Chapter 5

FLUID MECHANICS
CLD 10603
Equipment in Fluid Flow
Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering technology
Objectives
By the end of this chapter, student should be able to:
 Define valve and list down their functions

 Classify valve types
 Define pump and differentiate types of pumps
 Describe the operational principal of centrifugal pump and
gear pump
 State the advantages and the disadvantages of pumps
 State factors influence selection of pumps
 Interpret the pump characteristic curve
 Describe pump configuration
 Describe NPSH and cavitation
 Define compressor
CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow
Pipes
 Pipes are circular in cross
section and available in
widely varying size, wall
thickness and materials of
construction.
 Pipes are used to transport

fluid from one place to
another

Pipes in series
Q1 = Q2
hL,1-2 = hL,1 + hL,2
 The flow rate is the same in each branch of the pipe

system
 The total head loss over the system is equal to the sum of
the head losses in the individual branches

Pipes in Parallel
Qtotal = Q1 + Q2
hL,1 = hL,2
 The total flow rate is equal to the sum of the flow rates in
the individual branches
 The head loss across each branch is the same

Valve
 To slow down or stop the  Valve can be made to
flow of a fluid control:
o Temperature
o Pressure
o Liquid level
o Or other properties of
a fluid at points remote
from the valve itself

Basic valve types

 Stop valves
o Used to shut off or in some cases partially shut off the
flow of fluid
o Controlled by the movement of the valve stem
o Example: globe, gate, butterfly, ball valves, plug valves
and needle valves
 Check valves
o Mechanical valves that permit gases and liquids to flow
in only one direction, preventing process flow from
reversing
o One way directional valves
o Fluid flow in the desired direction opens the valve, while
backflow forces the valve closed
o Example: Ball check valves and swing check valves

Globe valve
 The most common valve in existence
 Derives its name from the globular shape of the valve
body
 Used for on-off service and handless throttling
applications

Gate valve
 Name gate is derived from the
appearance of the disk in the flow
stream
 Used when a straight line flow of fluid
and minimum restriction is desired
 The gate is usually wedge shaped
 When the valve is wide open, the gate
is fully drawn up into the valve, leaving
an opening for flow through the valve
the same size as the pipe in which the
valve is installed
 Not suitable for throttling purpose

Plug valve (stop cock valves)
 Three main parts (body, cover and plug)

 The plug is cylindrical, tapered or cone shaped device that
can be raised or lowered within the seat to maintain, restrict
or completely shut off flow
 Used for both on-off and throttling services

Pump
A mechanical device that moves fluid by pressure or suction
PUMP
Positive
Dynamic Pump Displacement Pump
-centrifugal pump -Plunger pump
-Gear pump

Dynamic Pumps
 Use the momentum of the fluid to
move it across an unsealed chamber
 Dynamic Pumps include
o centrifugal pumps: fluid enters
axially, and is discharged
radially.
o mixed-flow pumps: fluid enters
axially, and leaves at an angle
between radially and axially.
o axial pumps: fluid enters and
leaves axially.

Centrifugal pump
 2 main parts:
o rotating element
(impeller and a shaft)
o stationary element
(casing, stuffing box,
and bearings).
 Suitable for low viscosity
fluids that can withstand a
moderate amount of shear

Centrifugal pump
Operating principles:
 Operate using kinetic energy to move fluid
utilizing an impeller and a circular pump casing.
 Impeller produces liquid velocity and the casing forces
the liquid to discharge from the pump converting
velocity to pressure by offsetting the impeller in the
casing and maintaining a close clearance between the
impeller and the casing at the cutwater.
 Fluid enters the pump near the center of the impeller and
is moved to its outside diameter by the rotating motion
of the impeller.
 The vanes on the impeller progressively widen from the
center of the impeller that reduces speed and increases
pressure and allows to produce continuous flows at high
pressure.
Positive Displacement Pump

 It force fluid from one sealed chamber to
another with little leakage.
 Example: Gear (rotary) pump and Reciprocating
(Plunger) pump.
 Suitable for higher viscosity liquids or when
pressure requirements are high.

Gear pump
 Use 2 identical gears rotating against each other, one
gear is driven by a motor and it in turn drives the other
gear.
 Each gear is supported by a shaft with bearings on both
sides of the gear.
 As the gears come out of mesh, they create expanding
volume on the inlet side of the pump. Liquid flows into the
cavity and is trapped by the gear teeth as they rotate.
 Liquid travels around the interior of the casing in the
pockets between the teeth and the casing.
 Finally, the meshing of the gears forces liquid through the
outlet port under pressure.
Gear pump

Universiti Kuala Lumpur Outlet Ball Check Valve
Reciprocating pump
Inlet Ball Check Valve
 Using a plunger to move the media through a cylindrical chamber.
 It draw in fluid when the plunger rod extends out of a cylinder bore
and discharge the fluid when the plunger rod retracts.
 When the plunger is pulled out, an increasing volume is formed
within the cylinder. The ball check valve at the inlet port allows fluid
to enter and fill this void.
 After the cylinder is filled, the plunger is pushed in. The ball check
valve at the inlet closes, and the ball check valve at the outlet port
unseats. A decreasing volume is formed within the cylinder. This
action positively ejects the fluid out of the outlet port.
 The plunger rods are connected to a driveshaft flange by ball-and-
socket joints.
 As the driveshaft rotates the cylinder block, the plungers are forced
to reciprocate inside their cylinders.

Advantages of reciprocating pump over centrifugal pump
Reciprocating pump
Centrifugal pump

Advantages of reciprocating pump over centrifugal pump
1. They can be designed for higher heads than

centrifugal pumps
2. They are not subject to air binding and the suction
may be under a pressure less than atmospheric
without necessitating special devices for priming
3. They are more flexible in operation than centrifugal
pumps
4. They operate at nearly constant efficiency over a wide
range of flow rates

Advantages of centrifugal pump over reciprocating pump
 Directly connected to motor derive without the use of

gears or belts
 Valves in the discharge line may be completely closed
without injuring them
 They can be handle liquids with large amounts of solids
in suspension
The simplest centrifugal pumps are cheaper than the
simplest reciprocating pumps
Centrifugal pumps deliver liquid at uniform pressure
without shocks or pulsations

Selection of pump
 The quantity of liquid to be
handled
 The head against which the

liquid is to be pumped
 The nature of the liquid to

be pumped
 The nature of power supply
 How often pump being used

Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)  The difference in
pressure between the pump’s inlet stagnation pressure
head and the vapor pressure head.
u2
 Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR)  The

minimum NPSH necessary to avoid cavitation in the
pump.
NPSH > NPSHR  no cavitation in the pump


Cavitation
 Formation of an air or vapor pocket
(bubble) due to lowering pressure
in a liquid.
 Occurs when the pump suction is
under a low pressure / high vacuum
condition where the liquid turns
into a vapor (bubbles) at the inlet of
the pump (P < Pv).
 Should be avoided due to erosion
damage and noise.

Cavitation
When cavities form at the suction of the pump, several
things happen:
 a loss in capacity
 no longer build the same head (pressure)
 efficiency drops
 causing noise, vibration and damage to many of the
components

Compressor

Compressor
 Device that is design to compressed air or gas
from low inlet pressure to higher outlet pressure
 Generally, compressor will increase the air or

gas pressure and once the pressure increase, it
will automatically decrease the air or gas
volume

Two types of compressor

- Dynamic
-Positive displacement
a. Rotary
b. Reciprocating
Reciprocating Compressor
Cylinder
Chamber where the compression process takes place by the change in
its volume as the piston moves up and down.
Piston Component located inside the cylinder directly responsible for
the compression of air.
Crankshaft
Converts rotational motion generated by the motor to unidirectional
motion for the piston.
Connecting rod
Connects the crankshaft with the piston.
Inlet and exhaust valves
Control the amount of air going in and out of the
cylinder.

Rotary Screw Compressor - Helical-lobe
 Rotors the main elements of this type of compressor where two close
clearance helical-lobe rotors turn in synchronous mesh.
 As the rotors revolve, the gas is forced into a decreasing inter-lobe
cavity until it reaches the discharge port

Compressor designs utilize four basic principles:
i. Intake
ii. Compresion
iii. Discharge
iv. Re-expansion

Chapter 5

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FLUID MECHANICS

 Define valve and list down their functions

 Pipes are used to transport

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

 The flow rate is the same in each branch of the pipe

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

Basic valve types

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

Plug valve (stop cock valves)

 Three main parts (body, cover and plug)

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

Positive Displacement Pump

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

Advantages of reciprocating pump over centrifugal pump

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

Advantages of reciprocating pump over centrifugal pump

1. They can be designed for higher heads than

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

Advantages of centrifugal pump over reciprocating pump

 Directly connected to motor derive without the use of

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

 The head against which the

 The nature of the liquid to

 The nature of power supply

 How often pump being used

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

 Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR)  The

NPSH > NPSHR  no cavitation in the pump

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

 Generally, compressor will increase the air or

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

Two types of compressor

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

Rotary Screw Compressor - Helical-lobe

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

Compressor designs utilize four basic principles:

CLD 10603 Chapter 5: Equipment in Fluid Flow

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