Well Log Analysis

21th lecture 07.03.2019, (10:30-12:30) and (17:30-19:30) (for two groups)-

DOPE, UOK

Note1:- Fig. 21.1 illustrates different readings of well logging tools with DLL.

Fig. 21.1 Typical dual laterolog presentation

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Borehole and Invasion Corrections

Before the three unknowns can be determined, the raw data must be
corrected for borehole effects.

Note2:- Charts 21.2-21.8 can be used for Borehole and Invasion Corrections.

Chart. 21.2 LLD Borehole Correction

Chart 21.3 LLs Borehole Correction

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Chart 21.4 DLL-Rxo Correction

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Example 21.1:- At a permeable bed and From DLL:

RLLd= 15 ohm-m, RLLs= 9 ohm-m, Rxo= 2.0 ohm-m

Find Rt, di.

Sol:-

By using Chart DLL-Rxo Correction

RLLd/Rxo= 15/2=7.5

RLLd/RLLs =15/9=1.67

From Chart DLL-Rxo Correction

Rt/RLLd=1.3,

Rt= 19.5, di= 30 in

Chart 21.5 HLLS Borehole Correction

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Example 21.2:-

RLLs = 25.0
Rm = 0.25 ohm-m
Caliper = 14.0 in.
(RLLs)corr = ?

Chart 21.6 HLLD Borehole Correction

Example 21.3:-

RLLd = 50.0 m-m

Rm = 0.25 m-m
Caliper = 16.0 in.
(RLLd)corr = ?

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The Delaware Effect

In the early 1950s in the Permian Basin, logging engineers found that
laterologs behaved anomalously when approaching a thick resistive bed, such as
the massive anhydrite that overlies the Delaware sand. The effect manifested
itself by a gradual increase in apparent resistivity starting when the bridle
entered the highly resistive bed. Apparent resistivities would climb to as much
as 10 times the value of Rt before the sonde itself entered the highly resistive
bed. The solution for the Laterolog-7 was to place the B return electrode at the
surface. For the conductivity laterolog, the solution was not as elegant because
these devices were using a 280-Hz survey current generated in the cartridge.
Locating the return at the surface did not solve the problem because the skin
effect restricted the return current to a sheath around the borehole, and the lower
part of the cable then became the effective return electrode (Fig. 21.7).
Compensation for this effect with the laterolog-3 involved a messy setup with
two sondes, one on each side of a cartridge, and a B return on the bottom for
Delaware situations. Nevertheless, for all practical purposes, the laterolog-3
remained prone to the Delaware effect.

Fig. 21.7 Schematic of the Delaware effect (Suau et al. 1972)

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Q. 21.1: - What is the Phantom Effect?

Ans.:- Mr. Antwan’s Book. P. 254-257.

Q. 21.2:- How can you calculate Ra using (LL)?

Ans.:- Using equation 21.1 and chart 21.7:

( ) [ ( )] 21.1

where,

J= geometrical factor for( LL)

Fig. 21.8 Geometrical factor vs. di

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Summary

Fig. 21.9 illustrates the stages of DLL readings corrections .

Fig. 21.9 Quick guide to Rt from the DLL

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