾, 𝛼 and 𝛽.

 1
𝜔 = 2𝜋 ∗ 582 ∗ 106 𝜇 = 4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 𝜀 = 80 ∗ ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀

1
 = 𝑗2𝜋 ∗ 582 ∗ 106 √4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 ∗ 80 ∗ ∗ 10−9
36𝜋

 = 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝒊

1
 = 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 = 𝜔√4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 ∗ 80 ∗ ∗ 10−9
36𝜋

1
 = 2𝜋 ∗ 582 ∗ 106 √4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 ∗ 80 ∗ ∗ 10−9
36𝜋

 = 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝑹𝒂𝒅/𝒎

d. Calculate the propagation speed of the 𝑉𝑝 wave.

𝜔 2𝜋 ∗ 582 ∗ 106
𝑣𝑝 = = = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟓𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝒎/𝒔
 109.025 Rad/m
e. Calculate the distance between the ship and the receiver 𝑑.

2𝜋
𝜆= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟕 𝒎
109.025

𝜆 = 0.057𝑚
𝒎
𝑉𝑝 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟓𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝒎/𝒔
𝒔
𝑎 = 19°
3𝑘𝑚
𝑑 = cos 19° =
ℎ
3𝐾𝑚
ℎ=
𝑐𝑜𝑠19°
3𝐾𝑚
ℎ=
0.94551
𝑑 = 3172.862 m

f. Based on 𝑉𝑝 and 𝑑 determine the time 𝑡 of the route.

𝑑
𝑡=
𝑣
3172.862 m
𝑡=
3.354 ∗ 107 𝑚/𝑠

𝒕 = 𝟗. 𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒔
 Figure 1: wave propagation in open media.

Image recovered from https://www.ee.co.za/article/new-economics-marine-environmental-

monitoring.html

2. From an airplane, which is 1000 𝑚 high, a communication signal 𝑓 = 582 𝑀𝐻𝑧 is emitted
to a submarine that is 1500 𝑚 deep, the angle of incidence of the signal on the sea surface
is 𝑎 = (10 + 9)°. Determine the time it takes for the signal to reach the submarine.
For development, follow the following steps:

a. Calculate the distance between the plane and the point of incidence at sea 𝑑1 .

The refractive index of ice is:

𝑛1
𝜃2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃1 )
𝑛2
We replace:
1.000294
𝜃2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑒𝑛(71°))
1.33
 𝜃2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 (0.7521 ∗ 0.945)
𝜃2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 (0.7107)
𝜽𝟐 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟐𝟗°

𝑑
𝑑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(45°) =
150000𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 150000𝑚𝑚 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(45.29°)
𝑑 = 150000𝑚𝑚 ∗ 1.0102
𝒅 = 𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 ≈ 𝟏𝟓𝟏. 𝟓

b. Calculate the velocity of propagation of the wave 𝑉𝑝1 in the air (see exercise 1).

𝐶0 3 ∗ 108
𝑉𝑝1 = =
𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 1.000294

3 ∗ 108
1.000294

𝑉𝑝1 = 299911825.9232 = 2.999 ∗ 108

c. Using Snell's Law, calculate the angle of refraction of the wave in the sea.

𝑛1
𝜃𝑟 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃1 )
𝑛2
1.000294
𝜃𝑟 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑒𝑛(19°)
1.33
𝜃𝑟 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 (0.7521 ∗ 0.325568)
 𝜃2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 (0.2448)
𝜽𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟕°

d. Calculate the distance between the point of incidence in the sea and the submarine.

𝑑2 = 150000𝑚𝑚 ∗ tan (14.17°)

𝑑2 = 150000𝑚𝑚 ∗ 0.254818

e. Calculate the propagation speed of the wave V_p2 at sea (it is 𝑉𝑝 from exercise 1).

𝐶0 3 ∗ 108
𝑉𝑝2 = =
𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑢𝑎 1.33

𝑉𝑝2 = 225563909.8

𝑉𝑝2 = 2.255 ∗ 108

f. Based on 𝑉𝑝1 and 𝑑1 determine the time 𝑡1 of the first path.

𝑑
𝑡=
𝑣

1515
𝑡=
2.999 ∗ 108

𝑡 = 5.05 ∗ 10−6

g. Based on 𝑉𝑝2 and 𝑑2 determine the time 𝑡2 of the second path.

𝑑
𝑡=
𝑣
3787.2
𝑡=
2.255 ∗ 108

𝑡 = 1.67 ∗ 10−5

h. Calculate the total time of the route 𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 .

𝑡 = 5.05 ∗ 10−6 + 1.67 ∗ 10−5

𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒔
 Figure 2: wave propagation in bounded open media.

Image recovered from https://byjus.com/physics/

characteristics-of-sound-wavesamplitude/

3. A lossless transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 𝑍0 = 50Ω, a length of 𝐿 =

1𝑚 and is excited by a signal of 𝑓 = 200 𝑀𝐻𝑧. The line is connected to an antenna with
load impedance 𝑍𝐿 = (30 + 𝑗45)Ω. Taking into account that 𝑉𝑝 = 3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠, calculate:
a. Wavelength 𝜆.

𝑉𝑝
𝜆=
𝑓

3 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠
𝜆=
2 ∗ 108 𝐻𝑧
3
𝜆= ≈ 1.5𝑚
2

𝝀 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝒎
b. Electrical length ℓ.

𝐿
ℓ=
𝝀
1
ℓ=
𝟏. 𝟓

ℓ = 0.6666

c. Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .

𝑍𝑙 + 𝑗𝑍𝑜 tan (2𝜋𝑙)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍𝑜
𝑍𝑜 + 𝑗𝑍𝑙 tan (2𝜋𝑙)

(30 + 𝑗45)Ω + 𝑗50Ωtan (2𝜋𝑙)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 50Ω
50Ω + 𝑗(30 + 𝑗45)Ωtan (2𝜋𝑙)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 86.18236 − 75.21465i

d. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0
Γ =
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0

30 + 𝑖45 − 50
Γ =
30 + 𝑖45 + 50

Γ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟒𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟐𝟗 𝒊
e. VSWR

VSWR = 1 + Γ

1 + 0.53065
VSWR =
1 − 0.53065

VSWR = 3.26121

f. Check the results c, d and e with the Smith 4.1 software.

 g. Using the Smith 4.1 software, get an input impedance that is only real.

Figure 3: Transmission line.

 Conclusions

Conclusion 1:
Electromagnetic waves can be found in light, microwaves, X-rays, television and radio
transmissions, among others, we know that they form when an electric field coincides with a
magnetic field, these waves use propagation in free space, and all they are spread in a vacuum
to a
speed of 3 * 10 ^ 8 km / s, thanks to this we can observe the light emitted by the stars.

Electromagnetic waves propagate through an oscillation of electric and magnetic fields. The
electromagnetic fields to "excite" the electrons of our retina, communicate with us outside and
allow our brain to "build" the stage of the world we are in.
The O.E.M. they are also support for telecommunications and the complex functioning of today's
world.
Electromagnetic waves have electrical and magnetic components. The electromagnetic wave
can be ordered in a spectrum that ranges from very high frequency waves (small wavelengths)
to very low frequencies (high wavelengths). Visible light is only a small part of the
electromagnetic spectrum
Conclusion 2:
The loss tangent allows us to analyze the conduction and polarization losses. which allows to
determine if a material can be a good conductor at low frequencies and at very high frequencies
have properties of a dielectric.

We can conclude that when a wave hits perpendicularly to the limit between a lossless dielectric
and a perfect conductor, a total reflection of the waves occurs under these conditions, the
reflected wave becomes a pulsating wave with the same frequency of the incident wave but
which doubles its amplitude and as a result gives two waves of equal amplitude but that
propagate in totally opposite directions.

Bibliography

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