Lab Report Mat Science 3

MUHAMMAD ASWAD BIN MAHAZIR
2018654222
EMD4M2A
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
_________________________________________________________________________
__
Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220/EM221)

Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : DR. BIBI INTAN SURAYA BINTI MURAT
Group : EMD4M2A
_________________________________________________________________________
__
MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT
TITLE THE JOMINY END-QUENCH TEST

:
No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE

1 MUHAMMAD ANNUAR ABDUL HISHAM 2018439204
2 MUHAMMAD ASWAD MAHAZIR 2018654222
3 MUHAMMAD AZAMUDDIN ROSLY 2018259898
4 MUHAMMAD CAIREL IDRIEZ SHAHRUL 2018414266
ISMANIZAM
5 MUHAMMAD DANIAL MOHD AZHAR 2018435316
LABORATORY SESSION : 28-6-2020

(DATE)
*By signing above you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have contributed to this
submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an investigation of academic
misconduct and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties.
Marking Scheme
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
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TITLE : THE JOMINY END-QUENCH TEST
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ABSTRACT
In this experiment (The Jominy End – Quench Test), it is conducted in order to find the
relation between hardness to the cooling rate of the specimen after been heated (quenching)
by using the Jominy test method. By performing this experiment, student should be able to
understand the changes of microstructure due to the cooling rate of the specimen after been
quenched using Jominy End – Quench test method. This experiment need to follow the
procedure stated and listed in the lab sheet with supervision of the staff and the method used
“Heat and Drop” and all the procedure must be done with cautious. From the result, the group
managed to plot the graph of hardness against distance from quenched end. The group also
observed and labelled the microstructure of the each section of the quenched steel.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Introduction
Objectives
Theory
Experimental Procedures
I. Equipment And Apparatus
II. Procedures
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
References
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LIST OF TABLE
TABLE PAGE
TABLE 1 : Reading of Distance (mm) against 12

Hardness Vickers (HV)
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE PAGE
FIGURE 1 : Control of the variables for the Jominy test 8

FIGURE 2 : The Jominy End Quench Machine 9
FIGURE 3 : The Jominy Test specimen 9
FIGURE 4 : The microstructure test specimen (6 pieces) 9
FIGURE 5 : The optical microscope 10
FIGURE 6 : The Vickers Hardness Tester 10
FIGURE 7 : Jominy End Quench Furnace 10
FIGURE 8 : Graph Hardness Vickers vs Distanced
from quenh end 13
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OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this experiment, students should be able to;
i. Understand the relation between hardness to the cooling rate of the specimen after
being heated (quenching) using the Jominy test method.
ii. Understand microstructure changes due to different cooling rate of the specimen after
being heated (quenching) using the Jominy test method.
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INTRODUCTION
The heat treatment applied to the specimen usually to change the mechanical properties such
as increase or decrease the strength, hardness, machinability and others. The most parts will
require heat treatment either after or during the processing for proper in-service properties.
An example the heat treatment before shaping to soft a metal for forming. Meanwhile, the
heat treatment after forming to relieve hardening. Lastly, the final finish heat treatment to
achieve final strength and hardness.
Hardening process such quenching for steels consist of heating and rapid cooling form
martensite. The cooling rate depends on the medium used for the quenching, the water gives
a faster cooling rate than oil and air cooling. Generally, the faster steel cools, the harder it
will be.
Jominy end quench test used to measure the hardenability of steels by heat treatment which
shows the effects of cooling rate on steel hardness. From the Jominy end quench test, the
steels will proceed to test their hardness using a hardness Vickers. The result from
observation, form a hardenability curve that showing the effect of the cooling rate on the
hardness. The cooling rate at the quench end is very fast but becomes slower as the distance
from the quench end increase.
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THEORY
The Jominy End-Quench test determines hardenability of any variety of steel, and is straight
forward because of its simplicity and minimization of variables. the scale and shape of
thesample are standardized furthermore because the quench process, that the extent of
martensite formation canbe compared quantitatively between different steels. And since
steels have similar thermalconductivity, the space from the quenched end correlates to a
particular cooling rate. Knowing this, the hardness of a metal cooled at a given cooling
rate is accurately predicted from theJominy test results.
Figure 1 : Control of the variables for the Jominy test
One standard operating procedure that's widely accustomed measure hardenability of steel is

that the Jominy end-quench test. during this test water is sprayed on one end of a bar of steel
while it's hot.This ends up in a 1 dimensional heat transfer cooling. Except near the surface of
the bar the temperature is controlled by that flow along the length of the bar.
Moving axially inward from the quenched end of the bar, the temperature and also the rate of
change of temperature are changing. The temperature is higher and also the rate is slower
away from the quenched end. If hardness is measured as a function of distance from the end,
a hardness profile are often obtained which applies to any part made of the identical steel.
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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
I. Equipment and apparatus

1. The Jominy End Quench Machine
2. The Jominy Test specimen
3. The microstructure test specimen
(6 pieces)
4. The optical microscope
5. The Vickers Hardness Tester
Figure 2 : The Jominy End Quench Machine
Figure 3 : The Jominy Test specimen
Figure 4 : The microstructure test specimen (6 pieces)
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Figure 5 : The optical microscope
Figure 6 : The Vickers Hardness Tester
II. Procedures
1) Define what material is used as the specimen in Jominy End Quench and the melting
point of the material used.
2) The specimen is heated in the Jominy End Quench furnace as shown in Figure 7 until
the temperature reaches the melting point.
Figure 7 : Jominy End Quench Furnace
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3) Next, adjust the water flow until the height reaches approximately 65mm (2 ½”) at
Jominy End-Quench test bench. Figure 2 shows the vertical free height of the
unobstructed water fountain and the distance between the water outlet and the end of
the specimen when it is in place.
4) Pull out the safety pin from the furnace so that the specimens fall down to the
quenching apparatus.
5) Apply the water within 5.5 seconds; extra care should be taken so that the water
strikes only the bottom of the specimen.
6) The specimen should be left in the quenching unit until it cools down to room
temperature.
7) Remove the specimen for hardness test and microstructure evaluation using the
optical microscope.
RESULTS
Distance Diameter 1 Diameter 2 Average

HV
mm µm µm µm
0 61.8 62.2 62 492.4
1 62 63.8 62.9 487.1
2 63.7 66.6 65.15 481.7
3 79.2 80.6 79.9 478.4
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4 83.2 84.9 84.05 472.3
5 83.6 81.9 82.75 450.7
6 86 80.4 83.2 437.2
7 90.1 85.9 88 412.5
8 92.9 96.5 94.7 376.7
9 99.6 101.8 100.7 342.2
10 86.5 92.3 89.4 318.9
15 98.9 99 98.95 249.4
20 99.7 99.9 99.8 196.2
25 101.2 107.4 104.3 170.5
30 110.6 112.2 111.4 160.3
35 107.6 107.6 107.6 149.4
40 112.5 113.5 113 145.2
45 114 111.9 112.95 140.4
50 115.7 116.5 116.1 137.6
60 106.3 106.3 106.3 134
70 87.1 87.5 87.3 126.3
80 104.8 104.8 104.8 118.9
90 102.6 102.6 102.6 116.1
100 112.4 108.4 110.4 112.2
Table 1 : Reading of Distance (mm) against Hardness Vickers (HV)
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Figure 8 : Graph Hardness Vickers vs Distanced from quenh end
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Microstructure
Specimen 1 Specimen 2
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DISCUSSION
In this experiment, Jominy end-quench test was carried out to investigate the hardenability of
an Vickers. Hardenability of an Vickerswas the degree of certain hardness that the Vickersl
can achieved after undergoes a heat treatment process. When theVickers was quenched, the
end of the Vickers was cooled by a jet of water while the other part of theVickers did not cool
rapidly as the distance further away from the quenched end. The cooling rate was highest at
the quenched end. The part with lower cooling rate allow the austenite to form into structure
like martensite or bainite. This produce a material with softer core and harder surface. The
softer part was cause by formation of great amount of soft pearlite or bainite due to low
cooling rate. Presence of nickel, chromium, and molybdenum in the Vickers reduce the
formation of austenite to bainite and allow more martensite to form as the distance from the
quench end decreases and the cooling rate was high.
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From the graph hardness of the vickers against distance of the quench :
From the graph.we can see that the hardness is measured at intervals from the quenched end,
beginning as close as possible to the quenched end. The hardness decreases
with distance from the quenched end.
Hardenability
Hardenability is that the ability of the steel to partially or to completely transform from

austenite to some fraction of martensite at a given depth below the surface when cooled under
a given condition from heat. A quench-and-temperheat treatment uses this phase
transformation to harden steels. Tempering the martensite microstructure imparts an
honest combination of strength and toughness to the steel. Without tempering, martensite is
tough but brittle.
To select a steel for a component that may be heat treated, it's important to understand its

hardenability. Both alloying and microstructure affect the hardenability, allowing the
proper steel and quenching rate to be selected. Prior processing of the steel also affects the
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microstructure and may be considered.
Hardening of steels is understood by considering that the austenite phase of the steel can
transform to either martensite or a mix of ferrite and pearlite on cooling from heat.
The ferrite/pearlite reaction involves diffusion, which takes time. However, the martensite
transformation doesn't involve diffusion and is actually instantaneous. These two reactions are
competitive, and martensite is obtained if the cooling rate is fast enough to avoid the slower
formation of ferrite and pearlite. In alloyed steels, the ferrite/pearlite reaction is
further delayed, which allows martensite to be obtained using slower cooling rates.
Transformation to a different possible phase (bainite) is understood during a similar way.
Hardenability describes the capacity of the steel to harden exhaustive under a given set of

conditions. for instance, a steel of a high hardenability can transform to a high fraction of
martensite to depths of several millimeters under relatively slow cooling, like an oil quench.
By comparison, a steel of low hardenability may only form a high fraction of martensite to a
depth of but 1 mm, even under quite rapid cooling, like a water quench.
Steels having high hardenability are required to form large high-strength components and tiny,
high-precision component.
The slower cooling rates that may be used for high-hardenability steels can reduce thermal
stresses and distortion. Steels having low hardenability could also be used for smaller
components, like chisels and shears, or for surface-hardened components, like gears,
where there's a desire to take care of a ferrite/pearlite microstructure at the core to
enhance toughness. The Jominy end-quench test is that the standard method to live the
hardenability of steels.
Grain Size
Increasing the austenite grain size increases the hardenability of steels. The nucleation of
ferrite and pearlite occurs at heterogeneous sites like the austenite grain boundaries. Therefore,
increasing the austenite grain size decreases the available nucleation sites, which retards the
speed of the ferrite/pearlite phase transformation. This method of accelerating the
hardenability is never used because substantial increases in hardenability require large
austenite grain size, which is obtained through high austenitizing temperatures. The resultant
microstructure is sort of coarse, with reduced toughness and ductility. However, the austenite
grain size will be plagued by other stages within the processing of steel. Therefore, the
hardenability of a steel also depends on the previous stages employed in its production.
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CONCLUSIONS
The Jominy end quench test is a powerful and data-rich test method that can be used by heat
treaters, quality engineers, and designers to ensure that a part is made to specification.
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REFERENCES
1) Annealing / Normalising - Heat Treatment - Bodycote plc . Retrieved from
https://www.bodycote.com/services/heat-treatment/annealing-
2) Unknown ( July 10 , 2019 ) Metal Supermarkets - Steel, Aluminum, Stainless, Hot-
Rolled, Cold-Rolled, Alloy, Carbon, Galvanized, Brass, Bronze, Copper . Retrieved
from https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/what-is-normalizing/
3) What is Spheroidizing? - Definition from Corrosionpedia . Retrieved from
https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/6264/spheroidizing
4) What is Pearlite . Retrieved from https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-pearlite.htm
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MUHAMMAD ASWAD BIN MAHAZIR

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220/EM221)

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE THE JOMINY END-QUENCH TEST

No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE

LABORATORY SESSION : 28-6-2020

TITLE : THE JOMINY END-QUENCH TEST

TABLE 1 : Reading of Distance (mm) against 12

FIGURE 1 : Control of the variables for the Jominy test 8

Figure 1 : Control of the variables for the Jominy test

One standard operating procedure that's widely accustomed measure hardenability of steel is

I. Equipment and apparatus

Figure 2 : The Jominy End Quench Machine

Figure 3 : The Jominy Test specimen

Figure 4 : The microstructure test specimen (6 pieces)

Figure 5 : The optical microscope

Figure 6 : The Vickers Hardness Tester

Figure 7 : Jominy End Quench Furnace

Distance Diameter 1 Diameter 2 Average

0 61.8 62.2 62 492.4

1 62 63.8 62.9 487.1

2 63.7 66.6 65.15 481.7

3 79.2 80.6 79.9 478.4

4 83.2 84.9 84.05 472.3

5 83.6 81.9 82.75 450.7

6 86 80.4 83.2 437.2

7 90.1 85.9 88 412.5

8 92.9 96.5 94.7 376.7

9 99.6 101.8 100.7 342.2

10 86.5 92.3 89.4 318.9

15 98.9 99 98.95 249.4

20 99.7 99.9 99.8 196.2

25 101.2 107.4 104.3 170.5

30 110.6 112.2 111.4 160.3

35 107.6 107.6 107.6 149.4

40 112.5 113.5 113 145.2

45 114 111.9 112.95 140.4

50 115.7 116.5 116.1 137.6

60 106.3 106.3 106.3 134

70 87.1 87.5 87.3 126.3

80 104.8 104.8 104.8 118.9

90 102.6 102.6 102.6 116.1

100 112.4 108.4 110.4 112.2

Table 1 : Reading of Distance (mm) against Hardness Vickers (HV)

Figure 8 : Graph Hardness Vickers vs Distanced from quenh end

Hardenability is that the ability of the steel to partially or to completely transform from

To select a steel for a component that may be heat treated, it's important to understand its

microstructure and may be considered.

Hardenability describes the capacity of the steel to harden exhaustive under a given set of

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