840 Vector Algebra

11. (b) Let  be the angle made by n with z-axis. Putting   1 in (i), we obtain the position vector of the
o 1 centre as i  3 j  4 k . Hence, the coordinates of the
Then direction cosines of n are l  cos 45  , centre of the circle are (1, 3, 4).
2
15. (d) Let l, m , n be the d.c's of r. Then l  m  n ,
1
m  cos 60 o  and n  cos  . (given)
2 2 2 2 2 1
2 2  l  m  n  1  3l  1  l  m n
 1  1 3
 l  m  n  1        n2  1
2 2 2

 2  2 Now,
1 1  1 1 1 
2
 n  n , [  is acute,  r | r | (li  m j  n k )  6  i j k 
4 2  3 3 3 
n  cos   0 ] Hence, r  2 3 (i  j  k ) .
We have | n |  8 ,  n | n | (li  m j  n k ) 16. (c) The required plane is {r  (i  2 j  4 k )}. PQ  0 .
 1 1 1  17. (b) The equation of a plane through the line of intersection of
 n  8  i  j  k   4 2 i  4 j  4 k the planes r.a   and r. b   can be written as
 2 2 2 
(r.a   )  k (r.b   )  0 or
The required plane passes through the point
( 2 , 1, 1) having position vector
r.(a  k b )    k  .....(i)
This passes through the origin, therefore
a  2i  j  k .

So, its vector equation is (r  a ).n  0 or 0 .(a  k b )    k  k 

r. n  a . n
Putting the value of k in (i), we get the equation of the
 required plane as
r.(4 2 i  4 j  4 k )  ( 2 i  j  k ).(4 2 i  4 j  4 k) r.( a  b )  0  r . (b  a )  0 .
18. (c) The position vectors of two given points are
 r. ( 2 i  j  k )  2 .
a  i  j  3 k and b  3 i  3 j  3 k the equation of
12. (b) Here d  8 and n  2 i  j  2 k ) the given plane is r.(5 i  2 j  7 k )  9  0 or
n 2i  j  2 k 2 1 2 r. n  d  0 .
ˆ 
 n   i  j k
| n| 4 1  4 3 3 3 We have,
Hence, the required equation of the plane is a . n  d  (i  j  3 k ).(5 i  2 j  7 k )  9

2 1 2   5  2  21  9  0
r. i  j  k   8 or r.(2 i  j  2 k )  24 and,
 3 3 3 
b .n  d  (3 i  3 j  3 k ).(5 i  2 j  7 k )  9
.
13. (a) We know that the perpendicular distance of a point P with  15  6  21  9  0
position vector a from the plane r. n  d is given by So, the points a and b are on the opposite sides of the
| a .n  d | plane.
. 19. (b) The equation of a plane parallel to the plane
| n|
r.( 4 i  12 j  3 k )  7  0 is
Here a  2 i  j  k, n  i  2 j  4 k and d 9. r.(4 i  12 j  3 k )    0 .
So, required distance This passes through 2 i  j  4 k .
| (2 i  j  k ).(i  2 j  4 k )  9 | Therefore,

1  4  16 (2 i  j  4 k ).(4 i  12 j  3 k )    0
| 2  2  4  9| 13  8  12  12    0    32
  .
21 21 So, the required plane is
r.(4 i  12 j  3 k )  32  0 .
14. (b) The equation of a line through the centre j  2 k and
20. (a) The vector equation of a plane through the line of
normal to the given plane is
intersection of the planes r.(i  3 j  k )  0 and
r  j  2 k  (i  2 j  2 k ) .....(i)
r.( j  2 k ) =0 can be written as
This meets the plane at a point for which we must have
((j  2 k )   (i  2 j  2 k )).(i  2 j  2 k )  15 (r.(i  3 j  k ))   (r.( j  2 k ))  0 .
....(i)
 6  (9)  15    1 .
This passes through 2 i  j  k

(2 i  j  k ).(i  3 j  k )   (2 i  j  k ).( j  2 k )  0
 Vector Algebra 841
or (2  3  1)   (0  1  2)  0    6 25. (a) The vector equation of the plane passing through points
a , b , c is r.(a  b  b  c  c  a )  [a b c ]
Put the value of  in (i) we get
Therefore, the length of the perpendicular from the origin
r.(i  9 j  11 k )  0 , which is the required plane.
[a b c ]
21. (b) The line of intersection of the planes to this plane is given by .
| a b  b c  c a|
r.(3 i  j  k )  1 and r.(i  4 j  2 k )  2 is
common to both the planes. Therefore, it is perpendicular 26. (c) The given plane passes through a and is parallel to the
to normals to the two planes i.e., n 1  3 i  j  k and vectors b  a and c . So it is normal to (b  a )  c
n 2  i  4 j  2 k . Hence it is parallel to the vector . Hence, its equation is (r  a ).((b  a )  c )  0
or r.(b  c  c  a )  [a b c ]
n 1  n 2  2i  7 j  13 k. Thus, we have to find
The length of the perpendicular from the origin to this
the equation of the plane passing through
[a b c ]
a  i  2 j  k and normal to the vector n  n 1  n 2 . plane is .
| b c  c a|
The equation of the required plane is (r  a ). n  0 or
27. (b) The equation of a line passing through the points
r. n  a .n A(i  j  2 k ) and B(3 i  j  k ) is
or r.(2 i  7 j  13 k ) = r  (i  j  2 k )   (3 i  j  k )
(i  2 j  k ).(2 i  7 j  13 k ) The position vector of any point P which is a variable
or r.( 2 i  7 j  13 k )  1 . point on the line, is (i  j  2 k )   (3 i  j  k )
22. (a) The required plane passes through a point having position  AP   (3 i  j  k ) | AP |   11
vector a 1 and is parallel to the vectors a 1 and a 2 . If Now, if  11  3 11 i.e.,   3 then the
r is the position vector of any point on the plane, then position vector of the point P is 10 i  2 j  5 k .
r  a 1 , a 1 , a 2 are coplanar. If  11  3 11 , i.e.,   3 then the position
Therefore, (r  a 1 ).(a 1  a 2 )  0 vector of the point P is 8 i  4 j  k .
28. (d) The equations of the lines joining
 [r a 1 a 2 ] = [a 1 a 1 a 2 ]  [r a 1 a 2 ]  0 6 a  4 b  4 c , 4 c and
Hence, the required plane is [r a 1 a 2 ]  0 . a  2 b  3 c , a  2 b  5 c are respectively.
23. (b) Given two lines r  (i  j)   (i  2 j  k ) and r  6 a  4 b  4 c  m (6 a  4 b  8 c )
r  (i  j)   (i  j  2 k ) pass through a  i  j …..(i)
and r  a  2 b  3 c  n(2 a  4 b  2 c )
and are parallel to the vectors b  i  2 j  k and
…..(ii)
c  i  j  2 k respectively. Therefore the plane
For the point of intersection, the equations (i)and (ii)
containing them passes through a  i  j and is should give the same value of r . Hence, equating the
perpendicular to coefficients of vectors a, b and c in the two

n  b  c  (i  2 j  k )  (i  j  2 k )  3 i  3 j  3 k expressions for r, we get

6 m  2n  7, 2m  2n  1 and 8 m  2n  7 .
.
Hence, the equation of the plane is 1
Solving first two equations, we get m  1 , n  .
(r  a ).n  0  r.n  a .n  r.(i  j  k )  0 . 2
24. (c) We have These values of m and n also satisfy the third equation.
r  (1     )i  (2   )j  (3  2   2  )k Hence, the lines intersect. Putting the value of m in (i), we
 get the position vector of the point of intersection as
r  (i  2 j  3 k )  (i  j  2 k )   (i  2 k ) , 4 c .
which is a plane passing through a  i  2 j  3 k and n .b
29. (d) Use the formula, sin   .
parallel to the vectors b  i  j  2k and | n || b |
c  i  2 k 30. (d) The required line passes through the point i  3 j  2 k
Therefore, it is perpendicular to the vector and is perpendicular to the lines
n  b  c  2i  k r  (i  2 j  k )   (2 i  j  k )
Hence, its vector equation is (r  a ).n  0
and r  (2 i  6 j  k )   (i  2 j  3 k ) ,
 r.n  a .n  r.(2 i  k )  2  3
therefore it is parallel to the vector
 r.( 2 i  k )  5
b  (2 i  j  k )  (i  2 j  3 k ) = (i  5 j  3 k )
So, the cartesian equation is ( x i  y j  z k ).(2 i  k )
Hence, the equation of the required line is
=5
or 2 x  z  5 .
r  (i  3 j  2 k )   ' (i  5 j  3 k )
 842 Vector Algebra
 r  (i  3 j  2 k )   (i  5 j  3 k ) , where Hence, the plane r.(i  2 j  k )  3 contains the
   ' . given line.
31. (a) We have AP  3 i  j  10 k 35. (c) Since the equation | r | 2 2(r.a )    0 represents a
 | AP |  9  1  100  110 sphere of radius | a | 2  , therefore

| r | 2  r.( 2i  4 j  2 k )  10  0 represents a
sphere of radius
|r|=5  | i  2 j  k | 2 10  6  10  4 .
O
5 36. (d) It is obvious.

P Q
37. (c) The given lines are r  a 1  b 1 , r  a 2  b 2 ,
N
where a 1  3 i  2 j  2 k, b 1  i
a 2  i  j  2 k, b 2  j
AN  Projection of AP on 6 i  3 j  4 k
| b 1  b 2 | | i  j | | k |  1
AP .(6 i  3 j  4 k )

| 6i  3 j  4 k |
Now, [(a 2  a 1 ) b 1 b 2 ]  (a 2  a 1 ).(b 1  b 2 )
 18  3  40  (2 i  j  4 k )(k )  4
  61
61
 Shortest distance
 PN  AP 2  AN 2  110  61  7 . [(a 2  a 1 )(b 1  b 2 )] 4
  4 .
32. (b) The vector equation of the line joining the points | b1  b 2 | 1
i  2j  k and 2 j  3 k is
38. (c) It is obvious.
r  (i  2 j  k )   (i  2 k )
39. (d) Required distance
…..(i)
d  a .n 5  (2 i  2 j  3 k ).(i  5 j  k )
The vector equation of the plane through the origin, 4 j  
| n| 1  25  1
and 2 i  k is r . (4 i  8 k )  0
…..(ii) 5  (2  10  3) 10
  .
(Using r.(a  b  b  c  c  a )  [a b c ] ) 27 3 3
The position vector of any point on (i) is (i  2 j  k ) 40. (c) Let Q be the image of the point P(i  3 k ) in the plane
  (i  2 k ) . r.(i  j  k )  1 . Then PQ is normal to the plane.
If it lies on (ii), then Since PQ passes through P and in normal to the given
((i  2 j  k )   (i  2 k )).(4 i  8 k )  0 plane, therefore equation of PQ is
r  (i  3 k )   (i  j  k )
1
  4  20   0    
5 P (i+3k)
Putting the value of  in
(i  2 j  k )   (i  2 k ) , we get the position
1 R
vector of the required point as (6 i  10 j  3 k ) .
5
33. (b) The two planes are on the opposite side of the origin.
Q
Therefore, if p1 and p 2 are the lengths of the
perpendicular from the origin to the planes Since, Q lies on the line PQ, so, let the position vector of
r.(i  2 j  2 k )  5  0 and Q be (i  3 k )   (i  j  k )

r.(i  2 j  2 k )  8  0 respectively, then the  (1   )i  j  (3   )k .

5 8 13 Since R is the mid point of PQ, therefore position vector of
required distance is given by p1  p 2   
3 3 3 (1   )i  j  (3   )k  i  3 k
R is
unit. 2
34. (a) The position vector of any point on the given line is
i  j   (2 i  j  4 k ) or  2   6
or   i   j k
(2   1)i  (  1)j  4 k which lies on  2  2  2 
r.(i  2 j  k )  3 .
 Vector Algebra 843

    
or   1 i    j   3   k [r  15 j 24 k ]  [r 24 k 6 i ]  [r 6 i  15 j]  [6 i 
2  2  2
  r.(20 i  8 j  5 k )  120
Since R lies on the plane r.(i  j  k )  1
 r.( 20 i  8 j  5 k )  120 .
Therefore,
45. (b) The line of intersection of the planes
      
  1  i    j   3   k  .  i  j  k   1
r.(i  3 j  k )  1 and r.( 2 i  5 j  3 k )  2 is
 2  2  2  perpendicular to each of the normal vectors
n 1  i  3 j  k and n 2  2 i  5 j  3 k
  
 2  1  2  3  2   1    2  It is parallel to the vector
 
So, the position vector of Q is n 1  n 2  (i  3 j  k )  (2 i  5 j  3 k )
(i  3 k )  2(i  j  k )  i  2 j  k . i j k
41. (a) Let the equation of plane is  1 3 1 = 4 i  5 j  11 k .
a( x  1)  b(y  2)  c(z  0 )  0 2 5 3
…..(i) 46. (a) As plane is parallel to a given vector  Normal of plane must
As it passes through (2, 3, 5) perpendicular to the given vectors. Given point to which plane
so, 3 a  5 b  5 c  0 …..(ii) passes through is (2, –1,3).
also, 2 a  5 b  c  0 …..(iii) Let A, B,C are direction ratios of its normal.
 Equation of plane is,
a b c
   A( x  2)  B(y  1)  C(z  3)  0
 5  25 10  3 15  10
…..(i)
a b c
  
 30 13 5 Plane
Hence equation of plane is, 30 x  13 y  5 z  4 Normal of plane
or r.(30 i  13 j  5 k )  4 .
Parallel vector
42. (d) The Given lines are r1  a 1   b 1 , r2  a 2  b 2
Now normal to plane A i  B j  C k is perpendicular to
Where a 1  4 i  3 j  k ; b1  i  4 j  7 k the given vectors a  3i  0 j  k and
a 2  i  j  10 k ; b 2  2 i  3 j  8 k b  3 i  2 j  2 k

i j k  3A  0B  C  0 …..(i)
| b1  b 2 |  1 4 7  11 i  6 j  5 k 3 A  2 B  2 C  0
.....(ii)
2 3 8
A B C
Now [(a 2  a 1 ) b 1 b 2 ]  (a 2  a 1 ).(b 1  b 2 ) Solving (i) and (ii) we get,  
2 3 6
Equation of plane be
 (3 i  2 j  9 k )(11 i  6 j  5 k )  0 2( x  2)  3(y  1)  6(z  3)  0
Therefore, shortest distance i.e., 2 x  3 y  6 z  25  0 .
[(a 2  a 1 ) b 1 b 2 ]
 0. x  9
| b1  b 2 | 47. (d) Required ratio =   1 
 i.e., – 9 : 1.
 x2  1
43. (b) The point of the given line is (1  t,1  t,1  t )
Equation of plane is, x  y  z  5 Critical Thinking Questions
The point of the given line satisfies the equation of plane
1. (c) Three vectors meeting at a point are i  j, j  k , k  i .
 (1  t)(1  t)  (1  t)  5  1t5 
Forces of 1, 2, 3 dynes are acting along these directions
t4 respectively, therefore resultant force
 Points are (5, 3,  3) ij 2(j  k ) 3(k  i ) 4i  3j  5k
=    ,
Hence, position vector of point is, 5 i  3 j  3 k . 2 2 2 2
44. (a) Centroid of PQR is 2 i  5 j  8 k 5 2
 Magnitute =  5 dyne.
 Intercepts on x, y and z axis are 6 i ,  15 j and 2
24 k respectively. 2. (b) Clearly, bc ,  b .c  0
Hence equation of plane is, Now, d  c  b | d | 2 | c  b | 2
 844 Vector Algebra
= | c | 2  | b | 2 2 b . c  16  16  0 7. (e) Since, no vector given in options is collinear with the
given vectors. Therefore all vectors can be third vertex of
 | d| 32  4 2 and direction of d is west. the triangle.
2 2
3. (b) | a  b| | b  c | | c  a | 2 8. (b) Let a  x i  y j  z k
2 2 2
 2(a  b  c )  2(a .b  b .c  c . a ) 15
 2  3  2(a . b  b . c  c . a ) | a | x 2  y 2  z 2  50 , b  6i  8 j  k
2
 6  {(a  b  c )2  a 2  b 2  c 2 } Since a and b are collinear, so a  k b and
 9  | a  b  c | 2  9A. x y 2z
4. (c)
   k , (constant)
6 8  15
3i  5 j  4 k 5i  5 j  2k  144  256  225 
 2500  k 2  
 4 
B D C
2500  4
 k   4
625
(3  5 )i  (5  5 )j  (4  2)k
P.V . of AD  Since a makes an acute angle with the direction of
2 z-axis, Hence, its z-component must be positive. This is
8i  6k possible only when k  4 .
AD   4 i  3k
2  15 
 a  k 6 i  8 j  k , [ a  k b ]
 Length of median | AD |  16  9  5 unit.
 2 
5. (b) Here, 3 p  (3 x  12 y ) a  (6 x  3 y  3)b
Hence, a  24 i  32 j  30 k .

2 q  (2 y  4 x  4 ) a  (4 x  6 y  2) b 9. (d) | c |  1, we have | c | 2  1 or c12  c 22  c 32  1

On comparing, we get 3 x  12 y  2 y  4 x  4 .....(i)
Again, since c a and c  b , we have
 7 x  10 y  4 …..(i)
c .a  0
and 2 x  9 y  5 …..(ii)
On solving equations, we get x  2,  1 .  a1 c1  a2 c 2  a3 c 3  0 .....(ii)

6. (b) Let AB  a , AC  b and c . b  0  b1 c1  b 2 c 2  b 3 c 3  0 …..(iii)

4a  b 2b 3a 
So, AD  , AE  , AF  , and Also since angle between a and b is , we have
5 5 10 6
a a . b  a1 b1  a 2 b 2  a 3 b 3
AK 
4 
A
 | a | | b | cos  a1b1  a2 b 2  a3 b 3
6
K 3 2
3 2  (a1  a22  a32 )(b12  b 22  b 32 )
4
 (a1 b1  a 2 b 2  a 3 b 3 ) 2
3 7
3 .....(iv)
Now,
2
a1 a2 a3 a1 a2 a 3 a1 a2 a3
B 1 D 4 C
b1 b2 b3  b1 b2 b 3 b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c 3 c1 c2 c3
b  4 a 2 b  5 a 3 a  10 b
 
AD  BE  CF 5 5 10
 a12  a 22  a 32 a1 b1  a 2 b 2  a 3 b 3 0
CK a  4 b
 b1 a1  b 2 a 2  b 3 a 3 b12  b 22  b 32 0
4
0 0 1
6 b  2 a  3 a  10 b 2
 4  . {Using (i), (ii) and (iii)}
10 (a  4 b ) 5
 Vector Algebra 845
1 2 r. b
 (a1  a 22  a 32 )(b12  b 22  b 32 ) , {Using (iv)} Now, projection of r on b  1
4 | b|

(a12 )(b12 ) (b  c ) . b b . b 1

 ,   1 
4 | b| | b| 5

where a12  a12  a 22  a 32 and b12  b12  b 22  b 32 . r. c

Again, projection of r on c 
| c|
2
10. (b) c   a   b   (a  b )  c . a   and
c .b   6
This gives x 
     cos 
5
1 6 4 
Also, 1  c . c , r (4 i  3 j)   i  j   2 i  j
5 5 3 
  a   b   (a  b ) . ( a   b )   (a  b )  1 1 6 4  2 11
or r  (4 i  3 j)   i  j    i  j.
 2   (a  b )  1 ,
2 2 2      5 5 3  5 5

 2 2   2 [a 2 b 2  (a .b )2 ]  1  2 2   2  1 15. (a,c) Any vector r in the plane of b and c is r  b  tc

or r  (1  t)i  (2  t )j  (1  2 t)k ......(i)
Hence,  2
 1  2 2  1  2 cos 2    cos 2 .
Since the angle between a  b and a and the angle 2 r. a 2
11. (b) Projection of r on a is     
between a  b and b are the same, so we have 3 | a| 3
(a  b ). a (a  b ). b 2(1  t)  (2  t)  (1  2 t) 2
 or   
| a  b || a | | a  b || b | 6 3
  t  1  2  t  3, 1
| a|2 b .a a.b | b|2 Projection in (i),we get
   
| a  b || a | | a  b || a | | a  b || b | | a  b || b |  r  2 i  j  5 k or r  2 i  3 j  3 k .
| a | | b |  a.b  16. (b) If x, y are the original components; X , Y the new
  1    0
| a  b|  | a || b|  components and  is the angle of rotation, then
x  X cos   Y sin  and
Hence | a | | b | or angle between a and b is 0.
y  X sin   Y cos 
12. (d) We have BD  OD  OB  a  2 b  b  a  3 b
2 p  ( p  1) cos   sin  and
and AC  OC  OA  2 a  3 b  a  a  3 b .
1  ( p  1) sin   cos 
Let  be the angle between BD and AC .
Squaring and adding, we get 4 p 2  1  ( p  1) 2  1
BD . AC | a | 2 9 | b | 2
Then cos   
1
| BD | | AC | | BD | | AC |  p  1   2 p  p  1 or  .
3
9 | b | 2 9 | b | 2
 , ( a  3 | b |) 17. (b) u  2 i  2 j  k and v  6 i  3 j  2 k
| BD | | AC |
Let vector c  c 1 i  c 2 j  c 3 k is perpendicular to

 cos   0     . both u and v, then c .u  0
2
 2 c1  2 c 2  c 3  0 …..(i)
13. (c) A  t B  (i  2 j  3 k )  t(i  2 j  k )
and c . v  0  6 c1  3 c 2  2 c 3  0 …..(ii)
 i (1  t)  j(2  2 t)  k(3  t )
Solving equation (i) and (ii) by cross multiplication
But it is perpendicular to C  3 i  j,
c1 c2 c3
So,     , (say)
C . ( A  t B)  0  3(1  t )  2  2 t  0  t  5 . 4  3  6  4  6  12
14. (d) Let r  b  c and c  ( x i  y j). Since c 
c1 c
 2  3 
c
and b are perpendicular, we have 4 x  3 y  0 1  10  18
 4  4  c1   , c 2  10  and c 3  18 
 c   x  i  j  , {y   x}
 3  3 Thus c   (i  10 j  18 k )
| c |   1  100  324   425
 846 Vector Algebra
c The position vectors of these points will be
Hence required unit vector is, 1 1
| c| OE  (a  b ), OF  (b  c ) ,
2 2
 (i  10 j  18 k ) 1
  (i  10 j  18 k ) 1 1
 425 425 OG  (c  d ), OH  (a  d )
2 2
=
1 1 1 18  c a
(i  10 j  18 k )   i  2j  k Then EF  OF  OE   
5 17 17  5 5   2 
Aliter : Required vector is and
uv i  10 j  18 k 1 1 1
 . FG  (d  b ), GH  (a  c ), GH  (b  d )
| u  v| 425 2 2 2
18. (d) db  c b gives F
C (c)
i j k i j k B (b)
x y z  4 3 7 , where
1 1 1 1 1 1
E
d  x i  y j  z k (say) G

On solving, x  1, y  8 , z  2 A (a)

Hence d  i  8 j  2 k . H
19. (b) Given, D (d)
a  r  b   a  (a  r). a  b . a   a . a
O
b. a 5 It is clear that EF is parallel to GH and FG is
 0  b . a  | a | 2     
| a|2 6 parallel to HE . Thus EFGH is a parallelogram.

Also, 1
 EF  FG  {(c  a )  (d  b )}
7 2 4
(a  r)  a  b  a   a  a  r  i  j .
6 3
P1 of a, b is 1
20. (a) A vector perpendicular to the plane  (c  d  c  b  a  d  a  b )
4
ab
A vector perpendicular to the plane P2 of c, d is
1
c d .  (a  b  b  c  c  d  d  a )
4
 (a  b )  (c  d )  0  (a × b) || (c × d)  Area of parallelogram EFGH is,
 The angle between the planes is 0 o . A | EF  FG |
21. (a) Let b  b1 i  b 2 j  b 3 k 1
 | a b  b c c d  da| .
i j k 4
Now, j  k  a  b  1 1 1 23. (a) Force F  AB   3  1  i    4  2  j   2  3  k
b1 b2 b3  2i  6 j  5 k

 b 3  b 2  0, b1  b 3  1, b 2  b1  1 Moment of Force F w.r.t M  MA  F

 MA   1  2  i   2  4  j    3  6  k
 b 3  b 2 , b1  b 2  1
 3i  2 j  3k
Now, a .b  1  b1  b 2  b 3  1
i j k
 3 b 2  1  1  b 2  0  b1  1, b 3  0 . Now MA  F  3 2 3
Thus b i. 2 6 5
22. (c) It is given that a , b , c and d are the position vectors  i   10  18   j  6  15   k   18  4 
of vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD respectively.  8 i  9 j  14 k .
Let E, F, G and H are the middle points of sides AB, BC,
CD and DA respectively. a 1 1
24. (d) Since 1 b 1 0
1 1 c
 Vector Algebra 847
Applying R 2  R 2  R1 and R 3  R 3  R1 , 1 ˆ  i  j  2k
 62  1     ; d .
a 1 1 6 6
we get 1  a b 1 0 0 1 a 1
dV
1a 0 c 1 28. (c) V  0 1 a  1  a3  a   3a 2  1
da
On expanding, we get a 0 1

 1  1 
a(b  1)(c  1)  (1  a)(c  1)  (1  a)(b  1)  0  3  a   a 
 

 3  3 
On dividing by (1  a)(1  b )(1  c), we get 1
a 1 1  Minimum at .
  0 3
1a 1b 1c
29. (a) Let i be a unit vector in the direction of b, j in the

1

1

1

1

a
 1. direction of c . Note that b  i and c  j
1a 1b 1c 1a 1a We have b  c | b || c | sin  k  sin  k , where
25. (c) Let   0, then k is a unit vector perpendicular to b and c.
 (a  b ) . c   (b  c ) . c   (c  a ) . c  0 b c
| b  c |  sin   k 
  [a b c ]  0  [a b c ]  0 ,   0  | b c|
Hence a, b, c are coplanar. Any vector a can be written as a linear combination of
26. (b) Volume of tetrahedron ABCD is, i, j and k .

1 Let a  a1 i  a 2 j  a 3 k .
| AB  AC . AD | , where A(1, 1, 1),
6 Now a . b  a . i  a1 , a . c  a . j  a 2
B(1,  1, 1), C (1, 1,  1) and
b c
D(0, 0, 0 ). and a .  a . k  a3
| b c|
1
 | (2 i  2 j)  (2 i  2 k ) . (i  j  k )| a . (b  c )
6 Thus (a . b )b  (a . c )c  (b  c |
| b c|
2 2 0

1
2 
1
(4 )  
2

2 (b  c )
2 0 cubic  a1 b  a 2 c  a 3  a1 i  a 2 j  a 3 k  a .
6 6 3 3 | b c|
1 1 1
unit. 30. (c)
27. (c) Let a  i  j, b  j  k and c  k i b c b c
a  (b  c )   (a . c )b  (a . b ) c 
Let ˆ  a i  a j  a k, 2 2
d 1 2 3
 1   1 
ˆ|
| d a12  a 22  a 32  1  (a . c )   b  (a . b )  c  0
 2   2
 a12  a 22  a32  1 ......(i) 1 1
 a .c  , a .b  
ˆ 0 a a 0
a .d …..(ii) 2 2
1 2

ˆ ]  0  b . (c  d
ˆ)0 1 1
[b c d | a | | c | cos   , | a | | b | cos   
2 2
0 1 1
 1 1  1(a3  a1 )  1(a 2 )
1 1 
0  cos   , cos      ,
2 2 4
a1 a2 a3
3
a1  a 2  a3  0  a1  a 2  0 a3  0 , {from   .
4
(ii)}
31. (c) We have (a  b )  (b  c )
 ((a  b ) . c )b  ((a  b ) . b )c  [a b c ]b
a1 a a3 a a a
  2   1  2  3 ,
0 1 1  0 1 1 1 1 2 (b  c )  (c  a )  ((b  c ) . a )c  ((b  c ) . c )a  [ b c
(say)
 a1   , a 2   , a3  2  (c  a )  (a  b )  ((c  a ) . b )a  ((c  a ) . a )b  [c a
 2   2  4  2  1 , {from (i)}
 [(a  b )  (b  c )(b  c )  (c  a )(c  a )  (a  b )]
 848 Vector Algebra
 [[a b c ] a [a b c ] b [a b c ] c ]  a b 
35. (a) The required vector c is given by    
 [a b c ] 3 [a b c ]  [a b c ] 4 . | a | | b | 
32. (a,c) Since a , b , c are coplanar, hence [a b c ]  0
a 1
1 1 1 Now,  (7 i  4 j  4 k )
Given (a  b )  (c  d )  i  j k | a| 9
6 3 3
b 1
and  (2 i  j  2 k )
1 1 1 | b| 3
 [(a  b ) . d ] c  [(a  b ) . c ]d  i  j  k
6 3 3
1 7 2 
 c   i  j  k 
1 1 1 9 9 9 
ˆ . d] c  0  i  j  k
 [(| a || b | sin 30 ) n
6 3 3
54
| c | 2  2 .
  1  ˆ 1 1 1 81
 (1)(1) [| n || d | cos  ] c  i  j  k
  2  6 3 3  2  225 or   15 .

5
1 1 1 1 Therefore, c   (i  7 j  2 k ).
 cos  (c )  i  j k 3
2 6 3 3
, 36. (b) BM 2  AB 2  AM 2 …..(i)
Where n̂ and d are unit perpendicular vector and angle
between n̂ and d may be 0 or  . AB  3 i  0 j  k

1 2
When   0, c  [i  2 j  2 k ] AB 2  AB  9  1  10
3
B(1,2,3)
1
When    , c  [i  2 j  2 k ] .
3
33. (d) The centre of the sphere | r |  5 is at the origin and
radius  5 . Let M be the foot of perpendicular from O to
the given plane. Then OM = length of perpendicular from A(4,2,2) M C=(2,3,6)
| OM .(i  j  k )  3 3 |
O to the given plane  AM  Projection of AB in direction of C
| i  j  k|
3 3  2i  3 j  6 k
 3
12  12  12 

O AB . C (3 i  0 j  k ). (2 i  3 j  6 k )
AM   0
| C| 7
P M Q
 BM 2  10  0  10

Let P be any position of circle, then P lies on plane as well  BM  (10 ) , {by (i)}.
as on sphere.
 OP = radius of sphere = 5
In OPM , we have OP 2  OM 2  PM 2
 PM  52  32  4 .
34. (c) Given x is parallel to y and z

 x . (y  z )  0  [x y z ]  0

2 1 
37. (b,c) We have r  1 r1   2 r2   3 r3
  0 1  0    7 .
5 1 0  2 a  3 b  4 c  (1  2  3 )a

(1   2   3 )b  (1   2  3 )c
 Vector Algebra 849

 1  2  3  2,1  2  3  3, 1  2  3  4
( a , b , c are non-coplanar)

7 1
 1  ,  2  1, 3  
2 2
Therefore, 1  3  3 and 1  2  3  4 .

38. (a) c is coplanar with a, b

 c  xa  yb

 c  x (2i  j  k )  y (i  2 j  k )
 c  (2 x  y )i  ( x  2 y )j  ( x  y )k
 a .c  0

 2(2 x  y )  x  2 y  x  y  0

 y  2 x

c  3 x j  3 x k  3 x ( j  k )
| c|  1

 9x 2  9x2  1

1 1
x  c  ( j  k ) .
3 2 2
39. (b) | p | | q | | r |  c , (say)

and p.q  0  p.r  q.r

p | (x  q )  p |  q  | (x  r)  q |  r | (x  p)  r |  0

 (p.p )(x  q )  {p.(x  q )}p  .........  0

 c 2 (x  q  x  r  x  p )  (p.x )p  (q .x )q  (r.x )r  0

 c 2 {3 x  (p  q  r)}  [(p.x )p  (q .x )q  (r.x )r]  0

1
which is satisfied by x  (p  q  r) .
2
40. (a) We have r  b  a  b and r  a  b  a
Adding r  (a  b )  0 i.e., r is parallel to a  b

or r   (i  j  2 i  k )
r   (3 i  j  k ) for
  1  r  (3i  j  k ) .