КАФЕДРА ТЕОРІЇ і ПРАКТИКИ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ

ГЕРМАНСЬКИХ і РОМАНСЬКИХ МОВ

МЕТОДИЧНІ РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЇ
до практичних занять з дисципліни «Практика Перекладу»
(для студентів спеціальності «Переклад»
3-го курсу всіх форм навчання)

Рекомендовано
на засіданні кафедри ТіППГіРМ
Протокол № 13 від 25.03.2012

Затверджено
на засіданні метод ради ДонДТУ
Протокол № 6 від 13.04.2012

Алчевськ
ДонДТУ
2012
 УДК – Ш 143.21-91

Методичні рекомендації до практичних занять з дисципліни

«Практика Перекладу» (для студ. спец. «Переклад» 3-го курсу всіх
форм навч.)/ Укл.: О.В.Іващенко.- Алчевськ: ДонДТУ, 2012. - 34 с.

Призначені для розвитку навичок письмового та усного

перекладу загально-технічних текстів у студентів 3-го курсу
спеціальності «Переклад».

Укладач О. В. Іващенко, ст. викл.

Відповідальний за випуск М. М Барков, доц.

Відповідальний редактор Т. В. Баркова, ст.викл.

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 PREFACE

Translating is unseparable from understanding and it goes along with

conveying content and sometimes even the form of language units. As a
result, the process of translation, provided it is not performed at the level of
separate simple words, involves simultaneously some aspects of the source
language and those of the target language. These are morphology (word-
building and word forms), the lexicon (words, phraseologisms, mots),
syntax (the means of connection and the structure of syntaxemes), stylistics
(peculiarities of speech styles, tropes, etc.).
The level or the degree of faithfulness of translation is mostly
predetermined by some factors, which may be both of objective and of
subjective nature. The main of them are the purpose of the translation to be
performed, the skill of the translator/interpreter, the type of the matter
selected for translation.
Translation of foreign messages or texts is rather complicated process an
interpreter or a translator is responsible for. The translator's work is
extremely difficult: it requires an utmost attention and concentration not to
miss the word gravy for the content of the message and be quick-witted to
change the language for the appropriate one in terms of the situation. There
is a strong reason to stress that the translator must know both the source
language and the target language perfectly.
The main task of the translator is not only to render the form of the text
translated but also be capable to convey the exact content of that text. Such
aspects of alien nationality life as history, geography, culture, literature and
politics must be taken into consideration while realizing rendering.
To ensure an adequate translation a translator should adhere to the
following requirements as to the skills and habits used while rendering:
- to have a deep knowledge about the object discussed;
- to be perfect in source language and have a good command of
lexical and grammatical peculiarities of both the languages: source and
target;
- to have a clear idea about the functional styles of the languages;
- to operate with the knowledge on the theory of translation and use
the translational devices;
- to provide a content analyses along with the process of text
comprehension;

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 - to use the background knowledge in the process of rendering.
For the best results a translator must clearly understand the task of his
activity and the way of reaching his purpose. Such understanding is based
on the deep acquaintance with the principles of theory of translation both
general and special, used for that sphere and language combination a
translator is concerned with.
The unity of demands to the translation's quality is called the translation's
norm, including: the norm of translation's equivalence, genre and stylistic
translation's norm, the norm of translator's language, the pragmatic norms,
and the conventional translation's norm. While translating a matter a
translator must take into account such basic demands:
- the translation must completely coincide with the original ideas;
- the style and manner of communication must be equal to the original
work;
- the translation must be read as easily as the original work.

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 TASK 1

TEXT: A RUSTY DESERT

1. Look through the text and define its main idea.

2. Write down the terms and give their definitions in your mother tongue.
3. Read and translate the text using explanatory notes and a dictionary.

Explanatory Notes
in fact – дійсно
tо use up – витрачати
more or less – більш-меньш
in particular –особливо, зокрема
tо put forward (hypothesis) – висувати (гіпотезу)
limonite – бурий залізняк
marking – розцвітка, забарвлення
probe – зонд
spectrum – спектр
terrestrial – наземний

The first thing that you would see on the surface of Mars when looking
at it through a telescope would be the general orange-red colour of the
surface. The reddish colour of the planet, in fact’ is easily noticed by the
naked eye. The areas snowing this red lint have been called (deserts), but it
must not be supposed that the desens on Mars are just Ііке the deserts on the
Earth. Much work has gone into the study of the spectrum of the Martian
deserts. There is definite evidence, that there are some silicates present —
chemical substances similar to sand. But the main constituent is probably
similar to limonite, a terrestrial mineral containing a great deal of red iron
oxide. Because of the absence of оxygen in the planet’s atmosphere, it is
possible that any оxygen that might have been present has been used up
oxidizing the planet. Mars may be a rusty planet!
If we were to attempt to summarize the conditions on Mars, we would
liken them to conditions in a terrestrial desert if it were transported to the
poles and raised into the stratosphere.

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 Seen through a telescope, the most prominent features of the Martian
surface are the white polar caps. These caps are extensive in the Martian
winter, and shrink and disappear in the Martian summer. A more careful
study of Mars through a telescope also reveals a number of irregularly
shaped dark blue-green markings. They are more or less permanent but they
are not exactly constant in shape or appearance. In particular they show a
variation of colour with the changing seasons on Mars in time with the
melting of the polar caps. There have been many hypotheses put forward to
explain the markings. It was suggested for instance that, because the general
pattern of the markings seemed to follow the lines that one would expect for
the prevailing winds on Mars, the markings might be composed of ash from
volcanoes (although no volcano has ever been observed). Another
hypothesis suggested that these markings are vegetation flourishing during
the short Martian summer. But investigations of Mars by space probes
including photographs or different areas of its surfaces showed that no
vegetation is possible on the planet. Even primitive forms of life are highly
doubtful.
Thus the results of space exploration obtained so far appear to confirm
the idea that Mars is really a cold rusty lifeless desert.

TASK 2

TEXT: SOLAR ENERGY

1. Look through the text and define its main idea.

2. Write down the terms and give their definitions in your mother tongue.
3. Read and translate the text using explanatory notes and a dictionary.

Explanatory Notes

to turn to - звернути увагу, зосереджувати

adequate – достатній, адекватний
apparent - очевидний, явний
crush - роздавлювання, роздавлювати
faint - слабкий, vслабнути
fusion - плавлення, синтез, злиття

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inadequate - невідповідний, недостатній
to incline - нахил, vнахиляти, приваблювати
intense - напружений, сильний, значний
pull - тяга, тягти, натягувати
to regard - розглядати, поважати
to scatter - розкидати, розсіювати
scattered - розкиданий безладно, окремий
surprise - здивування, подив, дивувати, вражати

Ever since it became apparent that the supply of coal, oil and natural gas
would soon become inadequate for our needs, scientists have intensified
their search for other sources of energy. It is natural, then, that the
investigators should turn to the Sun which has been providing the Earth with
enormous quantities of energy in the form of light and heat ever since it was
created.
The Sun is the most important body in the Universe for mankind, for it
gives us heat without which the Earth would be a frozen world in which no
life can exist. The Sun is our closest star. Of course, you never should look
directly at the Sun on, a dear day. Although it is 93,000,000 miles away, it is
so bright that it would damage your eyes.
The Sun is really a huge globe with a diameter of about 865,000 miles. It
would take over 100 Earths, side by side, to reach across the Sun at the
equator. If the Sun were a hoiiow ball, you could pack more than 1,300,000
Earths inside it.
It was natural for early men to regard the Sun as a god. Indeed, it would
have been strange if they had not done so, since we depend entirely upon the
Sun for our light and heat, and without it no life on Earth could ever have
developed.
A better idea of the Sun’s size will be gained if we describe a simple
though impossible experiment. Suppose, that we could take an aeroplane to
the Sun, and fly once round the solar equator, moving at a steady speed of
500 m.p.h.; how long would it take us to go once round the Sun? The answer
is surprising: it would take us 230 days. For almost eight months we would
fly at this tremendous rate before arriving back at our starting point. Yet to
go round the Earth at the same speed would take us only a little more than
50 hours.
The Sun’s mass is over 330,000 times that of the Earth, and the

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gravitational pull10 is extremely strong. If a man could stand on the solar
surface, he would seem to weigh 2 tons, so that he would be crushed under
his own weight. However, we can hardly hope to visit the Sun, where the
surface temperature is almost 6,000 degrees Centigrade.
Until it became possible to form some ideas of the size of the Universe,
men were inclined to think that the solar system was really important—just
as a man who has lived all his life in a remote country village may think that
the scattered houses which make up his own village are far more important
than distant London. Nowadays, we know the solar system to be merely our
“village in space”.

TASK 3

TEXT: ULTRASONICS

1. Look through the text and define its main idea.

2. Write down the terms and give their definitions in your mother tongue.
3. Read and translate the text using explanatory notes and a dictionary.

Explanatory Notes

quartz crystal - кварцевий кристал

to come across -наштовхуватися
air bubble - повітряна бульбашка
audible - чутний, inaudible - нечутний
bat - кажан
burst - імпульс
collision - зіткнення
crack - тріск
high-frequency - високочастотний
insect - комаха
opposite - протилежний
pulse - пульс, to pulse -пульсувати, вібрувати
transducer - перетворювач, датчик
utter - вимовляти, видавати (звук)

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 We distinguish audible and inaudible sounds, that is, sounds that can be
heard and sounds that cannot be detected by the human ear. The former are
called sonic, the latter ultrasonic sounds. The range of sounds audible to the
human ear is from 20 to 20,000 vibrations per second.
Ultrasonics are factors of great importance in nature. It is a well-known
fact that bats, though almost blind, never fail to catch small insects in the air.
This interesting phenomenon has long been studied by scientists. Now the
problem is solved. Due to its large ears a bat can hear sounds inaudible to
man. Moreover bats themselves can utter ultrasonic sounds which help them
to find their way and to locate all kinds of obstacles.
Having sent its ultrasonic signal the bat waits for the echo, which is
heard as soon as the sound has been reflected from the obstacle; it helps the
bat to avoid collision, the time of the interval for the return of the echo
locating the obstacle.
The source of the ultrasonic sound is called a transducer. One of the
transducers is a quartz crystal. This is a solid body whose property is to
change its dimensions under the influence of electricity.
High-frequency sound offers a convenient means to produce pulsed
signals. These signals have been used to perform different kinds of work,
such as to mix liquids, to detect various defects in a metal and many others.
A quartz crystal is pressed against the surface of the metal to be tested.
An electric current of ultrasonic frequency is applied to the crystal to make it
vibrate with the same frequency. From the crystal a short burst of sound
travels into the specimen. If It comes across an air bubble, a crack or some
other defect it is reflected from that region, thus locating the defect. If the
specimen has no defects the signal is not reflected back until it reaches the
opposite surface of the specimen.
Ultrasonic method is applied to study the ocean bottom, to locate shoals
of fish or to detect some danger to navigation. People might have avoided
mаnу accidents if ultrasonic methods had been known before.

TASK 4

TEXT: ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS

1. Look through the text and define its main idea.

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2. Write down the terms and internationalisms and give their definitions in
your mother tongue.
3. Read and translate the text using explanatory notes and a dictionary.

Explanatory Notes
lights -освітлення
electronics is not so much a new subject as a new way... - електроніка не
стільки новий предмет, скільки новий погляд.
sound pictures - кіно
...for the third of a century - протягом трьох століть
incandescent lamp -лампарозжарювання
charge - заряд, charge v-заряджати
closely - близько, уважно
detect -відкривати, виявлати
effect - дія, вплив, ефект
emphasize - підкреслювати, виділяти
fulfil - виконувати, здійснювати
Measure - міра, v вимірювати, міряти
measurable -вимірний
measurement - вимірювання
notice - помічати, звертати увагу
noticeable -помітний, гідний уваги
ordinary - звичний, звичайний
owe - бути зобов'язаним, завдячувати
result (from) - випливати (з чогось), мати результатом
tube - трубка, електронна ламп
valve - клапан, електронна лампа
weld - зварювання, зварювати

“Atomic Age” is the name often applied to the period in which we live, it
is also frequently referred to as “Air Age”. These terms emphasize the
importance of science and invention in our time. But we can speak of an age
that has prepared the way for these and includes them all — the “Age of
Electricity and Electronics."
From the remarkable achievements of nuclear science and the noticeable
progress in aviation to the innumerable discoveries that have added comfort

10
and convenience to our daily lives, we are constantly dependent upon
electricity and electronics,
It is very difficult to separate the meaning of the two words “electricity”
and “electronics”. The field of electricity is usually thought of as electricity
that is used in magnets, generators, motors, lights and heaters.
The field of electronics is usually thought of as electricity that is used in
radio, television, and other equipment where electron tubes and transistors
are needed.
Basically electronics is not so much a new subject as a new way of
looking at electricity. All electrical effects are really electronic because
electric currents result from the movements of electrons, and all electric
charges are due to the accumulation of electrons.
Electronics is the science or practice of using electricity in devices
similar to radio tubes so as to get results not possible with ordinary electrical
equipment.
Although electronics has received greater attention in recent years, we
have been using electronic equipment for the third of a century. Radio,
television, sound pictures, "fluorescent lighting and long-distance telephone
calls owe their existence to electronics. As most of these familiar equipments
serve to carry or give information one may say that communication has been
the major purpose of electronics.
Electronics is closely connected with a series of discoveries and
inventions which have revolutionized the life of man in the twentieth
century.
In 1883 Thomas A. Edison discovered current conduction through gas in
an incandescent lamp. This phenomenon known as the Edison effect, marked
the birth of electronic science. The Edison effect was followed by the
discoveries of electromagnetic waves, X-rays, wireless communication and
at last by the invention of the two- electrode detector or the “valve”. These
basic discoveries and a lot of others have produced what is known as
electronics.
Nothing can be done in modern research laboratory without the aid of
electricity and electronics. Nearly all of the measuring devices used in
industry and research are electrically operated. Electronics has found broad
application in industry as a means of automation, control and inspection, and
as a direct means of fulfilling such operations as melting, cutting of
superhard materials and welding.

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 TASK 5

TEXT: THE INTERNET

1. Look through the text and define its main idea.

2. Write down the terms and internationalisms and give their definitions in
your mother tongue.
3. Read and translate the text using explanatory notes and a dictionary.

Explanatory Notes

embrace - включати; містити в собі; охоплювати

available - наявний, який є у розпорядженні, доступний
access - доступ
actually - фактично, насправді; в дійсності; по-справжньому
packet – switсhing - комутація пакетів
drastically increase - радикально; докорінно збільшити
garment centers – центри покриття
intercept - переривати, припиняти; виключати, вимикати
encoding - кодування, шифрування

The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of

users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military
experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over
the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another.
Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in
touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This
technology is called packet switching. Owing to this technology, if some
computers on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for
example), information will just route around them. One such packet-
switching network which has already survived a war is the Iraqi computer
network which was not knocked out during the Gulf War.
Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50%) are in the United
States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although
the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody
knows exactly how many people use the Internet, there are millions
worldwide, and their number is growing by thousands each month.

12
 The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people, who
have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-
mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the
Internet: reading USENET News, using the World-Wide Web, telnet, FTP,
and Gopher.
In many developing countries the Internet may provide businessmen
with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable
telecommunications systems of these countries. Commercial users can
communicate cheaply over the Internet with the rest of the world. When they
send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local
service providers, not for calls across their countries or around the world.
But who accually pays for sending e-mail messages over the Internet long
distances, around the world? The answer is very simple: users pay their
service provider a monthly or hourly fee. Part of this fee goes towards its
costs to connect to a larger service provider, and part of the fee received by
the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of
wires and wireless stations.
But saving money is only the first step. If people see that they can make
money from the Internet, commercial use of this network will drastically
increase. For example, some western architecture companies and garment
centers already transmit their basic designs and concepts over the Internet
into China, where they are reworked and refined by skilled - but inexpensive
- Chinese computer-aided-design specialists.
However, some problems remain. The most important is security. When you
send an e-mail message to somebody, this message can travel through many
different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed
towards its destination by special computers called routers. However,
because of this, it is possible to get into any of the computers along the
route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. In
spite of the fact that there are many good encoding programs available,
nearly all the information being sent over the Internet is transmitted without
any form of encoding, i.e. "in the clear". But when it becomes necessary to
send important information over the network, these encoding programs may
be useful. Some American banks and companies even conduct transactions
over the Internet. However, there are still both commercial and technical
problems which will take time to be resolved.

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 TASK 6

TEXT: ECOLOGY

1. Look through the text and define its main idea.

2. Write down the terms and give their definitions in your mother tongue.
3. Read and translate the text using explanatory notes and a dictionary.

Explanatory Notes

distribution - розповсюдження, розміщення, розташування

abundance - поширеність
parlance - мова
holistic science - цілісна (глобальна) наука
quantification - визначення
biodiversity - біорозмаїтість; біорізноманіття
assure - запевняти, завіряти; переконуватися
pollination - запилення
consequences - наслідок; результат

Ecology, or ecological science, is the scientific study of the

distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and
abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their
environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical
properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as
insolation (sunlight), climate, and geology, as well as the other organisms
that share its habitat. The term ecology was coined in 1866 by the German
biologist Ernst Haeckel, although it seems that Henry David Thoreau had
already invented it in 1852; the word is derived from the Greek οικος (oikos,
"household") and λόγος (logos, "study"); therefore "ecology" means the
"study of the household of nature".
The word "ecology" is often used in common parlance as a synonym
for the natural environment or environmentalism.
Ecology is usually considered to be a branch of biology, the general
science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many
different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids (in biochemistry and
molecular biology), to cells (in cellular biology), to individuals (in botany,

14
zoology, and other similar disciplines), and finally at the level of
populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole;
these latter strata are the primary subjects of ecological inquiries. Ecology is
a multi-disciplinary science. Because of its focus on the higher levels of the
organization of life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and
their environment, ecology draws heavily on many other branches of
science, especially geology and geography, meteorology, chemistry, and
physics. Thus, ecology is considered by some to be a holistic science, one
that over-arches older disciplines such as biology which in this view become
sub-disciplines contributing to ecological knowledge.
Agriculture, fisheries, forestry, medicine and urban development are
among human activities that would fall within Krebs' explanation of his
definition of ecology: "where organisms are found, how many occur there,
and why". As a scientific discipline, ecology does not dictate what is "right"
or "wrong". However, ecological knowledge such as the quantification of
biodiversity and population dynamics have provided a scientific basis for
expressing the aims of environmentalism and evaluating its goals and
policies. Additionally, a holistic view of nature is stressed in both ecology
and environmentalism.
Consider the ways an ecologist might approach studying the life of
honeybees:
- The behavioral relationship between individuals of a species is
behavioral ecology — for example, the study of the queen bee, and how she
relates to the worker bees and the drones.
- The organized activity of a species is community ecology; for
example, the activity of bees assures the pollination of flowering plants. Bee
hives additionally produce honey which is consumed by still other species,
such as bears.
- The relationship between the environment and a species is
environmental ecology — for example, the consequences of environmental
change on bee activity. Bees may die out due to environmental changes.
The environment simultaneously affects and is a consequence of this activity
and is thus intertwined with the survival of the species.

15
 TASK 7

TEXT: ELECTRONES

1. Look through the text and define its main idea.

2. Write down the terms and internationalisms and give their definitions in
your mother tongue.
3. Read and translate the text using explanatory notes and a dictionary.

Explanatory Notes
amber - бурштин, янтар
charge - заряд
compose - формувати, укладати
nucleus - ядро, центр; осередок
draw out - витягати, виймати
planetary electron - блукаючий; мандрівний електрон
permit – давати можливість, доіволяти
excess - вихід за межі припустимого, розумного; надмірність,
перевищення, ексцес
restrict - обмежувати, тримати в певних межах

More than thousand years ago the Greeck philosopher Thales

observed that when a piece of amber, a hardened gum from trees, was
rubbed with a material like wool or fur, it attracted certain kind of material.
This ability to attract (and also to repel, as it was later discovered) other
objects is due to electric charge. The phenomenon itself is called static
electricity. “Electricity” comes from from the Geeck word for amber;
“static” indicates that the charge remains stationary.
It was many hundreds of years before any significant observations were
made about the phenomenon of static electricity. A more important
discovery was that there were two kinds of electrical charges.
These two kinds of charges were called positive and negative. A
positive charge was indicated by a plus sign (+) and a negative charge was
indicated by a minus sign (-). These symbols are still in universal use today.
It was also discovered that like charges – two positive charges or two
negative charges – repelled each other, whereas unlike charges – a positive

16
and a negative charge attract each other.
Much later it was learned that the movement of tiny particles of
matter called electrons caused electricity.
The electron is one of the particles that make up atoms, the basic units of
matter of which a chemical element is composed.
The center of the atom is a nucleus which contains almost the entire
weight of mass of atom. The nucleus itself consists of two different kinds of
particles, protons and neutrons.
Electrons, which have only a very small mass in comparison to
protons and neutrons, orbit at very rapid speed around the nucleus,
somewhat in the same manner as the earth and other planets orbit around the
sun.
Each atom contains an equal number of electrons and protons but may
have a different number of neutrons. Each chemical element has given an
atomic number that equals the number of electrons or protons that the atom
contains.
Uranium, one of the heaviest elements, has atomic number 92, for the 92
electrons and 92 protons contained in its atom. Copper which plays an
important part in electricity has an atom containing 29 electrons and 29
protons, and thus atomic number 29.
The electron as we have noted, is very light in weight, and can be
drawn out of its orbit around the much heavier nucleus.
Electrons orbiting farthest from the nucleus are those most easily
drawn away. Orbiting electrons are called planetary electrons, and those that
have been pulled away are known as free electrons.
The electron has a negative electric charge, whereas the proton has a
positive charge. The neutron has no net charge. Drawing electrons away
from the atom causes it to have a net positive electric charge because of the
excess of protons. The atom then attracts the negatively charged free
electrons.
Some materials permit the movement of free electrons more easily
than others. These materials are called conductors – copper, silver and
aluminium are good examples.
Other materials restrict the movement of free electrons. These are
called insulators, and glass, rubber and air are examples of them.

17
 TASK 8

TEXT: INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

1. Look through the text and define its main idea.

2. Write down the terms and internationalisms and give their definitions in
your mother tongue.
3. Read and translate the text using explanatory notes and a dictionary.

Explanatory Notes
concern - стосуватися, зачіпати, мати відношення
implementation - введення у дію; виконання, реалізація, здійснення,
імплементація; проведення
evaluation - оцінка; оцінювання, визначення
as well as – а також
to eliminate - знищувати, усувати, ліквідувати; викорінювати;
ігнорувати, не рахуватися, не брати до уваги; виключати
recruiter - призовник, рекрут, новобранець

Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering that concerns with the

development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of integrated
systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy,
material and process. It also deals with designing new prototypes to help
save money and make the prototype better. Industrial engineering draws
upon the principles and methods of engineering analysis and synthesis, as
well as mathematical, physical and social sciences to specify, predict and
evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems. In lean manufacturing
systems іndustrial engineers work to eliminate wastes of time, money,
materials, energy, and other resources.
Industrial engineering is also known as operations management,
management science, systems engineering, or manufacturing engineering; a
distinction that seems to depend on the viewpoint or motives of the user.
Recruiters or educational establishments use the names to differentiate
themselves from others. In healthcare, for example, industrial engineers are
more commonly known as management engineers or health systems
engineers.
The term "industrial" in industrial engineering can be misleading. While

18
the term originally applied to manufacturing, it has grown to encompass
virtually all other industries and services as well. The various topics of
concern to industrial engineers include management science, financial
engineering, engineering management, supply chain management, process
engineering, operations research, systems engineering, ergonomics, value
engineering and quality engineering.
Examples of where industrial engineering might be used include
designing a new loan system for a bank, streamlining operation and
emergency rooms in a hospital, distributing products worldwide (referred to
as Supply Chain Management), and shortening lines (or queues) at a bank,
hospital, or a theme park. Industrial engineers typically use computer
simulation, especially discrete event simulation, for system analysis and
evaluation.
Industrial engineering courses had been taught by multiple universities
in the late 1800s along Europe, especially in developed countries such as
Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Spain. In the United States, the
first department of industrial engineering was established in 1908 at Penn
State.

TASK 9

TEXT: TRADEMARKING THE NET

1. Look through the text and define its main idea.

2. Write down the terms and give their definitions in your mother tongue.
3. Read and translate the text using explanatory notes and a dictionary.

Explanatory Notes
commonplace -звичайна подія; звичайна річ
recognition -свідомість, усвідомлення, визнання, схвалення
dot-com –компанія, що працює в Інтернеті
domain - галузь, сфера, поле діяльності, знань
artificial - штучний, не природний; штучний, синтетичний;
підроблений, фальшивий;
intertwine - сплітати, переплітати; сплітатися; переплітатися,
заплутуватися; закручуватися, скручуватися
envision - уявляти собі; передбачати

19
pending - невирішений; незакінчений, майбутній, неминучий
injunction - наказ, розпорядження
reject - відхиляти, відкидати, не схвалювати, не приймати;
відмовлятися;
vs. (versus) – проти

Net-based shopping is becoming commonplace, and the value of

Internet real estate has become obvious both to established companies and to
new Netbased companies. Name recognition is synonymous with an easy-to-
remember domain name. Because there is only one dot-com top-level
domain name, names in the dot-com domain have become a scarce resource.
The irony is the current set of domain names is an artificial construct,
created before the rush to cash in on the Internet and e-commerce. In theory,
the number of domain names that can be created is unbounded, but the
practical realities might force us to continue living under the current
regimen, even though it is obviously flawed.
The question is: Will the Net survive efforts to apply trademark law
to domain names, and, if so, how will it look in the future?
Trademark law has become intertwined with doing business - or just
hanging out - on the Internet. The kind of trademark law that some envision
for the Net is much more restricted than that which exists in "real life".
In the U.S. there are at least two dimensions for trademarks: area of
business and physical location. Thus, there is no problem with United Van
Lines and United Airlines coexisting. Few people who want to fly from San
Francisco to New York are likely to contract United Van Lines, and people
with a household of furniture to move are unlikely to purchase tickets on
United Airlines. But there can be at most one www.united.com. (It belongs
to an Internet messaging company.) Similarly, there could be a Simon's
Shoe Store in Reno and another Simon's Shoes in Miami.
It's bad enough the current system of domain names collapses a two
dimensional space into a small set of points. Worse yet is the effort to
restrict look-likes on the Net.
A dramatic example is the situation that pits eТoys.com against
etoy.com. In October 2005, etoy, a group of European artists, started an
etoy.com Web site. Roughly two years later eToys Inc., an Internet toy
retailer (eToys.com) started its Web site; it also filed for a U.S. trademark.
When the owners of the etoy.com Web site learned of the eToys.com

20
trademark filing, they filed for a trademark. A trademark was granted to
eToys.com, but the etoy.com trademark request is still pending.
Meanwhile, eToys attempted to purchase the etoy.com Web site for
about $400.000 in stock and cash. When the offer was rejected, eToys sued
etoy. The lawsuit claims that "antisocial, obscene, and offensive images
associated with defendants' use of the mark etoy, both on the Internet and
elsewhere, have tarnished the eToys mark and the eToys brand name..."
In November 2006 a federal judge in California issued an injunction
against etoy.com. Because of potential fines of up to $10.000 per day, the
etoy.com Web site was shut down. Etoy appealed the decision, and in
December eToys announced it had offered to drop its lawsuit against etoy.
However, eToys also either requested, or stating as a precondition
(depending on which release you read), that etoy "give good faith
consideration... to concentrating the profanity and violence that is sometimes
part of the etoy corporation's other Web sites."
An etoy lawyer, quoted in the New York Times, rejected the eToys
request, saying "etoy cannot give eToys veto power over the content on its
site." On January 25, 2007, eToys droped its lawsuit against etoy. The etoy
vs. eToys dispute raises several disturbing issues. Even if one accepts that
U.S. law should apply to organizations located in Europe, etoy and eToys
differ both in physical location and in area of business. In fact, etoy is not
even a commercial entity; it is an artists group. So, if the case did not
involve the Internet, it's unlikely that the injunction would have been issued.

TASK 10

TEXT: SERVERS OF SPEED PROMISE TO DELIVER

1. Look through the text and define its main idea.

2. Write down the terms and give their definitions in your mother tongue.
3. Read and translate the text using explanatory notes and a dictionary.

Explanatory Notes
accuse - обвинувачувати, звинувачувати
modest goals - соромливі цілі
recipient - одержувач
handle - управляти; здійснювати контроль; розпоряджатися

21
intelligence - розум, інтелект; розумові здібності; кмітливість,
local affiliate - місцеве дочірнє товариство; компанія-філія

No one could accuse Akamai, a US start-up company, of modest

goals. It plans to add a new communications layer to the internet to speed
the delivery of web site content worldwide.
Akamai - the name is an Hawaiian term for “cool” - was founded
last year by mathematicians from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT) and recently attracted $8m (£5m) of venture capital.
The company’s first service, FreeFlow, is in beta test by some of the
world’s largest web sites. Akamai says it can speed up web content delivery
to users anywhere in the world, without recipients having to add expensive
hardware and faster communications lines.
“It’s not just the large web sites that will benefit from FreeFlow but
also Fortune 1000 web sites,” says Paul Sagan, Akamai chief operating
officer. “Web sites are increasingly important for companies and they serve
to support their brand. They can not afford to have a slow web site or be
unable to handle sudden increases in the number of users.”
FreeFlow is a network, of hundreds of inexpensive computers
distributed around the world. These computers, known as web servers, store
web site content from customers and bring it closer to large groups of users.
If there are large numbers of users on the east coast of the US
requesting weather information from a site on the west coast, for example,
the FreeFlow network will automatically detect the demand and move
content to servers located closer to those users.
About 400 FreeFlow servers are in operation and the company plans
to have 1.000 in place by the end of this year.
FreeFlow also monitors the data traffic across the entire internet,
automatically computing ways to deliver information through the fastest
possible routes. This network intelligence is distributed across the Free-Flow
network and does not reside in a central -location, making it much more
responsive to changing con¬ditions.
Another element of the service is “flash crowd protection”. This
means that a web site can handle virtually a limitless number of users
without crashing or slowing because FreeFlow will make additional content
copies that can be accessed from multiple servers.
Flash crowd protection is a problem for many web sites. Adding extra

22
capacity for occasional busy times is expensive. Yet being unprepared for
large numbers of users results in lost business.
“One of the tests we have run on FreeFlow is on the Starr report
which overloaded many news web sites,” says Mr Sagan. “What we have
done is taken the traffic load experienced by one of the top news web sites
and increased it sixfold and ran it for more than two weeks. FreeFlow
handled this without problems.”
“The secret of FreeFlow is the algorithms developed by the founders
of Akamai,” he adds. Akamai’s patent-protected algorithms were developed
by MIT researchers led by Frank Thomson Leighton, professor of applied
mathematics and now the company’s chief scientist.
FreeFlow will be available as a commercial service by the middle of
this year. Although the US is the first target market, FreeFlow will be
offered in Europe and Asia by the end of this year.
“What FreeFlow offers is the first regional approach to delivery of
web-based content,” says Mr Sagan. “Newspapers have regional printing
plants and TV stations have local affiliates that beam out programmes, yet
the web still uses a provincial model (sending content all over the world
from one location) to deliver content worldwide. FreeFlow changes that.”

TASK 11

TEXT: MACHINES THAT KEEP AN EYE ON PRODUCTION

1. Look through the text and define its main idea.

2. Write down the terms, internationalisms and shortenings and give their
definitions in your mother tongue.
3. Read and translate the text using explanatory notes and a dictionary.

Explanatory Notes
machine vision – комп’ютерна відео система спостереження
boost - підвищувати
carve - різати, розрізати; нарізати
fatigue - стомлювати, виснажувати; виснажуватися, стомлюватися
assembly line –монтажний ковеєр
tough - міцний, твердий
application - застосування, використання, вживання

23
 Machine vision is a hybrid technology combining video cameras,
computers, and AI technology that emulate human vision capabilities. Along
with CIM and other factory automation technologies, machine vision is
rapidly becoming recognized as a valuable method boosting efficiency and
quality. This manufacturing process, as mentioned previously, is becoming
widely used.
Machine vision has carved as niche for itself in industries such as
electronics, automotive, and pharmaceuticals where it has enjoyed
considerable sales growth. As vision systems become more sophisticated,
faster, and less expensive, more types of factories will open their doors to
machines that see. However, this brunch of industry has not been developed
enough to meet ever-increasing demands of our fast developing economy.
Three human vision functions that machine vision systems emulate are
identifying, inspecting, and measuring.
Identifying and separating parts is a function easily accomplished by
machine vision systems. Unlike people, however, machines do not get tired
or fatigued from mindless, repetition tasks and rarely make a mistake.
Inspecting parts coming down an assembly line for quality can be a
difficult programming task when quality is based on subjective terms. For
example, it is easy to train people to recognize the difference between an
acceptable or unacceptable paint finish on an automobile. You do not have
to explain much, but for machines, subjective evaluation can be tough to
convert into rules.
While it is difficult or impossible to translate some of machines can
perform the subjective standards that human inspectors use into computer
rules, many inspection tasks that rely on objective rules can be performed far
better by machines. Designing and manufacturing computer chips, for
example, involves an incredible degree of miniaturization. With very large
scale integration (VLSI), a semiconductor chip a few centimeters square can
contain over 100000 individual circuit elements. Even through a
microscope, people have difficulty finding the tiny test points necessary to
inspect these semiconductors. This is where machine vision is very
successful and where much of the vision industry’s growth has been
centered. Some experts expect that applications like these will represent 60
% of the vision market by 1990.

24
 TASK 12

TEXT: LARGE HADRON COLLIDER SHUT DOWN UNTILL

SPRING

1. Look through the text and define its main idea.

2. Write down the terms and give their definitions in your mother tongue.
3. Read and translate the text using explanatory notes and a dictionary.

Explanatory Notes
unravel – розплутувати, розгадувати (таємницю)
investigation - розслідування; дослідження, обстеження;
faulty - неправильний, помилковий
maintenance - догляд, ремонт; технічне обслуговування;
painstaking – старанний, ретельний, копіткий
straddle - широкий крок
smash – зіштовхуватися

The Large Hadron Collider, which aims unravel the secrets of the Big
Bang, will be closed down until spring 2009 as scientists work to repair a
magnetic failure.
A tonne of liquid helium spilled into the machine’s 17 mile tunnel on
Friday, forcing scientists to shut it off less than ten days after the start of the
project in Geneva, Switzerland.
The European Organisation for Nuclear Research (Cern), which is
running the experiment, said initial investigations suggest there is a faulty
electrical connection between two of the accelerator’s magnets.
However, engineers need time to fully diagnose the problem and said it
cannot be done before their lab is closed down for winter maintenance. It is
anticipated that the collider will be reactivated again in the spring.
Robert Aymar, director general of Cern, said: “Coming immediately
after the very successful start of LHC operation on September 10, this is
undoubtedly a psychological blow. Nevertheless, the success of the LHC’s
first operation with beam is testimony to years of painstaking preparation
and the skill of the teams involved in building and running Cern’s
accelerator complex. I have no doubt that we will overcome this setback
with the same degree of rigour and application.”

25
 The £3.6 billion particle accelerator, one of the most expensive scientific
experiments in history, is built to smash protons together at enormous
speeds.
It is hoped this will recreate conditions moments after the universe was
created, and lead scientists to discovering some of the most fundamental
questions in physics.
The collider requires temperatures just above absolute zero (-
273.15 degrees C) to allow particles to be steered around the circuit.
However, when liquid helium leaked into the tunnel, which straddles the
French-Swiss border, it caused around a hundred of the machine’s magnets
to heat up by 212F (100C).
The tunnel must be brought up to room temperature to allow engineers
to inspect the magnets. The process will take three or four weeks. The
machine has more than 1,200 “dipole” magnets arranged end-to-end in an
underground tunnel that runs in a circle for 27km.
These magnets carry and steer beams of protons which will travel around
the machine at close to the speed of light.
At allotted points around the tunnel, the beams will cross paths,
smashing together near four massive “detectors” that monitor the collisions
for interesting events.

TASK 13

TEXT: ERGONOMICS
1. Look through the text and define its main idea.
2. Write down the terms and give their definitions in your mother tongue.
3. Read and translate the text using explanatory notes and a dictionary.

Explanatory Notes
repetitive strain injuries – повторне розтягнення сухожилля
relevant - доречний; обґрунтований; актуальний
ensure - забезпечувати; гарантувати
perception - усвідомлення, розуміння; уявлення
working postures – робоче положення, стан
cognitive - пізнавальний
human reliability –надійність людей

26
 Ergonomics is the science of designing the job, equipment and
workplace to fit the worker. Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent
repetitive strain injuries, which can develop over time and can lead to long-
term disability. The International Ergonomics Association defines
ergonomics as follows. Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific
discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans
and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory,
principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-
being and overall system performance. Ergonomics is employed to fulfill the
two goals of health and productivity. It is relevant in the design of such
things as safe furniture and easy-to-use interfaces to machines. Ergonomics
is concerned with the ‘fit’ between people and their work. It takes account of
the worker's capabilities and limitations in seeking to ensure that tasks,
equipment, information and the environment suit each worker. To assess the
fit between a person and his work, ergonomists consider the job being done
and the demands on the worker; the equipment used (its size, shape, and
how appropriate it is for the task), and the information used (how it is
presented, accessed, and changed).
Ergonomics draws on many disciplines in its study of humans and their
environments, including, biomechanics, mechanical engineering, industrial
design, kinesiology, physiology and psychology. The International
Ergonomics Association (IEA) divides ergonomics broadly into three
domains: physical ergonomics (concerned with human anatomical, and
some of the anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical characteristics
as they relate to physical activity; relevant topics include working postures,
materials handling, repetitive movements, work related musculoskeletal
disorders, workplace layout, safety and health); cognitive ergonomics
(concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning
and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other
elements of a system; relevant topics include mental workload, decision-
making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human
reliability, work stress and training as these may relate to human-system
design); organizational ergonomics (concerned with the optimization of
socio technical systems, including their organizational structures, policies,
and processes; relevant topics include communication, crew resource
management, work design, design of working times, teamwork,

27
participatory design, community ergonomics, cooperative work, new work
programs, virtual organizations, telework and quality management.

TASK 14

TEXT: ECOLOGICALLY CLEAN BUILDING

MATERIALS

1. Look through the text and define its main idea.

2. Write down the terms and give their definitions in your mother tongue.
3. Read and translate the text using explanatory notes and a dictionary.

Explanatory Notes
durability - довговічність
humidity - вологість, вогкість
secreting (excreting) substances – речовини, що виділяються
involuntarily - мимоволі; ненавмисно, без наміру
mural materials –матеріал для виготовленя фрески
ample premises – просторе приміщення
encirclement - оточення

Your health depends on the state of the environment which surrounds

us. The main builders’ task is to create a space for life. So, what kind of
space is the best for full-fledged, healthy life?
In the ’80-es of the 20-th century an interesting experiment took place
– a house only of polymeric materials (glass-plastic, organic glass, linoleum)
have been built then. In сonsequence the test had shown that this house is
bad for living. Why is it so? Polymeric materials have a lot of positive
qualities, like durability, humidity-, chemical-, cold-, fire-resistance, and so
on. But however they become old and begin to destroy, secreting (excreting)
substances extremely harmful for man’s health and environment. There are
sanitary- hygienic standards (norms) in building, limiting the use of
polymers.
So, the closer is a man to the nature – the better. It is wonderful if the
construction elements of your house are made of wood as well as floor and
maybe decorating. Because wooden materials provide good natural

28
ventilation, they are not toxic. And it must have been said that the ban on
using chemical treatments for construction timber has helped the
development of “ecological” technologies aimed at making wood longer-
lasting, thermal processing for example. “Natural” insulation materials are
linen fibre, sheep’s wool, cellulose wool, cork, wood fibre, duckdown, etc.
The only bad property of them is their cost.
Building complex is one of the few rather successfully of developing
branches of Ukraine economy. A variety and workmanship of the modern
building forms and materials used as in private and in capital construction
not simply amaze imagination, but involuntarily force to reflect and already
on qualitative a new level to approach to such concepts, as a cosiness and
comfort. The deeper we emerge into the civilized world, the more artificial
materials enter in our lives, the stronger is our need to return back to nature,
to the use of the natural and ecological materials. A human soul has always
been seeking freedom and a come back to nature. So comes a desire to built
your own house: made of wood, between the trees.
Good ecological materials are also ceramic ones – brick, different sorts
of bar, pipes, and new decorating material – ceramic granite.
Nowadays we have good natural mural materials – plaster made of lime
and marble powder, acrylic paints and varnishes.
But using natural materials we must not destroy our common beautiful,
wonderful home – nature, we suppose to help it to restore. We may also take
different interesting forms for our houses from nature like Japanese
architects do.
It is important your house to have ample premises, high ceilings – for
air circulation. Speaking about windows, they must be optimum for weather
condition in each region – it is wonderful when all rooms are light but we
must care the solar radiation not to harm us and it must not cold or too hot
because of windows.
It is good to use natural cloth in interiors, and to have many plants – they
make air clean. And the best for man’s health is to live in his own house, as
far from the city’s noise as possible, to have his own ground and to breath
with comparatively clean air in encirclement of pine-needles trees.

29
 TASK 15

TEXT: WOOD AS A BUILDING MATERIAL.

1. Look through the text and define its main idea.

2. Write down the terms and give their definitions in your mother tongue.
3. Read and translate the text using explanatory notes and a dictionary.

Explanatory Notes
extensive - великий, широкий, екстенсивний
implementation. - здійснення, виконання, реалізація
requirement - вимога, необхідна умова, потреба
overhang - виступати над (чим-небудь) ; видаватися; звисати; нависати;
нависати, загрожувати
impose - обкладати ; накладати; покладати
withstand - протистояти; витримувати
hazard - ризик, небезпека
forbid - забороняти, не дозволяти, не давати можливості, перешкоджати

Let us begin with what is most obvious. Building in wood offers

unusually extensive opportunities, and yet it is less tolerant than any other
material– at every stage of building, from the initial architectural design, the
planning of details and systems, right up to implementation. If a long-lasting
type of wood is selected, worked in the right way, and if the requirements
that this wood imposes (good natural ventilation, an overhanging roof that
protects from direct rainfall, the absence of places where moisture can
collect and linger) are complied with, then buildings made from it can stand
for hundreds of years.
It has long since been established that for building in regions with high
seismic activity, wood is pretty well the safest material. Perhaps this is why
the Japanese, with their orientation on the high-tech future, are so attached
to it (think of recent experiments by the ‘paper’ architect Shigeru Ban the
cathedral in earthquake-devastated Kobe, or the little house for victims of
natural disasters). At the same time, in spite of what is commonly thought,
wood’s low density does not imply lack of strength. If a 3-metre beam
capable of withstanding a load of 20 tones weighs 60 kg when made from
spruce, the same beam made of steel will weigh 80 kg, and, made of

30
reinforced concrete, will weight all of 300 kg.
Wood is good insulator. It is thermal conductivity – is 400 times less
than that of steel, 15 times less than that of reinforced concrete, and four
times less than that of plaster.
Everyone says wood is a fire hazard. Yes, wood burns. But in the
space of 15 minutes flame penetrates is to a depth of only 8 mm. this means
that, if used in a properly designed structure, it can protect a public building
from combustion during the course of an entire hour or more. Sheet metal
has a fire resistance of no more than several minutes.
Another quality that makes wood attractive as a construction material –
especially in Europe and America – is its ecological purity.
Wood is the only renewable building material which both absorbs
carbon dioxide. Expenditure of energy on use of wood to make elements for
construction is less than when the same elements are prepared using other
materials.
However, research carried out in the European Union has found that
materials subjected to this kind of chemical processing are highly toxic and
environmentally harmful. The investigation led to a European law
forbidding the use of salts of copper, chrome, and arsenic in the timber
industry starting from June 2004 (with the exception of for manufacture of
elements used in load-bearing structures, for the processing of which no
alternative has yet been found). Similar laws have been passed this year in
the USA too.
The ban on using chemical treatments for construction timber has helped
the development of ‘ecological’ technologies aimed at making wood longer-
lasting.

TASK 16

TEXT: MODULAR CONSTRUCTION

1. Look through the text and define its main idea.

2. Write down the terms and give their definitions in your mother tongue.
3. Read and translate the text using explanatory notes and a dictionary.

31
 Explanatory Notes
evolvе - розвиватися
shipment - вантаж,
a modular home - модульний будинок
reconnaissance - розвідка, зондування, рекогносцировка
compatible - сумісний
rigorous - точний; ретельний; скрупульозний; неухильний
irrigation water - вода для зрошування
crucial - вирішальний; ключовий, критичний

Modern construction techniques are evolving at a rapid pace. Builders,

developers, architects, engineers, and public work agencies are looking to
modular construction for innovative construction techniques and project cost
savings. The new age of technology has brought new types of building
materials, new project execution technology, and powerful new computer
systems, opening the way for premanufactured construction components that
can be custom-made for any project, anywhere in the world. In a world of
constantly changing market environments, the small businessperson's only
hope of survival is to employ these new, efficient and cost-effective modular
construction techniques.
During the last two decades modular construction has been in a rapid
state of change. Modular housing captured an increasinglу high proportion
of total single-family starts increased its shipments by more than 20 percent
annually (from 170713 in 1991 to almost 304.000 in 1995). Approximately
one of three single-family homes sold in 1995 was a modular home.
Modular housing communities (MHCs) are considered by many investment
firms (including Merrill Lynch) as one of the best kept investor secrets.
In addition, modular manufacturers are beginning to market new
technology in a panelized construction to stick builders, multi-residential,
and planned community developers. Traditional merchant builders are also
joining the ranks by coupling their knowledge and skills with the
productivity of modular housing supplier.
Before a modular home ever comes near the building site, you should
conduct a reconnaissance of the job site delivery route. Prune any low-
hanging trees or bushes near the route to remove branches that could scrape
the walls or roof. Consider future growth as well as possible movement
during projected wind conditions or under snow or ice load.

32
 All of the information related to the design zones for which a modular
home is constructed can be found on the Data Plate posted in the home. Also
printed on the Data Plate is the comfort heating certificate for the home. It is
the builder's responsibility to make sure that the climatic conditions where
the home is sited are compatible with the design capabilities specified on the
Data Plate. The manufacturer is responsible for the compliance of the home
with applicable standards, such as certified designs and specifications, but it
is the builder who is responsible for the home failing to withstand climatic
conditions more rigorous than those for which it was designed or damage
caused by failing to prepare it adequately for extreme temperatures or other
climatic conditions. For occupancy in areas where below freezing
temperatures occur, be sure to follow the manufacturer's recommendations.
Protecting against ground moisture
Ground moisture has a strong thermal tendency to be drawn into a home,
complicating humidity and condensation control, a ground barrier helps to
control humidity in the home. Polyethylene or vinyl are widely used as
ground vapor retarder materials under homes laid on soil surfaces; black
polyethylene plastic or a similar material be used under the home.
Controlling the water under a home also improves the stability of the
piers that support the home. The under-floor area of a home must be
ventilated so that excess moisture doesn't accumulate beneath the home.
Ventilation is provided by openings with a net area of at least 1 square foot
for each 150 square feet of under-floor area. The required area of openings
should be approximately equally distributed along the length of at least two
opposite sides, with openings located close to corners to provide cross
ventilation.
Rain and irrigation water must not be allowed to run under a home.
When a home is set in a pit, a water drain must be provided, usually by
installing a curtain drain. This is particularly crucial when the underground
water level is near the surface of the soil.

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 RECOMMENDED LITERATURE

Карабан В.И. Переклад англійської наукової і технічної

літератури. Граматичні труднощі, лексичні, термінологічні та жанрово-
стилістичні проблеми. – Вінниця, Нова книга, 2002. – 564 с.
Коваленко А. Я. Загальний курс науково-технічного перекладу. –
К.: Фірма “Інкос”, 2002. – 320с.
Корунець І.В. Теорія і практика перекладу (аспектний переклад):
Підручник. – Вінниця. «Нова Книга», 2000. – 448 с.
Мюллер В.К. Новый большой русско-английский словарь./
В.К. Мюллер — М: «Альта-Принт», 2006.— 607 с.
Современный англо-русский политехнический
словарь/Составитель В. В. Бутник. – М. – 2001. – 1890 с.

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