1 TensionMembers 2012

DYB 654: ADVANCED STEEL
STRUCTURES - II
Assoc Prof Bülent AKBAŞ
Assoc.Prof.Bülent
Department of Earthquake and

Crown Hall at IIT Campus
Structural Engineering
g g
Chicago . Illinois
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Tension Members
Çekme Elemanları (Tension Members)
•Tipik Çekme Elemanları (Typical Tension Members)
•Nominal Dayanım (Nominal Strength)
•Narinlik Şartı – Rijitlik Kriteri (Slenderness Requirement – Stiffness Criteria)
•Özet: Çekme Elemanlarının Tasarımı –
Özet: Çekme Elemanlarının Tasarımı LRFD/ASD (Summary: Design of
LRFD/ASD (Summary: Design of
Tension Members – LRFD/ASD)
Tipik Çekme Elemanları (Typical Tension Members)
Round bar Flat bar Double angle

Angle with Starred angle
equal/unequal
legs
Channel Double LLatticed

i d W‐section
W i S
S‐section
i
(UPN section) channel channels (HE Section) (american
(wide flange) standart)
(IPN section)
Built‐up
sections
Flatt bar
Fl b
IPE beam (parallel (width 20‐
flanges)(h=80‐ IPN section 400mm)
750mm) (european
HE section
standart HD section
((european
p wide
b
beam)(h=80‐
)(h 80 (
(european wide
id
flange
600mm) flange
beam)(h=100‐
1000mm)(HEL: column)(h=250‐
extra wide flange) 400mm)
Round bar
UPE section UPN section
UPN section U section
U section (channel LL section
section (equal
(channel with (european with tapred leg angles) (h=20‐ T section
parallel flanges) standart channel) flanges) (h=40‐ 200mm)
(h=80‐400mm) (h=80‐400mm) 65mm)
(Arcelor Mittal)
Nominal Dayanım
Bir çekme elemanında 3 limit durum vardır:
a) birleşimden uzakta elemanın dolu (brüt) enkesitinde akma
b) faydalı genişlik (yırtılma çizgisi) boyunca efektif faydalı enkesit
alanında yırtılma
c) birleşimde faydalı genişlik (yırtılma çizgisi) boyunca blok kesme
yırtılması
Nominal Strength
There are three limit states for a tension member:
a) yielding of the gross cross‐section of the member away from
the connection
the connection
b) fracture of the effective net area through the holes
c) block shear fracture through the bolts at the connection
Nominal Dayanım (Pn)
a) Dolu (Brüt) Enkesitte Akma:
) ( )
Bu limit durum, bir çekme elemanında dolu enkesit alanının
(deliksiz (kaynaklı birleşim)) akması olarak tanımlanır. Elemanın
aşırı uzaması önlenir.
Pn Pn Pn
Pn
Fy =
Ag
Pn = Fy A g
Nominal Strength (Pn)
a) Yielding of Gross Area:
) g f
This limit state defines the yielding of the gross section of a
tension member without holes (i.e. with welded connection) and
excessive deformation of the member is prevented.
Pn Pn Pn
Pn
Fy =
Ag
Pn = Fy A g
Nominal Dayanım (Pn)
a) Dolu (Brüt) Enkesitte Akma:
) ( )
Pn : nominal dayanım (N)
: nominal dayanım (N)
Fy : akma gerilmesi (MPa)
Ag : dolu (brüt) enkesit alanı (mm2)
Not: Köşebentlerde dolu (brüt) enkesit alanı = (∑Köşebent kolları – kalınlık) x kalınlık

Nominal Strength (Pn)
a) Yielding of Gross Area:
) g f
Pn : nominal strength (N)
: nominal strength (N)
Fy : yield stress (MPa)
Ag : gross area (mm2)
Not: Gross area for angles = (∑Angle legs – thickness) x thickness

Nominal Dayanım
b) Efektif Faydalı Enkesit Alanında Yırtılma:
) f f y
Faydalı enkesit alanı, yırtılma çizgisi üzerine düşen deliklerin
(bulon delikleri) enkesit alanının dolu (brüt) enkesit alanından
çıkarılmasıyla elde edilir.
T1 T1 Pn Pn
<
favg on net section
fmax ≈ 3 favg Fy
a. Elastic stresses (under service loads) b. Nominal strength condition
Stress distribution with holes present

Nominal Strength
b) Fracture of the Effective Net Area:
) f ff
“Net Area” is defined as the reduced cross‐section of a member
having holes (i.e. bolt holes)
T1 T1 Pn Pn
<
favg on net section
fmax ≈ 3 favg Fy
a. Elastic stresses (under service loads) b. Nominal strength condition
Stress distribution with holes present

Nominal Dayanım
) f f y
Pn = Fu A e
Pn : nominal dayanım (N)
Fu : çekme dayanımı (MPa)
Ae : efektif faydalı enkesit alanı (mm2)
Nominal Strength
) f ff
Pn = Fu A e
Pn : nominal strength (N)
Fu : tensile strength (MPa)
Ae : effective net area (mm2)
Nominal Dayanım (Nominal Strength)
b) Efektif Faydalı Enkesit Alanında Yırtılma (Fracture of the
) f f y ( f
Effective Net Area):
Not: Nominal dayanımın (Pn) hesaplanmasında Fy yerine Fu kullanılır. Fy’yi kullanmak

çok muhafazakar sonuçlar verecektir. Bunun sebebi, enkesitteki bir lifin akması
d
durumunda yeniden dağılımın ve diğer lifler akıncaya kadar pekleşmenin olmasıdır.
d d d ğl d ğ l fl k k d kl l d
Note: We don’t use Fy in the computation of Pn, because it’d be too conservative. The

reason for this is due to the fact that we will have redistribution in case of a fiber’s
yielding and strain hardening until the other fibers yield
yielding and strain hardening until the other fibers yield.
Nominal Dayanım
Faydalı enkesit alanı, An (ANSI/AISC 360‐10, D3)
i Dolu (brüt) enkesit alanında azalma
i. Dolu (brüt) enkesit alanında azalma
Damaged area due
to punching
db=bolt diameter, mm
dh=standart hole diameter, mm
1mm
l
1mm dhd=total width to be deducted from the width (l)
of the cross‐section for the
computation of net area (for
dh tension and shear), mm
dhd
t=thickness, mm
dh=db + 2mm (AISC 360‐10, Table J3.3) (for tension and shear) AR=reduction in gross area, mm2
dhd=dh + 2mm (AISC 360‐10, B4.3)
AR=dhd x t
Note: dhd=dh + 1mm (TS648, 2.3.6.1)
Nominal Strength
Net area, An (ANSI/AISC 360‐10, D3)
i Definition of reduction in gross area
i. Definition of reduction in gross area
Damaged area due
a b to punching
db=bolt diameter, mm
dh=standart hole diameter, mm
1mm
l
1mm dhd=total width to be deducted from the width (l)
AR of the cross‐section for the
computation of net area (for
t ti f t (f
dh a. Net area b. gross area tension and shear), mm
dhd
t=thickness, mm
dh=db + 2mm (AISC 360‐10, Table J3.3) AR=reduction in gross area, mm2
dhd=dh + 2mm (AISC 360‐10, B4.3)
AR=dhd x t
Note: dhd=dh + 1mm (TS648, 2.3.6.1)
Nominal Dayanım
Faydalı enkesit alanı, An (ANSI/AISC 360‐10, B4.3)
ii Bulon deliklerinin şaşırtmalı olarak yerleştirilmemesi
ii. Bulon deliklerinin şaşırtmalı olarak yerleştirilmemesi
durumunda faydalı enkesit alanı
T T
l
Failure path
An=Ag – n(AR)
n=number of holes transverse to the loading
direction
Nominal Strength
Net area, An (ANSI/AISC 360‐10, B4.3)
ii Net area without staggered holes
ii. Net area without staggered holes
T T
l
Failure path
An=Ag – n(AR)
n=number of holes transverse to the loading
direction
En büyük bulon deliği çapı (Maximum hole size for bolts)
(
(ANSI/AISC 360‐10, J3)
/ )
Nominal Dayanım
Faydalı enkesit alanı, An (ANSI/AISC 360‐10, B4.3)
iii Bulon deliklerinin şaşırtmalı olarak yerleştirilmesi
iii. Bulon deliklerinin şaşırtmalı olarak yerleştirilmesi
durumunda faydalı enkesit alanı
p p
A
l − Σ(n.d hd ) (alongA − B)
T 0 T ln = smaller of
l g
s2
l − Σ(n.d hd ) + Σ( ) (alongA − C )
4g
C B
p s
Failure paths
s = stagger or spacing of adjacent holes parallel to the
loading direction, mm
g = gage distance transverse to the loading direction, mm

Nominal Strength
Net area, An (ANSI/AISC 360‐10, B4.3)
iii Net area with staggered holes (might be used
iii. Net area with staggered holes be used when bolt spacing is limited)
is limited)
p p
A
l − Σ(n.d hd ) (alongA − B )
T 0 T ln = smaller of
l g
s2
l − Σ(n.d hd ) + Σ( ) (alongA − C )
4g
C B
p s accounts for the increase in
strength due to the added cross‐
Failure paths
sectional area at an angle in the
failure plane
An=ln .t
s = stagger or spacing of adjacent holes parallel to the
loading direction, mm
g = gage distance transverse to the loading direction, mm

ff )
Faydalı enkesit alanı (Net area), A
Faydalı enkesit alanı (Net area) An (ANSI/AISC 360‐10, B4.3)
(ANSI/AISC 360‐10 B4 3)
iii. Bulon deliklerinin şaşırtmalı olarak yerleştirilmesi durumunda
faydalı enkesit alanı (Net area with staggered holes )
y ( gg )
Farklı yırtılma çizgilerinden efektif faydalı enkesit alanı üzerinde
en büyük gerilmeyi veren hakim yırtılma çizgisi olacaktır. Çoğu
bü ük il i h ki l i ii l k Ç ğ
kez, kritik yırtılma çizgisi ,minimum faydalı enkesit alanına sahip
yırtılma çizgisidir
yırtılma çizgisidir.
The controlling failure line is the one that gives the largest stress
on an effective net area. In many cases, the critical failure path
is also the path that has the minimum net area.
ff )
Faydalı enkesit alanı (Net area), A
Faydalı enkesit alanı (Net area) An (ANSI/AISC 360‐10, B4.3)
(ANSI/AISC 360‐10 B4 3)
iii. Bulon deliklerinin şaşırtmalı olarak yerleştirilmesi durumunda
faydalı enkesit alanı (Net area with staggered holes )
y ( gg )
Deliklerde plug veya slot kaynak olması durumunda faydalı
enkesit alanının hesabında kaynak gözönüne alınmaz.
k i l h b d k k öö ü l
In determining the net area across plug or slot welds, the weld
In determining the net area across plug or slot welds the weld
metal will not be considered as adding to the net area.
Nominal Dayanım
Faydalı enkesit alanı, A
y , n ((ANSI/AISC 360‐10, B4.3)
/ , )
iv. Köşebentlerde bulon deliklerinin şaşırtmalı olarak
yerleştirilmesi durumunda faydalı enkesit alanı
Bulon delikleri için köşebentin kollarındaki g mesafesi,
köşebentin köşesinden ölçülen g mesafelerinden kalınlık
köşebentin köşesinden ölçülen g mesafelerinden kalınlık
çıkarılarak bulunur
Center line of angle
gg=gga + g
gb – t (the distance from A to B)
Gage dimesions for an angle

Nominal Strength
b)
f h ff
Net area, A
Net area An (ANSI/AISC 360‐10, B4.3)
(ANSI/AISC 360‐10 B4 3)
iv. Net area with staggered holes in angles
The gage for holes in opposite adjacent legs is obtained by
the sum of the gages from the back of the angles less the
thickness
hi k
gg=gga + g
gb – t (the distance from A to B)
Gage dimesions for an angle

ANSI/AISC 360‐10’a göre, yük çekme elemanına
bulon veya kaynak tarafında kesitin tamamı
bulon veya kaynak tarafında kesitin tamamı
tarafından aktarılmadığında (örneğin köşebentin tek
kolu tarafından yük aktarılması, I profilinin sadece
y p
başlıkları tarafından yükün aktarılması gibi),
tasarımda kullanılmak üzere efektif faydalı net alan
aşağıdaki gibi tanımlanır (A
ğ d ki ibi l (Ae):
)
Ae = AnU
b) Fracture of the Effective Net Area :
According to ANSI/AISC 360‐10, when the load is
transmitted to the tension member by fastaners or
transmitted to the tension member by fastaners or
welds through some but not all the elements of the
cross section (e.g. Only one of the legs of an angle,
( g y g g
the flanges of a W shape but not the web, etc.) an
effective area must be used in design which is
d fi d f ll
defined as follows:
Ae = AnU
ff )
Shaded area not directly
connected; will have
connected; will
lower stress
T
The shear lag factor, U, accounts for the nonunifrom stress distribution
when some of the elements of a tension member are not directly
connected as in the angle‐bar connection in the figure.
ff )
x azaltma katsayısı (reduction coefficient for
y (
U = 1− the concentration of shear stress – shear
l lag factor)
>0.60 olacak şekilde birleşim
detaylandırılmalıdır
>0.60 the connection should be configured
to satisfy this criteria
x= Distance from the centroid of the connected
part to the connection plane
l = connection length
U=1.0
Plate – all bolted
Note: for bolted splices Ae=An ≤ 0.85Ag (U=1.0)

Shear Lag Factor for Common Tension Member Connections:
U=1.0
Plate – all bolted
Note: for bolted splices Ae=An ≤ 0.85Ag (U=1.0)

U=1.0
Plate – all welded

U=1.0
Plate – transverse weld

l ≥ 2w, U=1.0
T
w 1.5w ≤ l < 2w, U=0.87
w ≤ l < 1.5w, U=0.75
l
Plate – longitudinal welds
l ≥ 1.3D, U=1.0
T x
D D ≤ l < 1.3D, U = 1 −
l
D
x=
π
Round HSS – single concentric gusset plate

x
l ≥ H, U = 1 −
l
T
H
B 2 + 2 BH
x=
4( B + H )
l B
Rectangular HSS – single concentric gusset plate

x
l ≥ H, U = 1 −
l
T
H
B2
x=
4( B + H )
l B
Rectangular HSS – two‐sided gusset plate

OR
d
2
bf ≥ d , U = 0.90
3
2
bf < d , U = 0.85
bf 3
W, M, S or HP, or Tees cut from these shapes‐flange connected with three or more
f t
fasteners per line in the direction of loading
li i th di ti f l di
U = 0.70
bf
W, M, S or HP, or Tees cut from these shapes‐web connected with four or more fasteners
per line in the direction of loading
li i th di ti f l di
U = 0.80
Single angle – four or more fasteners per line in the direction of the load
U = 0.60
Single angle – three fasteners per line in the direction of the load
For slotted HSS welded to a gusset plate, the

net area An, is the gross area minus the
product
d of the
f h thickness
hi k and the
d h total width
l id h of
f
material that is removed to form the slot.
Nominal Dayanım
c) Blok Kesme Yırtılması (ANSI/AISC 360‐10, J4.3):
Çekme kuvveti ile aynı doğrultudaki bulonların oluşturduğu
bir kayma düzleminde ve bu düzleme dik bulonların
bir kayma düzleminde ve bu düzleme dik bulonların
oluşturduğu bir çekme düzleminde yırtılma (göçme)
meydana gelebilir. Bu tür bir yırtılmaya (göçmeye) blok
y g y y (g ç y )
kesme yırtılması adı verilir.
Nominal Strength
c) Block Shear Failure (ANSI/AISC 360‐10, J4.3):
Failure might occur by shear along a plane through the
fastaners plus tension along a perpendicular plane on the
fastaners plus tension along a perpendicular plane on the
area effective in resisting tearing failure. This type of
failure is called as “block shear failure”.
c) Blok Kesme Yırtılması (Block Shear Failure) (ANSI/AISC
360‐10, J4.3):
)
Video
360‐10, J4.3):
)
360‐10, J4.3):
)
Gusset plate
dh
T
b
a
c
Shaded area
may tear out
Tensile plane
Shear plane
360‐10, J4.3):
)
Blok Kesme Dayanımı (Block Shear Strength):

Blok kesme dayanımı , kesme ve çekme terimlerinin toplamıyla elde
edilir Blok kesme dayanımı bir yırtılma limit durumudur akma
edilir. Blok kesme dayanımı bir yırtılma limit durumudur, akma
limit durumu değildir.
Note that block shear strength is determined by the summation of
g y
the shear and tension terms. Block shear is a rupture or tearing
limit state, not a yielding limit state.
360‐10, J4.3):
)

= ( ) (elemanın kalınlığı)
ab
= ( –
bc 0.5dh ) (elemanın kalınlığı)
= ( –
ab 3.5dh ) (elemanın kalınlığı)
c) Blok Kesme Yırtılması (Block Shear Failure) (ANSI/AISC 360‐10,
J4.3):
)

Ubs = 1.0 , çekme gerilmesi üniformsa (if tension stess is uniform)
ç g ( )
0.5 , çekme gerilmesi üniform değilse (if tension stess is
non‐uniform)
if )
Narinlik Şartı – Rijitlik Kriteri (Slenderness Requirement
– Stiffness Criteria)
Stiffness Criteria)
Çekme elemanlarının tasarımı için bir narinlik şartı yoktur. Çok uzun
çekme elemanları kendi ağırlıkları altında aşırı sehim yapabilir ve
k l l k d ğ l kl l d h bl
rüzgar kuvvetlerine maruz kaldığına titreşebilir. Aşırı sehimleri ve
titreşim problemlerini azaltmak için aşağıdaki rijitlik şartının
titreşim problemlerini azaltmak için aşağıdaki rijitlik şartının
sağlanması tavsiye edilir (ANSI/AISC 360‐10, D1):
L
≤ 300 Except for steel rods or hangers in tension (AISC 360‐10,
r D 1)
D‐1)
L = length, mm
I
r= Radius of gyration
A
Stiffness Criteria)
There is no slenderness for design of tension members. However,
too long tension members may deflect excessively due to their own
l b d fl l d h
weight and vibrate when subject to wind forces. To reduce the
excessive deflection and vibration problems in tension members the
excessive deflection and vibration problems in tension members, the
following stiffness criteria is suggested (ANSI/AISC 360‐10, D1):
L Except for steel rods and hangers in tension (AISC 360‐05, D‐1)
≤ 300
r
L = length, mm
I
r= Radius of gyration
A
Stiffness Criteria)
Notes:
1)) For members in which the design is based on compression:
g p
kL
≤ 200
r
2) For members in which the design is based on tension loading, but which may be
subjected to some compression under other load conditions, need not satisfy the
compression slenderness limit.
3) Turkish Earthquake Code (2007) requires that (Section 4.7.1.4):
L
≤ 250
r
4) Th
The highest slenderness ratio must be used for symmetrical members. For
hi h t l d ti tb df ti l b F
nonsymmetrical members, one must consider the weakest principal axis.
Özet: Çekme Elemanlarının Tasarımı – LRFD/ASD
(Summary: Design of Tension Members – LRFD/ASD)
(Summary: Design of Tension Members
Pu ≤ φt Pn LRFD)
((LRFD
Pn
Pa ≤ ( ASD)
Ω
φt Pn Pn / Ω
The design tensile strength or allowable tensile strength
will be the lower value obtained according to the the limit states of
ll b h l l b d d h h l f
(ANSI/AISC 360‐10, D2):
a) Tensile yielding in gross area:
φt Pn = φt Fy Ag = 0.90 Fy Ag ( LRFD)
Pn Fy Ag Fy Ag
= = ( ASD)
Ω Ω 1.67
b) Tensile rupture in the net area:
Tensile rupture in the net area:
φt Pn = φt Fu Ae = 0.75 Fu Ae ( LRFD )
Pn Fu Ae Fu Ae
= = ( ASD )
Ω Ω 2.0
c) Block shear design strength (AISC 360‐10, J4.3):
φ Rn = 0.75(0.6 Fu Anv + U BS Fu Ant ) ≤ 0.75(0.6 Fy Agv + U BS Fu Ant ) ( LRFD )
Rn ⎧ 0.6 Fu Anv + U BS Fu Ant ⎫ ⎧ 0.6 Fy Agv + U BS Fu Ant ⎫

=⎨ ⎬≤⎨ ⎬ ( ASD )
Ω ⎩ 2 .0 ⎭ ⎩ 2 . 0 ⎭
Örnek (Example)
I, II x=25.20mm
Gusset plate
s 57mm
L152x102x12.7mm
T Ag=3060mm2
g=63.5mm
31.5mm
50mm 7@50mm Gusset plate

I
II
L152x102x12.7mm
Given: Steel Grade 50 (Fe52) Î Fy=345 Mpa, Fu=485 Mpa
dh=22mm in standart hole
b
Live Load / Dead Load = 3.0
Required: Service Load (Dead Load + Live Load)
Çözüm (Solution)
1) Areas for different limit states:
s = 50mm g = 63.50mm l = 350mm L = 400mm(7 @ 50 + 50)
Section I − I : An = Ag − n(d hd t ) = 3060 − 1(22 + 2)12.7 = 2755.2mm 2

s2
Section II − II : An = Ag − n(d hd t ) + t
4g
50 2
= 3060 − 2(22 + 2)12.7 + 12.7 = 2325.4mm 2
4(63.50 )
An = 2325.4mm 2 ( smaller )
Çözüm (Solution)
Reduction for eccentricity‐caused non‐uniform stress (shear lag):
x 25.20
U = 1− = 1− = 0.93 > 0.90 ⇒ use U = 0.9
l 350
If we used case 8 for
this problem, it’d be
p ,
conservative
Çözüm (Solution)
Reduction for eccentricity‐caused non‐uniform stress (shear lag):
x 25.20
U = 1− = 1− = 0.93 > 0.90 ⇒ use U = 0.9
l 350
Ae = U . An = 0.9( 2325.4) = 2093mm 2 Effective net area
Agv = 400(12.70) = 5080mm 2 gross area subjected to shear
Anv = [400 − 3.5(22 + 2)](12.70) = 4013mm 2 net area subjected to shear
⎡ 1 ⎤
Ant = ⎢(63.50 + 31.50) − ( 22 + 2) ⎥ (12.70) = 1054 mm 2 net area
t subjected
bj t d to
t tension
t i
⎣ 2 ⎦
Çözüm (Solution)
2) Design Strength:
a. Yielding Limit State
φt Pn = φt Fy Ag = 0.9(345)(3060) = 950kN ( LRFD )
Pn Fy Ag (345)(3060)
= = = 632kN ( ASD )
Ω Ω 1.67
Çözüm (Solution)
b. Rupture Limit State
φt Pn = φt Fu Ae = 0.75(485)(2093) = 761kN ( LRFD )
Pn Fu Ae (485)(2093)
= = = 508kN ( ASD )
Ω Ω 2.00
Çözüm (Solution)
c. Block Shear Limit State
φ Rn = 0.75(0.6 Fu Anv + U BS Fu Ant ) ≤ 0.75(0.6 Fy Agv + U BS Fu Ant ) ( LRFD )

= 0.75{0.6(485)(4013) + 1.0(485)(1054)} ≤ 0.75{0.6(345)(5080) + 1.0(485)(1054)}
= 1259kN ≤ 1172kN ⇒ φ Rn = 1172kN ( LRFD )
Rn ⎧ 0.6 Fu Anv + U BS Fu Ant ⎫ ⎧ 0.6 Fy Agv + U BS Fu Ant ⎫

=⎨ ⎬≤⎨ ⎬ ( ASD )
Ω ⎩ 2 .0 ⎭ ⎩ 2 . 0 ⎭
Rn ⎧ 0.6(485)(4013) + 1.0(485)(1054) ⎫ ⎧ 0.6(345)(5080) + 1.0(485)(1054) ⎫
=⎨ ⎬≤⎨ ⎬
Ω ⎩ 2 .0 ⎭ ⎩ 2 . 0 ⎭
R
= 839.5kN ≤ 782kN ⇒ n = 782kN ( ASD)
Ω
Çözüm (Solution)
φt Pn = min(950kN ,761kN ,1172kN ) = 761kN ( LRFD )

Final design strengthÎ
Final design
Pn
= min(632kN ,508kN ,782kN ) = 508kN ( ASD )
Ω
Çözüm (Solution)
3) Demand (Pu & Pa):
LRFD ⇒ Pu = 1.4 DL
Pu = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL + 0.5( Lr or S or R ) 6DL
controls
= 1.2 DL + 1.6(3DL ) = 6 DL
let φt Pn = Pu
761 = 6 DL ⇒ DL = 126.8kN
LL = 3DL = 380.5kN
Total Service Load ⇒ LL + DL = 507.3kN

Çözüm (Solution)
ASD ⇒ Pa = DL + LL
Pn
let = Pa
Ω
508 = DL + 3 DL = 4 DL ⇒ DL = 127 kN
Total Service Load ⇒ LL + DL = 508kN

References
• M.D. Engelhardt, University of Texas at Austin, AISC, V.1, 2007.
lh d f
• Akbaş, B., Advanced Steel Structures, GIT, 2008.
• Shen J Advanced Steel Structures Class Notes IIT 2009
Shen, J., Advanced Steel Structures, Class Notes, IIT, 2009.
• Aghayere and Vigil, Structural Steel Design, 2009.

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DYB 654: ADVANCED STEEL

Department of Earthquake and

Round bar Flat bar Double angle

Channel Double LLatticed

Not: Köşebentlerde dolu (brüt) enkesit alanı = (∑Köşebent kolları – kalınlık) x kalınlık

Not: Gross area for angles = (∑Angle legs – thickness) x thickness

a. Elastic stresses (under service loads) b. Nominal strength condition

Stress distribution with holes present

a. Elastic stresses (under service loads) b. Nominal strength condition

Stress distribution with holes present

Not: Nominal dayanımın (Pn) hesaplanmasında Fy yerine Fu kullanılır. Fy’yi kullanmak

Note: We don’t use Fy in the computation of Pn, because it’d be too conservative. The

dh=db + 2mm (AISC 360‐10, Table J3.3) (for tension and shear) AR=reduction in gross area, mm2

dh=db + 2mm (AISC 360‐10, Table J3.3) AR=reduction in gross area, mm2

g = gage distance transverse to the loading direction, mm

g = gage distance transverse to the loading direction, mm

Center line of angle

Gage dimesions for an angle

Center line of angle

Center line of angle

Gage dimesions for an angle

b) Fracture of the Effective Net Area :

Plate – all bolted

Note: for bolted splices Ae=An ≤ 0.85Ag (U=1.0)

Shear Lag Factor for Common Tension Member Connections:

Plate – all bolted

Note: for bolted splices Ae=An ≤ 0.85Ag (U=1.0)

Shear Lag Factor for Common Tension Member Connections:

Plate – all welded

Shear Lag Factor for Common Tension Member Connections:

Plate – transverse weld

Shear Lag Factor for Common Tension Member Connections:

w ≤ l < 1.5w, U=0.75

Shear Lag Factor for Common Tension Member Connections:

Round HSS – single concentric gusset plate

Shear Lag Factor for Common Tension Member Connections:

Rectangular HSS – single concentric gusset plate

Shear Lag Factor for Common Tension Member Connections:

Rectangular HSS – two‐sided gusset plate

Shear Lag Factor for Common Tension Member Connections:

Shear Lag Factor for Common Tension Member Connections:

Shear Lag Factor for Common Tension Member Connections:

Shear Lag Factor for Common Tension Member Connections:

For slotted HSS welded to a gusset plate, the

Blok Kesme Dayanımı (Block Shear Strength):

Blok Kesme Dayanımı (Block Shear Strength):

Blok Kesme Dayanımı (Block Shear Strength):

φ Rn = 0.75(0.6 Fu Anv + U BS Fu Ant ) ≤ 0.75(0.6 Fy Agv + U BS Fu Ant ) ( LRFD )

Rn ⎧ 0.6 Fu Anv + U BS Fu Ant ⎫ ⎧ 0.6 Fy Agv + U BS Fu Ant ⎫

50mm 7@50mm Gusset plate

1) Areas for different limit states:

s = 50mm g = 63.50mm l = 350mm L = 400mm(7 @ 50 + 50)

Section I − I : An = Ag − n(d hd t ) = 3060 − 1(22 + 2)12.7 = 2755.2mm 2

Reduction for eccentricity‐caused non‐uniform stress (shear lag):

Reduction for eccentricity‐caused non‐uniform stress (shear lag):

Ae = U . An = 0.9( 2325.4) = 2093mm 2 Effective net area

Agv = 400(12.70) = 5080mm 2 gross area subjected to shear

Anv = [400 − 3.5(22 + 2)](12.70) = 4013mm 2 net area subjected to shear

φt Pn = φt Fy Ag = 0.9(345)(3060) = 950kN ( LRFD )

φt Pn = φt Fu Ae = 0.75(485)(2093) = 761kN ( LRFD )

c. Block Shear Limit State

φ Rn = 0.75(0.6 Fu Anv + U BS Fu Ant ) ≤ 0.75(0.6 Fy Agv + U BS Fu Ant ) ( LRFD )

Rn ⎧ 0.6 Fu Anv + U BS Fu Ant ⎫ ⎧ 0.6 Fy Agv + U BS Fu Ant ⎫