CHUYÊN ĐỀ THÁNG 12 – NĂM HỌC 2015-2016

PARRALLEL STRUCTURE

I. Ý NGHĨA CỦA CẤU TRÚC SONG HÀNH:

- Cấu trúc song hành trong câu là những phần tương tự trong một câu phải có cùng một cấu trúc, tức là
chúng ta phải sử dụng những cấu trúc tương tự để diễn tả những ý nghĩa tương tự (cùng là danh từ,
động từ, tính từ, trạng từ, To-Vinfinitive, Ving, mệnh đề….).

- Việc sử dụng cấu trúc song hành giúp những bài viết mượt mà, dễ đọc và nhất là tránh được sự hiểu
lầm.

Eg:

- When teenagers finish high school, they have several choices: going to college, getting a job, or the
army. (Incorrect)
- When teenagers finish high school, they have several choices: going to college, getting a job, or
joining the army. (Correct)

II. NHỮNG TRƯỜNG HỢP PHẢI DÙNG CẤU TRÚC SONG HÀNH:

1. Khi trong câu có các liên từ như: and, but, or

(same and structure) (same structure)

but

or

(same structure), (same structure) (same structure)

and

but

or

Eg:

- My son says his new English teacher is modest, generosity, and sociable. ( Incorrect)
- My son says his new English teacher is modest, generous, and sociable. ( Correct)

2. Khi trong câu có chứa các cặp từ nối: both….and, not only….but also, either….or,
neither….nor
 both and

not only but also

(same structure) (same structure)
either or

neither nor

Eg:
- Helen wanted not only to graduate from colledge but also money. (Incorrect)
- Helen wanted not only to graduate from colledge but also to make more money. (Correct)

3. Trong câu so sánh sự giống và khác nhau giữa 2 đối tượng hoặc so sánh hơn:

more….than

-er….than

(same structure) less….than (same structure)

as….as

the same……as

similar……to

Eg:

-The branch office in Denver was better equipped than Houston. (Incorrect)
-The branch office in Denver was better equipped than the one in Houston. ( Correct)

* LƯU Ý:

- Khi dùng cấu trúc song hành, cần thận trọng không lược bỏ những từ cần thiết như: giới từ, đại từ liên
hệ….

Eg:
-We considered moving to a small town in the Northwest or a suburb of Denver. (Incorrect)

-We considered moving to a small town in the Northwest or to a suburb of Denver. (Correct)

- Nhưng nếu trong một chuỗi 3 cụm từ trở lên, chúng ta có thể lược bỏ giới từ hoặc mạo từ sau khi đã
đưa ra ở liệt kê thứ nhất. Nhưng nếu đã bỏ từ liệt kê thứ hai trở đi thì bỏ hết, không đưa lại vào liệt kê
sau cùng.

Eg:
- On his first visit to New York he was delighted with the sound of people speaking English, with the
grandeur of the architecture being built in the center of the city, and with the delicious feeling of a
person being away from home.
- On his first visit to New York he was delighted with the sound of people speaking English, the
grandeur of the architecture being built in the center of the city, and the delicious feeling of a person
being away from home.

* CÁC BƯỚC TÌM NHỮNG CÂU CÓ CẤU TRÚC SONG HÀNH:

Những câu hoặc những phần của các câu, vốn có ý tưởng liên kết với nhau, cần phải được diễn tả bằng
hình thức ngữ pháp giống nhau.

Những bước tiến hành:

Bước 1: Nhìn toàn bộ các câu rồi đặt câu hỏi: Câu này có chứa liệt kê những ý tưởng tương tự nhau, có
các cặp từ nối hay các hình thức so sánh giữa 2 đối tượng hay không?

Bước 2: Nếu có hãy quan sát từng thành phần của liệt kê, xem có phần nào khác biệt với các phần còn
lại không. Nếu không câu đã hoàn chỉnh. Nếu có cần sửa lại theo nguyên tắc song hành.

EXERCISES ON PARRALEL STRUCTURE

Exercise 1: Indicate if the sentences are correct or incorrect:

1. She held jobs as a typist, a housekeeper, and in a restaurant.

2. There are papers to file, reports to type, and those letters should be answered.

3. The report you are looking for could be in the file or on the desk.

4. The speaker introduced himself, told several interesting anecdotes, and finishing with an emotional
plea.

5. She suggested taking the plane this evening or that we go by train tomorrow.

6. According to the syllabus, you can either write a paper or you can take an exam.

7. It would be both noticed and appreciated if you could finish the work before you.

8. She would like neither to see a movie or to go bowling.

9. Both the tailor or the laundress could fix the damage to the dress.

10. The movie was neither amusing nor was it is interesting.

11. Dining is a restaurant is more fun than to eat at home.

12. Music in your country is quite similar to my country.

13. The collection of foreign journals in the university library is more extensive than the high school
library.

14. How to buy a used car can be as difficult as buying a new car.

15. I want a new secretary who is as efficient as the previous one.

Exercise 2: Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct

1. Fire extinguishers can contain liquefied gas, dry chemicals, or watery.

A B C D

2. The U.S. Congress consists of both the Senate as well as the House of Representatives.

A B C D

3. The prison population in this state, now at an all time high, is higher than any state.

A B C D

4. A well-composed baroque opera achieves a delicate balance by focusing alternately on the

A B C

aural, visual, emotional, and philosophy elements.

5. Manufacturers may use food additives for preserving, to color, to flavor, or to fortify foods.

A B C D

6. A bankruptcy may be either voluntary nor involuntary.

A B C D

7. In 1870, the attorney general was made head of the Department of Justice, given an enlarged

A B

staff, and endow with clear-cut law-enforcement functions.

C D

8. The General Sherman Tree, the largest of all the giant sequoias, are reputed to be the world’s

A B C

largest living thing.

D
9. The skeleton of a shark is made of cartilage rather than having bone.

A B C D

10. At least one sample of each of the brands contains measurable amounts of aflatoxin, there is

A B C

three which exceed the maximum.

* Các câu trong đề Đại học những năm gần đây:

2008. Helen likes to listen to music, to go to the cinema, to chat on the phone and going shopping.

2010: The team leader demanded from his team members a serious attitude towards work, good team
spirit, and that they work hard.

2011: The first important requirements for you to become a mountain climber are your strong passion
and you have good health.

2012: The Oxford English Dictionary is well known for including many different meanings of

words and to give real examples.

2013: When precipitation occurs, some of it evaporates, some runs off the surface it strikes, and some
sinking into the ground.

2014: All of the students in this course will be assessed according to their attendance, performance, and
they work hard.

2015: It is common knowledge that solar heating for a large office building is technically different
from a single-family home.

Exercise 3: Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence

1. Truman Capote’s In Cold Blood is neither journalistically accurate __________.

A. piece of fiction B. nor a fictitious work

C. or written in a fictitious way D. nor completely fictitious

2. Vitamin C is necessary for the prevention and ______of scurvy.

A. it cures B. cures C. cure D. for curing

3. A baby’s development is influenced by both heredity and ________

A. by environmental factors B. environmentally

C. the influence of the environment D. environment

4. Because bone loss occurs earlier in women than _______, the effects of osteoporosis are more
apparent in women.
A. men do B. in men C. as men D. similar to men

5. The legal systems of most countries can be classified _______common law or civil law.

A. as B. either as C. either to D. to either

Exercise 4: Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel construction.

1. a. Phuong Tran has wit, charm, and she has an extremely pleasant personality.
b. Phuong Tran has wit, charm, and a pleasing personality.

2. a. In English class, Tashonda learned to read poems critically and to appreciate good prose.
b. In English class, Tashonda learned to read poems critically and she appreciated good prose.

3. a. Raoul's QPA is higher than Ralph.

b. Raoul's QPA is higher than Ralph's.

4. a. He wanted three things out of college: to learn a skill, to make good friends, and to learn
about life.
b. He wanted three things out of college: to learn a skill, to make good friends, and learning
about life.

5. a. Coach Espinoza was a brilliant strategist, a caring mentor, and a wise friend.
b. Coach Espinoza was a brilliant strategist, a caring mentor, and friend.

6. a. We found the film repulsive, offensive, and we thought it was embarrassing.

b. We found the film repulsive, offensive, and embarrassing.

7. a. Mr. Nguyen kept his store clean, neat, and he made it conveniently arranged.
b. Mr. Nguyen kept his store clean, neat, and conveniently arranged.

8. a. Professor Ali rewarded his students for working hard on the final project and going beyond
the call of duty.
b. Professor Ali rewarded his students for their hard work on the final project and going beyond
the call of duty.

9. a. There's nothing I like better than finding a good trout stream, setting up camp, and spending a
couple of days fishing.
b. There's nothing I like better than finding a good trout stream, setting up camp, and to spend a
couple of days fishing.
 CHUYÊN ĐỀ THÁNG 10 – NĂM HỌC 2016-2017
SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT
A. RULES
I. Singular verb (Động từ số ít):
1. Hai danh từ cùng chỉ một người, một vật, một thứ:
Example: The writer and poet is coming tonight. ( Nhà văn kiêm nhà thơ sẽ đến tối nay.)
2. Each / Every / either/ neither +{ danh từ số ít} / { of + danh từ số nhi ều }  Động từ số ít
Example: Each of children has a toy. ( Mỗi trẻ đều có một đồ chơi.)
3. Someone, somebody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, everyone something, nothing, anything,
everything
Example: Everything looks bright and clean. (Mọi thứ có vẻ sáng sủa và sạch sẽ.)
4. Các danh từ chỉ môn học, tên bệnh và tên quốc gia kết thúc là ‘s’:
NEWS (bản tin), PHYSICS (môn lý), ECNOMICS (kinh tế học), MATHEMATICS (toán), POLITICS
(chính trị học), ATHLETES (môn điền kinh), MEALES (bệnh sởi), MUMPS (bệnh quai bị), the PHILIPINES
(nước Phi), the United States (nước Mỹ)....
Example: Physics is more difficult than chemistry. (Môn lý thì khó hơn môn hoá)
5. Các danh từ không đếm được: FURNITURE (đồ đạc), TRAFFIC( giao thông), KNOWLEDGE (kiến
thức), HOMEWORK... (bài tập)
Example: The furniture is m ore expensive than we think. ( Món đồ thì đắt hơn chúng ta nghĩ)
6. Các từ chỉ số lượng thời gian, khoảng cách và tiền:
Example:
For weeks is a longer time to wait him. ( 4 tuần là m ột khoảng thời gian dài để chờ cậu ấy)
Three thousand dollars is a big sum of money. (3000 US$ là một khoản tiền lớn.)
II. Plural verb (Động từ số nhiều):
1. Hai danh từ chỉ hai người, hai vật, hai thứ khác nhau:
Example:Water and oil do not mix. ( Nước thì không hoà tan với dầu ăn)
2. Tính từ được dùng như danh từ : The + ADJ: the poor (người nghèo), the sick(người bệnh), the rich,
3. Example:The rich are not always happy. ( Người giàu không phải lúc nào cũng hạnh phúc.)
4. Các danh từ PEOPLE (người ta), POLICE (cảnh sát), CATTLE (súc vật)
Example:The police h as arrested the thieves ( Cảnh sát vừa bắt bọn ăn trộm)
5. Các từ A FEW, BOTH....
Example: A few books I read are famous. ( m ột số sách tôi đã đọc thì nỗi tiếng)
III. Singular or plual verbs (Số nhiều hoặc số ít):
1. The number of + DT số nhiều  Động từ số ít
 A number of + DT số nhiều  Động từ số nhiều
Example: The number of students in this class is small. A number of children like cakes.
2. NO + DT số ít  Động từ số ít
NO + DT số nhiều  Động từ số nhiều
Example: No student is in the hall. No students are on the schoolyard.
3. All / some/ none /plenty/ half/ most/ a lot / lots + OF+ DT số ít  Động từ số ít
All / some/ none /plenty/ half/ most/ a lot / lots + OF+ DT số nhiều  Động từ số nhiều
Example: None of the boys is good at English.
4. There ( be) + N: There is a fire in this room
5. The committee (uỷ ban), group (nhóm), team (đội), class (lớp), family (gia đình)

IV. Hợp với chủ ngữ gần: (Danh từ liên kết bởi cặp từ nối song song)
1. EITHER OR
2. NEITHER + N1 + NOR + N2 + verb
3. NOT ONLY BUT ALSO
Example: Not only my brother but also my sister is here.
V. Hợp với chủ ngữ xa: (Danh từ đựơc bổ nghĩa bởi cụm giới từ)

One of the boxes is open.

WITH / ON THE/ OF THE/ IN... The book, including all the chapters in
TOGETHER WITH section, is anxious.

N1+ INCLUDING + N2 + The team captain, as well as his

VERB ACCOMPANIED BY players, is boring.
boring. The woman with all the dogs walks
IN ADDITION TO down my street.
The woman with all the dogs
The people who listen to that music
down my street.
are few.
AS WELL AS

B. EXERCISES
I: Choose the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject.
1. Either my mother or my father (is, are) coming to the meeting.
2. The dog or the cats (is, are) outside.
3. Either my shoes or your coat (is, are) always on the floor.
4. George and Tamara (doesn't, don't) want to see that movie.
5. Benito (doesn't, don't) know the answer.
6. One of my sisters (is, are) going on a trip to France.
7. The man with all the birds (live, lives) on my street.
8. The movie, including all the previews, (take, takes) about two hours to watch.
 9. The players, as well as the captain, (want, wants) to win.
10. Either answer (is, are) acceptable.
11. Every one of those books (is, are) fiction.
12. Nobody (know, knows) the trouble I've seen.
13. (Is, Are) the news on at five or six?
14. Mathematics (is, are) John's favorite subject, while Civics (is, are) Andrea's favorite subject.
15. Eight dollars (is, are) the price of a movie these days.
16. There (was, were) fifteen candies in that bag. Now there (is, are) only one left!
17. The Prime Minister, together with his wife, (greets, greet) the press cordially.
18. All of the CDs, even the scratched one, (is, are) in this case.
19. A seer, so my friends tell me, (predict, predicts) events or developments.
20. The seer, together with three other psychics, (plans, plan) to make a number of startling predictions.
21. These predictions, including one about how well you will do on this practice, (is, are) not to be
believed.
22. My sister, along with her husband and my parents, (is, are) driving to a wedding this weekend.
23. Inside my refrigerator (is, are) a can of Diet Pepsi and an old English muffin. And makes this plural.
24. One of my brothers (was, were) in Atlanta last weekend.
25. The teacher as well as her students (believe, believes) that practice makes perfect.
26. However, I believe that perfect practice, including long drills, (is, are) the key to success.
27. Neither of the two politicians (expect, expects) to lose the race.
28. Neither Senator Smith nor her administrative assistants (return, returns) phone calls.
29. Neither her administrative assistants nor Senator Smith (return, returns) phone calls.
30. Each of the twins (has, have) some unusual habits. (Each is singular.)
31. My wife, not my friends, (is waiting/are waiting) for me.
32. A cart and horse (was/were) seen at a distance.
33. Her principal anxiety (was/were) her children.
34. The girl, as well as the boys, (has/have) learnt to ride.
35. The bat together with the ball (was/were) stolen.
36. Some of the sugar (was/were) spilt on the floor.
II. Complete the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject
37. She and her friends (be) ............................ at the fair.
38. The book or the pen (be) ............................ in the drawer.
39. The boy or his friends (run) ............................ every day.
40. His friends or the boy (run) ............................ every day.
41. He (not like) ............................ it. They (not like) ............................ it.
42. One of the boxes (be) ............................ open
43. The people who listen to that music (be) ............................ few.
44. The team captain, as well as his players, (be) ............................ anxious.
45. The book, including all the chapters in the first section, (be) ............................ boring.
46. The woman with all the dogs (walk) ............................ down my street.
 47. Each of these hot dogs (be) ............................ juicy.
48. Everybody (know)............................ Mr. Jones.
49. Either (be) ............................ correct.
50. The news (be) ............................ on at six.
51. Five dollars (be) ............................ a lot of money.
52. Dollars (be) ............................ often used instead of rubles in Russia.
53. These scissors (be) ............................ dull.
54. Those trousers (be) ............................ made of wool.
55. There (be) ............................ many questions.
56. There (be) ............................ a question.
57. The team (run) ............................ during practice.
58. The committee (decide) ............................ how to proceed.
59. The family (have) ............................ a long history.
60. My family (have) ............................ never been able to agree.
61. The President, accompanied by his wife, (be) ............................ traveling to India.
62. All of the books, including yours, (be) ............................ in that box.
63. The football team, including the goal keeper (be) ............................ 11 players.
64. The news (be) ............................ on TV is very informative.
65. Three months (be).................... a long time to wait.
66. Five dollars (be) ....................too much to pay for that book.
67. A number of books (be) ....................on the table.
68. The number of students in this class (be) ....................limited to thirty.
69. It (be) ....................my two brothers who (be) ....................hurt.
70. It (be) ....................the children playing upstairs.
71. Neither of the answers (be) .................... correct.
72. Neither (be) ....................to blame.
73. Everybody (have) ....................a good time.
74. Either your key or my key (be) .................... missing.
75. John or his brothers (be) .................... going to help me.
76. Bread and butter (be) ....................all he asked for.
77. The author and lecturer (be) .................... arriving today.
78. I, your master, (command) ....................you.
79. Early to bed and early to rise (make) ...................a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
80. Either the mayor or the elder men (be) ..................to blame.
81. Not John but his brothers (be) ..................to blame.
82. A fever, a mutilation, a cruel disappointment, a loss of wealth, a loss of friends (seem) ...................
at the moment untold loss.
83. Man, no less than the lower forms of life (be) .................. a product of the evolutionary process.
84. The newspaper and the dictionary (be) .................. on the table.
85. Here (be) .................. bread and the dictionary.
86. Here (be) ..................bread and butter for breakfast.
87. The ship with its load of timer (be) .................. leaving the port today.
88. No one (be) .................. eager to be examined the first.
89. It (be) ...................her lies that (irritate) ................... me so much.
90. Three fourths of the wall (be) ..................painted.
91. Two fifths of the members (be) ..................present.
92. Two times two (make) ...................four.
93. Two 2’s (make) ..................four.
94. Two plus two (be) ..................four.
95. How many (be) ..................six and five?
96. Nine from fourteen (be) ..................five.
97. Twenty years (be) ..................not a long period of time in human history.
98. Five dimes (make) ...................fifty cents.
99. Five dollars (be) .................. a small sum.
100. “The three Musketeers” (be) .................. written by Alexandre Dumas.
101. You don’t have to say much, a word or two (be) .................. sufficient.
102. These (be) ..................one or two things I’d like to talk over with you.
103. The number of new books in our library (be) ..................ever growing.
104. A number of new books in our library (be) .................. displayed at the book show.
105. Our only guide ( be) ..................stars.
106. There (be) .................. a lot of traffic on this road.
III. Choose the best answer:
1. No news .................. good news.
A. is B. are C. were D. have been
2. Here .................. some accounts that you must check.
A. is B. are C. were D. was
3. A lot of homework .................. me tired.
A. make B. makes C. have made D. are making
4. Not only Mr. Pike but also his sons .................. tea.
A. likes B. like C. has liked D. liking
5. Mathematics .................. us with many aspects.
A. helps B. help C. have helped D. helping
6. The United States .................. of about 160 nations.
A. consists B. consist C. consisting D. have consisted
7. Coffee contains caffeine, and ..................
A. tea does so B. so tea does C. so does tea D. does tea so
8. Both Tom .................. Mary are students.
A. and B. nor C. or D. with
9. Plenty of milk .................. consumed everyday.
A. are B. is C. was D. were
10. Neither you nor I .................. responsible for the bad result.
A. are B. is C. am D. be
11. Ten thousand dollars .................. a large sum of money.
 A. are B. is C. were D. being
12. I can not speak Spanish. – ..................
A. So can I B. Neither can I C. Either can I D. Neither can’t I
13. Both Jane and Mary, as well as John, .................. ready for the exam.
A. is B. was C. are D. has been
14. Working for 12 hours a day .................. her very tired.
A. make B. makes C. making D. have made
15. The number of the days in a week .................. seven.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
16. What he told you .................. to be of no importance.
A. seems B. seem C. is seeming D. has seemed
17. The quality of these recordings .................. not very good.
A. is B. are C. have D. were
19. ………….. Julia ………………. her sister are going to the party.
A. Both /and B. Neither / nor C. Either /or D. Not only / but also
20. My wife had never been to Hue, and .................. I.
A. never have B. neither have C. neither had D. neither did
21. Plants and animals in high mountain areas ………... with freezing temperatures, fierce winds, and thin
air.
A. live B. they must live C. living D. if they live
22. Tom’ family ------------------ wondering whether there----------- anything that they can do
A. are/ are B. is/ is C. are/ is D. is /are
23. The couple ----------------- in Denver but------------- to Houston for the winters
A. lives/ go B. lives/ goes C. live/ go D. live/ goes
24. Each nation ------------- its own culture, and our nation has----------- own culture, too
A. has/ its B. have/ our C. have/ its D. has/ their
IV. Choose the incorrect sentence in which the verb disagrees with the subject:
1. A. The invoice and the purchase order have to be approved by the director.
B. A sandwich and a milk shake were all he wanted for breakfast
C. Faith, hope, and charity represent virtues to most of us
D. Ham and eggs are one of her favorite dishes
2. A. Neither has brought the music for the duet
B. Where has everybody gone?
C. Every city, town, and hamlet has a Main Street
D. Every boy and girl in the class do volunteer work
3 A. Thirty pounds is a lot to lose in one mouth
B. Nine miles were the length of the race
C. Five hours of waiting has reduced the kidnapper to bundle of nerves
D. Four thousand dollars is the minimum bid for the foreclosed property
4. A. Here are the subjects the president will discuss
B. There are still several oranges in the baskets
C. Here come troubles
D. There’s no tables or chairs to be found anywhere
5. A. Most of the problems have been solved
B. All is ready
C. All was concerned
D. Several have been spotted at the water hole
6. A. Not only the students but also the teachers have signed the petition
B. Not a new machine but new workers are needed for the job
C. Not only the Arab states but also Venezuela has major oil reserved
D. Not only strength but agility is essential in bicycling
7. A. Both of the players were late
B. Many books on the best-seller list have little literacy value
C. Many a prisoner have tried to escape
D. Few of the contestants are here yet
8. A. half of the rent is missing
B. Two-thirds of her house have been painted
C. Forty percent is a big commission
D. Half of the apartments in the building are without heat
9. A. John is one of the chemists who believe that science is an art
B. He is the only one of four candidates who refuse to attend the course
C. David is one of the employees who always work overtime
D. His grandfather is the only one of his relatives who still goes to church
10. A. Either his book or that one contains the information
B. Neither the governor nor his top aids were implicated in the scandal
C. The records or the stereo has to go
D. Neither my roommate nor my sisters plans to move
 CHUYÊN ĐỀ THÁNG 12 – NĂM HỌC 2017-2018
INVERSION

Ngöôøi Anh thöôøng ñaûo ngöõ caâu ñeå nhaán maïnh. Coù nhieàu caùch ñaûo ngöõ
khaùc nhau.
I. Ñaûo ngöõ traïng töø chæ nôi choán hoaëc phöông höôùng.
Traïng töø chæ nôi choán goàm coù HERE vaø THERE, vaø nhoùm chöõ giôùi töø chæ
nôi choán.
Ta ñaët trang töø ( hoaëc nhoùm chöõ chæ nôi choán ) ñöùng ñaàu caâu, ñoäng töø ñi
tröôùc chuû töø, vaø khoâng duøng TRÔÏ ÑOÄNG TÖØ ñeå ñaûo.
Thí duï : - The bus comes here --> Here comes the bus.
- A frog sat on the grass. --> On the grass sat a frog.
- Thirteen candles are on the birthday cake  On the birthday cake are
thirteen candles.

II. Ñaûo ngöõ caâu ñieàu kieän.

1. CAÂU ÑIEÀU KIEÄN LOAÏI 1.
Ta boû IF vaø ñaët SHOULD ñaàu caâu.
Thí duï : - If you have difficulty finding a job, ask him for help.
--> Should you have difficulty finding a job, ask him for help.
2. CAÂU ÑIEÀU KIEÄN LOAÏI 2. : Coù 2 tröôøng hôïp :
a. Caâu ñieàu kieän vôùi WERE.
Ta boû IF, ñaët WERE ñuùng ñaàu caâu.
Thí duï : - If I were you, I would take the job.
--> Were I you, I would take the job.
b. Caâu ñieàu kieän vôùi caùc ñoäng töø khaùc.
Ta boû IF, ñaët WERE ñöùng ñaàu caâu, ñoäng töø ôû meänh ñeà Ifù traû veà daïng
"to infinitive"
Thí duï : - If you worked for him, you would have the opportunity to promote.
--> Were you to work for him, you would have the opportunity to promote.
3. CAÂU ÑIEÀU KIEÄN LOAÏI 3.
Ta boû IF vaø ñöa HAD ra ñöùng ñaàu caâu.
Thí duï : - If he had got up early, he would have caught the first train.
 Had he got up early, he would have caught the first train.

III. Ñaûo ngöõ meänh ñeà traïng töø chæ keát quaû: so…that, such…that
* Với so…that
Ta ñaët So + Adj ra ñöùng ñaàu caâu roài ñeán"to be" hoaëc trôï ñoäng töø
tröôùc chuû töø.
Thí duï : - He is so lazy that he always gets bad marks.
--> So lazy is he that he always gets bad marks.
- She looks so fat that everyone laughs at her.
--> So fat does she look that everyone laughs at her.
- She bought so many things that she couldn't bring all of them home.
--> So many things did she buy that she couldn't bring all of them home.
* Với such...that:
- Such a clever boy is he that he can do this exercise easily.

IV. Ñaûo ngöõ vôùi caùc traïng töø phuû ñònh vaø baùn phuû ñònh.
- Caùc traïng töø phuû ñònh goàm coù : Never, No longer, Not only, Nowhere, At
no time.
 Under no circumstance, Not, No, In no
way, On no account
- Caùc traïng töø baùn phuû ñònh goàm coù : Seldom, Rarely, Scarcely, Little,
Hardly.
Ñeå ñaûo ngöõ, ta ñaët "to be" hoaëc trôï ñoäng töø tröôùc chuû töø.
Thí duï : - I have never seen such a best film before.
--> Never have I seen such a best film before.
- She is not only intelligent but she is also hard-working.
--> Not only is she intelligent but she is also hard-working.
- He hardly thinks of going abroad.
--> Hardly does he think of going abroad.
- We seldom go to school on Sundays.
--> Seldom do we go to school on Sundays.
V. Ñaûo ngöõ vôùi traïng töø ONLY.
Ñeå ñaûo ngöõ, ta phaûi ñem nhoùm chöõ baét ñaàu baèng ONLY ra ñaàu caâu, sau
ñoù môùi ñaûo ngöõ.
Thí duï : - That man works only for the love of money.
--> Only for the love of money does that man work.
- You can only become a good athlete by practicing every day.
--> Only by practicing every day can you become a good athlete.
- This tree has flowers only once a year.
--> Only once a years does this tree have flowers.
VI. Ñaûo ngöõ vôùi NOT UNTIL.
Ta ñem NOT UNTIL ra ñaàu caâu vaø ñaûo ngöõ gioáùng nhö ONLY.
Thí duï : - Mary didn't begin to read until she was 8.
--> Not until she was 8 did Mary begin to read.
- I didn't recognize him until he came into the light.
--> Not umtil he came into the light did I recognize him.
CHUÙ YÙ :
* Ta coù theå duøng caáu truùc nhaán maïnh " It was . . . that " vôùi caùc thí duï
treân.
- It was not until she was 8 that Mary began to read. ( khoâng ñaûo ngöõ,
nghia như nhau )
* NOT UNTIL vaø ONLY WHEN coù theå thay theá cho nhau.
Thí duï : - He didn't know about the truth until he grew up.
--> Only when he grew up did he know about the truth.
VI. Ñaûo ngöõ vôùi :
- NO SOONER. . . . . . . THAN ) Vöøa môùi. . . .
- HARDLY. . . . . . . . . WHEN ) . . . thì
- SCARCELY. . . . . . . WHEN )
Thí duï : - I had no sooner arrived home than it began to rain.
--> No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
- He had hardly begun the trip when he fell ill.
--> Hardly had he begun the trip when he fell ill.
- She had scarcely put the phone down when her boss rang back.
---> Scarcely had she put the phone down when her boss rang back

E X E R C I S E ON I N V E R S I O N
I. Choïn moät töø / nhoùm töø thích hôïp cho moãi choã troáng ñeå hoaøn
thaønh nhöõng caâu sau.
1. ____________________________, you would have succeeded in your business.
A. If you listened to my advice B. Were you to listen to my advice
C. Had you listened to my advice D. As long as you listened to my advice
2. She doesn’t like classical music and _______________________________.
A. I don’t, too B. I don’t, either C. neither do I D. B and C are
correct
 3. Little ______________ what he has caused to others.
A. does he know B. he knows C. he can know D. he will know
4. __________ had he entered the office than he realized that he had left his wallet at
home.
A. Hardly B. Scarcely C. No sooner D. Not only
5. ____________ a week goes by without some road accidents.
A. Hardly B. Seldom C. Never D. Infrequently
II. Tìm loãi sai ôû nhöõng töø / cuïm töø gaïch chaân ñöôïc ñaùnh daáu A, B, C
vaø D.
6. We cannot clean up all the polluted seas and rivers. Nor we can stop the
disappearance of plants
A B C D
and animals.
7. Hardly had he entered the office when he realized that he forgot his wallet.
A B C D
8. It was not until he was 30 did he get married , had a job and lived independently of
his parents.
A B C D
9. Never before has so many people in the U.S been interested in soccer.
A B C D
10. Not only did he spend all his money but also he borrowed some from me
A B C D
III. Choïn caâu vieát laïi coù nghóa töông ñöông.
11. I write to her almost every day.
A. Not a day goes by unless my writing to her.
B. Hardly does a day go by without my writing to her.
C. No day go by without my writing to her.
D. Almost every day goes by without my writing for her.
12. The noise next door didn’t stop until midnight.
A. It was not until midnight that the noise next door stopped.
B. Not until midnight did the noise next door stopped.
C. Only when midnight did the noise next door stopped.
D. Hardly did the noise next door stopped when it was midnight.
13. He started computer programming as soon as he left school.
A. No sooner had he started computer programming than he left school.
B. Hardly had he started computer programming when he left school.
C. No sooner had he left school than he started computer programming.
D. After he left school, he had started computer programming.
14. He spent all his money. He even borrowed some from me.
A. As soon as he borrowed some money from me, he spent it all.
B. Hardly had he borrowed some money from me when he spent it all.
C. Not only did he spent all his money but also he borrowed some from me.
D. Not only did he spend all his money but he borrowed some from me as well.
15. She only felt relaxed after a few months working for him.
A. She used to feel relaxed working for him a few months.
B. A few months ago, she didn’t find it relaxed working for him.
C. Only after a few months working for him did she feel relaxed.
D. It was not until a few months working for him did she feel relaxed.
16. Right after his appointment to the post, he fell ill.
A. No sooner did he appointed to the post than he fell ill.
B. No sooner had he appointed to the post than he fell ill.
C. Hardly had he appointed to the post when he fell ill.
D. Hardly had he been appointed to the post when he fell ill.
17. Just after solving one problem, I was faced with another.
A. Scarcely had I solved one problem when I was faced with another.
 B. Hardly had I solved one problem when I was faced with another.

C. No sooner had I solved one problem than I was faced with another.

D. All are correct.

18. A country cannot be prosperous if it is not quite independent.
A. Unless a country is quite independent, it can be prosperous.
B. Without complete independence, a country can be prosperous.
C. Only when a country is quite independent can it be prosperous.
D. It is not until a country is quite independent can it be prosperous.
19. I only recognized him when he came into the light.
A. Only when I recognized him, he came into the light.
B. It wasn’t until he came into the light that I recognized him
C. Not until he came into the light I did recognize him
D. I did not recognize him even when he came into the light.
20. We couldn’t relax until all the guests had left.
A. Not until all the guests had left could we relax.
B. It wasn’t until all the guests had left that we could relax.
C. It wasn’t until all the guests had left could we relax.
D. A and B are correct
21. The phone stopped ringing the moment I got downstairs.
A. No sooner had the phone stopped ringing than I got downstairs.
B. After the phone had stopped ringing, I got downstairs.
C. Hardly had the phone stopped ringing when I got downstairs.
D. No sooner had I got downstairs than the phone stopped ringing.
22. The light failed the moment they began work.
A. But for the light failed, they would have begun work.
B. Hardly did they begin work when the light failed.
C. Hardly had they begun work when the light failed.
D. As soon as the light failed, they began work.
23. She didn’t shed a tear as the play ended in tragedy.
A. The tragedy play wasn’t good for her to shed tear.
B. Without her tear, the play didn’t end tragically.
C. So tragic was the play that she didn’t shed a tear.
D. Not a tear did she shed when the play ended in tragedy.
IV. Choïn phöông aùn ñuùng ( A, B, C, hoaëc D ) ñeå hoaøn thaønh moãi caâu
sau.
24. It was not until she had arrived home ___________________ her appointment with
the doctor.
A. when she rememberedB. that she remembered C. and she remembered D.
did she remember
25. Canada does not require that U.S citizens obtain passports to enter the country,
and _________.
A. Mexico doesn’t, too B. so does Mexico C. Mexico doesn’t, either
D. neither is Mexico
26. ____________________, he would have been able to pass the exam.
A. If he studied harder last year B. Provided he studied hard last year
C. Studying harder last year D. Had he studied harder last year
27. ___________________ will Mr. Dennis be able to regain control of the company.
A. With hard work B. Despite his hard work C. Only if he works hardly D. Only by
working hard
28. __________ had I arrived home than it began to rain.
A. No sooner B. Hardly C. Scarcely D. Rarely
29. My father paid my fees. _______________that, I wouldn’t be here now.
A. If there were not B. But for C. Had it not been for
D. B and C are correct
 30. Only after food has been dried or canned ________________________________.
A. it should be stored for future use. B. that it should be stored for
future use.
C. should it be stored for future use. D. should it store for future use.

V: Viết lại câu sao cho nghĩa không thay đổi.

1. Her grief was so great that she almost fainted.
–> So………………………………………….
2. He got down to writing the letter as soon as he returned from his walk.
–> No sooner……………………………………………………..
3. She had hardly begun to speak before people started interrupting her.
–> Hardly……………………………………………………………..
4. I only realized what I had missed when they told me about it later.
–> Only when……………………………………………………
5. You won’t find a more dedicated worker anywhere than Mrs John.
–> Nowhere…………………………………………..
6.–> The outcome of the election was never in doubt.
–> At no time…………………………………….
7. He forgot about the gun until he got home.
–> Not until………………………………
8. The only way you can become a good athlete is by training hard everyday.
–> Only by…………………………………………………………