Pre-Medical : Chemistry

ALLEN
POLYMERS
® Polymer may be defined as a high molecular weight compound formed by the combination of a large number
of one or more types of small moleculer (Monomers)

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE OF POLYMERS.

(1) Linear polymers
® These polymers consist of long and straight chains.
® Ex. Polyvinyl chloride, high density polythene.
(2) Branched chain polymers
® These polymers contain linear chain having some branched.
Exe. – Low density polythene.
(3) Cross linked polymers
® Contain strong covalent bond between various linear polymer chains.
Exe. – Bakelite, Melonine

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MADE OF POLYMERISATION :

(1) Addition polymer : (Chain growth polymerisation)
® Formed by the repeated addition of monomer molecules
® Without ellimination of any thing.
Types :
(i) Homopolymers : Addition polymers formed by the polymerisation of a single monomeric species.
Cl
Ex : (a) nCH2=CH2 ¾® (-CH2–CH2–)n (b) nCH2=CHCl ¾® (-CH2–CH–)n
Ethene Polythene Vinyl chloride Polyvinyl chloride
CN
(c) nCH2=CHCN ¾® (-CH2–CH–)n
Acrylonitrile Polyacrylonitrile
(orlon or acrilon)
(ii) Copolymers :
Additionpolymers formed by the polymerisation of two different monomers.
C6H5
Ex : (a) nCH2=CH–CH=CH2 + nC6 H5CH=CH2 ¾® –(CH2–CH=CH–CH2–CH2–CH)n–
1,3-Butadiene Styrene Butadiene styrene copolymers
(Buna-S)
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CN CN
(b) nCH2=CH–CH=CH2+nCH2=CH ¾® [–CH2–CH=CH–CH 2–CH2–CH–]n
1,3-Butadiene Acrylonitrile (Buna-N)

(2) Condensation polymers : (Step growth polymerisatin)

® In these polymerisation reaction, the elimination of small molecules such as water, alcohol, hydrogen chloride.
Ex. (a) nH2N(CH2)6NH2+nHOOC(CH2)4 COOH ¾® [–NH(CH2)6NHCO(CH2)4CO–]
hexamethylene diamine adipic acid Nylon 6,6 (Polyamides)
(b) Hexamethylene diamine + sebasic acid ¾® Nylon 6, 10 (polyamides)
O O
(c) nHOH2C–CH2OH + nHOOC COOH ¾® [–OCH2–CH2–O–C C–]n

Ethylene glycol Terephthalic acid Terylene or dacron or polyesters

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ALLEN
H
N O H
H2C C=O
(d) ® [–C–(CH2)5–N–]n
533-0.543K
¾¾¾¾¾
H2C CH2 H2O
Nylon 6
H2C CH2
Caprolactom

Classification based on molecular forces :

(1) Elastomers :
® The polymer chains are held together by the weakest intermolecular forces.
® These weak binding forces permit the polymer to be stretched.
Ex. ® Buna–S, Buna–N, neoprene
(2) Fibres :
® Fibres are the thread forming solids which possess high tensil strength and strong intermolecular forces.
Ex. ® Nylon 66, polyesters (terylene)
(3) Thermoplastic :
® These are the linear or slightly branched long chain molecules capable of repeatedly softening on heating
and hardening on cooling.
Ex. : Polythene, Polystyrene ; polyvinyls.
(4) Thermosetting plastic :
® These polymers are cross linked or heavily branched molecules.
® These cannot be reused
Ex. : Bakelite, urea - formaldehyde.
A Correct order for Intermolecular forces in various classes of polymers.
Fibres > Thermosetting > Thermoplastic > Elastomers.

Preparation of some important polymers.

(1) Low density polythene :
® Formed by free radical addition in presence of peroxide
® Chemically inert and poor conductor of electricity.
® Used in the insulation of electricity carrying wires and squeeze bottles, flexible pipes.
(2) High density polythene :
® Formed in presence of titamium tetrachloride + triethyl aluminium (C2H5)3Al) [Ziegler – Natta catalyst]
® It is chemically inert and more tougher and harder.
® It is used for manufacturing buckets, bottles.
(3) Bakelite :
® Phenol + formaldehyde ® Bakelite
® Used in formation of electrical switches.
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(4) Natural rubber :

® Linear polymer of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) and is also called as cis-1,4-polyisoprene
CH3
H2C=C–CH=CH2 ¾® Natural rubber
Isoprene
A Vulcanisation of rubber : Natural rubber becomes soft at high temperature.
To improve upon these physical properties, a process of vulcanisation is carried out.
® This process consists of heating a mixture of raw rubber with sulphur.
® On vulcanisation, sulphur forms cross links at the reactive sites of double bond.
(5) Synthetic rubber (Neoprene)
Cl Cl
nCH2=C–CH=CH2 ¾® [–CH2–C=CH–CH2–]n
Chloroprene
Neoprene
2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene

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MONOMERS AND POLYMERS
S.N. Monomer Polymer Type of Polymers
1. CH2 CH2 (Ethylene) Poly ethene Addition polymer
2. CH2 CHCH3 Poly propylene Addition homo polymer
(Propylene) or koylene
3. CH2 CHCl Polyvinyl chloride Homopolymer, chain growth
(Vinyl chloride) (PVC)
4. CH2 CH—C6H5 Polystyrene Addition homo polymer, linear chain
(Styrene) (styron)
5. CH2 CH—CN Ployacrylonitrile Addition homopolymer
(Acrylonitrile) (PAN) or Orlon
6. CH2 CH—CH CH2 BUNA-S rubbers Addition copolymer
(1,3 Butadiene) + Styrene
7. CH2 CHOCOCH3 Poly vinyl acetate Addition homopolymer
(Vinyl acetate) (PVA)
8. CF2 CF2 Teflon Chain growth homopolymer
(Tetrafluoro ethylene) (Nonstick cookwares)

9. CH2 C CH CH2 Natural Rubber Additon homopolymer

CH3 (Isoprene)
10. CH2 C CH CH2 Neoprene Addition homopolymer
(Artificial Rubber)
Cl (Chloroprene)

11. Ethylene Glycol + Terylene or Copolymer, step growth

terephthalic acid
12. Hexamethylene
diamine + adipic acid
13. Formaldehyde + urea
14. Formaldehyde + Phenol
15. Methyl methacrylate
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Dacron (Polyester)
Nylon-6,6 Copolymer, step growth linear
(Polyamide)
Urea formaldehyde Copolymer, step growth
resin
Bakelite Copolymer, step growth
Poly methyl meth Addition homopolymer

CH2 C COOCH3 acrylate (PMMA)

CH3
16. Ethylene Glycol Glyptal Copolymer, linear step growth, thermo
+ Phthalic acid plastic
17. Melamine Melamine Copolymer, step growth thermosetting
+ formaldehyde formaldehyde resin polymer
18. Hexamethylene Nylon - 6,10 Copolymer, step growth linear
diamine + sebasic acid
19. 6 - Aminohexanoic acid Nylon - 6 Homopolymer, step growth linear

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POLYMERS EXERCISE

1. Correct statement for Bakelite is : 5. The species which can best serve as an initiator
(a) It is formed by phenol and formaldehyde for the cationic polymerisation is
(b) It is crosslinked polymer (1) HNO3 (2) AlCl3
(c) It is thermoseting plastic (3) BuLi (4) LiAlH4
(d) It is natural polymer
6. Which of the following structures represents
(1) a, d (2) a, b, c
Neoprene polymer
(3) a, b, d (4) c, d
2. Which of the following polymers can have
strong intermolecular forces : CH CH2
(a) Nylon (b) Dacron (1)
C6H5
(c) Rubber (d) Polyester n
(1) a, b (2) a, d
(3) a, b, d (4) b, c, d
3. Match the column : CH2 C CH CH2
(2) n
Cl
Polymer Commercial name

Polyester of glycol CN
(i) (a) Novolac
and phthalic acid (3) CH2 CH
n
Copolymer of 1,3-butadiene
(ii) (b) Glyptal
and styrene

Phenol and CH2 C CH CH2

(iii) (c) Buna-S (4)
formaldehyde resins n
CH3
Polyester of glycol and
(iv) (d) Buna-N
terephthalic acid 7. Which of the following pair does not show
correct relationship?
Copolymer of 1,3-butadiene
(v) (e) Dacron
and acrylonitrile (1) Isoprene : Natural rubber
(1) i-b, ii-c, iii-e, iv-a, v-d (2) Nylon : Polyamide
(2) i-b, ii-c, iii-a, iv-e, v-d (3) Nylon-6 : Adipic acid
(3) i-e, ii-c, iii-a, iv-b, v-d
(4) Ziggler Natta catalyst : TiCl4 + (C2H5)3Al
(4) i-e, ii-c, iii-b, iv-a, v-d
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4. Match the column : 8. Incorrect match is

(1) Nylon-6 : Caprolactum
Polymer Linkage
(2) Buna-N : Elastomer
(i) Terylene (a) Glycosidic linkage
(3) Alitame : Artificial sweetener
(ii) Cellulose (b) Ester linkage (4) Antihistamine : Ranitidine

(iii) Protein (c) Phosphodiester linkage 9. Which of the following is not correctly matched
(1) Nylon-6 polyamide
(iv) RNA (d) Amide linkage
(2) Buna-S Co-polymer
(1) i-b, ii-a, iii-c, iv-d (2) i-b, ii-a, iii-d, iv-c
(3) Bakelite Thermoplastic
(3) i-d, ii-b, iii-a, iv-c (4) i-a, ii-b, iii-d, iv-c
(4) Polythene Addition polymer

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10. Natural rubber is also called as 13. Which of the following is prepared by
(1) cis-1, 4-polyisoprene condensation poylmerisation
(2) trans-1, 4-polyisoprene (1) styrene (2) Nylon-66
(3) cis-1, 4-neoprene (3) Teflon (4) Rubber
(4) trans-1, 4-neoprene 14. Novolac is
11. Buna-N is copolymer of (1) linear condensation product of phenol and
(1) 1, 3-butadiene and Vinyl chloride formaldehyde
(2) 1, 3-Butadiene and acrylonitirile (2) Cross linked condensation product of urea
(3) chloroprene + vinyl chloride and formaldehyde
(4) chloroprene and acrylonitrile (3) Cross linked condensation product of
12. PHBV is a polymer of phenol and formaldehyde
(1) 3-Hydroxy butanoic acid and 3-Hydroxy (4) linear condensation product of urea and
pentanoic acid formaldehyde
(2) 2-Hydroxy butanoic acid and 2-Hydroxy
pentanoic acid
(3) 4-Hydroxy butanoic acid and 4-Hydroxy
pentanoic acid
(4) 3-Hydroxy butanoic acid and 2-Hydroxy
pentanoic acid
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POLYMERS ANSWER KEY

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ans. 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 3 1 2 1 2 1
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