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Lec9 PDF
Lec9 PDF
Lec9 PDF
x(t) y(t)
2cos(2πfot)
Receiver Output
Lowpass
y(t) z(t) r(t)
2cos(2πfot)
Transmitter Output
0
x(t) y(t)
2cos(2πfot)
Lowpass
y(t) z(t) r(t)
2sin(2πfot)
iti(t)
(t) it (t)
t
cos (2π f0 t ) 1t)
2cos(2πf yt (t)
sin (2π f0t ) 1t)
2sin(2πf
qq(t)
t(t)
t qt (t)
• Polar View shows amplitude and phase of it(t), qt(t) and yt(t)
combined signal for transmission at a given frequency f.
• Magnitude of i(t) and q(t) vary with time, representing information in
the analog domain.
Q Q
q(t)
θ (t) i(t)
I I
i(t) q(t)
y(t) θ (t)
i 2 (t) + q2 (t)
f f
-fo 0 fo
0 2 cos (2π f02tt))
2cos(2πf y(t)
Q(f)
Qt(f) 2sin (2π f02tt))
2sin(2πf
Y
1 j Qqt(f)
(f)
qq(t)
t(t)
fo
f f
0 j -fo 0
ffo1 -j
f
-f
-fo1 0
-j
Lowpass
it(t) ir(t)
t t
2 cos (2π f0t ) 1t)
2cos(2πf 2 cos (2π f0t t)
2cos(2πf 1
)
(2π f0t ) 1t)
2sin(2πf
2 sin 2 sin (2π f01tt)
2sin(2πf )
Lowpass
qt(t) qr(t)
t t
f f f
-fo 0 fo
0 cos (2π f02tt)
22cos(2πf ) y(t) y(t) 2 cos (2π 1f0t)t )
2cos(2πf 0
Qt(f) sin (2π f0tt)
22sin(2πf ) 2 sin (2π 1f0t)t )
2sin(2πf
Qr(f)
2 Lowpass
1 j Yq(f) 2
qt(t) qr(t)
fo
f f f
0 j -fo 0 j 0
ff1o -j ffo1
f f
-f1 0 -f1 0
-f o -j
-fo -j
f f f
-fo 0 fo
0 2cos(2πf2t) y(t) y(t) 2sin(2πf1t) 0
Qt(f) Qr(f)
2sin(2πf2t) -2cos(2πf1t)
1 j Yq(f)
qt(t) qr(t)
fo
f f f
0 j -fo 0 0
f1 -j -fo fo -2
f f
-f1 0 0
-j -1 -1
t(t)
qq(t)
−qo qt (t)
t
t
it(t)
i(t ) it (t ) Q
t × ×
2cos(2πfot)1t)
2cos(2πf yt (t )
2sin(2πf
2sin(2πfot)1t)
io 2 + qo 2
q 4 QAM
t(t)
q(t ) 45°
I Quadrature
q t (t ) Amplitude
t Modulation
Given io = qo = 1
× ×
yt (t) = 2
θ (t) can have 4 values
45°, 135°, − 45°, − 135°
Transmission signal is sine wave at frequency f0 with information
encoded in discrete values of amplitude and phase.
it(t)
t
2cos(2πf1t)
2sin(2πf1t)
qt(t)
00
Decision 01
Boundaries I
11
10
Decision
Boundaries