Homeostasis - helps cells in body to function optimally

Stimulus-response model - shows the events that happen

when a certain stimulus changes the internal condition of the
body

• Stimulus - a structure that produces the change

• Receptor - a structure that detects the change

• Control center - a structure that determines the appropriate

response to the stimulus

• Effector - can be organs, glands, or tissues that are instructed

to adjust the amount of output that produces a desired effect

• Response - the outcome of the adjustment that should

remove the initial stimulus
Negative Feedback Mechanism (NFM) - allows internal
condition of the body to go back to its normal or ideal state by
inhibiting or removing the stimulus

Positive Feedback Mechanism (PFM) - the increase in

concentration or products or substances also results in an
increase rate in the process. Allows the output to enhance
original stimulus

Regulation of Body Temperature

• Hypothalamus
• Shivering - helps muscles to generate heat

Regulation of Body Fluids

• Sweat and urine
• Antidiurectic hormone (ADH)

Regulation of Gas Concentration

• Carbon dioxide and oxygen
• Respiratory system
Regulation of Blood Pressure
• Circulatory system

• Blood pressure - pressure exerted by the blood against the

walls of the blood vessels

• Nervous system

• Blood pressure is monitored by baroreceptors

• Vasodilation - the expanding of the walls of the blood vessel.

Allows the peripheral resistance of the blood to decrease,
which eventually causes a decrease in blood pressure

• Sinotrial node (SA node) - responsible for creating nerve

impulses
Regulation of Glucose Concentration
• Glucose

• Pancreas and adrenal gland - responsible for the balance of

blood glucose in body

• Islets of Langerhans - cells that release insulin and glucagon

• Insulin - hormone that facilitates glucose transport into cells

• Liver - helps maintain the blood glucose level by storing

excess glucose as glycogen

• Glucagon - hormone produced by pancreas that raises the

blood glucose level by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen
into glucose and by allowing glucose production from amino
acids to fatty acids.
Genes - Unit of heredity composed of DNA molecules that are
transpired from a parent to an offspring

Genetics - Study of genes and how it affect heredity

Gregor Johann Mendel - Father of Modern Genetics

- Garden Pea Experiments
- Certain traits that follow a particular
Pattern of Inheritance

Allele - one of the two or more alternative forms of a gene

Dominant Trait - Trait that is expressed

Recessive Trait - trait that is masked by the dominant trait

Gamete - reproductive or sex cell

Genotype - Genetic composition of an individual

Phenotype - Observable characteristics of an individual

Homozygous - organisms that have two identical alleles

Heterozygous - organisms that have two different alleles

Punnet Square - diagram used to predict an outcome of a

particular cross or breeding experiment.
MENDELS LAW OF INHERITANCE

Law of Segregation
- An individual has a pair of alleles for each trait

Law of Independent Assortment

- Alleles segregate independently during the formation of
gametes

Law of Dominance
- A trait is only dominant if it is expressed in spite of the
presence of another allele.
MODIFICATIONS ON MENDEL’S CLASSIC RATIOS

Incomplete Dominance
- happens when one allele is not completely dominant over the
other allele.
- Often shows a heterozygous phenotype that is intermediate
between the two homozygous phenotypes

Codominance
- Both alleles contribute to the phenotype of an organism.

Multiple Alleles
- Having more than two phenotypes. Thus you can observe a
mixture of dominant alleles.
Pedigree Analysis
One of the very important tools in studying human genetics and
patterns of inheritance is the pedigree chart.

Pedigree chart
- Helps identify relevant medical facts about certain traits or
diseases, as well as the family members have.
- To note the genetic disorders that some family members
have.
Genetic Recombination
- The process of recombining genes to produce offspring with
traits that is different from those of their parents.
- Involves the exchange of genetic material, either between
multiple chromosomes or between different regions of the
same chromosome.

Sex Linkage
- A special pattern of inheritance. It applies to genes that are
located on the sex chromosomes.