PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY

Department of Civil Engineering

Structural Analysis 1
(CE311)
CHAPTER 2
Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures
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Instructor:
Eng. Abdallah Odeibat
Civil Engineer, Structures , M.Sc.
2.1 IDEALIZED STRUCTURE
 An exact analysis of a structure can never be carried out, since estimates
always have to be made of the loadings and the strength of the materials
composing the structure.

 It is important, therefore, that the structural engineer develop the ability

to model or idealize a structure so that he or she can perform a practical
force analysis of the members.

 Support Connections
Structural members are joined together in various ways depending on the intent
of the designer.
The three types of joints most often specified are:

1. Pin connection: allow some freedom for slight rotation.

2. Roller support: allow some freedom for slight rotation.

3. Fixed joint: allows no relative rotation between the connected

members. 2
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IDEALIZED STRUCTURE

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2.2 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
 It may be stated as follows: The total displacement or
internal loadings (stress) at a point in a structure subjected
to several external loadings can be determined by adding
together the displacements or internal loadings (stress)
caused by each of the external loads acting separately.

 Two requirements must be imposed for the principle of

superposition to apply:
1. The material must behave in a linear-elastic manner, so that
Hooke’s law is valid, and therefore the load will be proportional
to displacement.
2. The geometry of the structure must not undergo significant
change when the loads are applied, i.e., small displacement
theory applies. 7
2.3 EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM

 For equilibrium in 3D:

 For equilibrium in 2D:

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2.4 DETERMINACY AND STABILITY
 Determinacy: when all the forces in structure can be
determined from equilibrium equation, the structure is
referred to as statically determinate.

 Structure having more unknown forces than available

equilibrium equations called statically indeterminate.

 r: number of unknown reactions

 n: number of structure parts
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 3n: number of equilibrium equations for the whole structure
 In particular, if a structure is statically indeterminate, the
additional equations needed to solve for the unknown
reactions are obtained by relating the applied loads and
reactions to the displacement or slope at different points on
the structure. These equations, which are referred to as
compatibility equations, must be equal in number to the
degree of indeterminacy of the structure. Compatibility
equations involve the geometric and physical properties of
the structure.

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EXAMPLE 2.4
 Classify each of the beams shown as statically determinate or
statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the
number of degrees of indeterminacy.

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EXAMPLE 2.5
 Classify each of the beams shown as statically determinate or
statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the
number of degrees of indeterminacy.

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EXAMPLE 2.6
 Classify each of the beams shown as statically determinate or
statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the
number of degrees of indeterminacy.

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STABILITY
 to ensure the equilibrium of the structure or its
members, it’s not only necessary to satisfy the
equation of equilibrium but the members of the
structure must be properly held or constrained by
their supports.

 Two situations may occur where the conditions for

proper constraint have not been met:

1. Partial Constraints (r < 3n )

2. Improper Constraints (r >= 3n )

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 Partial Constraints (r < 3n )

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 Improper Constraints (r >= 3n )

 Case 1: Concurrent reactions

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 Improper Constraints (r >= 3n )

 Case 2: Parallel reactions

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SUMMARY

1) If r < 3n  the structure is unstable

2) If r= 3n the structure is determinate and stable

UNLESS: - concurrent reactions
- parallel reactions

3) If r > 3n the structure is indeterminate and

stable UNLESS: - concurrent reactions
- parallel reactions

 Degree of indeterminacy = r-3n = number of redundant

reactions

 Note: If the structure is unstable, it does not matter if it is

statically determinate or indeterminate. 21
EXAMPLE 2.7
 Classify each of the structures as stable or unstable.

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HW 2
Problems :
2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15,
2.16, 2.17

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2.5 APPLICATION OF THE EQUATIONS
OF EQUILIBRIUM

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HW 3
Select at least 5 problems
from (2.18-2.44)

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