SIR ISAAC

NEWTON’S LAWS
for every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction

BOYLE’S
BREAKTHROUGH
work better under pressure

TORSION
BALANCE
Charles-Augustin de
Coulomb and the constant

By Andrew Lim and Celine Lityo

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Newton’s Laws of motion were first discovered by Isaac Newton,

an excellent mathematician and physicist born on January 4, 1643,
in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. He discovered the laws of
motion and theories of gravity. His laws were first published in
1686 and are still widely used today.
Sadly, Isaac Newton passed on March 31, 1727, at the age of 84.
The cause of death may have been mercury poisoning which
explains the pain Newton was experiencing in his abdomen the day
before his death. Fig 1: Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

By Andrew Lim and Celine Lityo

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• An object at rest remains to be at rest.
• An object in motion remains to be in motion with the same speed and in the same direction
unless there is an external force that disturbs the motion of the object.

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• Force is the product of mass times the gravitational acceleration acting upon the object.
• Newton’s second law of motion can also be described as objects that experience acceleration
when a force is acting upon it.
In equation form: Force = Mass x Acceleration / F = m x a

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• You might’ve heard of this phrase, “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction”.
Well this is Newton’s third law of motion.
• If object A applies a force upon object B, object B will apply a force of the same
magnitude(size) but towards the opposite direction.

By Andrew Lim and Celine Lityo

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Coulomb’s law was discovered by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, a
French physicist born on June 14, 1736, in Angoulême, France.
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb invented a device called the torsion
balance, which measures the electrostatic force between two charged
bodies. This led to the creation of Coulomb’s Law which was
published in 1785.
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb suffered from chronic ailments. He
eventually fell sick and died in Paris on August 23, 1806.

Fig 2: Charles Coulomb (1736-1806)

By Andrew Lim and Celine Lityo

 The electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion between
two charged particles is directly proportional to the
product of the electric charges inversely proportional to
the square of the distance separating the particles.

F is the electrostatic force the particle experiences.

q₁q₂ is the product of the electric charges
r² is the square of the distance between the particles
k is Coulomb constant which is about 8.99 x 10⁹ Nm²C⁻²
Fig 3: Example of the torsion balance

By Andrew Lim and Celine Lityo

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Boyle’s Law was discovered by Robert Boyle, an Irish chemist and
physicist, born on January 25, 1627 in County Waterford, Ireland.
Robert Boyle was the first to discover the impacts on the volume of
ideal gasses at constant temperature due to the change in the
surrounding pressure which is also known as Boyle’s Law, which was
later published in 1662.
Robert Boyle passed away on December 31, 1691, at the age of 64
due to paralysis, known as stroke nowadays. His contribution has
made a huge impact on the society and will never be forgotten.
Boyle’s Law reveals that the volume of gas changes as pressure in the
surrounding atmosphere increases or decreases. The relationship
between the volume of the gas is inversely proportional to the
pressure given that temperature is kept constant. In simpler terms, if the pressure is increased, the
volume of the ideal gas would decrease when temperature is uniform and vice versa.
Fig 4: Robert Boyle (1627-1691)

By Andrew Lim and Celine Lityo

The relationship above can be expressed: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂, where PV is a constant ONLY WHEN
temperature is uniform.
The above equation is simply telling us that the product of the
initial pressure and volume of an ideal gas is equal to the product
of the final pressure and volume of an ideal gas.

By Andrew Lim and Celine Lityo