الفصل الثاني - خواص الغازات PDF

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‫ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺯﻱ‬‫ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ‬/‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
Properties of
Gases
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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩ‪ /‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍ‪ ‬ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫‪The Properties of Gases‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻃﻮار )ﺣﺎﻻت( ﻓﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺻﻠﺒﺔ )ﺟﻮاﻣﺪ(‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ )ﻣﺎﺋﻌﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻏﺎزﯾﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١‬اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ واﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‬
‫وﯾﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺜﻼث ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‪ .‬واﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺪد اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺎدة ھﻮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (١‬ﯾﻈﮭﺮ ﺑﺄن اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ ﺣ ﺎﻻت اﻟﻤ ﺎدة اﻟ ﺜﻼث ﯾﻜﻤ ﻦ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺎدة‪ .‬ﻓﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺗﻠﺘﺼﻖ إﻟﺘ ﺼﺎﻗﺎً ﺷ ﺪﯾﺪاً ﻣ ﻊ ﺑﻌ ﻀﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﺾ وﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻌﻄﯿﮭﺎ ﺣﺮﯾﺔ ﻗﻠﯿﻠﺔ ﺟﺪاً ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ )وﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﻮى‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ(‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻠﺘﺼﻖ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻤﺮوﻧﺔ ﺗ ﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﻟﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮور ﻋﺒﺮ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻊ اﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻜﮭﺎ‪ .‬أﻣﺎ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻓﺘﻔ ﺼﻠﮭﺎ‬
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‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻛﺒﯿﺮة إذا ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮرﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﻷﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗ ﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ اﻟﺘﺤ ﺮك ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﻘﻼل ﺗ ﺎم‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ )ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ(‪ .‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺤ ﺎﻻت اﻟﻤ ﺎدة اﻟ ﺜﻼث أن ﺗﺘﺤ ﻮل‬
‫ﻓﺒﺎﻟﺘ ﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﻗ ﺪ ﺗﻨ ﺼﮭﺮ اﻟﻤ ﺎدة اﻟ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻜ ﻮن اﻟﻤ ﺎدة اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻦ ﺣﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟ ﻰ أﺧ ﺮى‬
‫واﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺪورھﺎ ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ ﻏﺎز ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻧﺠﺪ أن‬
‫اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﯾﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻟﯿﺤﻮﻟﮫ اﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ أﻣﺎ زﯾ ﺎدة اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾ ﺪ ﺗﺠﻤ ﺪ ھ ﺬا اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺗﺤﻮﻟ ﮫ اﻟ ﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺎدة ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ أﺷﮭﺮ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﮫ اﻷرض وأﻋﻈﻤﮭﺎ ﻧﻔﻌﺎً وﻓﺎﺋﺪة وﺑﺪوﻧﮭﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫ھﻨﺎك ﺣﯿﺎة‪ ،‬وﯾﻌﺮف ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻠﺞ )‪ (ice‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫)‪ (water‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎر)‪ (steam‬أو ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء )‪.(water vapor‬‬
‫وﻣﻌﻈﻢ‪ ،‬وﻟﯿﺲ ﻛﻞ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻮاد ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺜﻼث ‪(can exist in all‬‬
‫)‪ .three states‬ﻓﻤﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ واﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ ﻏﺎز‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻨﮭﺎ‪ .‬وﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ واﻟﻐﺎزات ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ )‪ (fluid‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺑﺤﺮﯾﺔ‬
‫)‪ .(flow freely‬وﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﺻﺔ )اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺔ(‬
‫)‪ (condensed states‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺎت أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (١‬ﯾﻌﺮض اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎت واﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬

‫)‪ (common substances‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻓﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺟﺪول ‪ :١‬اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎت واﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻟﺜﻼث ﻣﻮاد ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‬

‫‪Solid‬‬ ‫)‪Liquid (at 20 °C‬‬ ‫)‪Gas (at 100 °C‬‬
‫‪substances‬‬ ‫‪Density‬‬ ‫‪Molar‬‬ ‫‪Density‬‬ ‫‪Molar‬‬ ‫‪Density‬‬ ‫‪Molar‬‬
‫)‪(g/ml‬‬ ‫‪Volume‬‬ ‫)‪(g/ml‬‬ ‫‪Volume‬‬ ‫)‪(g/ml‬‬ ‫‪Volume‬‬
‫‪ml/mol‬‬ ‫‪ml/mol‬‬ ‫‪ml/mol‬‬
‫)‪water (H2O‬‬ ‫‪0.917 (0‬‬ ‫‪19.6‬‬ ‫‪0.998‬‬ ‫‪18.0‬‬ ‫‪0.000588 30600‬‬
‫)‪°C‬‬
‫)‪Benzene (C6H6‬‬ ‫‪0.899 (0‬‬ ‫‪86.9‬‬ ‫‪0.876‬‬ ‫‪89.2‬‬ ‫‪0.00255‬‬ ‫‪30600‬‬
‫)‪°C‬‬
‫‪Carbon‬‬ ‫‪1.70 (- 25‬‬ ‫‪90.5‬‬ ‫‪1.59‬‬ ‫‪96.8‬‬ ‫‪0.00503‬‬ ‫‪30600‬‬
‫‪tetrachloride‬‬ ‫)‪°C‬‬
‫)‪(CCl4‬‬
‫‪The molar volume of a substance is the volume occupied by one mole of that substance‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻻري ﻟﻤﺎدة ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﻐﻮل ﺑﻤﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺎدة‪.‬‬
‫وﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻈﮭﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (١‬أﻧﮫ ﯾﺸﯿﺮ اﻟﻰ أن اﻟﺼﻠﺐ واﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ أﻛﺜﻒ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺮات ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات )‪ (solids and liquids are many times denser than gases‬ﻣﻤﺎ‬
‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪة ﺟﺪاً )‪ (very far‬وأﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺮﺑﺎً‬
‫اﻟﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ واﻟﺼﻠﺐ )‪ .(much closer together‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ )‪ (18 ml‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺨﺎر‬
‫)‪ (30600 ml‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (100 °C‬وﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮي واﺣﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮاد أن ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺜﻼث ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﺗﺰان ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪى ﺿﯿﻖ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ )ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﯾﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ واﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪى ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(P = 0.006 atm (4.579 mmHg) , T = 0.01 °C = 273.01 °K‬‬
‫وﺗﺴﻤﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﯿﺔ)‪ (triple Point‬وھﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪھﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺤﺎﻻﺗﮫ اﻟﺜﻼث )ﺑﺨﺎر)‪ ،(g‬ﺻﻠﺐ )‪ ،(S‬ﺳﺎﺋﻞ )‪ ،((L‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ‬
‫أن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺤﺎﻟﺘﯿﮫ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ھﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ )‪(1 atm‬‬
‫ھﻲ )‪ ،(0 °C‬وھﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻧﺼﮭﺎر أو ﺗﺠﻤﺪ اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
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‫وﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻮاد أﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺣﯿﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪى ﻛﺒﯿﺮ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺎس‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﻨﺼﮭﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻞ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (T = 3096 °C = 2823 °K‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ )‪.(1 atm‬‬
‫وﺗﺼﻞ درﺟﺔ اﻹﻧﺼﮭﺎر ﻟﻠﻤﺎس ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (100 atm‬اﻟﻰ )‪ (3700 °C‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﯾﻐﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ .3850 °C‬وﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎً ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم ‪ CaCO3‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ )ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ اﻟﻰ‬
‫أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم ‪ ،CaO‬وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ‪ CO2‬ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﺗﻨﺼﮭﺮ أو ﺗﺒﺪأ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ‪.‬‬
‫∆‬
‫‪CaCO3 (s) ‬‬ ‫)‪→ CaO(s) + CO2 (g‬‬
‫وھﻨﺎك ﻣﻮاد ﺗﻤﯿﻞ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻔﮭﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ إﺣﺪى اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺜﻼث ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻤﻤﯿﺰة ﻟﮭﺎ ‪ ،‬وﺿﻤﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاد ‪ :‬اﻟﺰﺟﺎج‪ ،‬اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﺒﻠﻮرات اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﺼﺤﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﻲ‪ ،‬اﻹﻧﺼﮭﺎر‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺒﻮﻟﯿﻤﻮرﻓﻲ(‬

‫اﻣﺘﺼﺎص ﺣﺮارة‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ إﺣﺪى ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺎدة أﻛﺜﺮ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﺎً ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﯾﺤﺪث اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫أﺧﺮى أﻛﺜﺮ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﺎً ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺎً ﺑﺎﻧﺒﻌﺎث ﺣﺮارة‪ .‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈذا ﺳﺨﻦ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﯾﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫أﻛﺜﺮ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﺎً ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬وإذا ﺳﺨﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ )ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ( ﯾﺘﺤﻮل‬
‫اﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﺎً ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﺠﺐ اﻟﺘﺬﻛﯿﺮ ﺑﺄن ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ )‪ (1 atm, 25 °C‬ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺪى ﺿﯿﻘﺎً ﻣﻦ‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺤﺪاث ﻇﺮوف ﻏﯿﺮ ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼً ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﻌﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺠﺮ )‪ . (Bomb Calorimeter‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺪرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة أو‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻏﯿﺮ ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ أن ﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﮭﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(139‬‬
‫)‪(140‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮاﺟﺪ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻷﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ )‪ (1 atm, 25 °C‬ﻛﻐﺎزات ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻷن اﻟﻜﺎﺗﯿﻮﻧﺎت واﻷﻧﯿﻮﻧﺎت ﺑﮭﺎ ﺗﻠﺘﺼﻖ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻘﻮى اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﺳﺘﺎﺗﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮﯾﺔ )اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب اﻷﯾﻮﻧﻲ(‪ .‬وﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﻓﯿﺠﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﺪر ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎً اﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﺪﯾﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ ﻓﻌﻠﮫ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺼﮭﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼً‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫ﺻﮭﺮ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻈﺮوف‬
‫اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ))‪ (NaCl(s‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ )‪ ،(800 °C‬وﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﻐﻠﻲ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ﻓﯿﺠﺐ رﻓﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻰ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ )‪.(1000 °C‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ )اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﺮواﺑﻂ ﺗﺴﺎھﻤﯿﺔ( ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻓﮭﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺒﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ أن ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ أول أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن )‪ (CO‬وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن )‪(CO2‬‬
‫وﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (HCl‬واﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن )‪ (CH4‬ﯾﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﻛﻐﺎزات ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻈﺮوف‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﺪ أن ﻣﻌﻈﻤﮭﺎ ﯾﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﻛﺴﻮاﺋﻞ أو ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‪ .‬إن‬
‫اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ھﻨﺎ ھﻮ ﺳﮭﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻏﺎزات‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻷﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻏﺎزات‪ .‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ آﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻠﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺘﺪﻧﯿﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻷﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ‪ .‬وﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎذﺑﺎت ﻗﻮﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ أﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻋﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﻛﻐﺎزات ﺗﺤﺖ ﻇﺮوف اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﺎدي )ﻋﺪدھﺎ ‪١١‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮاً( اﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﯿﻦ ‪ :‬ﻏﺎزات ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺬرة وھﻲ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ‪ :‬اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪،H2‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪ ،N2‬اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪ ،O2‬اﻟﻔﻠﻮر ‪ ،F2‬اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ‪ .Cl2‬وﻏﺎزات أﺣﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺬرة وھﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻨﺒﯿﻠﺔ )اﻟﺨﺎﻣﻠﺔ( )ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري ‪ :‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ :(8 A‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم ‪ ،He‬اﻟﻨﯿﻮن ‪ ،Ne‬اﻵرﺟﻮن ‪ ،Ar‬اﻟﻜﺮﯾﺒﺘﻮن ‪ ،Kr‬اﻟﺰﯾﻨﻮن ‪ ،Xe‬اﻟﺮادون ‪Rn‬‬
‫)‪(140‬‬
‫)‪(141‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ أن اﻷوزون )‪ (O3‬أﺣﺪ ﺻﻮر اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺂﺻﻠﯿﺔ ﻓﮭﻮ ﯾﺘﻮاﺟﺪ أﯾﻀﺎً ﻛﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺨﻮاص‬

‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‪ .‬أﺣﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات‪ ،‬اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ وھﻮ ﺿﺮوري ﻟﺒﻘﺎﺋﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺤﯿﺎة‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ أن وﺳﯿﺎﻧﯿﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (HCN‬ﺳﺎم وﻣﻤﯿﺖ ‪.deadly poison‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﺜﻞ أول أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن )‪ (CO‬وﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﯿﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (H2S‬وﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (NO2‬وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ )‪ (SO2‬واﻷوزون )‪ (O3‬ﻓﮭﻲ إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ أﻗﻞ ﺳﻤﯿﺔ ‪. less toxic‬‬
‫وﻛﻞ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺘﻲ رﺻﺪت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (٢‬ھﻲ ﻋﺪﯾﻤﺔ اﻟﻠﻮن)‪ ،(colorless‬ﻣﺎﻋﺪا‬

‫اﻟﺒﺮوم ‪ Br2‬وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ‬ ‫‪ F2‬أﺻﻔﺮ ﺧﻔﯿﻒ ‪، light yellow‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻠﻮر‬
‫اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (NO2‬ﻟﮭﻤﺎ ﻟﻮن ﺑﻨﻲ ﻏﺎﻣﻖ )ﺑﻨﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﺮ )‪ (reddish brown‬ﯾﺮى ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻤﻠﻮث ﺑﮭﻤﺎ‪ ،‬وﻏﺎز اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ذي ﻟﻮن أﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺨﻀﺮ )‪.(greenish yellow‬‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزان )‪ (He, Ne‬ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺎً ﺧﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ وھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﮭﻤﺎ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼن ﻣﻊ أي ﻣﺎدة أﺧﺮى‬
‫وﯾﺠﺐ اﻟﺘﻤﯿﯿﺰ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﻲ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﺒﺨﺎر‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻐﺎز ھﻮ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﺒﺨﺎر ھﻮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻐﺎزي‬
‫ﻷي ﻣﺎدة ﺻﻠﺒﺔ أو ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﯿﻦ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 25 °C‬وﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (1 atm‬ﻧﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء وﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‪ .‬إن‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﯿﻦ )ﻏﺎز و ﺑﺨﺎر( ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﻤﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﮫ ﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﮭﻤﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﻀﺒﻮط‪.‬‬
‫)‪(141‬‬
‫)‪(142‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ٢‬اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﻛﻐﺎزات ﻋﻨﺪ )‪(1 atm, 25 °C‬‬

‫اﻟﻐﺎز )ﻛﻌﻨﺼﺮ(‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎز )ﻛﻌﻨﺼﺮ(‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز )ﻛﻤﺮﻛﺐ(‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎز )ﻛﻤﺮﻛﺐ(‬ ‫‪Monatomic‬‬ ‫)‪(Diatomic Molecules‬‬
‫‪Gases (Noble‬‬
‫)‪Gases‬‬
‫‪NO‬‬ ‫‪HF‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻮرﯾﺪ‬ ‫‪He‬‬ ‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ‪H2‬‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم‬
‫أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮﯾﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪Helium‬‬ ‫‪Molecular‬‬
‫‪Nitric Acid‬‬ ‫‪Hydrogen‬‬ ‫‪Hydrogen‬‬
‫‪Fluoride‬‬
‫‪NO2‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ‬ ‫‪HCl‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ‬ ‫‪Ne‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﯿﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ‪N2‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪Neon‬‬ ‫‪Molecular‬‬
‫‪Nitrogen‬‬ ‫‪Hydrogen‬‬ ‫‪Nitrogen‬‬
‫‪Dioxide‬‬ ‫‪Chloride‬‬
‫‪N2 O‬‬ ‫أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوز‬ ‫‪HBr‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﻣﯿﺪ‬ ‫‪Ar‬‬ ‫‪ O2‬اﻵرﺟﻮن‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‬
‫‪Nitrous Oxide‬‬ ‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪Argon‬‬ ‫‪Molecular‬‬
‫‪Hydrogen‬‬ ‫‪Oxygen‬‬
‫‪Bromide‬‬
‫‪SO2‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ‬ ‫ﯾﻮدﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪HI‬‬ ‫‪Kr‬‬ ‫‪ O3‬اﻟﻜﺮﯾﺒﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻷوزون‬
‫‪Sulfur Dioxide‬‬ ‫‪Hydrogen‬‬ ‫‪Krypton‬‬ ‫‪Ozone‬‬
‫‪Iodide‬‬
‫‪ CO‬ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﯿﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪H2S‬‬ ‫أول أﻛﺴﯿﺪ‬ ‫‪Xe‬‬ ‫اﻟﺰﯾﻨﻮن‬ ‫‪F2‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻠﻮر اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‬
‫‪Hydrogen‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬ ‫‪Xenon‬‬ ‫‪Molecular‬‬
‫‪Sulfide‬‬ ‫‪Carbon‬‬ ‫‪Fluorine‬‬
‫‪Monoxide‬‬
‫‪ CO2‬ﺳﯿﺎﻧﯿﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ* ‪HCN‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ‬ ‫‪Rn‬‬ ‫‪ Cl2‬اﻟﺮادون‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻮر اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‬
‫‪Hydrogen‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬ ‫‪Radon‬‬ ‫‪Molecular‬‬
‫‪Cyanide‬‬ ‫‪Carbon‬‬ ‫‪Chlorine‬‬
‫‪Dioxide‬‬
‫‪NH3‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎدر‬
‫‪Ammonia‬‬
‫*ﺳﯿﺎﻧﯿﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪ HCN‬درﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﯿﺎﻧﮫ )‪ (26 °C‬ﻟﻜﻨﮫ ﻗﺮﯾﺐ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﯿﮫ اﻟﻜﻔﺎﯾﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﯿﻔﮫ ﻛﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎدي‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ٣‬ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات واﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ واﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺻﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻏﺎز‬
‫ﯾﺘﺨﺬ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺬي ﯾﻮﺿﻊ ﯾﺘﺨﺬ ﺷﻜﻞ أﺟﺰاء اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻠﺆھﺎ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ‬
‫ﻟﮫ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮫ وﻻ ﯾﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﺤﺪد ﺑﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺒﺎت ﻓﮭﻮ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻸ ﻛﻞ اﻹﻧﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫وﺣﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻸ أي وﻋﺎء‬
‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻺﻧﻀﻐﺎط‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺘﮫ ﻟﻺﻧﻀﻐﺎط ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻺﻧﻀﻐﺎط‬ ‫اﻹﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ آﺧﺮ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺒﻂء‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ودون ﺣﺪود‬
‫آﺧﺮ ﺑﺒﻂء ﺷﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬
‫ﻻ ﯾﺴﺮي‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺮي دون ﻋﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺮي دون ﻋﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺎن‬
‫)‪(142‬‬
(143)
4 : Table
Some Characteristic of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Solids Liquids Gases
Have definite shape (resist Have no definite shape Have no definite shape (fill
deformation) (assume shapes of container) containers completely).
Are nearly incompressible Have definite volume (are only Are compressible
very slightly compressible).
Usually have higher Have high density Have low density
density than liquids
Are not fluids Are fluid Are fluid
Diffuse only very slowly Diffuse through other liquids Diffuse rapidly
through solids
Have an ordered Consist of disordered clusters Consist of extremely
arrangement of particles of particles that are quite close disordered particles with much
that are very close together; particles have empty space between them;
together, particles usually random motion in three particles have rapid, random
have only vibrational dimensions motion in three dimensions
motion.
‫ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

Properties of Gases
‫ وﻣﻨﺬ وﻗ ﺖ ﻣﺒﻜ ﺮ درس اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿ ﺎﺋﯿﻮن اﻟﻐ ﺎزات‬،‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ أﺑﺴﻂ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺎدة‬
، ‫ وﻗ ﺎﻣﻮا ﺑ ﺈﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﻔ ﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻮﻟ ﺪ اﻟﻐ ﺎزات‬.‫وﺻ ﻔﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿ ﺔ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﺜ ﻒ‬
‫ وﺧﻠﻄ ﻮا‬.‫ وﻧﻘﻠﻮا اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ‬،‫وﻣﺮروا اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﺎء داﺧﻞ أوﻋﯿﺔ زﺟﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬
‫ وإذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛ ﻢ ﻣ ﻦ ﻛ ﻞ‬.‫اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﻟﺮؤﯾﺔ ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ أم ﻻ‬
‫ وﻟﻘﺪ اﻛﺘﺸﻔﻮا أن اﻟﻐ ﺎزات ﺗﻤﻠ ﻚ‬.(formed) ‫( أو ﯾﺘﻜﻮن‬consumed) ‫ﻏﺎز ﺳﯿﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ‬
‫( أﻛﺜ ﺮ ﻣﻤ ﺎ ﺗﻤﻠﻜ ﮫ‬in common) ‫( ﻣ ﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬many properties) ‫ﺻ ﻔﺎت ﻋﺪﯾ ﺪة‬
: ‫اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ وﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬
(143)
‫)‪(144‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ ﺟﺪاً ‪ -‬أي أن اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﯾﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﮫ ﺟﺰيء ﻧﺤﻮ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﮫ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺎً – وھﺬا اﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﺴﺒﺐ أن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﻌﯿﺪة ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎً ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ 0.1 %‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﯿﺰ أﻣﺎ اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻓﯿﻜﻮن ﻓﺮاﻏﺎً وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ‬
‫ﯾﺤﺪث اﻟﺘﺼﺎق اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﺒﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ أو اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﻮد ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﻤﯿﺰة اﻟﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫إن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻌﯿﺪة ﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى‪ ،‬وﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮى إﻻ اﻟﻘﻠﯿﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻼ ﯾﺘﺄﺛﺮ أﺣﺪھﺎ ﺑﺎﻵﺧﺮ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻣﺜﻼً‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﯿﻦ ﻋﺸﺮة أﺿﻌﺎف ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺠﺰيء ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً‪ .‬وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰيء ﯾﺒﺪو وﻛﺄﻧﮫ‬
‫ﯾﺘﺼﺮف ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﻘﻼل ﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى‪ ،‬وﻛﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة‪ .‬وھﺬا وﺿﻊ ﯾﺠﻌﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻤﻄﺎً واﺣﺪاً ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﻣﻊ أن ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻷﺧﺮى‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ أھﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮه ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب اﻟﻀﻌﯿﻔﺔ ھﺬه أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻌﺔ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﺰيء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪة‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻼً ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺒﮫ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰيء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺘﺼﺮف‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً‪.‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 70 %‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﯿﺰ )اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﺗﺸﻐﻠﮫ( واﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻓﺮاغ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﻜﻮن أﻗﺮب وأﻟﺼﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺠﯿﺮاﻧﮭﺎ‪ ،‬وﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺻﻔﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮار‪ ،‬وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ ذات أﺛﺮ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‪،‬‬
‫وھﺬا ﯾﺒﻘﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺎً‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ اﻗﺘﺮاب ﺟﺰﯾﺌﯿﻦ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﺎرب اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷدﻧﻰ ﯾﺜﯿﺮ ﻗﻮى‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‪ ،‬وھﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺮﯾﺔ ﺗﺤﻮل دون ﻣﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻗﺘﺮاب‪ .‬واﺧﺘﻼف ھﺬه اﻟﻘﻮى ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ ھﻮ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺠﻌﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﺎً ﺧﺎﺻﺎً ﺑﮫ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻐﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﻜﻮن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪.70 %‬‬
‫)‪(144‬‬
‫)‪(145‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﻀﻐﺎط ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ )‪) (Gases are easily compressed‬ﻟﮭﺎ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﻀﻐﺎط ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت( ‪ ،‬ﻓﯿﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ ﺑﺎرز‪ ،‬ﻓﯿﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز أن ﯾﻨﻀﻐﻂ وﯾﺼﻐﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻓﯿﺴﮭﻞ ﺣﺠﺰه )ﺣﺒﺴﮫ(‬
‫ﻟﺤﺠﻢ أﺻﻐﺮ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺰداد ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬وھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﺟﺪاً‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ أﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ‬
‫اﻷﺻﻠﻲ إذا اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ وﻋﻨﺪ إزاﻟﺔ ھﺬا اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﻌﻮد اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﮫ‬
‫اﻷﺻﻠﯿﺔ أي اﻟﻰ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ(‪ .‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ أن ﯾﺴﺎل اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﯿﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ﻗﻠﯿﻞ ﺟﺪاً ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺤﺠﻤﮫ وھﻮ ﻏﺎز‪ .‬وﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ إﻃﺎر دراﺟﺔ أو ﺳﯿﺎرة ﺑﺎﻟﮭﻮاء ھﻮ‬
‫دﻟﯿﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻟﻺﻧﻀﻐﺎط‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(١‬‬
‫ﻟﻮ أﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﻣﻮﻻً واﺣﺪاً ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (N2‬ذي اﻟﻮزن ‪ 28 × 10-3 kg‬ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ‪ 273 °K‬وﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮي واﺣﺪ )‪ (1 atm = 1 × 105 N/m2‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﺸﻐﻞ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻣﻘﺪاره )‪ (22.4 × 10-3 m3‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻣﻘﺪاره )‪(0.441 × 10-3 m3‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 273 °K‬و ﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (1 × 106 N/m2‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ ﻏﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎط‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻮ ﻗﺎرﻧﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﻀﻐﺎط ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻟﻮﺟﺪﻧﺎ‬
‫أن ﻣﻮﻻً واﺣﺪاً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره )‪(0.0349 × 10-3 m3‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (1 × 105 N/m2‬وﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻣﻘﺪاره )‪ (0.0345 × 10-3 m3‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫)‪ (5 × 106 N/m2‬وﻻ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﻐﻠﮫ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻠﺐ)‪ (N2(S‬ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(145‬‬
‫)‪(146‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول‪ :٥‬ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺣﺠﻮم ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (0 °C‬وﺿﻐﻮط ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪N2(L‬‬ ‫ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪N2(g‬‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ‪m3‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ‪m3‬‬ ‫‪N/m2‬‬
‫‪0.0349 × 10-3‬‬ ‫‪22.4 × 10-3‬‬ ‫‪1 × 105‬‬
‫‪0.441 × 10-3‬‬ ‫‪1 × 106‬‬
‫‪0.0345 × 10-3‬‬ ‫‪5 × 106‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻻ ﯾﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﺮاً ﯾﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻷن اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺻﻐﯿﺮ ﺟﺪاً‪ .‬وﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺟﺪاً‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺄﻟﻮف أن ﯾﺘﻘﻠﺺ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﺰﯾﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ 5 %‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ أن ﺗﻨﻀﻐﻂ وﯾﺼﻐﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ إذا ﺣﺎوﻟﻨﺎ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ ﻧﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﺎل‬
‫ﺟﺪا ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل أن اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫‪(solids and liquids are almost‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﻀﻐﺎط‬
‫)‪.incompressible‬‬
‫واﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٢‬ﯾﺒﯿﻦ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺜﻼث ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ٢‬ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺜﻼث‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻓﺈن اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺘﻤﺪد )‪ (expand‬ﻟﺘﻤﻸ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺤﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﺘﺎح‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﯿﮫ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﺪد ﺑﻼ ﺣﺪود )ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎً ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺪ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﺪى درﺟﺎت‬
‫)‪(146‬‬
‫)‪(147‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة أن ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺧﻼﻟﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻰ ﺟﺴﯿﻤﺎت أوﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ(‪ ،‬وﺗﻜﻮن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪة ﺟﺪاً ﺑﺨﻼف اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ واﻟﺠﻮاﻣﺪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ ﺟﺪاً‪ .‬وﺑﺴﺒﺐ ھﺬا‬
‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮﯾﮭﺎ ﻓﻼ ﺷﻜﻞ وﻻ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺤﺪد ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎص ﺑﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈذا وﺿﻊ )‪ (0.1 × 10-3‬ﻛﻐﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (1 × 10-3 m3‬ﻓﺈن ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﺗﻤﻸ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ وﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺸﻲء ﯾﻘﺎل ﻋﻨﺪ وﺿﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء‬
‫آﺧﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪.(100 m3‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻓﻠﮭﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ وﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬واﻟﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻻ ﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻼﻣﺲ ﻣﻊ ﺟﺪران اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﯾﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬وﺣﯿﻨﺌﺬ ﯾﺤﺪد اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن‬
‫ﯾﺸﻐﻠﮫ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬وإن وﺟﻮد ﺣﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﯾﺠﻌﻠﮫ أﻗﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﻀﻐﺎط ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎز‪ .‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﻨﺤﺎس )‪ (Cu‬واﻟﻘﺼﺪﯾﺮ )‪ (Sn‬ﻣﺜﻼً ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻟﮭﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫وﺷﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ وﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﯿﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ذرات أو ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت أو أﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ھﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﺪد‬
‫وﻣﻤﯿﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة‪ .‬واﻟﻔﺮوق اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺜﻼث ﺗﻌﻜﺲ اﻟﻔﺮوق ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮى‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺰﺟﺎج ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻈﮭﺮ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ وﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮاص اﻟﺠﻮاﻣﺪ إﻻ أﻧﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻮاﺻﮭﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺒﺮدة‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ أن ﺗﺰداد ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت وﺗﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ھﺬه ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻤﻮاد ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﯿﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺛﻢ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(147‬‬
‫)‪(148‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(٢‬‬

‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً ‪ ،19 ml‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺨﺎر ﯾﺸﻐﻞ‬
‫)‪ (30600 ml‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (100 °C‬وﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‬ ‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬
‫)‪.(Atmospheric Pressure‬‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ أن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ داﺋﻤﺔ وﻋﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺎً ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎر واﻻﺧﺘﻼط واﻻﻣﺘﺰاج ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻣﺘﺰاﺟﺎً ﺗﺎﻣﺎً )ﺟﯿﺪة‬
‫اﻹﻣﺘﺰاج( ﺑﺪون ﺣﺪود وﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺨﺎﻟﯿﻂ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات )ﻻ‬
‫ﺣﺪود ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮط( وﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻧﻮﻋﮭﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﻛﻤﺎ ذﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎً ﻓﺈن‬
‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺘﺼﺮف ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ .‬وﺗﺰداد ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬
‫ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪Fig. 3 : Diffusion of bromine vapor in air. Some liquid (dark reddish‬‬

‫‪brown) was placed in the small inner bottle. As the liquid evaporated, the‬‬
‫‪resulting reddish brown gas diffused.‬‬
‫)‪(148‬‬
‫)‪(149‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬه ﻣﺤﺪودة ﺟﺪاً ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‪ ،‬وإذا وﺟﺪت ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﺄﻟﻮف أن ﻧﺠﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺪوداً ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻃﺎً ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺎً ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈذا ﺗﺠﺎوزﺗﮭﺎ وﺟﺪﻧﺎ أن اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﻣﺘﻤﯿﺰة‪ ،‬وﻧﻘﻮل ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ أن اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﻣﺘﺰاج )‪.(immiscible‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻤﺘﺰج ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮫ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫واﻟﻜﺤﻮل‪ ،‬وﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﯾﻤﺘﺰج ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﺰﯾﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ أن ﺑﺨﺎر ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﺳﯿﻤﺘﺰج وﺑﺄي ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ أن اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻤﺘﺰج ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻵﺧﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻹﻋﺘﯿﺎدﯾﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(٣‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن )‪ (CO2‬وﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﻓﻮق ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﺒﺮوم )‪ (Br2‬اﻟﺒﻨﻲ اﻟﻠﻮن ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻐﺎزان ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﯿﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻮح زﺟﺎﺟﻲ وﺑﻌﺪ رﻓﻊ اﻟﻠﻮح اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن اﻟﻠﻮن اﻟﺒﻨﻲ ﻗﺪ اﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻞ اﻟﺤﯿﺰ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﺒﺮوم أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎز ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻏﺎز ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻠﺐ وﺿﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ أﺳﻔﻠﮭﻤﺎ اﻟﻰ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ وأﻋﻼھﻤﺎ اﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻓﺈن ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻹﻣﺘﺰاج ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ إﻟﻰ أن‬
‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﺰﯾﺞ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٥‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﺪث اﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺪاﺋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٦‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻤﺎرس اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺿﻐﻄﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺤﯿﻂ ﺑﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(149‬‬
‫)‪(150‬‬
‫‪Fig. 4 : The pressure of a gas arises from the collisions that its molecules‬‬
‫‪make with the walls of the container. The storm of collisions exerts an‬‬
‫‪almost steady force on the walls.‬‬
‫‪ (٧‬ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺳﺎﻟﺘﮭﺎ )‪(may be liquefied‬‬

‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪھﺎ وﺿﻐﻄﮭﺎ )‪ .(by cooling and compressing‬واﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﯾﺮة )‪ (Volatile liquids‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻰ ﻏﺎزات ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ أو أﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﯿﻼً )‪.(or slightly above‬‬
‫‪ (٨‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻏﺎز ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮه )‪ (can easily be altered‬ﺑﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة أو اﻟﻀﻐﻂ أو ﺑﮭﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺎً‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ وﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٩‬اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮭﺎ ﻗﻠﯿﻠﺔ ﺟﺪاً )ﺻﻐﺮ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮭﺎ وﻟﺰوﺟﺘﮭﺎ( ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ أو اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﺳﮭﻮﻟﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎرھﺎ وﻗﺪرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻞء اﻟﻔﺮاغ‬
‫)‪(150‬‬
‫)‪(151‬‬
‫أو اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻟﺤﺎوي ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺠﻌﻞ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﺣﺮة اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬وﯾﻌﻮد اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ اﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫أ( اﻣﺘﯿﺎزھﺎ ﺑﺨﺎﺻﯿﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬
‫ب( ﺷﻐﻠﮭﺎ ﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺤﯿﺰ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﮫ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﺠﻮاﻣﺪ واﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮭﺎ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮات ﻋﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫س( ﻛﯿﻒ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ زﯾﺎدة أو ﺧﻔﺾ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز؟‬
‫ج( ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺧﻔﺾ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻛﺒﺮ أو زﯾﺎدﺗﮫ ﺑﻤﺠﺮد ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﻐﻠﮫ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﺜﻼً أو درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة أو ﻛﻠﯿﮭﻤﺎ ﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (N2‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪ kg/m3‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺗﮫ اﻟﺜﻼث‬

‫)اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ( إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻮم ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺜﻼث‬
‫ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪ m3‬ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫))‪(V(N2)(g) = 2.400 × 10-3, V(N2)(L) = 0.0346, V(N2)(S) = 0.0272‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪.(N = 14‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫إن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ )‪ (273 °K‬ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ وﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮي واﺣﺪ ‪(1‬‬
‫)‪ atm‬ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪28 × 10-3 kg‬‬
‫‪dN‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.25 kg/m3‬‬
‫‪2.400 × 10 m‬‬
‫)‪(g‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﮭﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(151‬‬
‫)‪(152‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪28 × 10-3 Kg‬‬

‫‪dN‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 809.24 kg/m3‬‬
‫‪0.0346 × 10 m‬‬
‫)‪(L‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎوي‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪28 × 10 -3 kg‬‬
‫‪dN‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1029.41 kg/m 3‬‬
‫‪0.0272 × 10 m‬‬
‫)‪(S‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺒﯿﻦ اﻹﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻮر اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫واﻟﺼﻠﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (١٠‬ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺪ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﺪى درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة أن ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺧﻼﻟﮫ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎً )ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻰ ﺟﺴﯿﻤﺎت أوﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ(‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻧﮫ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺪ أدﻧﻰ ﻟﻤﺪى درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﮫ أن ﺗﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ أو اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (١١‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻋﺪﯾﻤﺔ اﻟﻠﻮن ‪ ،‬وﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‪ ،‬وھﻮ ﻗﻠﯿﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﻮن ﻣﺜﻞ )اﻟﻔﻠﻮر ‪ F2‬ذي‬
‫اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷﺻﻔﺮ اﻟﺒﺎھﺖ ‪ ،light yellow‬اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ذي اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷﺻﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﻀﺮ‬
‫‪ ،greenish yellow‬اﻟﺒﺮوم ‪ Br2‬وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪ NO2‬اﻟﻠﺬﯾﻦ ﻟﮭﻤﺎ ﻟﻮن‬
‫ﺑﻨﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﺮ ‪ ، reddish brown‬وﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﯿﻮد ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ اﻟﻠﻮن ‪.violet‬‬
‫‪ (١٢‬ﯾﻮﺻﻒ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻐﺎزات وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ وﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز)ﻋﺪد‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻻت أو اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت( اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً أﻛﺒﺮ وﯾﻤﺎرس‬
‫ﺿﻐﻄﺎً أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ ﺣﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﺮد‪.‬‬
‫)‪(152‬‬
(153)
٥ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
(153)
‫)‪(154‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫‪ (١‬ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﻌﯿﺪة ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎً ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ ﺟﺪاً ﺣﯿﺚ أن ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰيء ﯾﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺼﻮرة‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً ﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﻀﻐﺎط ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺤﺠﻮم‬
‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﺗﺘﻤﺪد اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻟﺘﻤﻸ اﻟﺤﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﯿﮫ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٥‬ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة أو اﻟﻀﻐﻂ أو ﺑﮭﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺎً‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٦‬اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺎً ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎر واﻻﺧﺘﻼط واﻻﻣﺘﺰاج ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫اﻣﺘﺰاﺟﺎً ﺗﺎﻣﺎً‪ .‬وﺗﺰداد ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٧‬ﺗﻤﺎرس اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺿﻐﻄﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺤﯿﻂ ﺑﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٨‬ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺟﺪاً ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ أو اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ (٩‬ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺪ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﺪى درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة أن ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺧﻼﻟﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‬
‫‪ (١٠‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻋﺪﯾﻤﺔ اﻟﻠﻮن‬
‫‪ (١١‬ﯾﻮﺻﻒ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻐﺎزات وﻓﻘﺎً ﻷرﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮات ھﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ وﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫‪1. Gases can be compressed into smaller volumes, that is, their densities‬‬
‫‪can be increased by applying increased pressure.‬‬
‫‪2. Gases exert pressure on their surroundings.‬‬
‫‪3. Gases expand without limit so that gas samples completely and‬‬
‫‪uniformly occupy the volume of any container.‬‬
‫‪4. Gases diffuse into each other (mix) so that two samples of gas placed‬‬
‫‪in the same container mix completely almost immediately. Conversely,‬‬
‫‪different gases in a mixture like air do not separate on standing‬‬
‫‪Gases are described in terms of their temperature and pressure, the‬‬
‫‪volume occupied, and the amount (numbers of molecules or moles) of gas‬‬
‫‪present. For example, a hot gas occupies a greater volume and exerts a‬‬
‫‪greater pressure than does the sample of gas when it is cold.‬‬
‫)‪(154‬‬
‫)‪(155‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ‬
‫اﻷرض ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ رﻗﯿﻘﺔ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻧﺪﻋﻮھﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‬
‫)‪) .(atmosphere‬ﺳﻤﻜﮫ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً )‪ .((500 mil‬وﺗﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬وﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﯾﺤﺪث ﺑﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ﻛﺜﯿﺮاً ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت‬
‫ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺔ )‪ (beneficial‬ﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﻲ اﻷرض‪ ،‬وﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻮاد ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫)‪. (undesirable products‬‬
‫إن اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي )ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاء( )‪ (atmosphere total mass‬ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً‬
‫‪ 5.3 × 1015‬ﻃﻦ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ )‪ ،(metric tons‬وھﻮ رﻗﻢ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﺟﺪاً‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﮫ ﯾﻈﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ واﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻠﯿﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻷرض اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ‪ .‬وﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻟﮫ وزن ﻓﮭﻮ ﯾﺸﻜﻞ ﺿﻐﻄﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺮة اﻷرﺿﯿﺔ‪ .‬وھﺬا اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‪ .‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ھﺬا اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺘﻔﺮﯾﻎ ﺻﻔﯿﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺼﺪﯾﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻀﺦ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﺎرج‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﯾﺠﻌﺪ اﻟﺼﻔﯿﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﺘﺄﻟﻒ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي اﻟﻘﺮﯾﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض )ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺠﻢ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪(78 %‬‬
‫)‪ N2‬وھﻮ ﻏﺎز ﺧﺎﻣﻞ )‪ (unreactive gas‬واﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (21 % O2‬وھﻮ ﻏﺎز ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﯿﺔ وﺿﺮوري ﻟﻠﺤﯿﺎة‪ ،‬و )‪ (1 %‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزات أﺧﺮى ﻣﺜﻞ اﻵرﺟﻮن )‪ (Ar‬وﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن )‪.(CO2‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﺮض ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت )أو ذرات( ھﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎدة‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺬب اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ اﻷرﺿﯿﺔ‪ .‬وإذا ﻛﺎن ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺘﻨﺎ رؤﯾﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ أن اﻟﮭﻮاء ﯾﻜﻮن ﻛﺜﯿﻔﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض وﺗﻘﻞ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ارﺗﻔﻌﻨﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬واﻟﮭﻮاء ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﻸ ﺑﺎﻟﮭﻮاء ﻋﻨﺪ ارﺗﻔﺎع ‪ 30000‬ﻗﺪم‬
‫)‪(155‬‬
‫)‪(156‬‬
‫ﯾﻜﻮن ﻗﻠﯿﻼً ﺟﺪاً ﻟﻠﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﮭﺎ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﮫ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاء‬
‫ﺑﺘﺴﺎرع ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻊ زﯾﺎدة اﻹرﺗﻔﺎع ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض )اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي أﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺎً‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض ﻋﻨﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻹرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪ .(high altitudes‬وﻟﻘﺪ أوﺿﺤﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت )اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﺎت( أن ﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﮫ )‪ (50 %‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻮ ﯾﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪى أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻣﯿﺎل ‪(6.4‬‬
‫)‪ km‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض و )‪ (90 %‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪى ﻋﺸﺮة أﻣﯿﺎل )‪ (16 km‬و )‪(99 %‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪى ﻋﺸﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﻼً )‪.(32 km‬‬
‫وﺗﻤﺎرس اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺿﻐﻄﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﻌﮫ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ أن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ داﺋﻤﺔ‪ .‬وﻧﺤﻦ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﯿﻔﻨﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻓﺴﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﻮاء‬
‫ﺣﻮﻟﻨﺎ واﻟﺬي ﻋﺎدة ﻻ ﻧﺪرﻛﮫ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻛﻤﺎ أن اﻷﺳﻤﺎك ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺪرﻛﺔ )ﻏﯿﺮ ﺷﺎﻋﺮة(‬
‫ﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻮﻗﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ إﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﯿﻮﻣﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮب ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻤﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻔﻢ ﯾﻘﻠﻞ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫)‪ (reduce the pressure‬داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﯾﺪﻓﻌﮫ ﻟﻔﻮق داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﯿﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻤﺴﺤﻮب‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻌﯿﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض ﻣﺤﺎﻃﯿﻦ ﺑﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﻟﻸرض‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺨﻼف اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﻔﻖ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻟﺘﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ واﻟﺘﻲ رﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺎت‬
‫ﻣﻤﯿﺰة – ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺰﯾﺖ واﻟﻤﺎء‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻐﺎزات داﺋﻤﺎً ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻂ ‪ .‬ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ وﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻮط ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺿﺌﯿﻞ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(156‬‬
(157)
‫( واﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ‬Homogeneous mixing) ‫إن ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻠﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬

‫( ﻛﻼھﻤﺎ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ أن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪة‬compressibility) ‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬
.‫ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ وﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‬
.‫واﻟﺨﻠﻂ ﯾﺤﺪث ﺑﺴﺒﺐ أن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﺠﺎذب ﺿﻌﯿﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺟﯿﺮاﻧﮭﺎ‬
(packed closely ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻓﺈن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ واﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺗﺮص ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬
‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻘﻮى ﺗﺠﺎذﺑﺎت وﺗﻨﺎﻓﺮات ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻤﻨﻊ‬together)
.‫ﺧﻠﻄﮭﺎ‬
‫ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺠﺎف ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬:٦‫ﺟﺪول‬

composition of dry air at sea level
% by volume % Mass
Constituent (percentage by
volume)
Nitrogen N2 78.084 75.52
Oxygen O2 20.948 23.14
Argon Ar 0.934 1.29
Carbon dioxide* CO2 0.033 (variable) 0.05
Neon Ne 0.00182 1.27 × 10-3
Hydrogen H2 0.0010 (0.00005)
Helium He 0.000524 7.24 × 10-5
Methane* CH4 1.7 × 10-4 (variable)) 9.4 × 10-5
Krypton Kr 0.000114 3.3 × 10-4
+
Carbon monoxide CO 0.00001
Xenon Xe 0.000008
Ozone+ O3 0.000002
Ammonia NH3 0.000001
Nitrogen dioxide+ NO2 0.0000001
Sulfur dioxide SO2 0.00000002
• The greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane relate to fuels and
the burning of fuels for energy production.
• + Trace gases of environmental importance.
(157)
‫)‪(158‬‬
‫واﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺑﺴﺒﺐ أﻧﮫ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ )‪ (0.1%‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‬
‫‪(normal‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذﺟﻲ ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‬
‫)‪ circumstances‬واﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ )‪ (99.9%‬ﻓﺮاغ )‪ .(empty space‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬
‫)‪ (70 %‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻮم اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ واﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪.‬‬
‫إن ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﮭﻮاء ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﻧﻘﺎط ھﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﯿﻂ اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫داﺋﻤﺎ ً ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻤﺎرس ﺿﻐﻄﺎً ﻗﺎﺑﻼً ﻟﻠﻘﯿﺎس ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪران‬
‫وﻋﺎﺋﮭﺎ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺄﻟﻮف ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﻛﻔﺮ )‪ (pumping up‬أو ﻧﻔﺦ )‪ (inflating‬ﺑﺎﻟﻮن‬
‫أﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ )‪ (hardness‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ (P‬ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﺄﻧﮫ اﻟﻘﻮة )‪ (force = f‬اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫)‪ .(area = a‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻘﻮة ﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﺿﺮب اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ )‪ (mass‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎرع‬
‫)‪ (acceleration = a‬اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ )‪.(a = 9.81 m/s2‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪m× a‬‬

‫=‪P‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫واﻟﻮﺣ ﺪة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻘ ﻮة ھ ﻲ اﻟﻨﯿ ﻮﺗﻦ )‪ ،(N‬ﺣﯿ ﺚ )‪ ، (1 N = 1 kg m/s2‬واﻟﻮﺣ ﺪة‬

‫اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ )‪ (SI‬ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ھﻲ اﻟﺒﺎﺳﻜﺎل )‪ (Pa‬ﺣﯿﺚ )‪(1 Pa = 1 N/m2 = 1 kg/ms2‬‬
‫واﻟﺒﺎﺳﻜﺎل وﺣﺪة ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً وﺗﺴﺎوي ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرس ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻘ ﺪارھﺎ‬
‫)‪ (10.2 mg‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻗﺪرھﺎ )‪.(1.00 cm2‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺛﺒﺎت ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(158‬‬
‫)‪(159‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪-6 kg  ‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬

‫‪10.2 mg × 10 mg  ×  9.80665 s 2  1.00 × 10-4‬‬
‫‪kg.m‬‬
‫‪m×a‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪= ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪s 2 = 1.00 Pa‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪-4 m ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1.00 × 10 m 2‬‬
‫‪-4‬‬
‫‪1.00 cm × 10‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪cm 2 ‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺗ ﺼﻮر ﻣ ﺪى ﺿ ﺂﻟﺔ وﺣ ﺪة اﻟﺒﺎﺳ ﻜﺎل ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ أن اﻟﺒ ﻨﺲ )ﻗﻄﻌ ﺔ ﻧﻘﺪﯾ ﺔ ﺻ ﻐﯿﺮة‬
‫ﺑﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﯿﺔ( اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﻋﻠﻰ رأس إﺻﺒﻊ اﻟﯿﺪ ﯾﻤﺎرس ﺿﻐﻄﺎً ﻣﻘﺪاره )‪.(250 Pa‬‬
‫وﻛﻤﺎ أن اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻓﻲ إﻃﺎر دراﺟﺔ واﻟﺒﻨﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ رأس اﻹﺻﺒﻊ ﯾﻤ ﺎرس ﺿ ﻐﻄﺎً ﻓ ﺈن ﻛﺘﻠ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي اﻟﻀﺎﻏﻄﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﻔﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض ﺗﻤ ﺎرس ﺿ ﻐﻄﺎً ﻧ ﺴﻤﯿﮫ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮي‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ ﻓﺈن ﻋﻤﻮداً ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻃﻮﻟ ﮫ )‪ (1.00 m2‬ﻣﻤﺘ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﺳ ﻄﺢ اﻷرض ﺧ ﻼل‬
‫اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي اﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﻟﮫ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻗﺪرھﺎ )‪ ،(10300 kg‬وھ ﺬه اﻟﻜﺘﻠ ﺔ ﺗﻨ ﺘﺞ ﺿ ﻐﻄﺎً ﺟﻮﯾ ﺎً‬
‫)‪ (atmospheric pressure‬ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒ ﺎً )‪ (101000 Pa‬أو )‪ ،(101 kPa‬وﯾﺘ ﻀﺢ ھ ﺬا‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪m×a‬‬
‫=‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫) ‪10300 × 103g × (9.80665 m/s 2‬‬
‫‪= 101008 Pa = 101 kPa‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪1.00 m 2‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪(mm Hg = millimeter of‬‬ ‫واﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﺒﺪﯾﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻜﺜﺮة ھﻲ‬

‫و)‪ .(atm = atmosphere‬واﻟﻮﺣﺪة ‪(1 mm Hg = 1‬‬ ‫)‪mercury‬‬
‫)‪ torr‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻹﯾﻄﺎﻟﻲ )‪ Evangelista Torricelli (1608 – 1647‬اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﻗﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻘﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﯿﺄﺗﻲ ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻠﮫ ﻻﺣﻘﺎً إن ﺷﺎء‬
‫اﷲ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(159‬‬
‫)‪(160‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫‪Standard State of Matter‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ )ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎزﯾﺔ( اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﯿﮫ أﻛﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﻘﺮاراً ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮي واﺣﺪ )‪(1 atm‬‬
‫ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (25 ºC‬وھﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻟﻔﻦ )‪ (298 °K‬وھﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪Standard (Normal) Conditions (SC‬‬
‫)‪Standard Temperature Pressure (STP‬‬
‫وﯾﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﮭﺎ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪ (0 ºC = 273 ºK‬وﺿﻐﻂ ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪.(1 atm‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﮫ ھﻲ ‪ :‬اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬

‫)ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ‪ ،(n‬اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪ ،(V‬اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ ، (P‬درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ .(T‬وﺑﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﯾﺘﺤﺪد ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﯿﺎً‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺘﺤﺪد‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻷرﺑﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪: (Temperature) T‬‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺻﻔﺔ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻘﯿﺎﺳﺎً ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﺳﺨﻮﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة أو ﺑﺮودﺗﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ‬
‫أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﺗﺠﺎه اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺴﻤﯿﻦ‪ .‬وﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺎدة ﺳﺎﺧﻨﺔ وأﺧﺮى ﺑﺎردة ﻣﻼﺻﻘﺘﯿﻦ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﮭﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ أﺑﺮد‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﺒﺎردة ﺗﺼﺒﺢ أﺳﺨﻦ‪ .‬وﯾﻔﺴﺮ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻧﮫ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺮﯾﺎن ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮارﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺒﺎرد‪ .‬وﯾﻘﺎل أن اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﻟﮫ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬واﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎرد ﻟﮫ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أدﻧﻰ‪ .‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﺤﺪد اﺗﺠﺎه ﺳﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(160‬‬
‫)‪(161‬‬
‫وأن اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﺴﺮي ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ذات درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻰ واﺣﺪة ذات درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫أﻗﻞ‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﺛﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﯾﺠﺐ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪرﯾﺞ اﻟﺜﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ‪،‬‬
‫وﯾﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﯿﺎرھﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﯿﻦ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﺧﺘﯿﺎرﯾﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً‪ ،‬وﺟﺮت اﻟﻌﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺠﻤﺪ وﻏﻠﯿﺎن اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺘﯿﻦ )ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ واﺣﺪ ﺟﻮ( ﻟﮭﺎﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ أھﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﯾﯿﺲ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ( ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺳﻠﺰﻳﻮﺱ ‪Celsius Temperature Scale‬‬
‫وﻓﯿﮫ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ درﺟﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﺪ اﻟﻤﺎء درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﻐﻠﯿﺎن )‪ (100 ºC‬وﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤﺎ أي ﺑﯿﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ )‪ (0 °C‬واﻟﻐﻠﯿﺎن ﻟﻠﻤﺎء )‪ (100 °C‬درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ‬
‫وﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ ﺳﻤﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺞ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي )‪ (Centigrade Scale‬ورﻣﺰھﺎ‬
‫)‪.(°C‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ‪Fahrenheit Temperature Scale‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﮭﺮﻧﮭﺎﯾﺖ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﺪ وﻏﻠﯿﺎن اﻟﻤﺎء ﻛﺄﺳﺎس ﻟﻠﺘﺪرﯾﺞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﻤﻞ اﺳﻤﮫ‪،‬‬
‫وﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺗﺪرﯾﺞ ﻓﮭﺮﻧﮭﯿﺖ‪ .‬وﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ واﻟﻐﻠﯿﺎن اﻟﻰ )‪ (180‬ﻗﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎو ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪرﯾﺞ ﻓﮭﺮﻧﮭﺎﯾﺖ‪ ،‬وﺗﺒﺘﺪىء درﺟﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﯿﺎس ﺑـ )‪ (32‬درﺟﺔ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ أن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ درﺟﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﯿﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻠﺞ واﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﻤﻠﺢ )أﻗﻞ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أﻣﻜﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ(‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﯿﺎس وھﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﻐﻠﯿﺎن ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ‪212‬‬
‫)‪(161‬‬
‫)‪(162‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﻛﻴﻠﻔﻦ ‪Kelven Temperature Scale‬‬
‫ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪات ھﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ أو درﺟﺔ‬

‫ﻛﯿﻠﻔﻦ ‪ .(Kelvin) K‬وﯾﺒﺘﺪأ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ )‪ (- 273.15 °C‬واﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ھﻮ أدﻧﻰ ﻣﺪى ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷدﻧﻰ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة( ‪ ،‬أو ﺑﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ‬
‫آﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻷدﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺣﺮازھﺎ أي ﻻ‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أدﻧﻰ ﻣﻨﮫ )وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﯿﻞ أﯾﻀﺎً اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻰ‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎً(‪ .‬وﯾﺴﻤﻰ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺞ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ أو‬
‫"ﺗﺪرﯾﺞ ﻛﯿﻠﻔﻦ" ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰي ﻟﻮد ﻛﯿﻠﻔﻦ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي اﻗﺘﺮﺣﮫ ﻋﺎم ‪١٨٤٨‬م‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻌﯿﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﯿﺎً ﺑﺘﺨﺼﯿﺺ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (273.16 K‬ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫‪ H2O‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺜﻼث ﻣﻌﺎً )اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ(‪ ،‬أي اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﯿﺔ‬
‫)اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺜﻼث ‪ :‬اﻟﺼﻠﺐ‪ ،‬اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬اﻟﻐﺎز(‪ .‬أي أن‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﯿﺔ ﻟـ ‪ H2O‬ﺗﻜﻮن أﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار )‪ (0.01 K‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟـ‬
‫‪ H2O‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ أن ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﺪ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟـ ‪ H2O‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪرﯾﺞ ﻛﯿﻠﻔﻦ )‪،(273.15 K‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن درﺟﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﺪ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪرﯾﺞ ﻛﯿﻠﻔﻦ ھﻲ )‪ (273.15‬وﺗﻜﻮن درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻏﻠﯿﺎن اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪرﯾﺞ ﻛﯿﻠﻔﻦ ‪ ،373.15‬وﻟﺘﺴﮭﯿﻞ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﻧﮭﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻌﺸﺮي‬
‫)‪.(0.15‬‬
‫وﻧﺎدراً ﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﻞ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة أدﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ )‪ (200 K‬ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‪ .‬وﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺪارﯾﺞ‬
‫أﺧﺮى ﻟﺪرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪرﯾﺞ ﻛﯿﻠﻔﻦ وﺗﺪرﯾﺞ ﺳﻠﺴﯿﻮس ﻣﺘﺴﺎو وﻟﻜﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﻓﮭﺮﻧﮭﺎﯾﺖ ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪ (5/9‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺠﯿﻦ اﻷوﻟﯿﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(162‬‬
(163)
ο
5 F - 32
ο
C = (ο F - 32) × or ο
C=
9 1.8
K = ο C + 273.15 ο
or K = C + 273
 5
K =  (ο F - 32) ×  + 273.15
 9
٦ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
(163)
(164)
Fig. 7 : Temperature scales. Zero on the absolute scale is the lowest

possible temperature (0 K or – 273.15 °C).
(164)
‫)‪(165‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪ Mass‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ )‪(Quantity‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ھﻲ ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﮭﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪات )‪ (SI‬وﺣﺪة اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﻜﯿﻠﻮ ﺟﺮام ‪ kg‬وﻛﺜﯿﺮاً ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻮل )‪.(mol‬‬
‫وﯾﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت )‪ (n‬ﺑﻌﺪة ﻃﺮق ﺳﺒﻘﺖ اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول )ﻃﺮق‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ( وھﻲ ﺗﺤﺴﺐ إﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ )اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ( )‪ (Mw‬أو ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت )‪ (N‬أو ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ )‪: (M‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫) ‪where ( N A = 6.023 × 1023‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪NA‬‬
‫)‪n = MV(L‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ‪: (Volume) V‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ أي ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﯿﺰ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺸﻐﻠﮫ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺎدة‪ .‬واﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺸﻐﻞ أي ﺣﯿﺰ ﻣﺘﺎح ﻟﮫ‪،‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ھﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮﯾﮭﺎ‪ .‬وﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫ﺗﻤﺘﺰج ﺑﺤﺮﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﻋﺪة ﻏﺎزات ﻓﻲ ﻣﺰﯾﺞ‪ ،‬ﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﮫ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪات‬
‫ﯾﻘﺎس اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ ‪ . m3‬وھﻨﺎك وﺣﺪات ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ اﻹﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻟﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ھﻲ‬
‫‪ ، 0.001 m3‬واﻟﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ = ‪ ،10-6 m3‬واﻟﺪﺳﯿﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺘﺮ وﺗﺴﺎوي‬
‫اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ = ‪0.001 m3‬‬
‫)‪(165‬‬
‫)‪(166‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻮﺣﺪات ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪( 1 L = 1 dm3 = 1000 ml = 1000 cm3 = 0.001 m3), (1 m3 = 1000 L = 1000‬‬
‫)‪dm3‬‬
‫وﯾﻘﺎس ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻮﺟﻮده ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﯾﻄﺔ ﻋﺪم ذوﺑﺎﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ أو ﻋﺪم‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﮫ ﻣﻌﮫ‪ .‬وأﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎً ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻐﺮض ھﻮ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺎء‪ ،‬وﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺒﺮي ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺪون درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻻ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﮫ‪ ،‬إذ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة وھﺬه ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻮازﯾﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻮاﺋﻞ واﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻛﺜﯿﺮاً ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ أو درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ وﺻﻒ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺠﺮي اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺻﻠﺐ‬
‫أو ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻜﻔﻲ ﻋﺎدة ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‪ ،‬ﻻ ﯾﻜﻮن ذﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺎً‪ .‬وﻛﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن )‪ (1 ml‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺘﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮف ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﺪداً ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﻻت‪ ،‬وﺗﻜﻮن ﻟﮫ‬
‫)‪ (1 ml‬ﻋﻨﺪ أي ﺿﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة آﺧﺮﯾﻦ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺿﻐﻄﮫ‪ ،‬ودرﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ‪.‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻂ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﯾﺴﺎوي ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻷﺻﻠﯿﺔ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﯾﻜﻮن ذﻟﻚ ﺿﺮورﯾﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً إذا‬
‫أﺿﯿﻒ اﻟﺒﺮوم اﻟﻐﺎزي ﻓﻲ زﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﻤﻠﻮءة ﺑﺎﻟﮭﻮاء‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻏﺎز اﻟﺒﺮوم اﻟﺒﻨﻲ ﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺧﻼل‬
‫اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﻛﻠﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ أن ﻛﻼً ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء واﻟﺒﺮوم ﯾﺸﻐﻼن اﻵن ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي‬
‫)‪(166‬‬
‫)‪(167‬‬
‫اﺣﺘﻮى أوﻻً اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬وﺣﯿﺚ أن ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﯾﻤﻜﻨﮭﺎ أن ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﺄي ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ‬
‫ﯾﻘﺎل أﻧﮭﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﻣﺘﺰاج‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪: (Pressure) P‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺪد درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﺗﺠﺎه ﺳﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺪد‬
‫اﺗﺠﺎه ﺳﺮﯾﺎن ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﺠﺒﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺗﻤﯿﻞ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﺮك‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﯿﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ أﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎن ذي ﺿﻐﻂ أﻗﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﮭﺮب‬
‫اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻣﻦ إﻃﺎر ﺳﯿﺎرة‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﺘﺤﺮك ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ذات ﺿﻐﻂ أﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻰ واﺣﺪة ذات‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ أدﻧﻰ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻌﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺧﻮاص اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺳﮭﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﯿﺎس وھﻮ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﮭﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز ﺣﯿﺚ اﻛﺘﺸﻔﺖ ھﺬه اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻗﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺰﻣﺎن‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻸ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻮن اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻃﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺗﻀﺨﻢ وﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻮن ﺗﺪرﯾﺠﯿﺎً ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﺄﺧﺬ ﺷﻜﻼً ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺎً ﻓﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ھﻮ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫اﻷﺳﺎس ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻈﺎھﺮة‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺿﻐﻄﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﻣﻌﮫ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ أن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ داﺋﻤﺔ وﻋﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺘﺼﺎدم ﻣﻊ ھﺬا اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ اﺳﺘﻄﺎع‬
‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن أن ﯾﺘﻼءم ﻓﺴﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﺣﻮﻟﮫ ﻟﻠﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﯾﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﻮﺟﻮده‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﮫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻲ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‪ .‬ھﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﺪة ﻃﺮق ﻟﺘﻮﺿﯿﺢ وﺟﻮد‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‪ .‬أﺣﺪ ھﺬه اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ھﻮ ﻣﻘﺪرﺗﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮب اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب‬
‫اﻟﻮرﻗﻲ)‪ .(straw‬إن ﺷﻔﻂ )‪ (sucking‬اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﻮرﻗﻲ ﯾﺨﻠﻖ ﻓﺮاﻏﺎً‬
‫ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﯾﻤﻸ ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺎً ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻷن اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺎء ﯾﺪﻓﻊ ﻟﺪاﺧﻞ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﻮرﻗﻲ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‪.‬‬
‫)‪(167‬‬
‫)‪(168‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﺒﺬوﻟﺔ )‪ (F‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻮن وﻧﻘﺴﻢ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ )‪.(A‬‬
‫وﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ھﻮ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﺨﻮاص إﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﯿﺎس‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬
‫ﺻﻼﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻔﮭﻢ ﻛﯿﻒ ﻧﻘﯿﺲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻔﯿﺪ أن ﻧﻌﺮف ﻛﯿﻒ ﺗﺸﺘﻖ وﺣﺪات اﻟﻘﯿﺎس‬
‫وﻟﻨﺒﺪأ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ )‪ (velocity‬واﻟﺘﺴﺎرع )‪.(acceleration‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (change in distance‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬

‫)‪ (elapsed time‬وھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻀﻲ‬
‫‪distance moved‬‬
‫= ‪velocity‬‬
‫‪elapsed time‬‬
‫واﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ )‪ (SI unit‬ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺔ ھﻲ )‪ (m/s‬وﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم أﯾﻀﺎً )‪(cm/s‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺴﺎرع )‪: (acceleration‬‬

‫ھﻮ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ أو ‪:‬‬
‫‪change in velocity m s-1‬‬
‫= ‪acceleration‬‬ ‫‪= m/s2‬‬
‫‪elapsed time s‬‬
‫وﯾﻘﺎس اﻟﺘﺴﺎرع ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪ (m/s2‬أو )‪.(cm/s2‬‬
‫ووﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن إﺳﺤﺎق ﻧﯿﻮﺗﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾ ﺔ اﻟﻘ ﺮن اﻟ ﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋ ﺸﺮ اﻟﻤ ﯿﻼدي اﻟ ﺬي ﻋ ﺮف اﻟﻘ ﻮة‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪force = mass of object × acceleration‬‬
‫)‪(168‬‬
(169)
: ‫( ﺣﯿﺚ‬N) ‫( ﻟﻠﻘﻮة ھﻲ اﻟﻨﯿﻮﺗﻦ‬SI unit) ‫واﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‬
1 N = 1 kg m/s 2
: ‫وأﺧﯿﺮاً ﻧﻌﺮف اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺄﻧﮫ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
force N
pressure = 2
= N/m2 = Pa
area m
‫( واﻟﺬي ﯾﻌ ﺮف ﺑﺄﻧ ﮫ واﺣ ﺪ ﻧﯿ ﻮﺗﻦ ﻟﻜ ﻞ ﻣﺘ ﺮ‬pa) ‫واﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ھﻲ اﻟﺒﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬

‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
‫ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺎت اﻷرﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ووﺣﺪاﺗﮭﺎ‬: ٧ ‫ﺟﺪول‬

a summary of the four properties of a gas are given in the following
table.
Properties that describe a Gas
property description unit(s) of measurement
Pressure (P) The force exerted by gas against atmosphere (atm); mm Hg; torr
the walls of the container.
Volume (V) The space occupied by the gas liter (L); milliliter (mL)
Temperature (T) Determine the kinetic energy and Celsius (C); Kelvin (K) required
rate of motion of the gas particles. in calculations.
Amount (n) The quantity of gas present in a grams (g); moles (n) required in
container. calculations.
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ وﺿﻐﻂ‬.‫ﯾﻌﺮف اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺮ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﮫ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز ھﻮ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﺎرﺳﮭﺎ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪران اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
.‫اﻟﻮﻋﺎء‬
(169)
‫)‪(170‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ‪ ،‬وھﻮ ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﯾ ﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‪ ،‬واﻟﻐ ﺎزات‪ ،‬ﯾﻜ ﻮن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻧﻘﻄ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﺘ ﺴﺎوﯾﺎً ﻓ ﻲ ﺟﻤﯿ ﻊ اﻹﺗﺠﺎھ ﺎت‪ .‬وﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺗﺨﯿ ﻞ ذﻟ ﻚ ﺑﺘﺄﻣ ﻞ اﻟﻐ ﻮاص ﺗﺤ ﺖ اﻟﻤ ﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﮫ أو دوراﻧ ﮫ ﻓ ﺈن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻮاﻗ ﻊ ﻋﻠﯿ ﮫ ﺑﻮاﺳ ﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﯾﻜ ﻮن داﺋﻤ ﺎً ﻣﺘ ﺴﺎوﯾﺎً‪ ،‬وﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻛﻠﻤ ﺎ ازداد ﻋﻤﻘ ﮫ ﻓ ﺈن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﯾ ﺰداد‪ .‬وﯾﺘ ﺄﺗﻰ ذﻟ ﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺸﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒ ﻞ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿ ﺔ اﻷرﺿ ﯿﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤ ﺎء اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮد ﻓﻮﻗ ﮫ‪ .‬وﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨ ﺎ ﺗ ﺼﻮر أن‬
‫ﺟﺴﻤﮫ ﯾﻨﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ وزن ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮد ﻣﺒﺎﺷ ﺮة ﻓﻮﻗ ﮫ‪ .‬وﻋﻠ ﻰ وﺟ ﮫ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻮم‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ازداد ﻋﻤﻖ اﻟﻐﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ازداد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﺣﺪات اﻟﻘﻮة واﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻘ ﻮة اﻟﻤﺆﺛ ﺮة ﻓ ﻲ اﺗﺠ ﺎه ﻋﻤ ﻮدي ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺳ ﻄﺢ ﻣ ﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﺣﺔ اﻟ ﺘﻲ ﺗﺘ ﻮزع ﻋﻠﯿﮭ ﺎ ھ ﺬه اﻟﻘ ﻮة‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ =‬
‫اﻟﻘ ﻮة ﺑﻮﺣ ﺪات اﻟﻨﯿ ﻮﺗﻦ ‪N‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )ﺑﻮﺣﺪات ‪= (N/m2‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺘ ﺎر اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌ ﺔ ‪m‬‬
‫)‪Force F(N‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= N/m 2 = Nm -2 = Pa‬‬
‫) ‪Area A(m‬‬
‫ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﻛﻤﯿ ﺔ ﻣﺮﻛ ﺰة )‪ (Intensive‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﺑ ﯿﻦ ﻛﻤﯿﺘ ﯿﻦ ﺷ ﺎﻣﻠﺘﯿﻦ‬
‫)‪ (Extensive‬وھﻤﺎ اﻟﻘﻮة واﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‪ .‬ووﺣﺪات اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻨﻈﺎم )‪ (SI‬ھ ﻲ ﻧﯿ ﻮﺗﻦ ﻟﻜ ﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ)‪) (N/m2‬ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎل(‪ .‬وﺗﮭﺘﻢ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻠ ﻮم ﻓ ﻲ أﻏﻠ ﺐ اﻷﺣﯿ ﺎن ﺑﺎﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﺬول ﺑﻌﻤﻮد ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻼﺋ ﻢ ﻗﯿ ﺎس اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻮﺣ ﺪات ارﺗﻔ ﺎع ھ ﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤ ﻮد‪ ،‬ﻓﻤ ﺜﻼً ﯾﻘ ﺎل ﺳ ﻨﺘﯿﻤﺘﺮات ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ )‪ (cmHg‬أو ﻣﻠﻠﯿﻤﺘ ﺮات ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ‬
‫)‪.(mmHg‬‬
‫)‪(170‬‬
‫)‪(171‬‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ =‬

‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻋﻤﻮد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ × ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ × ﻋﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ اﻷرﺿﯿﺔ )ﻋﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺜﺎﻗﻞ )ﺗﺴﺎرع‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ(‬
‫‪P=h.d.g‬‬
‫‪13595.1 Kg‬‬ ‫‪9.806665 m‬‬
‫× ‪P = 0.760 m‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪= 101325.2 kg. m /m 2 s 2 = 101325.2 N/m 2‬‬
‫‪m3‬‬ ‫‪s2‬‬
‫‪13.5951 g‬‬ ‫‪980.6665 cm‬‬
‫× ‪P = 76 cm‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪= 1 .013252 × 10 6 g. cm /cm 2 s 2 = 1.013 × 10 6 dyne/cm 2‬‬
‫‪cm 3‬‬ ‫‪s2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪where : N = kg . m/s ,‬‬ ‫‪dyne = g. cm/s‬‬
‫وﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻮﺣﺪات )ﺟﻮ ‪ (atm‬ﻛﻮﺣﺪة ﺑﺪﯾﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫وﻟﻠﮭﻮاء ﻛﺘﻠﺔ وﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا ﻓﻠﮫ ﺿﻐﻂ‪ ،‬وﯾﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﻋﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻂ‪.‬‬
‫وأﺟﮭﺰة ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ٨‬وﺣﺪات ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ‬
‫‪Pressure Units‬‬
‫)‪SI Unit : pascal (Pa‬‬
‫‪1 Pa = 1 kg /m.s2 = 1 N/m2‬‬
‫وﺣﺪات أﺧﺮى ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ‪other common units‬‬
‫‪1 bar = 100000 Pa = 100 kPa‬‬
‫‪1 atm = 101325 N/m2 = 101325 Pa = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bar = 1.013 x 106 dyne/cm2‬‬
‫‪1 atm = 0.76 mHg = 76 cmHg = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg‬‬
‫‪1 atm = 14.7 lb/inch2 (psi) = 1.01325 bar‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ٩‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي )‪ (atm‬وﺑﻘﯿﺔ وﺣﺪات اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

‫‪units of measuring pressure‬‬
‫‪unit‬‬ ‫‪abbreviations‬‬ ‫‪unit equivalent to 1 atm‬‬
‫‪atmosphere‬‬ ‫‪atm‬‬ ‫)‪1 atm (exact‬‬
‫‪millimeters of mercury‬‬ ‫‪mm Hg‬‬ ‫‪760 mm Hg‬‬
‫‪torr‬‬ ‫‪torr‬‬ ‫‪760 torr‬‬
‫‪inches of mercury‬‬ ‫‪in. Hg‬‬ ‫‪29.9 in. Hg‬‬
‫‪pounds per square inch‬‬ ‫)‪lb/in.2 (psi‬‬ ‫‪14.7 ib/in.2‬‬
‫‪pascal‬‬ ‫‪Pa‬‬ ‫‪101325 Pa‬‬
‫وﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﻮر )‪ (torr‬ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﻮر ﺷﯿﻠﻲ )‪ (Torricelli‬و)‪ (Pa‬ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎل )‪ .(Pascal‬وﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﮭﺎز ﻟﻘﯿﺎس ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎزات وﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫وﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﯿﺎس‬ ‫وآﺧﺮ‬ ‫)‪(Manometer‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﯿﺘﺮ‬
‫)‪(171‬‬
‫)‪(172‬‬
‫‪Evanglista‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮ )‪ (Barometer‬وھﻮ ﻣﻦ اﺧﺘﺮاع اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻹﯾﻄﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪.Torrcelli‬‬
‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي اﻟﻌﺎدي ھﻮ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﯾﺴﺎوي ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪ .‬وﺗﻜﺎﻓﺊ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة )ﺟﻮ( اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻋﻤﻮد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﮫ‬
‫‪ 760 mm‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪.0 °C‬‬
‫وﯾﺘﻔﺎوت اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﺣﺴﺐ اﻷﺣﻮال اﻟﺠﻮﯾﺔ وﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮ )ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎً أو اﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎً(‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﯾﻘﻞ ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة اﻹرﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﺴﺒﺐ أن ھﻨﺎك ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاء‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﺘﺴﻠﻘﻮا اﻟﺠﺒﺎل واﻟﻄﯿﺎرون ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن ﺑﺎروﻣﺘﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺗﮭﻢ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪ داﺋﺮة ﻋﺮض ) ‪ (45°‬ﻓﺈن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﯾﺰود‬
‫ﺑﻌﻤﻮد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻃﻮﻟﮫ ‪ 760 mm‬ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎً ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻘﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ واﻟﮭﻮاء ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪.(0 °C‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥‬‬
‫ﯾﺒﻠﻎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي أﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ اﻟﺮﯾﺎض )‪ (71 cm Hg‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار ذﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫أ( ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ )اﻟﺒﺎﺳﻜﺎل(‬
‫ب( وﺣﺪة اﻟﺠﻮ )‪.(atm‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ ‪ 71 cm Hg‬اﻟﻰ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ )اﻟﺒﺎﺳﻜﺎل( ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(172‬‬
‫)‪(173‬‬
‫‪76 cm Hg = 101325 Pa‬‬

‫‪71 cm Hg = P‬‬
‫‪ 71 cmHg ‬‬
‫‪⇒ P =101325 Pa × ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 76 cmHg ‬‬
‫‪P = 94658.88 Pa‬‬
‫ب( ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ ‪ 71 cm Hg‬اﻟﻰ وﺣﺪة اﻟﺠﻮ ‪atm‬‬
‫‪1 atm = 76 cmHg‬‬
‫‪Patm = 71cmHg‬‬
‫‪ 71 cmHg ‬‬
‫‪⇒ P = 1atm × ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 76 cmHg ‬‬
‫‪P = 0.934 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﯿ ﻖ ﻗ ﻮة ﻣﻘ ﺪارھﺎ )‪ (F = 100 N‬ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﻜ ﺒﺲ ﻣ ﺴﺎﺣﺘﮫ‬

‫)‪ (100 m2‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪100 N‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= 1N/m 2 = 1 Pascal‬‬
‫‪100 m‬‬
‫واﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ‪ 1 Pa‬ھﻲ وﺣ ﺪة ﺿ ﻐﻂ ﺻ ﻐﯿﺮة ﻧ ﺴﺒﯿﺎً ﺗ ﺴﺎوي ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒ ﺎ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺒ ﺬول ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫ﺷﺮﯾﺤﺔ ﺧﺒﺰ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ رﻗﯿﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺑﺪة ﻣﺜﻼً‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧‬‬
‫اﺣ ﺴﺐ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺒ ﺬول ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﯿ ﻖ ﻗ ﻮة ﻣﻘ ﺪارھﺎ )‪ (100 N‬ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﻜ ﺒﺲ ﻣ ﺴﺎﺣﺘﮫ‬

‫اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ )‪(1 m2‬‬
‫)‪(173‬‬
‫)‪(174‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪100 N‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= 100 N/m 2 = 100 Pa‬‬
‫‪1.0 m‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨‬‬
‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﮫ ‪ ،50.0 Kg‬داس ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣ ﺴﻤﺎر ﻏﯿ ﺮ ﻣ ﺪﺑﺐ ﻣ ﺴﺎﺣﺔ رأﺳ ﮫ ﺗ ﺴﺎوي ‪(1.0‬‬
‫)‪ mm2‬أ( اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﺎرﺳﮭﺎ ھ ﺬا اﻟ ﺸﺨﺺ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤ ﺴﻤﺎر؟ )ﻋﻠﻤ ﺎً ﺑ ﺄن ﻋﺠﻠ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ اﻷرﺿﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪(g = 9.81 m/s2‬‬
‫ب( اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرس ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎر‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﯾﻤﺎرس ﻗﻮة ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪F = m (kg) × g (m s-2‬‬
‫‪F = ( 50 kg ) × ( 9.81 m/s2 ) = 490 kg.m/s2 = 490 N‬‬
‫ب( اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرس ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎر ‪:‬‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪490 N‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪= 490 000 000 Nm -2 (Pa) = 490 megapascals (MPa‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪1.0 × 10 m‬‬
‫‪-6‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫وھﺬا اﻟﻀﻐﻂ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎف ﻟﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎر ﯾﺜﻘﺐ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ‪.‬‬

‫وﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻏﺎز داﺧﻞ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾ ﺘﻢ اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟ ﮫ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈ ﺎم اﻟ ﻰ ﻛﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻹﺗﺠﺎھ ﺎت‬
‫ﺑﺤﯿﺚ أن ﻛﻞ ﺟﺪران اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﺗﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻻﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺤﺒﻮﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻧﻔ ﺦ إﻃ ﺎر اﻟ ﺴﯿﺎرة‪ .‬ﻓﻔ ﻲ ﻣﻌﻈ ﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﺗﻨﻔﺦ اﻹﻃﺎرات اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‪ ،‬اﻟ ﻰ ﺿ ﻐﻂ ﯾﻌ ﺎدل ‪200 kPa‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً‪.‬‬
‫)‪(174‬‬
‫)‪(175‬‬
‫س( ﻋﻠﻞ‪ :‬ﯾﺼﺒﺢ إﻃﺎر اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺎً ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪوث ﺗﺴﺮب ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫ج( ﺑﺴﺒﺐ أن اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﻦ أﻣﺎﻛﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ اﻟﻰ أﻣ ﺎﻛﻦ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤ ﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺤﺼﻞ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﻦ داﺧﻞ اﻹﻃﺎر اﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ‪Atmospheric Pressure‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ وزن اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي )ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺪ اﻟﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﺠﻮ اﻟﻌﻠﯿﺎ( ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎً‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﺗﺤﺖ ھﺬا اﻟﻮزن‪.‬‬
‫وزن اﻟﻐ ﻼف اﻟﺠ ﻮي‬

‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي =‬
‫ﻣﺴ ﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴ ﻄﺢ اﻟﻮاﻗ ﻊ ﺗﺤ ﺖ ھ ﺬا اﻟ ﻮزن‬
‫وﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ )‪ ، (location‬ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫)‪ (temperature‬واﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺠﻮﯾﺔ )‪.(weather conditions‬‬
‫واﻟﺴﺆال ھﻞ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻸﺳﻔﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﮫ؟‬
‫ﺗﺨﯿﻞ ﻣﺎذا ﯾﺤﺪث إذا ﻛﻨ ﺖ ﺗﻤ ﺴﻚ ﺑﻘﻄﻌ ﺔ ورق ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺤﻜ ﻢ )ﻣ ﺸﺪودة( ﺑ ﯿﻦ ﻛﻠﺘ ﺎ ﯾ ﺪﯾﻚ‬
‫ﻓﻮق رأﺳﻚ‪ .‬رﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ ﺳﺘﻨﺜﻨﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﮭﻮاء ﯾﻌﻤ ﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮭ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜ ﻦ‬
‫ھ ﺬا ﻻ ﯾﺤ ﺪث‪ .‬واﻟ ﺴﺒﺐ أن اﻟﮭ ﻮاء ﻣﺜ ﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺎء‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺎﺋﻊ )‪ ،(fluid‬وأن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻤ ﺎرس‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﻣ ﻦ ﺟﻤﯿ ﻊ اﻟﺠﮭ ﺎت‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻮق وأﺳ ﻔﻞ ﻛﻤ ﺎ ﯾ ﺄﺗﻲ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺸﻤﺎل وﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﯿﻤﯿﻦ‪ .‬وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﻨ ﺸﺄ ﺑ ﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺘ ﺼﺎدﻣﺎت ﺑ ﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت‬
‫اﻟﮭ ﻮاء وأي ﺳ ﻄﺢ ﯾ ﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻌ ﮫ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﺗ ﺼﺎل‪ .‬وﻗﯿﻤ ﺔ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﺤ ﺪدھﺎ ﻋ ﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤ ﺼﻄﺪﻣﺔ وﻗ ﻮة اﺻ ﻄﺪاﻣﮭﺎ‪ ،‬وﺣﯿ ﺚ أن ﻋ ﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت اﻟ ﺬي ﯾ ﺮﺗﻄﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻮرﻗ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻷﻋﻠﻰ أو اﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(175‬‬
‫)‪(176‬‬
‫س( ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ اﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض؟‬

‫ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﺗﺒﻌﺎً ﻟـ ‪:‬‬
‫أ( ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﮭﻮاء‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﯿﮫ ﻋﻠﻮ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن أو اﺳﺘﻮاﺋﮫ أو اﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﮫ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻗﯿﻌﺎن اﻷودﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﻤﻢ اﻟﺠﺒﺎل(‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻋﻼ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ﻗﻞ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي وﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫اﻧﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن زاد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺔ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮي ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪة واﻟﻄﺎﺋﻒ ﻷﻧﮭﺎ أﺧﻔﺾ ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﻒ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫)‪ (1 atm‬ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺔ وﺟﺪة ﻷﻧﮫ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﺑﺠﺪة ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺘﻔﺎوت ﻓﻲ ﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﯾﻜﻮن ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺎً )ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪود ‪ (10 %‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎن ﻵﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‪.‬‬
‫ب( ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻮد واﻟﺬي ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺣﯿﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺣﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﮭﻮاء ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺣﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎن ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ أﺣﺪھﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬
‫)اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺮودة( واﻵﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﯾﺔ )اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺮارة( ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﯿﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﯾﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﺧﺘﻼف درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫س( ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﺘﻔﺎوت اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ )ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪود ‪ (10 %‬ﻓﻲ ﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎن‬
‫ﻵﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض؟‬
‫ج( ﺳﺒﺒﮫ أن اﻟﻔﺮق ﻓﻲ وزن ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻷﺧﺮى ﯾﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪود ﺿﺌﯿﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻷن ‪:‬‬
‫• اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﻘﺎس وزﻧﮭﺎ ھﻲ ھﻮاء وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ أي أن وزن اﻟﮭﻮاء‬
‫أﺳﺎﺳﺎً ﺧﻔﯿﻒ‪.‬‬
‫• اﻟﻔﺮوق ﻓﻲ اﻹرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض ﻻ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً إﻻ‬
‫ﺟﺰءاً ﯾﺴﯿﺮاً ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺪ ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‪.‬‬
‫)‪(176‬‬
‫)‪(177‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ‪Standard Pressure‬‬

‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ھﻮ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي اﻟﻤﻘﺎس ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪(0 ºC‬‬
‫ووﺟﺪ أن ﻣﻘﺪاره ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪) 101325 Pa (101325 N/m2‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮي واﺣﺪ ‪(1‬‬
‫‪.atm‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺒﺎﺳﻜﺎل ‪:‬‬

‫ﯾﻌﺮف اﻟﺒﺎﺳﻜﺎل ﺑﺄﻧﮫ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرس ﺑﻘﻮة ﻗﺪرھﺎ )‪ (1N‬ﺿﺪ ﻣ ﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘ ﺪارھﺎ واﺣ ﺪ‬
‫)‪.(1 m2‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫‪1N‬‬ ‫‪1 kg . m/s2‬‬
‫= ‪1Pa‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= 1 kg/m.s2‬‬
‫‪1m‬‬ ‫‪1m‬‬
‫) ) ‪⇒ 1N = 1 kg . m / s2 where ( F = m(kg) . g(m/s2‬‬
‫‪⇒ 1Pa = 1 kg / m . s2‬‬
‫س( ﻛﯿﻒ ﯾﻨﺸﺄ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎزات؟‬

‫ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎزات ھﻮ اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﺛﮫ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻦ اﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺎت ذات ﻗﻮة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﺿﮭﺎ ﻛﺠﺪران اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮﯾﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻣﱰ‬

‫ﯾﺤﻮي ﺟﻮ اﻷرض ﻣﺰﯾﺠﺎً ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻐ ﺎزات اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻤ ﺎرس ﺿ ﻐﻄﺎً ﯾ ﺪﻋﻰ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠ ﻮي‪،‬‬
‫وﯾﻘﺎس ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ أداة ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮ ‪ barometer‬وھ ﻮ ﻣ ﻦ اﺧﺘ ﺮاع اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ اﻹﯾﻄ ﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ .Torricelli‬وﯾﻌﺘﺒ ﺮ اﻟﺒ ﺎروﻣﺘﺮ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻘ ﻲ ﻣﯿﺰاﻧ ﺎً ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨ ﺎ ﻣ ﻦ ﻗﯿ ﺎس ﺿ ﻐﻂ اﻟﮭ ﻮاء ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(177‬‬
‫)‪(178‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺈﺣﺪى ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺘﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪:‬‬
‫إذا وﺿﻌﻨﺎ أﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ زﺟﺎﺟﯿﺔ رأﺳﯿﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻛﺄس ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪.(٨‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٨‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻮ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻂ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ‬
‫داﺧﻞ اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ وﺧﺎرﺟﮭﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻓﺈن ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ داﺧﻞ اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ وﺧﺎرﺟﮭﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺎن وﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺣﯿﻨﺌﺬ ﻣﺘﺰﻧﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈذا ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺗﻔﺮﯾﻎ ﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﻐﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﯾﺮﺗﻔﻊ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ‬
‫داﺧﻠﮭﺎ‪ .‬وذﻟﻚ ﻷن ﻗﻮة اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺠﻮي اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﺧﺎرج اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻘﯿﺖ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻧﻘﺼﺖ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة داﺧﻠﮭﺎ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ وﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻔﺮﯾﻎ اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻓﺈن ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ داﺧﻞ اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﯾﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﺼﻞ اﻟﻰ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪(76 cm‬‬
‫)‪ .Hg‬ﻋﻨﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﯾﺘﺴﺎوى ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺠﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪ .‬أي أن اﻟﻀﻐﻄﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﺰﻧﺎن وﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬
‫)‪(178‬‬
‫)‪(179‬‬
‫اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ أن ﯾﺮﺗﻔﻊ أو ﯾﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪ ،‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻧﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺒﻨﺎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‪.‬‬
‫وﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﯾﺴﺎوي ﻗﻮة ھﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﻮة‪ .‬وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ھﺬه اﻟﻘﻮة ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎرع اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪F=ma‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ )‪ (m‬ﻓﯿﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﮭﺎ ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪m = d .V‬‬
‫وﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ أﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ أﺳﻄﻮاﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪:‬‬
‫‪V = π r2 h‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ = ط × ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ × اﻹرﺗﻔﺎع‬
‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m = d .V‬‬
‫)‪m = d (π r 2 h‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪F=m.a‬‬
‫‪F = d × ( π r 2 h ) × a‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫واﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﻮة ھﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﯿﺔ وﺗﺴﺎوي ‪:‬‬
‫‪A = π r2‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة = )ط ﻧﻖ‪(٢‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(179‬‬
‫)‪(180‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫= ‪P‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪m g‬‬
‫= ‪P‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫= ‪P‬‬
‫‪π r‬‬‫(‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪h × d‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪g‬‬
‫‪π r‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪P = h . d . g‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪mg‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫وﺑﻤﺎ أن ﺗﺴﺎرع اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ )‪ (a‬ﻣﻘﺪار ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ وﺣﺪة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪Pα‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻮﺣﺪات رﻃﻞ ‪ /‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ )‪ ،(lb/in2‬أو ﻛﯿﻠﻮ‬
‫ﺟﺮام ‪ /‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ )‪(kg/m2‬‬
‫وﺣﯿﺚ أن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ )‪ (d‬وﺗﺴﺎرع اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ )‪ (g‬ﻛﻤﯿﺘﺎن ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺘﺎن ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pαh‬‬
‫وھﻜﺬا ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ وﺣﺪات اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺒﻮﺻﺔ زﺋﺒﻖ)‪ (inch Hg‬أو ﺳﻨﺘﯿﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫زﺋﺒﻖ )‪(cm Hg‬أو ﻣﻠﯿﻤﺘﺮ زﺋﺒﻖ )‪ . (mm Hg‬وﻗﺪ اﺻﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ أن ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻹرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺬي ﯾﺼﻞ إﻟﯿﮫ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﺗﺴﺎوي ﺻﻔﺮاً ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺎً‪ ،‬ﻷن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﺮورة ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ أو ﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻷرﻃﺎل اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻮﺻﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(180‬‬
‫)‪(181‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻣﱰ ﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻘﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫وھﺬه ھﻲ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﻮرﺷﯿﻠﻲ وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ أن اﻷﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺮة ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻨﻜﯿﺴﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻮض ﯾﻤﻸ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ )وﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن أي ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻏﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﯾﺼﻠﺢ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻟﮫ ﻣﯿﺰة أﻧﮫ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ أﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻃﻮﯾﻠﺔ ﺟﺪاً(‪ .‬وﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻃﻮل اﻷﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ )اﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮ( )‪ (1 m‬ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً )‪ (880 mm‬وﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺎً ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮف واﺣﺪ وﻣﻔﺘﻮح ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫• ﯾﻤﻸ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ‪.‬‬

‫• ﯾ ﻨﻜﺲ اﻷﻧﺒ ﻮب )ﯾﻘﻠ ﺐ( ﺑﺤ ﺬر )‪ (carefully inverted‬داﺧ ﻞ وﻋ ﺎء ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ‬
‫)ﺣﻮض ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ( ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﻐﻤﺮ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣ ﺔ )ﺑ ﺪون اﻟ ﺴﻤﺎح ﻟﻠﮭ ﻮاء‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻮل(‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻼﺣﻆ أن ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﯾﻨﺪﻓﻊ ﻟﻸﺳ ﻔﻞ ﺧ ﺎرج اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜ ﻦ اﻟ ﺸﻲء‬
‫اﻟﮭﺎم اﻟ ﺬي ﻧﻼﺣﻈ ﮫ ھ ﻮ أﻧ ﮫ ﻻ ﯾﻨ ﺪﻓﻊ ﺟﻤﯿﻌ ﮫ ﻟﻠﺨ ﺎرج )ﻻ ﯾﻨ ﺴﻜﺐ ﻛﻠ ﮫ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻗﻠﺒ ﮫ( ‪،‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﯿ ﺔ ﯾ ﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻟ ﻰ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﻌ ﯿﻦ ﺛ ﻢ‬
‫ﯾﺘﻮﻗ ﻒ ﻋ ﻦ اﻹﻧﺨﻔ ﺎض ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈ ﺎً ﻋﻠ ﻰ ارﺗﻔ ﺎع ﻣﻌ ﯿﻦ )‪ (h‬ﻓ ﻮق اﻟﺨ ﺰان )أﻧﻈ ﺮ‬
‫اﻷﺷﻜﺎل ‪ ٩‬اﻟﻰ ‪.(١٣‬‬
‫ﻋﻨ ﺪ ھ ﺬا اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻮى ﻓ ﺈن ﺿ ﻐﻂ اﻟﮭ ﻮاء ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺳ ﻄﺢ اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻮﻋ ﺎء ﯾ ﺴﺎوي اﻟﺠ ﺬب‬
‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻃﻮل اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻔﺮق ﻓﻲ اﻹرﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ داﺧ ﻞ اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑ ﺔ‬
‫وﺧﺎرﺟﮭﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن داﺋﻤﺎً ھﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ‪ .‬وﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ أن اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻻ ﯾﻨﺪﻓﻊ ﻛﻠﮫ ﺧ ﺎرج اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑ ﺔ‬
‫أﻧ ﮫ ﯾﺠ ﺐ أن ﯾﻜ ﻮن ھﻨ ﺎك ﺿ ﻐﻂ واﻗ ﻊ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺳ ﻄﺢ اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻮﻋ ﺎء‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﯿ ﺚ ﯾﻜﻔ ﻲ‬
‫ﻟﯿﺘﺤﻤ ﻞ ﻋﻤ ﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﯾﻮﺟ ﺪ ﺷ ﻲء ﺟ ﻮھﺮي ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺤﯿ ﺰ اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮد ﻓ ﻮق ﻣ ﺴﺘﻮى‬
‫اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﻻ ﯾﺘﺒﺨﺮ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻛﺜﯿ ﺮاً‪ .‬واﻟ ﻰ ﻣ ﺪى‬
‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺐ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﯿﺰ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻓﺮاغ )ﯾﮭ ﺒﻂ اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ ﻓ ﻲ اﻷﻧﺒ ﻮب اﻟ ﻰ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻮى‬
‫)‪(181‬‬
‫)‪(182‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﺗﺎرﻛﺎً وراءه ﻓﺮاﻏﺎً ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﻓﺮاغ ﺗﻮرﺷﯿﻠﻲ(‪ .‬ﻻ ﯾﻤﺎرس أي ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻮى‬
‫اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﺰﺋﺒﻖ‪ .‬وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﺎع ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﯾﻌ ﺰى ﻓﻘ ﻂ اﻟ ﻰ وزن ﻋﻤ ﻮد‬
‫اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم ﻛﺨﺎﺻﯿﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻘ ﺎس ﺿ ﻐﻂ اﻟﮭ ﻮاء وﻓﻘ ﺎً ﻻرﺗﻔ ﺎع ﻋﻤ ﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾ ﺔ ﺑ ﯿﻦ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح وﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺒ ﻮب اﻟﻤﻐﻠ ﻖ ﺣﯿ ﺚ أن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻤ ﺎرس‬
‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرس ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ‪ = PHg‬ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺠﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ‪Patm‬‬
‫وﯾﻜ ﻮن ارﺗﻔ ﺎع ﻋﻤ ﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻮى ﺳ ﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤ ﺮ ‪ ٧٦٠‬ﻣﻠ ﻢ زﺋﺒ ﻖ ‪(760‬‬
‫)‪ ،mmHg‬أي أن وزن ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﯾﺘﻌﺎدل ﻣﻊ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺠ ﻮي‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة )ﺗﻮر( ﻟﺘﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ وﺗﻌﺮف = ‪(1 torr‬‬
‫)‪1 mmHg‬‬
‫وﯾﺘﻐﯿ ﺮ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠ ﻮي ﻣ ﻦ ﯾ ﻮم اﻟ ﻰ آﺧ ﺮ‪ ،‬وﻣ ﻦ ارﺗﻔ ﺎع اﻟ ﻰ آﺧ ﺮ وﺗﺒﻌ ﺎً ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺘﻐﯿ ﺮ‬
‫ارﺗﻔ ﺎع اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻮد ﻟﻜ ﻦ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ ﻋ ﺎم ﻓ ﺈن اﻹرﺗﻔ ﺎع ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺳ ﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤ ﺮ ودرﺟ ﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة )‪ (0 °C‬ھﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ )‪.(760 mm Hg‬‬
‫)‪(182‬‬
‫)‪(183‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ :٩‬ﺑﺎروﻣﺘﺮ ﻟﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺒﻘ ﻰ ﻋﻤ ﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ ﻗﺎﺋﻤ ﺎً ﺑﺎﻹرﺗﻔ ﺎع اﻟﻤﺤ ﺪد ﻧﺘﯿﺠ ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮي اﻟﺤﺎدث ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(183‬‬
(184)
Fig. 10 : A mercury barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure by

determining the height of a mercury column supported in a sealed glass tube.
The downward pressure of the mercury in the column is exactly balanced by
the outside atmospheric pressure that presses down on the mercury in the dish
and pushes it up the column.
Above the mercury in the tube is a vacuum. The column of mercury is
supported by the atmospheric pressure.
(184)
(185)
Fig. 11 : A Torricellian barometer

Schematic diagram of a closed-end barometer. At the level of the lower mercury
surface, the pressure both in side and outside the tube must be equal to that of the
atmosphere. There is no air inside the tube, so the pressure is exerted only by the
mercury column h mm high. Hence, the atmospheric pressure must equal the pressure
exerted by h mm Hg, or h torr.
(185)
(186)
Fig. 12 : A barometer is used to measure the pressure of the atmosphere. The pressure
of the atmosphere is balanced by the pressure exerted by the column of mercury. The
height of the column is proportional to the pressure.
Fig. 13 : Torricelli's mercury barometer
(186)
‫)‪(187‬‬
‫وﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ )‪ (1.35951 × 104 kg/m3‬ﻋﻨ ﺪ )‪ (0 °C‬واﻟﺘ ﺴﺎرع ﺑ ﺴﺒﺐ‬

‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ )‪ (a = 9.80665 m/s 2‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻤ ﺎرس ﺑﻮاﺳ ﻄﺔ‬
‫)‪ . (760 mm = 0.76 m‬ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن ﺿ ﻐﻂ ﻗﯿﺎﺳ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤ ﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ ذو اﻹرﺗﻔ ﺎع‬
‫واﺣﺪ )‪ (1 atm‬أو )‪ (760 mm Hg‬ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪ (101325Pa‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P=h.d.g‬‬
‫‪P = ( 0.760 m ) × (1.35951 × 104 kg/m3 ) × ( 9.80665 m/s2 ) = 101325 Pa‬‬
‫‪1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 101325 Pa‬‬
‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ داﺧﻞ وﻋﺎء ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣ ﺎ ﯾﻘ ﺎس ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ﻣ ﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻔﺘ ﻮح اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾ ﺔ ‪(open-end‬‬
‫)‪ manometer‬وھﻮ ﺟﮭﺎز ﺑﺴﯿﻂ ﯾﺸﺎﺑﮫ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿ ﺚ اﻟﻤﺒ ﺪأ اﻟﺒ ﺎروﻣﺘﺮ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻘ ﻲ وﺳ ﻨﺄﺧﺬه‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻻﺣﻖ ﻣﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪.‬‬
‫س( ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺎً ؟‬
‫ج( ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﯿﺎم اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺠﻮي ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻮض داﻋﻤﺎً ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ وﻣﺒﻘﯿﺎً إﯾﺎه ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﺪد‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮي ھﻮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻮة اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺠ ﻮ )‪ (Patm‬اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻰ أﺳﻔﻞ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ داﺧﻞ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب ﯾﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌ ﻲ )ﻛ ﺴﻄﺢ ﺧ ﺰان(‬
‫ﺑ ﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺠ ﺬب اﻟ ﻰ اﻷﺳ ﻔﻞ ﻟﻠﺠﺎذﺑﯿ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻮد )‪ (PHg‬وﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘ ﺴﺎوى‬
‫ھ ﺬان اﻟ ﻀﻐﻄﺎن اﻟﻤﺘ ﻀﺎدان ﺗﻤﺎﻣ ﺎً )‪ (PHg = Patm‬ﯾﺒﻘ ﻰ اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻮد ﺳ ﺎﻛﻨﺎً‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﺑﻄﻮل ﻋﻤ ﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ )‪ (h‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺒ ﺎروﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬وﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻨﮫ ﺑﻮﺣﺪات ﻣﻠﯿﻤﺘﺮات ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ )‪ (mmHg‬أو ﺗﻮر )‪.(torr‬‬
‫وﯾﻜ ﻮن ارﺗﻔ ﺎع ﻋﻤ ﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ ﺛﺎﺑ ﺖ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﻜ ﺎن اﻟﻮاﺣ ﺪ أي ﯾﻜ ﻮن ذا ﻃ ﻮل ﻣﺤ ﺪد ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة )ﺳﻮاء اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘ ﺔ ﺑﺤ ﺮاً أو ﺳ ﮭﻼً أو ﺟ ﺒﻼً( وﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻧﻔ ﺲ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫وھ ﺬا ﯾﻌﻨ ﻲ اﻧ ﮫ إذا اﺧﺘﻠ ﻒ اﻟﻤﻜ ﺎن ارﺗﻔﺎﻋ ﺎً أو اﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿ ﺎً )وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺘﻐﯿ ﺮ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿ ﺔ‬
‫)‪(187‬‬
‫)‪(188‬‬
‫اﻷرﺿﯿﺔ( أو اﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ( ﻓﺈن ﻃ ﻮل ﻋﻤ ﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ‬

‫ﺳﯿﺨﺘﻠﻒ وﻓﻘﺎً ﻻﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﻻ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ھﺬا اﻟﻄﻮل ﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻗﻄ ﺮ وﻃ ﻮل اﻷﻧﺒ ﻮب اﻟﺰﺟ ﺎﺟﻲ ﻣ ﺎ دام ھﻨ ﺎك‬
‫ﻓ ﺮاغ ﻇ ﺎھﺮ ﻓ ﻮق اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ‪ ،‬وھ ﺬا اﻟﺤﯿ ﺰ ﯾﻜ ﻮن ﻋ ﺎدة ﻓﺮاﻏ ﺎً ﺣﯿ ﺚ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﯿ ﮫ ﯾ ﺴﺎوي‬
‫‪(P‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮًا ) ‪≈ 0‬‬
‫)‪( ١‬‬
‫ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﻗﺘ ﺮاب ﻋﺎﺻ ﻔﺔ‬ ‫إﻻ أن ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ‬
‫ﯾﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‪ ،‬وﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﻟﺬﻟﻚ أﻗﺼﺮ‪ .‬إذا ً ﻓﺎرﺗﻔﺎع ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ ﯾﻌﺒ ﺮ‬
‫ﻋ ﻦ ﻣ ﺎ ﯾﻌ ﺮف ﺑﺎﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺒ ﺎروﻣﺘﺮي اﻟ ﺬي ﻧ ﺴﻤﻌﮫ ﻋ ﻦ ﺗﻨﺒ ﺆات اﻟﻄﻘ ﺲ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺮادﯾ ﻮ‬
‫واﻟﺘﻠﯿﻔﺰﯾﻮن‪.‬‬
‫س( ﻣ ﺎ ھ ﻮ ارﺗﻔ ﺎع ﻋﻤ ﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ ﻓ ﻲ اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻜ ﺴﺔ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺳ ﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤ ﺮ وﻋﻨ ﺪ‬
‫)‪(0 ºC‬؟‬
‫‪76 cm = 760 mm‬‬ ‫ﺝ(‬

‫وﻟﻘﺪ اﺗﺨﺬ ھﺬا اﻟﻄﻮل ﻛﻮﺣﺪة ﻟﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓﯿﻘﺎل إن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺠﻌﻞ ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤ ﻮد‬
‫اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ارﺗﻔﺎع )‪ (76 cm‬ھﻮ ‪ 76 cmHg‬أو )‪.(760 mm Hg‬‬
‫)‪ (١‬ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻢ ﺳﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻛ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ )‪ (d‬وﺟ ﺬب اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿ ﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‪ .‬وﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺗﺒﻌﺎً ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة‪ ،‬وﺟ ﺬب اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿ ﺔ ﯾﺘﻐﯿ ﺮ ﺗﺒﻌ ﺎً ﻟﻺرﺗﻔ ﺎع ﻋ ﻦ ﺳ ﻄﺢ‬
‫اﻷرض‪ ،‬ﻟﺬا ﻓﻔﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻲ ﯾ ﺼﺒﺢ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻀﺮوري ﺗﺤﺪﯾ ﺪ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة ﻣﺮﺟﻌﯿ ﺔ )‪،(0 °C‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض )ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ(‪.‬‬
‫)‪(188‬‬
(189)
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﻣﱰﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮات اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﯿﺔ ﺻﻤﻤﺖ ﻟﺘﻼﻓ ﻲ ﺑﻌ ﺾ ﻋﯿ ﻮب اﻟﺒ ﺎروﻣﺘﺮ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻘ ﻲ ﻣ ﻦ ﺣﯿ ﺚ أن‬

‫ھ ﺬا اﻟﺒ ﺎروﻣﺘﺮ )اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻘ ﻲ( ﯾﺤﺘ ﻮي ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺳ ﺎﺋﻞ وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ ﯾ ﺼﻌﺐ ﻧﻘﻠ ﮫ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﻜ ﺎن ﻵﺧ ﺮ‬
،‫ ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺪﻧﻲ ﯾﻘ ﯿﺲ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠ ﻮي ﺑ ﺪون اﻟﺤﺎﺟ ﺔ اﻟ ﻰ ﺳ ﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ‬.‫ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ‬
.‫وﯾﻌﻄﻲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﺎت أﻛﺜﺮ دﻗﺔ‬
Fig. 14 : Some commercial pressure-measuring devices.

a) A commercial mercury barometer.
b) Portable barometers.
c) A tire gauge. This type kind of gauge registers "relative" pressure, that
is, the difference between internal pressure and the external atmospheric
pressure. For instance, when the gauge reads 30 psi (pounds per square
inch), the total gas pressure in the tire is 30 psi + 1 atm, or about 40 psi.
(189)
‫)‪(190‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ )‪Standard Atmosphere (atm‬‬
‫اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠ ﻮي اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳ ﻲ ھ ﻮ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟ ﺬي ﯾ ﺴﻨﺪ )ﯾ ﺪﻋﻢ ‪ -‬ﯾﺤﻤ ﻞ( ﻋﻤ ﻮداً ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻟﮫ )‪ (760 mm‬ﺗﻢ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮫ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (0 ºC‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ)‪.(١‬‬
‫وﯾ ﺸﺎر اﻟ ﻰ ﺟ ﻮ ﻗﯿﺎﺳ ﻲ )‪ (Standard Atmosphere‬ﺑ ﺎﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ )‪ .(1 atm‬وﺳ ﻮف‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻮ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻲ )‪ (1 atm‬ﻛﻮﺣﺪﺗﻨﺎ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷﻧﻨ ﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ﺎً ﻣ ﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻘ ﯿﺲ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠ ﻮي ﺑﻮاﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺑ ﺎروﻣﺘﺮ زﺋﺒﻘ ﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧ ﮫ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻀﺮوري أن ﻧﺘ ﺬﻛﺮ ﺑ ﺄن‬
‫)‪ (760 mm‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﺗﺴﺎوي ﺟﻮاً ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺎً واﺣﺪاً‪.‬‬
‫وﻛﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﯾﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﺎﺻﯿﺮ )ﯾﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻈﺮوف اﻟﺠ ﻮ( ﻓﺈﻧ ﮫ ﯾﺘﻔ ﺎوت ﺑﺘﻔ ﺎوت‬
‫اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾ ﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻓ ﻲ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋ ﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿ ﺔ وﯾﺮﺗﻔ ﻊ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻌﺒﺮة ﺑﻮﺣ ﺪات ﻣﻠﯿﻤﺘ ﺮات زﺋﺒ ﻖ‬
‫)‪ (mmHg = torr‬ﻓ ﺈن وﺣ ﺪات )‪ (SI‬ﻟﻠ ﻀﻐﻂ )وھ ﻲ اﻟﺒﺎﺳ ﻜﺎل( ﺗﺒﻘ ﻰ أﺳ ﮭﻞ وذﻟ ﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﮭ ﺎ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷ ﺮة ﺑﺄﺑﻌ ﺎد اﻟﻘ ﻮة ووﺣ ﺪة اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺣﺔ )‪ ، (N/m2‬إﻻ أن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠ ﻮي‬
‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻲ )‪ (atm‬ﯾﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﺎً ﺳﮭﻼً ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﯿﺮﻣﻮدﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻜﺎ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ اﺳ ﺘﺒﺪال اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ ﺑ ﺴﺎﺋﻞ آﺧ ﺮ ﻣﺜ ﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺎء‪ ،‬وﻧﻈ ﺮاً ﻷن ﻛﺜﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺎء‬
‫)‪ (d(H2O) = 1 g/cm3‬أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ )‪ (d(Hg) = 13.6 g/cm3‬ﻓﺈن ﻃﻮل‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﻤﺎء ﺳﯿﻜﻮن أﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ )اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ‪.(٩‬‬
‫)‪ (١‬إذا اﻋﺘﺒﺮﻧﺎ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ وزن ﻟﻜﻞ وﺣﺪة ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧ ﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨ ﺎ أن ﻧ ﺮى ﻟﻤ ﺎذا ﯾﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻀﺮوري‬
‫ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ ﻛﻼً ﻣﻦ )‪ (0 C‬وﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤ ﺮ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﯾ ﻒ اﻟﺠ ﻮ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳ ﻲ‪ .‬إذ ﺗﺘﻐﯿ ﺮ ﻛﺜﺎﻓ ﺔ ﺳ ﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪ .‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓ ﺈن وزن ﻋﻤ ﻮد ‪ Hg‬ارﺗﻔﺎﻋ ﮫ )‪ (760 mm‬ذي ﻣ ﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄ ﻊ ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻐﯿ ﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻓﺈن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ اﻷرﺿﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺎً ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻹرﺗﻔﺎع‪ ،‬وﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﺈن وزن اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ‪ Hg‬ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﻘﻞ ﺑﻌﯿﺪاً‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(190‬‬
‫)‪(191‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﺎء ھ ﻮ اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓ ﻲ ﺑ ﺎروﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈذا ﻋﻠﻤ ﺖ أن ﻃ ﻮل ﻋﻤ ﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮي واﺣﺪ ھﻮ )‪ ،(76 cmHg‬ﻓﻜﻢ ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﻤ ﺎء )‪ (h‬إذا ﻛ ﺎن‬
‫اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠ ﻮي ﯾ ﺴﺎوي )‪ .(1 atm‬ﻋﻠﻤ ﺎً ﺑ ﺄن ﻛﺜﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ ﺗ ﺴﺎوي )‪(13.6 g/cm3‬‬
‫)وﺑﺼﻮرة أدق ‪ (13.5951g/cm3‬وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪.(1 g/cm3‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﺗﻌﺎدل )‪ (13.6‬ﺿﻌﻒ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (H2O‬وھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﮫ ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﻛﺘﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ واﻟﻤﺎء‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜ ﻮن ‪ 13.6‬ﻣ ﺮة أﻛﺒ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ﺣﺠ ﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m H2O = mHg‬‬
‫‪( d .V )H O = ( d.V )Hg‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪(1 g cm ) V‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪H2O‬‬ ‫‪= (13.6 g cm-3 ) VHg‬‬
‫‪ 13.6 g cm-3 ‬‬
‫‪VH2O = ‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪ VHg‬‬
‫‪ 1 g cm ‬‬
‫‪VH2O = 13.6 VHg‬‬
‫وﺑﻤﺎ أﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﺎرن أﻋﻤﺪة ﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜﻮن )‪ (13.6‬ﻣﺮة أﻃ ﻮل‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ )‪ (Hg‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻞ )‪ (13.6‬ﺿﻌﻒ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 mmHg ≈ 13.6 mmH 2O‬‬
‫‪ 13.6 mmH 2O ‬‬
‫‪1 atm ≈ 760 mmHg ‬‬ ‫‪ = 10336 mmH 2O = 10.336 m‬‬
‫‪ 1.00 mmHg ‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﺤﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﯾﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﻔﺮق ﻓﻲ ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﻮدي اﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺮق ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮭﻤﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(191‬‬
‫)‪(192‬‬
‫‪ d Hg ‬‬
‫‪Length of H 2O clumn = Length of Hg column × ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ d H 2O ‬‬
‫‪ 13.6 g/cm 3 ‬‬
‫‪Length of H 2O clumn = 76 cm × ‬‬ ‫‪3 ‬‬
‫‪= 1030 cm‬‬
‫‪ 1.0 g/cm ‬‬
‫‪Length of H 2O clumn = 10.3 m‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ )‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻛﻠﻤ ﺎ زادت ﻛﺜﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺴﻨﻮد ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻮد ﺑﻮاﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺿ ﻐﻂ ﺧ ﺎرﺟﻲ ﻣ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘ ﺺ‬
‫ﻃﻮل ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل )‪ (٦‬اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺄن ھﻨﺎك ﺣ ﺪوداً ﻟﻌﻤ ﻖ اﻵﺑ ﺎر اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﯿﮭ ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺨﺎت ﺷﻔﻂ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﮭﻮاء داﺧﻞ أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺒﮭﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ھ ﻮ اﻟ ﺬي ﯾ ﺴﺤﺐ اﻷﻣ ﺮ اﻟ ﺬي‬
‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‪ .‬ﺑﻤ ﺎ أن ھ ﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿ ﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤ ﺪ ﻛﻠﯿ ﺎً‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﻓﺈﻧ ﮫ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺮاج أي ﻣﯿ ﺎه ﻣ ﻦ ﻋﻤ ﻖ أﻛﺜ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ )‪(10.3 m‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‪ .‬وﺣﯿﻨﺌﺬ ﯾﺠ ﺐ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﻠﻤﺒ ﺎت ذات اﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛ ﺎت ﻻﺳ ﺘﺨﺮاج أي‬
‫ﻣﯿﺎه ﻣﻦ أﻋﻤﺎق أﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(192‬‬
‫)‪(193‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺿﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬

‫"ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ"‬
‫‪Measuring Pressures of Trapped Gases‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﮭﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻏﺎز ﻣ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﻧﻈ ﺎم ﻣﻐﻠ ﻖ ﺗﻨ ﺘﺞ ﻓﯿ ﮫ‬
‫ﻏﺎزات ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻣﺜﻼً‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻐ ﺎز داﺧ ﻞ ھ ﺬا اﻟﻨﻈ ﺎم‬
‫ﯾﻘﺎس ﺑﺠﮭﺎز ﯾﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ )‪.(Manometer‬‬
‫وھﻨﺎك ﻧﻮﻋﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮع ﻣﻔﺘﻮح اﻟﻄﺮف ‪ ،‬وﻧﻮع ﻣﻐﻠﻖ اﻟﻄﺮف‪.‬‬
‫ﺃ( ﺍﳌﺎﻧﻮﻣﱰ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺟﮭﺎز ﻟﻘﯿﺎس ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻞ وﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ أﻧﺒﻮب زﺟﺎﺟﻲ ﺷﺒﮫ ﻣﻤﻠﻮء ﺑﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮف )‪ (U-tube‬ﻣﻔﺘﻮح ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮف واﺣﺪ )ذراع ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺠﻮي( )اﻷﺷﻜﺎل ‪ ١٥‬إﻟﻰ ‪ .(١٧‬وﻣﻮﺻﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﻘﺎرورة‬
‫زﺟﺎﺟﯿﺔ )وﻋﺎء اﻟﻐﺎز‪ -‬اﻟﻨﻈﺎم( ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺼﻠﮭﺎ وﻣﻠﺆھﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺮاد ﻗﯿﺎس ﺿﻐﻄﮫ ﺛﻢ‬
‫وﺻﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى ﺑﺎﻷﻧﺒﻮب وﻏﻠﻘﮭﺎ ﺑﺼﻤﺎم ﯾﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤﺎ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﯿﮫ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺢ واﻹﻏﻼق‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم )‪ (Pgas‬ﯾﺘﻢ ﺑﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻄﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳ ﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻓ ﻲ ﻛ ﻼ اﻟ ﺬراﻋﯿﻦ ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌ ﻲ )‪ (h0‬واﻟ ﺬي ﺗ ﻢ اﺧﺘﯿ ﺎره ﻋﻠ ﻰ أﻧ ﮫ ارﺗﻔ ﺎع‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤ ﻮد اﻷﻗ ﺼﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻤ ﺎرس ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻮد اﻷﯾ ﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫(‬
‫ﺗﻜ ﻮن ‪ Pgas > Patm‬ھ ﻮ ﺑﺒ ﺴﺎﻃﺔ )‪ ،(Pgas‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤ ﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻧﻔ ﺲ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻮى ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺬراع‬ ‫)‬
‫اﻟﯿﻤﻨﻰ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠ ﻮي )‪ (Patm‬زاﺋ ﺪاً اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻤ ﺎرس ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻲ )‪.(PHg‬‬
‫• ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز)‪ (Pgas‬ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺎً ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي)‪ (Patm‬ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬
‫اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺎً )‪ (Pgas = Patm‬أي أن ) ‪) ( ∆h = 0‬ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫‪ ١٥‬أ( ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(193‬‬
‫)‪(194‬‬
‫‪Pgas = Patm + PHg‬‬

‫‪Pgas = Patm + ∆h‬‬
‫‪Pgas = 76 cmHg + 0‬‬
‫‪Pgas = 76 cmHg‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎً ﻋﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﻓﺈن ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿﻦ‬
‫ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎً‪ .‬واﻟﻔﺮق ﻓﻲ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ) ‪ ( ∆h = h1 - h 2‬ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‪.‬‬
‫• ﻓ ﺈذا ﻛ ﺎن ﺿ ﻐﻂ اﻟﻐ ﺎز )‪ (Pgas‬أﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠ ﻮي)‪ (Patm‬ﻓ ﺈن اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺬراع اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح ﻟﻠﮭ ﻮاء اﻟﺠ ﻮي ﯾﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﺴﺘﻮاه أﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺬراع اﻷﺧ ﺮى اﻟﻤﺘ ﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻐ ﺎز ) ‪) ( Pgas > Patm‬ﺷ ﻜﻞ ‪ ١٦‬ب(‪) .‬ﻓ ﺴﯿﺠﺒﺮ اﻟﺰﺋﺒ ﻖ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺬراع اﻟﯿ ﺴﺮى ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫اﻹﺗﺠﺎه إﻟﻰ أﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎً ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺬراع اﻟﯿﻤﻨ ﻰ )ﺷ ﻜﻞ ‪ ١٦‬ب( وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﻔﺮق ﻓﻲ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿﻦ ) ‪ ( ∆h = h1 - h 2‬ﯾﻀﺎف إﻟﻰ ﻗﯿﻤ ﺔ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮي ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫‪Pgas = Patm + PHg‬‬
‫‪Pgas = Patm + ∆h‬‬
‫‪Pgas = 76 cmHg + ∆h‬‬
‫وﯾﻘ ﺎس اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠ ﻮي )‪ (Patm‬ﺑﺎﻟﺒ ﺎروﻣﺘﺮ‪ .‬أﻣ ﺎ )‪ (PHg‬ﻓﮭ ﻮ ﻋﺒ ﺎرة ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﻔ ﺮق ﺑ ﯿﻦ‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻤﻮدي اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ) ‪. ( Δh‬‬
‫• أﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ (Pgas‬أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي )‪ (Patm‬ﻓﺈن ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ )اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ( ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬراع اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﻜﻮن أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮاه ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬراع‬
‫اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺠﻮي ‪) ( Pgas < Patm ) :‬ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ١٦‬ج( ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻄﺮح‬
‫ھﺬا اﻟﻔﺮق ﻓﻲ اﻹرﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻦ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫)‪(194‬‬
(195)
Pgas = Patm - PHg

Pgas = Patm - ∆h
Pgas = 76 cmHg - ∆h
‫ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺣ ﺴﺎب ﺿ ﻐﻂ اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺠﮭ ﺎز ﻋ ﻦ ﻃﺮﯾ ﻖ‬Patm ‫ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬Pgas ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن‬
.‫ﻃﺮح اﻟﻔﺎرق ﺑﯿﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‬
Fig. 15 : Open-end manometers for measuring pressure in a gas-filled

bulb.
In (a), the pressure in the bulb is lower than atmospheric, so the mercury
level is higher, in the arm open to the bulb (gas pressure is less than
atmospheric pressure)
in (b), the pressure in the bulb is higher than atmospheric, so the mercury
level is higher in the arm open to the atmosphere (gas pressure is greater
than atmospheric pressure).
(195)
(196)
١٦ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
(196)
(197)
Fig. 17 :
b) The two-arm mercury barometer is called a manometer. In this sample,
the pressure of the gas inside the flask is greater than the external
atmospheric pressure. At the level of the lower mercury surface, the total
pressure on the mercury in the left arm must equal the total pressure on
the mercury in the right arm. The pressure exerted by the gas is equal to
the external pressure plus the pressure exerted by the mercury column of
height h mm, or Pgas (in torr) = Patm (in torr) + h torr.
c) When the gas pressure measured by the manometer is less than the
external atmospheric pressure, the pressure exerted by the atmosphere is
equal to the gas pressure plus the pressure exerted by the mercury
column, or Patm = Pgas + h. We can rearrange this to write Pgas (in torr) =
Patm (in torr) – h (torr).
(197)
‫)‪(198‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﻧﻮﻣﱰ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬

‫‪Closed- End Manometer‬‬
‫ﯾﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﺎدة‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻐﺎزات )ﻋﺎدة أﻗ ﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي(‪ .‬وﯾﺘﺄﻟﻒ ھ ﺬا اﻟﻤ ﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣ ﻦ أﻧﺒ ﻮب ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺷ ﻜﻞ ﺣ ﺮف )‪(U‬‬
‫إﺣﺪى ذراﻋﯿﮫ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ واﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﮭﺎز ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٨‬‬
‫• وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﮭﺎز ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺎً ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي )‪ (Patm‬ﯾﻜﻮن‬

‫اﻟﺬراع اﻷﯾﻤﻦ ﻣﻤﺘﻠﺌﺎً ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺬراع اﻷﯾﺴﺮ ﻣﻤﺘﻠﺌﺎً ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺎً ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫• وإذا اﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﮭﺎز ﻓﺴﯿﺰداد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬراع اﻷﯾﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻘﺼﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬراع اﻷﯾﻤﻦ‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎرس ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺬراع اﻟﯿﺴﺮى ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ Pgas‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺬراع اﻟﯿﻤﻨﻰ ھﻮ‬
‫‪) PHg‬اﻟﺤﯿﺰ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﺮاغ(‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدان ﺛﺎﺑﺘﯿﻦ‪، Pgas = PHg ،‬‬
‫ﯾﺘﻢ إﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرس ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻔﺎرق ﻓﻲ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ ذراﻋﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(198‬‬
(199)
١٨ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
(199)
‫)‪(200‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Experimental Method‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫‪The Behaviour of Gases Under Ordinary Conditions‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ)‪ (Ideal Gas‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ )‪(Real Gas‬‬
‫ھﻨﺎك ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﺎن ھﺎﻣﺎن ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ھﻤﺎ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ )‪:(Ideal Gas‬‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز )ﻻ ﯾﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ( ﯾﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬وﻟﻘﺪ اﻓﺘﺮض ﻓﯿﮫ أن ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮫ وﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ ﻛﻤﯿﺎت ﻣﮭﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ )‪:(Real Gas‬‬
‫ھﻮ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻌﻼً ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ )ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ(‪ ،‬وﯾﺘﺒﻊ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ودرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﮫ ﯾﺒﺪأ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﯿﻮد ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ودرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(200‬‬
‫)‪(201‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫‪The Gas Law‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺧﻼﺻﺎت ﻣﻔﯿﺪة ﺟﺪاً ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﺪد ﻻ ﯾﺤﺼﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫أﺟﺮﯾﺖ ﺧﻼل ﻗﺮون ﻋﺪﯾﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‪ .‬وﻟﻘﺪ ﻟﻌﺒﺖ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ‬
‫دوراً ﺑﺎرزاً ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮر أﻓﻜﺎر ﻋﺪﯾﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺷﺮح اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ وﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ‬
‫رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ ﻣﺒﺴﻄﺔ ﻋﺪﯾﺪة‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﻨﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺠﺎرب ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻤﺮﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ وﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ھﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺳﻨﺠﺪ أن ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ أﺳﺎﺳﺎً ﯾﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺨﻮاص‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﮭﺮﯾﺔ واﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫أول اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻋﻤﻠﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻷﯾﺮﻟﻨﺪي‬
‫روﺑﺮت ﺑﻮﯾﻞ )‪ (Anglo-Irish Scientist Robert Boyle‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﯿﻼدي‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﻌﺪ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮن ﻻ ﺣﻖ‪ ،‬اھﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﺎن ﻓﺮﻧﺴﯿﺎن ھﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ وﻏﺎي ﻟﻮﺳﺎك‬
‫)‪ (Jacques Charles and Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac‬ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ رﯾﺎﺿﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﺎد )‪ .(Ballooning‬وﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ أداءھﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺳﺎ ﻛﯿﻒ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز وﺣﺠﻤﮫ وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ‪ ،‬وأﺛﻨﺎء ذﻟﻚ اﻛﺘﺸﻔﺎ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻏﺎزات إﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻘﺪ وﺟﺪ أن ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻓﻲ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ وﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﺮﺑﻂ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ (V‬ودرﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (T‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ .(P‬وﯾﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي ﯾﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫أو اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬وﺗﻄﺒﻖ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ أي ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬
‫ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺤﺮارة أو اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬وﯾﺸﺬ ﻋﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ﻏﺎز )‪ (NO2‬اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﯾﺘﺤﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﮫ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﻤﺎ ﻟﯿﻜﻮن ‪ N2O4‬ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻮط أو ﺧﻔﺾ‬
‫درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫)‪(201‬‬
‫)‪(202‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺍﳊﺠﻢ ‪ -‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫)‪P-V Relationship: Boyle's Law (1662‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫‪The Dependence of the Volume of a Gas on Pressure : Boyle’s Law‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻟﻺﻧﻀﻐﺎط )اﻹﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﯿﺔ( اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺔ ﻣﻤﯿﺰة ﻟﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻜﻮن ھﺬا اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﻣﺠﻤﻼً ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ )‪ .(1662‬ﻓﻔﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷﺧﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻤﯿﻼدي‪ ،‬أﺟﺮى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﺎن اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺎن )اﻷﯾﺮﻟﻨﺪي روﺑﺮت ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ‪Irish‬‬
‫‪١٦٩١ – ١٦٢٧) Scientist Robert Boyle‬م( وزﻣﯿﻠﮫ روﺑﺮت ھﻮك ‪Robert‬‬
‫)‪ ١٧١٣ – ١٦٣٥‬م ( ﻋﺪة ﺗﺠﺎرب ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ھﻮاﺋﯿﺔ أدت ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪Hook‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ .‬وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﻟﺒﻮﯾﻞ‬
‫وﺻﺪﯾﻘﮫ ھﻮك أول اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻘﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻮﯾﻞ أﻧﺒﻮﺑﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮف )‪ (J‬ﺑﮫ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮر‬
‫)اﻷﺷﻜﺎل ‪ ،(٢٣ -١٩‬وﻗﺎم ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻄﺮف‬
‫اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح ﻟﻸﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ )اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺒﻮب ‪ -‬اﻟﻄﺮف اﻷﻃﻮل( ﻹزاﺣﺔ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ )ﺣﺠﺰ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﺪودة ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء( ﻓﻘﺎم اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز ﻟﯿﺼﺒﺢ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ذا ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺿﺎﻋﻒ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ )أي ﺿﺎﻋﻒ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ( ﻗﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮر ﻗﻞ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﺼﻒ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(202‬‬
(203)
Fig. 19 : A apparatus for studying the relationship between pressure

and volume of a gas.
In (a) the pressure of the gas is equal to the atmospheric pressure. The
pressure exerted on the gas increases from (a) to (d) as mercury is added,
and the volume of the gas decrease, as predicted by Boyle's law. The
extra pressure exerted on the gas is shown by the difference in the
mercury levels (h mm Hg). The temperature of the gas is kept constant.
(203)
(204)
٢٠ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
(204)
(205)
Fig. 21 : Boyle's law. Boyle's experiment showing the compressibility of

gases
(205)
‫)‪(206‬‬
‫‪Fig. 22 : A representation of Boyle's experiment. A sample of air is‬‬

‫‪trapped in a tube in such a way that the pressure on the air can be changed‬‬
‫‪and the volume of the air measured. Patm is the atmospheric pressure,‬‬
‫‪measured with a barometer . P 1 = h1 + Patm‬‬
‫وﯾﻈﮭﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ١٩‬أ( ﺑﺄن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ وﺟﻮد اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮي‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ١٩‬ب‪١٩ ،‬ج ‪ ١٩ ،‬د( ﻓﯿﻈﮭﺮ اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ وﻋﺪم ﺗﺴﺎوي اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﯿﻦ اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﮭﻤﺎ ﻧﻘﺼﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ .‬وﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻧﺠﺪ أﻧﮫ إذا ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺰﯾﺪ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﯿﺎس ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻤﺤﺠﻮز اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﯿﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻄﺮف اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح‪.‬‬
‫)‪(206‬‬
‫)‪(207‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻔﯿﺔ ﯾﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺰداد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﮭﻮاء‬
‫ﯾﻨﻘﺺ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ‪ .‬وﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺮء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ھﻨﺎك ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪ P‬واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ‪V‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (١٠‬ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ أن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ﻓﺈذا‬
‫ﺿﻮﻋﻒ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﺘﺒﯿﻦ أن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‪ ،‬وﻟﻘﺪ‬
‫أوﺿﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪة اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ أن ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ أن ﺗﻈﻞ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ اﺗﻀﺢ أن ﻛﺜﯿﺮاً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات – ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﮭﻮاء – ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ھﺬا‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻮك‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ١٠‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ "ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ"‬

‫)‪PV (mmHg. L‬‬ ‫)‪V(L‬‬ ‫)‪P(mm. Hg‬‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ x (mm Hg‬اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪(L‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪V (L‬‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي )‪P (mmHg‬‬
‫‪1.09 × 103‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪724‬‬
‫‪1.16 × 103‬‬ ‫‪1.33‬‬ ‫‪869‬‬
‫‪1.16 × 103‬‬ ‫‪1.22‬‬ ‫‪951‬‬
‫‪1.2 × 103‬‬ ‫‪0.94‬‬ ‫‪1230‬‬
‫‪1.2 × 103‬‬ ‫‪0.61‬‬ ‫‪1893‬‬
‫‪1.1 × 103‬‬ ‫‪0.51‬‬ ‫‪2250‬‬
‫وﯾﺒﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻼن )‪ (٢٤ ،٢٣‬ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻜﺒﺲ ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‪.‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺰداد اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻀﻌﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬ﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻀﻌﻒ‪ ،‬وﯾﻨﻜﻤﺶ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻰ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(207‬‬
(208)
Fig. 23 : Boyle's law: As volume decreases, gas molecules become more

crowded, which causes the pressure to increase. Pressure and volume are
inversely related
Fig. 24 : Boyle's law.

At constant n and T, the volume of an ideal gas decreases proportionately
as its pressure increases. If the pressure is doubled, the volume is halved.
If the pressure is halved, the volume is doubled.
(208)
(209)
Fig. 25 : A demonstration of Boyle's Law. Temperature is constant.
Fig. 26 :
a) As we have seen, the pressure of a gas arises from the impacts of its
molecules on the walls of the container.
b) When the volume of a sample is decreased, there are more molecules
in a given volume, so there are more collisions with the walls. Because
the total impact on the walls is now greater, so is the pressure. In other
words, decreasing the volume occupied by a gas without changing its
temperature increases its pressure.
(209)
‫)‪(210‬‬
‫وأي ﺷﺨﺺ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﺎخ درﺟﺎت ھﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ دراﯾﺔ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ وﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﺑﻘﻮة اﻟﻰ أﺳﻔﻞ‪ ،‬ﯾﻨﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫أﺻﻐﺮ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﯾﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺿﻐﻄﮫ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ (٢٧‬وإذا ﺳﻤﺤﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮط ﺑﺎﻹﻧﻄﻼق‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﮫ ﻣﺜﻼً ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺦ إﻃﺎر‪.‬‬
‫‪Fig. 27 : Compression of gases‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﯿﺔ ﺑﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺼﺎغ رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎً ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Vα‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪V = K ‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪PV = K‬‬
‫)‪(210‬‬
‫)‪(211‬‬
‫أي أن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (PV‬ھﻮ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ )‪ (K‬وأن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (T‬وﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز)ﻛﻤﯿﺘﮫ ‪ (n‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز )ﻧﻮﻋﮫ(‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (PV = K‬ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة وﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺘﻐﯿﺮ إذا ﺗﻐﯿﺮ أﺣﺪھﻤﺎ أو ﻛﻼھﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (K‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي‬
‫ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ )‪ (n‬وﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ ،(T‬وإﻻ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﺮت ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮھﻤﺎ‬
‫أو ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ أﺣﺪھﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﺎ دام ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎً )أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ أو ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺎً ﻟـ ‪ ١٠‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮي ‪( 10 atm‬‬
‫ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ )أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ أو ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪ (200 °K‬ﻓﺈن ‪ PV‬ﯾﺒﻘﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﯿﮭﺎ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ "اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ذات درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ أو اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻷﯾﺴﻮﺛﯿﺮﻣﯿﺔ " ‪.Isothermal Process‬‬
‫وﻟﮭﺬا وﺿﻊ ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﻋﺎم ‪١٦٦٢‬م ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮫ اﻟﺸﮭﯿﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﺬي‬
‫ﯾﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎً ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻄﮫ "‬
‫وﺗﻌﺮض ﻋﺎدة ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ إﺛﺒﺎت ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮫ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﺎﻧﯿﺎً ﺑﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ .‬وﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﺨﺮوﻃﻲ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﺜﺎﻻً ﻷﯾﺴﻮﺛﯿﺮم‪.‬‬
‫)‪(211‬‬
(212)
‫ اﻟﻌﻼﻗ ﺔ اﻟﻌﻜ ﺴﯿﺔ ﺑ ﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ واﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﻟ ﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻜﻤﯿ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻐ ﺎز وﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻧﻔ ﺲ درﺟ ﺔ‬: ٢٨‫ﺷ ﻜﻞ‬
. ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
Fig. 29 : Graphs showing variation of the volume of a gas with the

pressure exerted on the gas, at constant temperature. (a) P versus V. Note
that the volume of the gas doubles as the pressure is halved. (b) P versus
1/V
(212)
(213)
Fig. 30 : Boyle's law summarizes the effect of pressure on the volume of

a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature.
Fig. 31 : When the pressure is plotted against 1/volume, a straight line is

obtained. For real gases, Boyle's law breaks down at high pressures
beyond the scope of this graph, and a straight line is not obtained in these
regions.
(213)
(214)
‫( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺼﺎدات‬V) ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺴﯿﻨﺎت واﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ 1

  ‫وﻋﻨﺪ رﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
P
: ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
1
V = K 
P
K ‫( واﻟﺬي ﻣﯿﻠﮫ ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬٣٢) ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
٣٢ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
Fig. 33 : Graphical illustration of Boyle's law.

a) Volume V versus pressure P. This curve shows the inverse proportionality between
volume and pressure. As pressure, volume decreases. b) V versus 1/P. A linear plot
results.
(214)
(215)
Fig. 34 : Boyle's law.

(a) A plot of V versus P for a gas sample is a hyperbola, but (b) a plot of V versus 1/P
is a straight line. Such a straight-line graph is characteristic of equations having the
form y = m x + b (where b = o) (V = k(1/P) + 0) or PV = k
Fig. 35 : Measured values of P and V are presented in the first two columns, on an
arbitrary scale. (b, c) Graphical representations of Boyle's Law, using the data of
part (a). (b) V versus P. (c) V versus 1/P
‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ أﯾﺰوﺛﯿﺮﻣﯿﺔ )ﺛﺒﻮت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة( ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮوط أوﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫( اﻟﻰ ﺷﺮوط ﻧﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ )ﺣﺎﻟﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻟﮭﺎ‬P1, V1) ‫)ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﺑﺎﻟﻘﯿﻤﺘﯿﻦ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬
‫( ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬P × V) ‫( وﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﺜﺒﺎت ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب‬P2, V2) (‫ﻗﯿﻤﺘﺎن ﺟﺪﯾﺪﺗﺎن‬
: ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮرة ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺆول ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻰ‬
P1V1 = P2 V2
‫وﺑﻤﺎ أن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺴﺎوي ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﯾﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر‬P) ‫( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺼﺎدات و‬PV) ‫ﻟﺬا ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ رﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
(215)
‫)‪(216‬‬
‫اﻟﺴﯿﻨﺎت ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺨﻂ أﻓﻘﯿﺎً ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎً‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٣٦‬وھﺬا اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﻲ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺿﻮح ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﺒﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪ ،‬واﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي ﯾﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﯾﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ )‪ (Ideal Gas‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﻓﻜﺮة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ھﺬه ھﻲ ﻓﻜﺮة ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ ﺑﺤﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺘﺼﺮف ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ )اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ( ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً )ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً( ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻮاﺟﮭﮭﺎ ﻋﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ)ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط ودرﺟﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ( ‪ ،‬واﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻏﻠﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺗﻨﺎ‪ ،‬أي أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‬
‫واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪(PV = K‬‬
‫واﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﯿﺪ ﻋﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن )اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ( ﻻ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺧﻄﺎً ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎً‪.‬‬
‫)‪(216‬‬
‫)‪(217‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ٣٦‬رﺳﻢ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﻲ ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ وﺟﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﺎن رﯾﻜﻨﻮﻟﺖ )‪ (Regnault‬وأﻣﻘﺎت )‪ (Amagat‬أن اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬

‫ﻟﯿﺲ أﻓﻘﯿﺎً أي أن اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻻ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﺧﻀﻮﻋﺎً ﺗﺎﻣﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ وأن اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫اﺳﻨﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮫ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ) ‪ ٣٦‬ج(‪.‬‬
‫)‪(217‬‬
‫)‪(218‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٣٧‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٣٧‬ﻓﺈن )اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻞ( ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ‪ P, V‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ H2,O2, N2 :‬ﻻﺗﺘﯿﻊ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺼﺮف اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺒﺄ‬
‫ﺑﮫ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً‬
‫وﺗﻄﯿﻊ )ﺗﺨﻀﻊ( اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬
‫ودرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ ﺗﺸﺬ ﻋﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬
‫ودرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻹﺧﺘﻼف ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‬
‫ﯾﻌﻮد إﻣﺎ اﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ أو اﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﮭﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺴﯿﯿﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫ﻓﻌﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻓﺈن أﺣﺠﺎم اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﺗﺘﻘﺎرب ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﻮم اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﻨﺼﺎع ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﯿﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺿﻐﻮﻃﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪.‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺟﺪاً‪ ،‬ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﺎس ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ أﻛﺒﺮ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ذاك اﻟﻤﻘﺪر ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻓﺈن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (PV‬ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻷﺧﺮى‪،‬‬
‫وﯾﺰداد ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺘﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ازدادت ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ أﻛﺜﺮ وأﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫)‪(218‬‬
‫)‪(219‬‬
‫• وﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﺎس أﻗﻞ )ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻮاﻗﻊ أن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب ‪ P × V‬ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬وﯾﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻘﺪاراً‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٣٨‬‬
‫وﯾﺒﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٣٨‬أن ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﺪار )‪ (P × V‬ھﻮ داﻟﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬وھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ھﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﯿﻞ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪول )‪.(١١‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ١١‬ﻣﻌﻄﯿﺎت )ﺿﻐﻂ – ﺣﺠﻢ( ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ )‪ (39.95 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻵرﺟﻮن‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪(°C‬‬ ‫)‪V (L‬‬ ‫)‪P (atm‬‬ ‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪2.000‬‬ ‫‪15.28‬‬ ‫‪30.560‬‬
‫‪100 °C‬‬ ‫‪1.000‬‬ ‫‪30.52‬‬ ‫‪30.520‬‬
‫‪0.500‬‬ ‫‪60.99‬‬ ‫‪30.500‬‬
‫‪0.333‬‬ ‫‪91.59‬‬ ‫‪30.530‬‬
‫‪2.000‬‬ ‫‪8.99‬‬ ‫‪17.980‬‬
‫‪- 50 °C‬‬ ‫‪1.000‬‬ ‫‪17.65‬‬ ‫‪17.650‬‬
‫‪0.500‬‬ ‫‪34.10‬‬ ‫‪17.050‬‬
‫‪0.333‬‬ ‫‪49.50‬‬ ‫‪16.500‬‬
‫ﻓﻔ ﻲ ﻛ ﻞ ھ ﺬه اﻟﺘﺠ ﺎرب ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﻛﻤﯿ ﺔ اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﺔ ﻋﻨ ﺪ )‪ ، (39.95 g‬وﺗﻜ ﻮن درﺟ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ إﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (100 °C‬أو )‪ .(- 50 °C‬وﯾﻘﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻜﻤﯿ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎة ﻣﻦ ﻏ ﺎز ﻣﺤﺘ ﻮاه ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﺠ ﻮم ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ‪ .‬وﻗ ﯿﻢ ﺣﺎﺻ ﻞ ﺿ ﺮب )‪ (PV‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻮد‬
‫اﻷﺧﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮب اﻟﻘﯿﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﻦ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ واﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﯾﺠ ﺐ‬
‫)‪(219‬‬
‫)‪(220‬‬
‫أن ﺗﻜﻮن وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪ ،‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻋﺎً اﻟ ﻰ ﺣ ﺪ ﺑﻌﯿ ﺪ‪ .‬وﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻻ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب )‪ (PV‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻨﮫ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﺎً ﻟﮫ ﻣﻐﺰى‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤ ﺎ ازداد اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿ ﺚ ﻻ ﯾﻜ ﻮن ﻗ ﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾ ﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻋ ﺎً‪ .‬وﺑﻌﺒ ﺎرة أﺧ ﺮى‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧ ﮫ ﻛﻠﻤ ﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺼﺖ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻵرﺟﻮن )‪ ، (Ar‬ﻓﺈن ﺳﻠﻮﻛﮫ ﯾﺤﯿﺪ ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻤ ﺼﻨﻒ ﻓ ﻲ ﻗ ﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ إدراك ﺣﻘﯿﻘ ﺔ أن اﻟﺤﯿ ﻮد ﻋ ﻦ ﻗ ﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾ ﻞ ﯾ ﺰداد ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺿ ﻐﻮط أﻋﻠ ﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﯿﻠﯿﻦ واﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪.(١٢‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ١٢‬ﻧﻮاﺗﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب ‪ PV‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﯿﺘﻠﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪P, atm‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪1.0‬‬ ‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫‪4.0‬‬ ‫‪8.0‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬ ‫‪1.0057‬‬ ‫‪1.0000‬‬ ‫‪0.9891‬‬ ‫‪0.9708‬‬ ‫‪0.9360‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺰداد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟ ﻰ اﻟ ﻀﻌﻒ ﻣ ﻦ )‪ (0.5‬اﻟ ﻰ )‪ (1.0 atm‬ﻓ ﺈن ﺣﺎﺻ ﻞ اﻟ ﻀﺮب‬

‫)‪ (PV‬ﻻ ﯾﺘﻐﯿ ﺮ ﺟﻮھﺮﯾ ﺎً‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﯿ ﺚ أﻧ ﮫ ﻓ ﻲ ھ ﺬا اﻟﻤ ﺪى ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن ﺳ ﻠﻮك ﻏ ﺎز‬
‫اﻷﺳﯿﺘﻠﯿﻦ ﯾﺘﺒﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﻘﻮل‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺰداد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻣﻦ‬
‫)‪ (4.0‬اﻟ ﻰ )‪ (8.0 atm‬ﻓ ﺈن ﺣﺎﺻ ﻞ اﻟ ﻀﺮب )‪ (PV‬ﯾ ﻨﻘﺺ ﺑ ﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣ ﻦ )‪ ، (3 %‬ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺪى ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﻻ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻋﺎً اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﯿﺪ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻷي‬
‫ﻏﺎز‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻛﻠﻤ ﺎ ﻛ ﺎن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ أدﻧ ﻰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤ ﺎ ﻛ ﺎن اﻹﻗﺘ ﺮاب ﻣ ﻦ ﺳ ﻠﻮك ﻗ ﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾ ﻞ أﺷ ﺪ‪.‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻋﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻘﺎل إن اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﻈﮭﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﺎً ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺎً‪.‬‬
‫)‪(220‬‬
‫)‪(221‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠‬‬
‫ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (4 L‬ﻣﻘﺪار )‪ (2 atm‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪(0 ºC‬‬
‫ﻓﻜﻢ ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة إذا وﺿﻌﺖ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪(2‬‬
‫)‪L‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ )‪(1‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ )‪(2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪2 atm‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪4L‬‬ ‫‪2L‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪constant‬‬ ‫‪constant‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪constant‬‬ ‫‪constant‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1V1 = P2 V2‬‬
‫‪V ‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1  1 ‬‬
‫‪ V2 ‬‬
‫‪4L ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 2 atm ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪2L ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 4 atm‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﮭﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﺼﯿﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﯾﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫أن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻹﻧﺎء ﻧﻘﺺ‬
‫)ﻣﻦ ‪ 4 L‬اﻟﻰ ‪ (2 L‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺳﯿﺰداد‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ )‪(P2‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻀﺮب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻷوﻟﻲ )‪ (P1‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﺴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﺰداد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻷوﻟﻲ‪،‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻆ أن ﻗﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻷوﻟﻲ )‪ (V1‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )‪ ، (V2‬ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬
‫أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺿﺮب ھﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻷوﻟﻲ )‪ (P1‬ﯾﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )‪: (P2‬‬
‫)‪(221‬‬
‫)‪(222‬‬
‫)‪P2 = P1 ( Ration of volume that increase in pressure‬‬

‫‪ V1 4‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪= = 2‬‬
‫‪ V2 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪V ‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1  1 ‬‬
‫‪ V2 ‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪P2 = 2 atm x   = 4 atm‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١‬‬
‫ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ 5 L‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻗﺪره ‪ 15 atm‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ھﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز إذا ﺻﺎر ﺿﻐﻄﮫ ‪ ، 3 atm‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1V1 = P2 V2‬‬
‫‪15 atm × 5 L = 3 atm × V2‬‬
‫‪15 atm × 5L‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬
‫‪3 atm‬‬
‫‪V2 = 25 L‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫واﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ اﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (V2‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ )‪ (V1‬ﺑﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫)ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ واﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ( أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﯾﻜﻮن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫= ‪(P2‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ إﻻ ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ )‪ (P1 = 15 atm‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫)‪ 3 atm‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(222‬‬
‫)‪(223‬‬
‫)‪V2 = V1 × (pressure ratio‬‬

‫‪P ‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1  1 ‬‬
‫‪ P2 ‬‬
‫‪ 15 atm ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 5 L ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 3 atm ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 25 L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢‬‬
‫‪ 2 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪ 760 mmHg‬ﻛﺘﻠﺘﮫ ‪) 1.42 g‬اﻓﺮض‬

‫ﻋﺪم ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة(‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪ g/L‬إذا زاد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻰ ‪8 atm‬‬
‫؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﺴﺆال ﻛﺎﻧﺖ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ھﻲ )‪ (mmHg‬ووﺣﺪة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ھﻲ )‪ ،(atm‬وﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ )‪ (P1‬واﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ )‪ (P2‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻻ ﺑﺪ وأن ﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺑﺪ أن ﺗﻜﻮن وﺣﺪة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ إﻣﺎ )‪ (atm‬أو )‪ ،(mmHg‬وﺑﺄﺧﺬ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة )‪ (atm‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺤﻮل اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ‪ 760 mmHg‬اﻟﻰ وﺣﺪة )‪ : (atm‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 atm = 760 mmHg‬‬
‫‪ 1atm‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪⇒ P1 = 760 mmHg × ‬‬ ‫‪ = 1 atm‬‬
‫‪ 760 mmHg ‬‬
‫وﻗﺒﻞ إﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﮫ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺪ أن ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ‬
‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )‪: (V2‬‬
‫‪P1V1 = P2 V2‬‬
‫‪1 atm × 2 L = 8 atm × V2‬‬
‫‪1 atm × 2 L‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬
‫‪8 atm‬‬
‫‪V2 = 0.25 L‬‬
‫)‪(223‬‬
‫)‪(224‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ )‪ (Pressure ratio‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪V2 = V1 × (pressure ratio‬‬
‫‪P ‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1  1 ‬‬
‫‪ P2 ‬‬
‫‪ 1 atm ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 2 L ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 8 atm ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 0.25 L‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (V2 = 0.25 L‬ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪d=  ‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪1.42 g‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪0.25 L‬‬
‫‪d = 5.68 g/L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣‬‬
‫اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ذات ﻣﻜﺒﺲ ﻣﺘﺤﺮك ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 540 cm3‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﯾﺴﺎوي‪ 63.3 kPa‬ﻓﺈذا ﺗﺤﺮك اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﺣﺘﻰ أﺻﺒﺢ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪325 cm3‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ داﺧﻞ اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1V1 = P2 V2‬‬
‫‪V ‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1  1 ‬‬
‫‪ V2 ‬‬
‫‪ 540cm3 ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 63.3 kPa ‬‬ ‫‪3 ‬‬
‫‪ 325cm ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 105.17 kPa‬‬
‫)‪(224‬‬
‫)‪(225‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪Volume – Temperature Relationship‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ )‪ – (1787‬ﺟﻲ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ )‪(1802‬‬
‫‪Charles' - Gay Lusac’s Law and the Absolute Temperature‬‬
‫ﻣﻀﻰ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮن زﻣﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻇﺮة ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ )ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ(‪ ،‬وھﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز)‪ (V‬ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ .(T‬وﯾﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻃﻮل ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺨﯿﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ إدراك ﻣﻔﮭﻮم درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة إذا ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮرن‬
‫ﺑﻤﻔﮭﻮم اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إدراك اﻟﻔﺮوق ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﺎرد واﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ إﻻ أن‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﻜﻤﻲ "ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة" ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺳﮭﻠﺔ اﻹﺑﺘﻜﺎر‪ .‬وﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻘﺒﯿﻞ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻗﯿﺎس درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫ﺗﻤﺪد ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ أﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ زﺟﺎﺟﯿﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺜﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻘﯿﺎس درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ اﺗﻔﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎرة أوروﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﯿﮫ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﺪ اﻟﻤﺎء ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻏﻠﯿﺎن اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ أﺗﺎح وﺟﻮد اﻟﺜﺮﻣﻮﻣﺘﺮات واﻹﺗﻔﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﺎس درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻆ أن ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﺗﺘﻤﺪد ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻨﮭﺎ ‪ ،‬وﯾﺘﻔﺎوت ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﺘﻤﺪد ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة‬
‫ﻷﺧﺮى‪ .‬وﯾﺘﻌﺮض اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺠﻮي وﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻷﺧﺮى ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻨﮭﺎ )ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ( ﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )ﺗﺘﻤﺪد ﺣﺮارﯾﺎً(‪ .‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎً ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺤﺒﺲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﻣﺰودة‬
‫ﺑﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻖ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٣٩‬وﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻓﻮق ﻗﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن‬
‫اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ .‬وﯾﻼﺣﻆ أﻧﮫ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺳﺨﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ‬
‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك ﻟﻠﺨﺎرج‪ ،‬وﯾﺰداد اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻘﺪ درس اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﺟ ﺎك اﻟﻜ ﺴﻨﺪر ﺗ ﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ‪Jacques Alexander‬‬
‫‪ Charles‬ﻋﺎم ‪١٧٨٧‬م ‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن راﺋﺪ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻮﻧ ﺎت ﻓ ﻲ ذﻟ ﻚ اﻟﻮﻗ ﺖ‪ ،‬وﻛ ﺬﻟﻚ درس ﻏ ﺎي‬
‫)‪(225‬‬
‫)‪(226‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﺳﺎك ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻔﺘ ﺮة‪ ،‬ﺗ ﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻐﯿ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺣﺠ ﻢ ﻛﻤﯿ ﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﺟﺪ أﻧﮫ إذا ﺗﻢ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺑﺤﯿﺚ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﺒﻘﻰ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً‪ ،‬ﯾﺘﻤﺪد اﻟﻐﺎز )ﯾﺰﯾﺪ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ( وأن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﻤ ﺪد ﻣ ﻊ زﯾ ﺎدة درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة ﻛ ﺎن ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﺎً‬
‫وﻛﺎن ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻐ ﺎزات اﻟﺘ ﻲ درﺳ ﮭﺎ ﻣ ﺎدام اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻘ ﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﺎً‪ .‬وھ ﺬا اﻻﻛﺘ ﺸﺎف ﻟ ﻢ‬
‫ﯾﻤﯿﺰ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ أﺟﺮى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﺎن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ‪ Charles‬وﺟﺎي ﻟﻮﺳﺎك ‪ Gay-Lussac‬دراﺳﺎت ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻧﺘﮭﺖ ﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف اﻵن ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﺣﯿﺚ أوﺿﺤﺖ‬
‫دراﺳﺘﮭﻤﺎ أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻢ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺘﻤﺪد ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ وﯾﻨﻜﻤﺶ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ‪ .‬وﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺘﻤﺪد أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ أو اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد اﻟﺤﺮاري اﻟﺬي ﺗﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﮫ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﯿﻤﻜﻦ إھﻤﺎﻟﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻷﺣﯿﺎن ﻷﻧﮫ ﯾﺴﺒﺐ زﯾﺎدة ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (١٣‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﻘﺎرن‬
‫اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ‪ 1 ml‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء واﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺌﻮي اﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ ‪ 100 °C‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮي‪.‬‬
‫‪Fig. 39 : A molecular interpretation of Charles Law – the change in volume of a gas‬‬

‫‪with changes in temperature ( at constant pressure). At the lower temperature,‬‬
‫‪molecules strike the walls less often and less vigorously. Thus, the volume must be‬‬
‫‪less to maintain the same pressure.‬‬
‫)‪(226‬‬
(227)
٤٠ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
Fig. 41 : Charles's law. At constant n and P, the volume of an ideal gas increases
proportionately as its absolute temperature increases. If the absolute temperature is
doubled, the volume is doubled. If the absolute temperature is halved, the volume is
halved.
Fig. 42 : Variation of the volume of a gas sample with temperature, at constant

pressure. The pressure exerted on the gas is the sum of the atmospheric pressure and
the pressure due to the weight of the mercury.
(227)
‫)‪(228‬‬
‫‪Fig. 43 : A demonstration of Charle's Law. Pressure is constant.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ١٣‬اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ واﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻨﮭﺎ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻠﻠﯿﺘﺮ )‪(ml‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ‪%‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻠﯿﺘﺮ ‪ml‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ‪100 °C‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ‪0 °C‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬
‫‪37 %‬‬ ‫‪0.37‬‬ ‫‪1.37‬‬ ‫‪1.00‬‬ ‫ھﻮاء‬
‫‪4%‬‬ ‫‪0.04‬‬ ‫‪1.04‬‬ ‫‪1.00‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬
‫‪3%‬‬ ‫‪0.03‬‬ ‫‪1.03‬‬ ‫‪1.00‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﯾﺪ‬
‫إن ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ (V‬ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (T‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ دراﺳﺘﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ‪١٧٨٧‬م‪ ،‬وﻃﻮرھﺎ )‪ (gay-Lussac‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪١٨٠٢‬م‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻨﺺ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ‬ ‫‪ 1 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﯾﺰداد )أو ﯾﻘﻞ( ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ أي ﻏﺎز ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫‪ 273.15 ‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ازدادت )أو ﻗﻠﺖ( درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻤﻘﺪار درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ واﺣﺪة"‪.‬‬
‫)‪(228‬‬
‫)‪(229‬‬
‫اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 1 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = Vo + ‬‬ ‫‪ t1Vo‬‬
‫‪ 273.15 ‬‬
‫‪ t1 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = Vo + ‬‬ ‫‪ Vo‬‬
‫‪ 273.15 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V t ‬‬
‫‪V1 =  Vo + o 1 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪273.15 ‬‬
‫‪273.15Vo Vo t1‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪273.15‬‬ ‫‪273.15‬‬
‫‪273.15Vo + Vo t1‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬
‫‪273.15‬‬
‫‪ 273.15 + t1 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = Vo ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪273‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪  t1  ‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪  273.15  Vo ‬‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻘﺪار‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪t1 ‬‬

‫‪V1 = Vo + ‬‬ ‫‪ Vo‬‬
‫‪ 273.15 ‬‬
‫ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )زﯾﺎدة ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬أو ﻧﻘﺼﺎً ﺑﻨﻘﺼﺎن‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة(‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1 ‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ 273.15 ‬‬ ‫وﯾﻌﺮف اﻟﻤﻘﺪار‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = Vo + ‬‬ ‫‪ t1Vo‬‬
‫‪ 273.15 ‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﺪد اﻟﺤﺮاري اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬

‫وﻗﺪ وﺟﺪ أن اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬واﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ)‪ (N2‬واﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم‬
‫)‪ (He‬واﻟﻨﺸﺎدر)‪ (NH3‬وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن )‪ (CO2‬وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ )‪(SO2‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ 1 ‬‬
‫‪ 273.15 ‬‬
‫واﻵرﺟﻮن )‪ (Ar‬ﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﺪد اﻟﺤﺮاري اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ أي‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)‪(229‬‬
(230)
‫( وﻧﮭﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺰء‬273.15) ‫( ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ‬273) ‫وﻟﻠﺘﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﺳﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬

.(0.15) ‫اﻟﻌﺸﺮي‬
: ‫واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
 273 + t1 
V1 = Vo  
 273 
‫( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر‬t) ‫( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺼﺎدات و‬V1) ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺮﺳﻢ‬
‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﯾﺰداد ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﻲ‬.‫اﻟﺴﯿﻨﺎت‬
(٤٩ – ٤٤ ‫ﻣﻊ ازدﯾﺎد درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )أﻧﻈﺮ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل‬
Fig. 44 : The extrapolation of data for a number of gases suggests that the
volume of all gases should become 0 at – 273 °C (T = 0 on the Kelvin
scale). All gases condense to liquids well before that temperature is
reached.
(230)
(231)
Fig. 45 : Charles's law. The volumes of two different samples of gases decrease with
decreasing temperature (at constant pressure and constant molar amount). These
graphs (as would those of all gases) intersect the temperature axis at about (- 273 °C).
Fig. 46 : When the temperature of a gas is increased and it is free to change its
volume at constant pressure (as depicted by the constant weight acting on the piston),
the volume increases. A graph of volume against temperature is a straight line.
(231)
(232)
٤٧ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
٤٨ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
(232)
‫)‪(233‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ٥٠‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٤٩‬‬
‫)‪(233‬‬
‫)‪(234‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻘﻊ اﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺧﻄﯿﺎً )‪ (linearly‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬وإذا ﺧﻔﻀﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ﻛﺎف‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺘﻜﺜﻒ‪ ،‬وﻻ‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﻧﻘﻂ ﺗﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ‪ .‬وإذا ﻣﺪ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‪ ،‬أو ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎل‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮ‬
‫درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة أدﻧﻰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﻄﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﺼﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻗﺪره‬
‫اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪ .‬ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺼﻞ ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره اﻟﺼﻔﺮ ھﻲ ‪(-‬‬
‫)‪ ، 273.15 °C‬ﺑﺼﺮف اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺠﺮي‬
‫)‪ (-273.15 °C‬ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ‪(0‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪه اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬واﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫)‪ K‬ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷن درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻷدﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺮادف ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ‬
‫إذا ﻛ ﺎن ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﻓ ﻲ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﺌ ﻮي )‪ ، (V0 = 273 cm3‬ﻓﺈﻧ ﮫ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺛﺒ ﺎت‬

‫ﻣ ﻦ ﺣﺠﻤ ﮫ ﻓ ﻲ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺼﻔﺮ إذا زادت درﺟ ﺔ‬ ‫‪ 1 ‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﯾ ﺰداد اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ ﺑﻮاﻗ ﻊ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ واﺣﺪة‪ ،‬أي ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪× 273 = 1cm3‬‬
‫‪273‬‬
‫ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ واﺣﺪة‪.‬‬

‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ )‪ (V1‬ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ t ‬‬
‫‪V1 = V0 + ‬‬ ‫‪ V0‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫‪ 1 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = 273 + ‬‬ ‫‪ × 273‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = 273 + 1 = 274 cm3‬‬
‫‪ 2 ‬‬ ‫وإذا زادت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة درﺟﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺘﯿﻦ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺗﻜ ﻮن‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ أي ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(234‬‬
‫)‪(235‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x 273 = 2 cm 3‬‬
‫‪273‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ )‪:(V1‬‬
‫‪ t ‬‬
‫‪V1 = V0 + ‬‬ ‫‪ V0‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫‪ 2 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = 273 + ‬‬ ‫‪ × 273‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = 273 + 2 = 275 cm 3‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ أن اﻧﺨﻔﺎض درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﺼﺎن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻘﺪار أي أن أي‬
‫‪ 1 ‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي ﻓﻌﻨﺪ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻓﺈن اﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪× 273 = 1cm3‬‬
‫‪273‬‬
‫واﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ )‪ (V1‬ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ t ‬‬
‫‪V1 = V0 - ‬‬ ‫‪ V0‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪273‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 1 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = 273 - ‬‬ ‫‪ × 273‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = 273 - 1 = 272 cm3‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤‬‬
‫س( ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ ‪ 150 ml‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي‪ .‬اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻨﮫ اﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ ‪ 25 °C‬ﻣﻊ ﺛﺒﻮت ﺿﻐﻄﮫ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫)‪(235‬‬
(236)
 t 
V1 = Vo +  1  Vo
 273 
 25 ο C 
V1 = 150 ml +  ο  × 150 ml
 273 C 
V1 = 163.74 ml
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮرة ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﺒﯿﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﻮط‬
‫ وﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ أن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ھﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺧﻂ‬.(٥٢ ،٥١) ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻠﯿﻦ‬
‫ وﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت‬، ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺒﮫ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬
isobar ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ وﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬
ً‫ ﯾ ﺼﻞ ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﻧﻈﺮﯾ ﺎ‬،‫وﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺘﻢ إﺳﺎﻟﺘﮫ وﺗﺠﻤﺪه ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟ ﻰ‬،‫اﻟﻰ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ‬
.‫اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ‬
‫ﻓﺒﺎﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت ﺧﻂ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ – درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺘﻘﺮاء ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ‬
.(٥٢ ،٥١) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻠﯿﻦ‬
Fig. 51 : Variation of the volume of a gas sample with temperature, at constant

pressure. Each line represents the variation at a certain pressure. The pressure increase
from P1 to P4. All gases ultimately condensed (become liquids) if they are cooled to
sufficiently low temperatures; the solid portions of the lines represent the temperature
region above the condensation point. When these lines are extrapolated, or extended (the
dashed portions), they all intersect at the point representing zero volume and temperature
of (- 273.15 °C).
(236)
(237)
Fig. 52 : An experiment showing that the volume of an ideal gas increases as the
temperature is increased at constant pressure.
a) A mercury plug of constant weight, plus atmospheric pressure, maintains a constant
pressure on the trapped air.
b) Some representative volume-temperature data at constant pressure. The relationship
becomes clear when t (C) is converted to T (K) by adding 273.
c) A graph in which volume is plotted versus temperature on two different scales. Lines
A, B, and C represent the same mass of the same ideal gas at different pressures. Line A
represents the data tabulated in part (b). Graph D shows the behaviour of a gas that
condenses to form a liquid (in this case, at 50 C) as it is cooled. The volume does not
really drop to zero when the gas forms a liquid, but it does become much smaller than the
gaseous volume.
‫ﻧﺮى ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ أن اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻮ‬
.(-273.15 °C) ‫اﻣﺘﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺘﮫ ﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺧﻂ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
!‫واﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺖ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ أن ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺼﺮف ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﯾﻼﺣﻆ ﻓﻲ أي ﻏﺎز‬
(V ‫وﺗﻤﺜﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﯾ ﺴﺎوي اﻟ ﺼﻔﺮ‬
‫ وﺑﻤ ﺎ أن اﻟﺤﺠ ﻮم‬،‫ = إذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻜﺜﻒ أو ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﮭﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة أﻗﻞ‬0)
‫ ﻓﯿﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻤﺜ ﻞ أﻗ ﻞ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة ﻣﻤﻜﻨ ﺔ وﺗ ﺪﻋﻰ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺼﻔﺮ‬،‫اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ‬
.(Absolute Zero) ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻔﺘﺮض أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺴﺎوي ﺻﻔﺮاً )ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ھﺬا ﻻ ﯾﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﺣﯿﺚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﯿﻞ وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬
‫ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن‬،(‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻄﯿﻤﮭﺎ أو ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻘﮭﺎ‬
(237)
‫)‪(238‬‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺘﻢ إﺳﺎﻟﺘﮭﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ذﻟﻚ وأﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎً ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ )ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎز ‪(CO2‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ – ﺟﻲ ﻟﻮﺳﺎك ﻷﻧﮫ ﻟﻢ ﯾﻌﺪ ﻏﺎزاً‪.‬‬
‫أﯾﻀﺎً درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (- 273 ºC‬ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎً‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ أﻗﻞ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫ھﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم )‪ (He‬اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ وھﻲ ﺗﺼﻞ اﻟﻰ )‪.(-269 °C‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﺿﻮء ھﺬا اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ) ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت ﯾﺤﺪث اﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ V = 0‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪ (- 273.15 °C‬ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺴﺐ ﻗﯿﺎس درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻦ‬
‫ھﺬه اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ أي ﻣﻦ )‪ (t = - 273 °C‬ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي‬
‫)‪ (Celsuis Scale‬اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎد‪.‬‬
‫اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﺎء ھ ﺬا اﻟ ﺴﻠﻮك ﻟﻠﻐ ﺎزات ﻛﺄﺳ ﺎس ﻟﻤﻘﯿ ﺎس ﺣ ﺮارة ﺟﺪﯾ ﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﯿ ﺎس اﻟﺤ ﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘ ﺔ "ﻣﻘﯿ ﺎس‬
‫ﻛ ﯿﻠﻔﻦ"‪ .‬ﺣﯿ ﺚ ﻻ ﺣ ﻆ اﻟﻠ ﻮرد ﻛ ﯿﻠﻔﻦ)‪ ، (1848‬ﻓﯿﺰﯾ ﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺮﯾﻄ ﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬أﻧ ﮫ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻣ ﺪ ﺧﻄ ﻮط ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺠ ﻢ‬
‫واﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻮد اﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ‪) zero‬اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻌﺔ( ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‪ .‬وھﺬا اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ھ ﻮ ‪(-273.15‬‬
‫)‪ .ºC‬وﺣ ﺪد ﻛ ﯿﻠﻔﻦ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة )‪ (- 273.15 K‬ﻋﻠ ﻰ أﻧﮭ ﺎ أﻗ ﻞ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺑﻠﻮﻏﮭ ﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﯾ ﺎً‬
‫وﺳﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ‪ .‬واﺗﺨﺬ ﻛﯿﻠﻔﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻛﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﯿﺎﺳ ﮫ اﻟ ﺬي ﯾ ﺴﺎوي ﺗﺪرﯾﺠ ﮫ )واﺣ ﺪ‬
‫ﻛﯿﻠﻔﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺪار واﺣﺪ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾ ﺔ(‪ .‬وﻣﻘﯿ ﺎس درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘ ﺔ ﻟ ﯿﺲ ﻟ ﮫ ﻋﻼﻣ ﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟ ﺔ ﻛﻤ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺞ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي )‪ . (°C‬وﺗﻜﺮﯾﻤﺎً ﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻠﻮرد ﻛﯿﻠﻔﻦ ﺳ ﻤﻲ ھ ﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﯿ ﺎس اﻟﺤ ﺮاري ﺑﻤﻘﯿ ﺎس درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة‬
‫ﻛﯿﻠﻔﻦ‪.‬‬
‫وإذا أﺑﻘﯿﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻤﺪى اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺌﻮي واﻛﺘﻔﯿﻨﺎ ﺑﺈزاﺣﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ﻛﻠﻔﻦ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫)‪(Absolute Kelvin Temperature Scale‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫وﺗﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺞ ‪ T‬ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺌﻮي )‪ (t‬ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪T = t + 273.15‬‬
‫وﯾﺮﻣﺰ ﻋﺎدة ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺞ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻛﻠﻔﻦ )‪ (K‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻮرد ﻛﻠﻔﻦ اﻟﺬي اﻗﺘﺮح ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﯿﺎس ﺑﻌﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ )‪.(1848‬‬
‫وﺑﺈدﺧﺎل ﺗﺪرﯾﺞ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺞ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي‬
‫)‪(238‬‬
‫)‪(239‬‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪ (V‬ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (T‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﻂ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ )‪(PV‬‬
‫ﻟﺒﻮﯾﻞ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎل اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻠﯿﻦ )‪.(٥٢ ،٥١‬‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (T = 0‬ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪VαT‬‬
‫‪V= KT‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫‪=K‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺮف ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺎي ﻟﻮﺳﺎك اﻟﺬي ﻃﻮرھﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻲ أﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎً ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﻷﻧﮫ ھﻮ اﻟﺬي اﺑﺘﺪأھﺎ‪ ،‬وﺗﻨﺺ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ‪:‬‬
‫)ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎً ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪The volume of a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure is directly‬‬
‫‪proportional to the absolute temperature.‬‬
‫وﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﻓﺈن ﻛﺜﯿﺮاً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً وﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺗﺒﻌﯿﺔ ﻏﺎز ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺔ أﺧﺮى إﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﯿﺎن ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻢ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮرﺗﮭﺎ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪= 2 or 1 = 1‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫وھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(239‬‬
‫)‪(240‬‬
‫‪ 273 + t1 ‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ ‪‬‬ ‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ ‪= 2‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪V1 = Vo ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪273‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ )‪(t1‬‬
‫‪ 273 + t1 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = Vo ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أﺧﺮى )‪ (t2‬ﯾﻜﻮن ﺣﺠﻢ ‪ V2‬ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 273 + t 2 ‬‬
‫‪V2 = Vo ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫وﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ )‪ (V1‬ﻋﻠﻰ )‪: (V2‬‬
‫‪ 273 + t1 ‬‬
‫‪Vo ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪ 273 + t 2 ‬‬
‫‪Vo ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫‪273 + t1‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪= 273‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪273 + t 2‬‬
‫‪273‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪ 273 + t1 ‬‬ ‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫‪=‬‬ ‫‪ × ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪ 273 ‬‬ ‫‪ 273 + t 2 ‬‬
‫‪V1 273 + t1‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪V2 273 + t 2‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪= 1‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫واﻟﺨﻀﻮع ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺷﺎرل ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻟﻦ ﺗﺘﻜﺜﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺮد‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺜﻒ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎً ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬وﺗﺘﺼﺮف اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻻ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻗﺘﺮاﺑﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺗﻜﺜﻔﮭﺎ‪ .‬وھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺘﺼﺮف ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ وﺿﻐﻮط ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎً‪.‬‬
‫)‪(240‬‬
‫)‪(241‬‬
‫س( أﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (- 273 °C‬ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺆول اﻟﻰ ﺻﻔﺮ؟‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Vt ‬‬
‫‪V1 =  Vo + o 1 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪273 ‬‬
‫‪ 273Vo Vo (-273) ‬‬
‫‪V1 = ‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273‬‬ ‫‪273 ‬‬
‫‪ 273 - 273 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = Vo ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫‪V1 = 0‬‬
‫أي أن اﻧﺨﻔﺎض درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻰ )‪ (-273°C‬ﯾﺆدي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺗﻼﺷﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز وﺗﻌﺮف ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ وﺗﺴﺎوي ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ )‪.(- 273.16 °C‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻛﻠﻔﻦ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Vt ‬‬

‫‪V1 =  Vo + o 1 ‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪273 ‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ﻛﯿﻠﻔﻦ أو ﻣﻘﯿﺎس درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫)‪ (K‬ﻟﺘﻤﯿﯿﺰھﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ) ‪ (C‬واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪°K = °C + 273‬‬
‫‪°C = °K – 273‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Vt ‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪V1 =  Vo + o 1 ‬‬ ‫وﺑﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (°K = °C + 273‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪273 ‬‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Vo ( K - 273) ‬‬
‫‪V1 =  Vo +‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪273‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273 Vο Vo ( K - 273) ‬‬
‫‪V1 = ‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273‬‬ ‫‪273‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273Vο + Vo K - 273Vo ‬‬
‫‪V1 = ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪273‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)‪(241‬‬
‫)‪(242‬‬
‫‪Vo K‬‬
‫= ‪⇒ V1‬‬
‫‪273‬‬
‫وھﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺴﻄﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ اﻷوﻟﻲ‪ .‬وﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻰ ﻛﯿﻠﻔﻦ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻼﺋﻢ أﯾﻀﺎً‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻐﺎزات أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‪ .‬وﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﻤﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫)‪ (0 °C‬و )‪ .(1 atm‬وﯾﻌﺮف ھﺬان اﻟﺸﺮﻃﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ھﻲ )‪ (273.15 K‬أي‬
‫ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﯿﻦ ﺑـ )‪.(STP‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷي ﻏﺎز ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﯿﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻼﺣﻆ ﺣﯿﻮداً ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ‪ .‬وﻗﺮب ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻮﻟﺔ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻆ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥‬‬
‫ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺎ )‪ (22.4 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪ (1 atm‬ودرﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪ ،(0 ºC‬ﻣﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ )‪.(25 °C‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺟﺪوﻻً ﯾﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ واﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ )‪(1‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ )‪(2‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪0 °C = 273 K‬‬ ‫‪25 ºC = 298 K‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪2.24 L‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪constant‬‬ ‫‪constant‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(242‬‬
‫)‪(243‬‬
‫‪V1 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫‪T ‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1  2 ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 298 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 2.24 L ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 2.445 L‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺒﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻄﺮدﯾﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬وﺑﻤﺎ أن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻗﺪ زادت )ﻣﻦ ‪ 0 °C‬اﻟﻰ ‪،(25 °C‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (V2‬ﯾﺰﯾﺪ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺰﯾﺪ ﺗﻀﺮب ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮫ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ )‪ (V1‬ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺰﯾﺪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺗﺰﯾﺪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ إﻻ إذا ﻗﺴﻤﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﻠﯿﺎ )‪ (T2‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪ T2 ‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺪﻧﯿﺎ )‪ (T1‬أي‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫)‪V2 = V1 (ratio of temperature that increase in volume‬‬

‫‪T ‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1  2 ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 298 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 2.24 L ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 2.445 L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (V2‬ﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ )‪ (V1‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 650 cm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ 25 ºC‬إذا ﺳﺨﻨﺖ اﻟﻰ ‪) 400 ºC‬ﻣﻊ ﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﻀﻐﻂ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(243‬‬
‫)‪(244‬‬
‫‪V1 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫‪650 cm3‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫)‪(25 + 273‬‬ ‫)‪(400 + 273‬‬
‫‪650 cm3‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪298 K 673 K‬‬
‫‪ 673 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 650 cm3 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 298 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 1467.95 cm3‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻠﻔﻈﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﺒﻤﺎ أن اﻟﺤﺮارة ارﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻓﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ)‪ (V2‬ﺳﯿﻜﻮن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻷﻗﻞ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻀﺮب‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ )‪ (V1‬ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﮫ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ )‪ ،(temperature ratio‬أي‬
‫ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻜﺒﺮى ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺼﻐﺮى‪.‬‬
‫‪T ‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1  2 ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 400 + 273 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 650 cm3 × ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 25 + 273 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 1467.95 cm3‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٧‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮن ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ 2 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 25 ºC‬ﻓﺈذا أﺧﺬ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﻓﻲ أﯾﺎم اﻟﺒﺮد‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎرص ﺣﯿﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ ،(- 30 ºC‬ﻓﻜﻢ ﺳﯿﺼﺒﺢ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻮن إذا ﻛﺎن‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻮن ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(244‬‬
‫)‪(245‬‬
‫‪V1 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫‪T ‬‬
‫‪V2 =V1  2 ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫‪ (- 30 + 273) ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 2 L ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ (25 + 273) ‬‬
‫‪ 243 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 2 L ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 298 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 1.63 L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٨‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ أي درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (T2‬ﺳﺘﺸﻐﻞ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (V2‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪(0.6‬‬
‫)‪ dm3‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻗﺪره )‪ (1000 Pa‬إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺎً )‪ (V1‬ﻗﺪره‬
‫)‪ (0.3 dm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (25 ºC) (T1‬وﺿﻐﻂ )‪(1000 Pa‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫…………………………………………‪……………………...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫…………………………………………‪……………………...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫…………………………………………‪……………………...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫…………………………………………‪……………………...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫…………………………………………‪……………………...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫…………………………………………‪……………………...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫…………………………………………‪……………………...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫)‪(245‬‬
‫)‪(246‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﻱ – ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫‪Gay-Lussac's Law of Combining Volumes‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ أو إﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﺎدﺗﯿﻦ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺣﺠﺎم اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﺎرك ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ وھﻨﺎك ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻷﺣﺠﺎم وﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺎر إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ اﻷﺣﺠﺎم دون‬
‫اﻟﺮﺟﻮع اﻟﻰ ﻛﺘﻞ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻘﺪ اﻋﺘﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ أﻧﮫ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻂ ﻏﺎزات‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ أﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎً ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﺮر ﺷﺮارة ﺧﻼل ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزي اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪،‬‬
‫واﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﯾﺤﺪث ﻟﯿﻜﻮن ﻣﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) ‬‬
‫ﺷ ﺮارة‬
‫)‪→ 2H 2 O(g‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮض ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﻜﻠﻮر اﻟﻰ ﺿﻮء ﻓﻮق ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼً ﯾﺤﺪث وﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻏﺎز ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) ‬‬
‫ﺿ ﻮء ﻓ ﻮق ﺑﻨﻔﺴ ﺠﻲ‬
‫)‪→ 2HCl(g‬‬
‫وﯾﻼﺣﻆ ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻏﺎزات‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة وﺿ ﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﯿﻦ‪ ،‬أن اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ ﻓﻌ ﻼً ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻐ ﺎزات اﻟﻤﻨﻔ ﺮدة ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎت ﺑ ﺴﯿﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(١٩‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺜﺎل ﻣﻤﯿ ﺰ ﻓﺈﻧ ﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ ﺑ ﯿﻦ اﻟﮭﯿ ﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻟﺘﻜ ﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﯾﺘﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻤﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (H2‬ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ)‪ (O2‬ﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﺣﺠﻤ ﯿﻦ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء)‪ (H2O‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(٥٣‬‬
‫)‪(246‬‬
‫)‪(247‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٥٣‬‬
‫وﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪2 H 2 (g‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪O 2 (g) ‬‬

‫)‪→ 2H 2O(g‬‬
‫‪2 Volumes + 1Volume ‬‬
‫‪→ 2 Volumes‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟ ﺴﮭﻞ ﻓﮭ ﻢ ﻗ ﺎﻧﻮن ﻏ ﺎي – ﻟﻮﺳ ﺎك ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿ ﺚ أن ﺣﺠ ﻮم اﻟﻤ ﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠ ﺔ واﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ ﺗﺤﺪث ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻧﺴﺐ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮزوﻧﺔ‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن وﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ھ ﻲ‬
‫)‪ (L‬ﯾﻠﺰم )‪ (2 L‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻟﻜﻞ )‪ (1 L‬ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻟﯿﻨﺘﺞ )‪ (2 L‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ‪:‬‬
‫‪2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) ‬‬

‫ﺷ ﺮارة‬
‫)‪→ 2H 2O(g‬‬
‫‪2L‬‬ ‫‪1L‬‬ ‫‪2L‬‬
‫)‪(247‬‬
‫)‪(248‬‬
‫‪Fig. 54 : Law of combining volumes. When gases at the same temperature and‬‬
‫‪pressure combine with one another, their volumes are in the ratio of small whole‬‬
‫‪numbers.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(٢٠‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﻜﻠﻮر )‪ (Cl2‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ ، (H2‬ﻓﺈن ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ‪HCl‬‬
‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻷﻋﺪاد ﻣﻦ ذرات اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪ .‬وھﺬه اﻷﻋﺪاد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرات‬
‫ﺟﺎءت ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزي اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪ .‬وﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ﻓﺈن ﻟﮭﺬه اﻷﻋﺪاد ﻣﻦ‬
‫ذرات اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ أو ذرات اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﺣﺠﻮﻣﺎً ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﮭﯿ ﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﻜﻠ ﻮر‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن ﻛ ﻞ ﻟﺘ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﮭﯿ ﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﯾﺘﻄﻠ ﺐ )‪(1 L‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪ ،‬وﯾﺘﻜﻮن )‪ (2 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪H 2 (g) + Cl2 (g) ‬‬
‫ﺿ ﻮء ﻓ ﻮق ﺑﻨﻔﺴ ﺠﻲ‬
‫)‪→ 2HCl(g‬‬
‫‪1L‬‬ ‫‪1L‬‬ ‫‪2L‬‬
‫وﯾﺪﻋﻢ ھﺬا اﻟﻘﻮل ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺎي ﻟﻮﺳﺎك ﺣﯿﺚ أن ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﯾﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﻛﻤﺎ أن ذﻟﻚ ﯾﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻘﻮل ﺑﺄن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ذرات‬
‫ﻋﺪدھﺎ )‪ (٢‬أي ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪.‬‬
‫)‪(248‬‬
‫)‪(249‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻮ اﻓﺘﺮﺿﻨﺎ أن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ أﺣﺎدي اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر أﺣﺎدي اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻟﺘﺮاً‬
‫واﺣﺪاً ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )ﺑﮫ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرات ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر( ﯾﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻟﺘﺮ‬
‫واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر واﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ھﻮ ﻟﺘﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪ ،‬وھﺬا ﯾﺨﺎﻟﻒ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ أن ﻏﺎز ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (2 L‬وھﺬا ﻻ ﯾﺤﺪث إﻻ إذا ﻛﺎن‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﻌﻄﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ )‪ (2 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(٢١‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺣﺠﻮم ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻟﯿﻜﻮن‬

‫ﺣﺠﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ‬
‫)‪N 2 (g‬‬ ‫‪+ 3 H 2 (g) ‬‬
‫)‪→ 2 NH3 (g‬‬
‫‪1 volume + 3 volumes ‬‬
‫‪→ 2 volumes‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(٢٢‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن ﯾﺘﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ ﻣ ﻊ )ﯾﺤﺘ ﺮق ﻓ ﻲ( ﺣﺠﻤ ﯿﻦ ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻟﯿﻌﻄ ﻲ ﺣﺠ ﻢ‬

‫واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن وﺣﺠﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺨﺎر‬
‫)‪CH 4 (g‬‬ ‫‪+ 2 O2 (g) ‬‬
‫‪→ CO2 (g) + 2H2 O‬‬
‫‪1 volume + 2 volumes ‬‬
‫‪→1volume + 2 volumes‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(٢٣‬‬
‫ﻛﺒﺮﯾ ﺖ )ﺻ ﻠﺐ( ﯾﺘﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ ﻣ ﻊ ﺣﺠ ﻢ واﺣ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻟﯿ ﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺠ ﻢ واﺣ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﺛ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪S(s) + O2 (g) ‬‬
‫)‪→ SO2 (g‬‬
‫‪1 volume ‬‬
‫‪→1volume‬‬
‫)‪(249‬‬
‫)‪(250‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(٢٤‬‬
‫أرﺑﻌﺔ أﺣﺠﺎم ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﺮق ﻓﻲ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺣﺠ ﻮم ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻟﯿﻨ ﺘﺞ أرﺑﻌ ﺔ ﺣﺠ ﻮم‬
‫ﻣﻦ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮﯾﻚ وﺳﺘﺔ ﺣﺠﻮم ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺨﺎر‪:‬‬
‫‪4NH3 (g) + 5O2 (g) ‬‬
‫)‪→ 4 NO(g) + 6H2 O(g‬‬
‫‪4 volumes + 5 volumes ‬‬
‫‪→ 4 volumes + 6 volumes‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(٢٥‬‬
‫)‪4NH 3 (g‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫)‪→ 2N 2 (g‬‬
‫‪3O 2 (g) ←‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫)‪6H 2 O(g‬‬
‫‪4 molecules‬‬ ‫‪3 molecules‬‬ ‫‪2 molecules‬‬ ‫‪6 molecus‬‬
‫‪4 Volumes‬‬ ‫‪3 Volumes‬‬ ‫‪2 Volumes‬‬ ‫‪6 Volumes‬‬
‫‪4L‬‬ ‫‪3L‬‬ ‫‪2L‬‬ ‫‪6L‬‬
‫‪4 m3‬‬ ‫‪3 m3‬‬ ‫‪2 m3‬‬ ‫‪6 m3‬‬
‫وﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻌﺘﺮف أن ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻇﺮوف‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ )أو ﻓﺮﺿﮭﺎ( ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ أي اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﺎزﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺻﯿﻎ ھﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ ﻟﻠﺬرات ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼً إذا ﻗﯿﺴﺖ أﺣﺠﺎم اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ واﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ‪ ،100 °C‬ﻓﺈن ‪7‬‬
‫وﺣﺪات ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ )‪ (4NH3 + 3O2‬ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ‪8‬‬
‫وﺣﺪات ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ )ﺑﺨﺎر ‪ ، (2N2 + 6 H2O‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف‬
‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪ (0 °C‬ﻧﺠﺪ أن ‪ 8‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺘﻜﺜﻒ ﻟﯿﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﺎﺿﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻨﮫ وﻗﺪره ) ‪ (0.005‬ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬وﻟﺬا ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻢ ‪(4‬‬
‫‪ 2‬وﺣﺪات ﺣﺠﻢ )‪ (2N2‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاﺗﺞ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫)‪ NH3 + 3 O2‬ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(250‬‬
‫)‪(251‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ ﻗﺎم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻏﺎي‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺳﺎك ‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن ﻣﮭﺘﻤﺎً ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﯿﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮات ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز وﺧﻮاص اﻟﻐﺎزات‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﻏﺎي‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺳﺎك )‪ (1809‬اﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬
‫اﻟﻤﺪﻣﺠﺔ )اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة( أو اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (Combining Volumes‬واﻟﺬي ﯾﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ‪:‬‬
‫" ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﯿﻦ ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻮم اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ واﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﻋﺪدﯾﺔ ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ"‬
‫أو ﺑﻌﺒﺎرة أﺧﺮى ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺘﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻐ ﺎزات ﺗﺘﺤ ﺪ ﺑﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﺑ ﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺣﯿ ﺚ اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ‪ ،‬وﯾﺤﻤ ﻞ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ أي ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻏﺎزي ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺪدﯾﺔ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺄي ﻏﺎز ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪At constant temperature and pressure, the volumes of reacting gases can‬‬
‫‪be expressed as a ratio of simple whole numbers.‬‬
‫‪Fig. 55 : Automobile air bags are inflated with N2 gas produced by decomposition of‬‬
‫‪sodium azide‬‬
‫)‪(251‬‬
(252)
Fig. 56 : The nitrogen gas formed in the rapid reaction :

2NaN 3 (s) 
decomposition
→ 2Na(s) + 3N 2 (g)
 
sodium azide
fills an automobile air bag during a collision. The air bag fills within 1/20th of a
second after a front nt collision.
The rapid decomposition of sodium azide, NaN3, results in the formation of a large
volume of nitrogen gas. The reaction is triggered electrically in this air bag.
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﻱ – ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
(٢٦) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
، (C4H10) ‫( ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﻮﺗﺎن‬4.5 dm3) ‫( اﻟﻼزم ﻻﺣﺘﺮاق‬STP) ‫ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬

.(‫؟ )اﻟﺒﯿﻮﺗﺎن ھﻮ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ وﻻﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﺠﺎﺋﺮ‬STP ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ‬، ً‫اﺣﺘﺮاﻗﺎً ﻛﺎﻣﻼ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
: ‫ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﻮازﻧﺔ‬

2C 4 H10 + 13O 2 
→ 8CO 2 + 10H 2 O
: ‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻻري ﻓﺈن‬
(252)
‫)‪(253‬‬
‫‪1mol C4 H10 ‬‬

‫‪→ 22.4 dm3‬‬
‫‪n C4 H10 ‬‬
‫‪→ 4.5dm3‬‬
‫‪ 4.5 dm3 ‬‬
‫‪n C4 H10 = 1mol × ‬‬ ‫‪3 ‬‬
‫‪ 22.4 dm ‬‬
‫‪n C4 H10 = 0.201mol‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪2 mol C4 H10 ‬‬
‫‪→13 mol O 2‬‬
‫‪0.201 mol ‬‬
‫‪→ n O2‬‬
‫‪0.201 mol C4 H10 × 13 mol O2‬‬
‫= ‪⇒ n O2‬‬ ‫‪= 1.31 mol O 2‬‬
‫‪2 mol C4 H10‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ ‪ O2‬ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻻري ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ‪STP‬‬

‫‪1mol O 2 ‬‬
‫‪→ 22.4 dm3‬‬
‫‪1.31 mol O 2 ‬‬
‫‪→ VO 2‬‬
‫‪1.31mol O 2 × 22.4 dm3 O 2‬‬
‫‪VO2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪1mol O2‬‬
‫‪VO2 = 29.3 dm3 O2‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٧‬‬
‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻣﻨﻈﻒ ﻣﺼﺎرﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه " دراﻧﻮ" ﻗﻄﻌﺎً ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﯿﻮم اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ‪) NaOH‬اﻟﻤﻜﻮن اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺲ ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﺼﻨﻒ( ﻟﯿﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪ .‬وﯾﻔﺘﺮض‬
‫أن ھﺬه اﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺎت ﻗﺪ ﺻﻤﻤﺖ ﻹﺛﺎرة اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ واﻹﺳﺮاع ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮه‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (cm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (STP‬اﻟﺬي ﺳﯿﺘﻢ اﻃﻼﻗﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ إذاﺑﺔ ‪ 0.15 g‬ﻣﻦ ‪ ،Al‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً‬
‫ﺑﺄن ‪) :‬اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ﻟﻤﻮل ﻣﻦ ‪.(27 g/mol = Al‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪2Al + 2OH - + 2H 2O ‬‬
‫‪→ 3H 2 ↑ + 2AlO -2‬‬
‫)‪(253‬‬
(254)
: ‫ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﻻت ﺣﯿﺚ‬Al ‫ﻧﺤﻮل وزن‬

m Al
nA =
Aw Al
0.150
n Al = = 5.56 × 10-3 mol of Al
27
: ‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺈن‬
2 mol Al 
→ 3 mol H 2
5.56 × 10 -3mol Al 
→ nH 2
5.56 × 10 -3 mol Al × 3mol H 2
nH 2 =
2 mol Al
nH 2 = 8.34 × 10 mol
-3
22.4 dm3 = STP ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ‬H2 ‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم أن ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
: ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن‬
1mol H2 
→ 22.4 dm3
8.34 × 10-3 mol H2 
→ V H2
8.34 × 10-3 mol H 2 × 22.4 dm3
VH2 =
1mol H 2
VH2 = 0.187 dm3 H2
VH2 = 187 cm3 H 2
where 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3
(254)
‫)‪(255‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ )‪ (V‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ )‪(n‬‬
‫‪The Quantity –Volume Relationship‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻏﺎﻱ ‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ )‪(1811‬‬
‫‪Avogadro’s Law and the Standard Molar Volume‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أﻧﮫ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ أﺿﻔﻨﺎ ﻣﺰﯾﺪاً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻟﻠﺒﺎﻟﻮﻧﺎت أو ﻹﻃﺎر ﺳﯿﺎرة ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﺗﺰداد أﺣﺠﺎﻣﮭﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺪﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج أن اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫ﺑﻮﯾﻞ( ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ( ﺑﻞ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز)‪ (n‬أﯾﻀﺎً‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﺪﻣﺠﺔ ﻟﻐﺎي ﻟﻮﺳﺎك ﺑﻔﺘﺮة ﻗﺼﯿﺮة )ﺑﻀﻊ ﺳﻨﻮات –‬
‫ﻋﺎم ‪ (1811‬ﻗﺎم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو )‪ (Amadeo Avogadro‬ﺑﺘﻔﺴﯿﺮ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻏﺎي‪-‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﺳﺎك وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺄن اﻗﺘﺮح ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﻔﺮﺿﯿﺔ أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ‪Avogadro’s Hypothesis‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ أن وﺟﻮد ﻧﺴﺐ ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ اﻻﻗﺘﺮاح ﺑﺄﻧﮫ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬وﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮫ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻨﺺ ﻓﺮﺿﯿﺔ )‪ (postulation‬أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو )ﻣﺒﺪأ أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو( اﻟﺘﻲ اﻗﺘﺮﺣﮭﺎ ﻋﺎم‬
‫)‪: (1811‬‬
‫" ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ )‪ (V‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت )‪) (N‬أو اﻟﺬرات ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫وﺣﯿﺪة اﻟﺬرة( "‪.‬‬
‫‪Avogadro postulated that :‬‬
‫‪At the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all gases contain‬‬
‫‪the same number of molecules.‬‬
‫وﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠ ﺎرب أﻇﮭ ﺮت أن ﻓﺮﺿ ﯿﺔ أﻓﻮﺟ ﺎدرو )‪(Avogadro's hypothesis‬‬
‫دﻗﯿﻘ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﺪود ﺧﻄ ﺄ ﺑﺤ ﻮاﻟﻲ ) ‪ ( ± 2 %‬وذﻟ ﻚ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿ ﺮ ﯾﻌ ﺮف اﻵن ﺑﻘ ﺎﻧﻮن أﻓﻮﺟ ﺎدرو‬
‫)‪.(Avogadro's Law‬‬
‫وھﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻻ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺣﺠﻮم اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ وﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ أن‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات إذا ﺗﺴﺎوت ﺣﺠﻮﻣﮭﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن‬
‫)‪(255‬‬
‫)‪(256‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺎً وﻻ ﺑﺄس ﻣﻦ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺣﺠﻮم اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻘﻊ أھﻤﯿﺔ ھ ﺬا اﻟﻘ ﺎﻧﻮن ﻓ ﻲ أﻧ ﮫ ﯾ ﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗﺘﺒ ﻊ اﻟﺘﻐﯿ ﺮات ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت اﻟﺘ ﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪث أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ )أو اﻟﻀﻐﻂ(‪.‬‬
‫وﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ إﻻ إذا ﻗﯿﺴﺖ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(٢٨‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ ‪ 5 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪ = H2‬ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ‪ 5 mol‬ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬ ‫≠‬ ‫ﻏﺎز )‪ .(O2‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪ H2‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪5 g‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ‪ ، 5 g‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ أن ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫‪mH2‬‬ ‫‪5g‬‬
‫= ‪n H2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2.5 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw H2‬‬ ‫‪2 × 1 g mol-1‬‬
‫‪m O2‬‬ ‫‪5g‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.156 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪2 × 16 g mol-1‬‬
‫‪⇒ n H 2 ≠ n O2‬‬
‫‪⇒ N O2 ≠ N O 2‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺼﺎغ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫)إن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة وﺿ ﻐﻂ ﺛ ﺎﺑﺘﯿﻦ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳ ﺐ ﻃﺮدﯾ ﺎً ﻣ ﻊ ﻋ ﺪد اﻟﻤ ﻮﻻت‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات(‪.‬‬
‫‪Avogadro's Law can also be stated as follows :‬‬
‫‪At constant temperature and pressure, the volume, V, occupied by a gas‬‬
‫‪sample is directly proportional to the number of moles, n, of gas‬‬
‫)‪(256‬‬
(257)
Vα n
V= K n
V
= K (constant P, T)
n
‫وھﺬا ﻣﻌﻨﺎه أن ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﯾﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﻦ‬
.‫اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
V1 V2
=
n1 n 2
‫أو‬
V1 n1
=
V2 n 2
Fig. 57 : Avogadro's law. At constant T and P, the volume of an ideal

gas increases proportionately as its molar amount increases. If the molar
amount is doubled, the volume is doubled. If the molar amount is halved,
the volume is halved.
(257)
‫)‪(258‬‬
‫‪Fig. 58 : Avogadro's law : The volume of a gas is directly related to the number of‬‬
‫‪moles of the gas. If the number of moles is doubled, the volume must double at‬‬
‫‪constant temperature and pressure.‬‬
‫وﺑﻔﺮض وﺟﻮد ﻏﺎزﯾﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯿﻦ )‪ (A, B‬ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ ﻓﺈن‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪ V = K n‬ﺗﻜﻮن اﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪VA = K. n A‬‬
‫‪VB = K. n B‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ أن )‪ (VA, VB‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﺠﻮم اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ )‪ (A, B‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﯿﺎت )‪(nA, nB‬‬
‫وﻟﻮ ﻓﺮﺿﻨﺎ أن ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻓﺈن ‪nA = nB :‬‬
‫وﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة وﺟﺪ أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ﺑﺄن ﺣﺠﻮم اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ )‪(A, B‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺴﺎوى أي أن‪:‬‬
‫‪VA‬‬ ‫‪K . nA‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪=1‬‬
‫‪VB‬‬ ‫‪K . nB‬‬
‫‪⇒ VA = VB‬‬
‫أي أن ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺎوي‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫)‪(258‬‬
‫)‪(259‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﻱ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(٢٩‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﺤﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬إﺛﺒﺎت أن‬
‫ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‪ ،‬ﯾﺤﺘﻮي أﻋﺪاداً ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ذرات اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪ ،‬واﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪.‬‬
‫وھﺬه اﻷﻋﺪاد اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ذرات )‪ ،(H, Cl‬ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪ ،‬وﻏﺎز اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪ .‬وإذا اﻋﺘﺒﺮﻧﺎ أن ﻛﻼً ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪ ،‬واﻟﻜﻠﻮر‬
‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺬرة‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻠﺰم أﻋﺪاداً ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪ .‬وﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻤﺒﺪأ أﻓﻮﺟﺎرو‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ھﺬه ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻮﻣﺎً ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄن اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزي اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺛﺒﺎت اﻹﻓﺘﺮاض ﺑﺄن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪ ،‬واﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪ ،‬ھﻲ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻣﻔﻀﻼً ﻋﻠﻰ أﺣﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ أﺣﺎدي اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬أي ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ذرات )‪ (H‬ﻓﺮدﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وإذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‬
‫أﯾﻀﺎً أﺣﺎدي اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن )‪ (1 L‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )ذرة ‪ (n‬ﺳﻮف ﯾﺘﺤﺪ ﻣﻊ )‪ (1 L‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻠﻮر )ذرة ‪ (n‬ﻟﯿﻌﻄﻲ )‪ (1 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز )‪) (HCl‬ﺟﺰﯾﺊ ‪ . (n‬وﯾﻜﻮن ذﻟﻚ ﻣﺘﻌﺎرﺿﺎً‬
‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺑﺄن ﺣﺠﻢ )‪ (HCl‬اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺮﺗﯿﻦ ﻗﺪر اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ أو ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري ﺣﯿﻨﺌﺬ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬
‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﯿﺪاً ﻣﻦ أﺣﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺬرة‪ .‬وإذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‬
‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ﻓﺈن )‪) (1 L‬ﺟﺰيء ‪ n‬أو ذرة ‪ (2n‬ﺳﻮف ﯾﺘﺤﺪ ﻣﻊ )‪ (1 L‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‬
‫)ﺟﺰيء ‪ n‬أو ذرة ‪ ،(2n‬ﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ )‪ (2 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ 2n‬ﺟﺰيء(‪ .‬وﯾﺘﻔﻖ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ)‪.(١‬‬
‫وﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻤﺎ أﻋﻠﻦ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﯿﺴﻼو ﻛﺎﻧﯿﺰارو )‪ (1858‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪأ أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ﻛﺄﺳﺎس ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻷوزان اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ‪ .‬وإذا اﺣﺘﻮى ﻏﺎزان ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻲ‬
‫)‪(259‬‬
‫)‪(260‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻤﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﯾﯿﻦ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻋﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫)‪ (STP‬ﯾﻼﺣﻆ أن )‪ (1 L‬م ﻏﺎز )‪ ،(X‬ﯾﺰن )‪ ،(0.0900 g‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﯾﺰن )‪ (1 L‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ .(1.43 g‬وﺣﯿﺚ أن ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ھﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﺘﻲ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺘﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻃﺒﻘﺎً‬
‫ﻟﻤﺒﺪأ أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو‪ ،‬ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰيء )‪ (X‬أﺛﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰيء أﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار‬
‫)‪ (0.0900/1.43‬أو )‪ (0.0630‬ﻣﺮة‪ .‬وﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷن ﻟﺠﺰيء اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‬
‫وزﻧﺎً ﺟﺰﯾﺌﯿﺎً ﻗﺪره )‪ ،(32.00 amu‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ‪ X‬ﯾﻜﻮن )‪(0.0630‬‬
‫)‪.(2.016 amu‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮة ﻣﺜﻞ )‪ (32.00‬أو‬
‫وﻗﺪ أﺛﺒﺘﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب أن ‪) 22.414 L :‬أو اﺧﺘﺼﺎراً ‪ (22.414 L‬ﻣﻦ أي ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي ‪ 0 °C‬وﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮي واﺣﺪ )‪ (1 atm‬ﺗﺤﻮي ‪6.023 × 1023‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت أو ذرات اﻟﻐﺎز )وھﺬا اﻟﻌﺪد ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﻌﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو‪ .(NA‬أي أن اﻟﻤﻮل ﻣﻦ‬
‫أي ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (STP‬ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره ‪ 22.414 L‬وﯾﻌﺮف ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻻري‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١‬اﻋﺘﻘﺪ داﻟﺘﻮن ﺑﺄن اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (H‬واﺣﺪة ﻟﻜﻞ )‪ .(O‬وﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﺤﯿﺢ ھﺬا اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬
‫اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪ :‬ﯾﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﺣﺠﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﺣﯿﺚ أن ﺣﺠﻤﺎً واﺣﺪاً ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﯾﻌﻄﻲ ﺣﺠﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺟﺰيء اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺤﺘﻮي‬
‫ﻋﺪداً زوﺟﯿﺎً ﻣﻦ ذرات اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‪ .‬وإذا ﻛﺎن اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺬرة‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ ﺑﺄن ﺣﺠﻤﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﯾﻠﺰﻣﺎن ﻟﻜﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻄﻮي ﺑﺪاھﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﺟﺰيء اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ‬
‫ذرات اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻋﺪد ذرات اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(260‬‬
‫)‪(261‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﱄ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ )‪: (Molar Volume‬‬
‫وﻓﻖ ﻣﺒﺪأ أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻮل ﻣﻦ أي ﻏﺎز ﯾﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫وﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﯿﻦ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ وﺟﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ أن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻠﮫ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ STP‬ھﻮ ‪) 22.414 dm3‬وھﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻠﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬وھﺬا ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻻري‬
‫)‪ (Molar Volume‬ﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ . (STP‬أﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻓﺈن‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻻري ﯾﺘﺮاوح ﺣﻮل ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ أي ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ أو اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻻري )‪ ( Molar Volume‬وﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 22.414 L‬أو اﺧﺘﺼﺎراً ‪ 22.4 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪STP‬‬
‫‪the standard molar volume of an ideal gas is taken to be 22.414 liters per‬‬
‫‪mole at STP‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ١٤‬اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻟﻐﺎزات ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ‬
‫‪Gas‬‬ ‫‪Formula‬‬ ‫‪g/mol‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ*‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬ ‫‪Standard Molar‬‬ ‫‪Density at‬‬
‫‪Volume, Vm‬‬ ‫)‪STP (g/L‬‬
‫)‪(L/mol‬‬
‫‪Ideal Gas‬‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪22.414‬‬
‫‪Oxygen‬‬ ‫أﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪O2‬‬ ‫‪32.00‬‬ ‫‪22.394‬‬ ‫‪1.429‬‬
‫‪Nitrogen‬‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪N2‬‬ ‫‪28.01‬‬ ‫‪22.404‬‬ ‫‪1.250‬‬
‫‪Hydrogen‬‬ ‫ھﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪H2‬‬ ‫‪2.02‬‬ ‫‪22.428‬‬ ‫‪0.090‬‬
‫‪Helium‬‬ ‫ھﯿﻠﯿﻮم‬ ‫‪He‬‬ ‫‪4.003‬‬ ‫‪22.426‬‬ ‫‪0.178‬‬
‫‪Neon‬‬ ‫ﻧﯿﻮن‬ ‫‪Ne‬‬ ‫‪20.18‬‬ ‫‪22.425‬‬ ‫‪0.900‬‬
‫‪Argon‬‬ ‫آرﺟﻮن‬ ‫‪Ar‬‬ ‫‪39.95‬‬ ‫‪22.393‬‬ ‫‪1.784‬‬
‫‪Carbon‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬ ‫‪CO2‬‬ ‫‪44.01‬‬ ‫‪22.256‬‬ ‫‪1.977‬‬
‫‪dioxide‬‬
‫‪Ammonia‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎدر)أﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ(‬ ‫‪NH3‬‬ ‫‪17.03‬‬ ‫‪22.094‬‬ ‫‪0.771‬‬
‫‪Chlorine‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮر‬ ‫‪Cl2‬‬ ‫‪70.91‬‬ ‫‪22.063‬‬ ‫‪3.214‬‬
‫‪Deviations in standard molar volume indicate that gases do not behave ideally.‬‬
‫‪* Experimentally determined densities of several gases at standard temperature and‬‬
‫‪pressure.‬‬
‫)‪(261‬‬
‫)‪(262‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻻري)‪ (Vm‬ﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ – أي ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻏﺎزاً – ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﻐﻮل‬

‫)‪ (Volume Occupied‬ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت )‪ (n‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرات‪ ،‬اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪،‬‬
‫أو اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﺼﯿﻐﯿﺔ )‪: (Formula Units‬‬
‫‪Volume Occupied‬‬
‫= ‪Molar Volume‬‬
‫‪Number of Moles‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫= ‪Vm‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ‪ ،‬أﻧﮫ ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎھﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً ﺟﻤﯿﻌﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﮭﺔ‪ .‬واﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(Differences are Small Under Normal Conditions‬‬
‫وﺗﺼﺒﺢ أﺻﻐﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ اﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫)‪.(Become Smaller as the Pressure of the Gas is Reduced‬‬
‫وﻧﺮى أن اﻟﺤﯿﻮد اﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﯾﺤﺪث ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﺳﮭﻠﺔ اﻹﺳﺎﻟﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪ ،‬وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (١٤‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﺎت ﺗﺠﺮى‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎزات ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‪ ،‬وﺿﻐﻮط ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ )ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺳﻠﻮك‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺎً اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ(‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎل اﻟﻰ )‪ (STP‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪ ،‬وﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٠‬‬
‫ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره )‪ (27.0 L‬وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ )‪ (1.41 g/L‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﯿﻦ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز؟ وﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ‪STP‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪1.70 g/L = STP‬‬ ‫ج( اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ = ‪،38.1 g/mol‬‬
‫)‪(262‬‬
‫)‪(263‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣١‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺟﺰيء اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫) ‪( P = 760 mmHg, T = 273 K‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪m O2‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬

‫=‪n‬‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫=‬
‫‪NA‬‬ ‫‪Mw O2 N A‬‬
‫‪Mw O2 × N‬‬ ‫‪32 g mol-1 × 1 molecule‬‬
‫= ‪m O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 5.31 × 10- 23 g‬‬
‫‪NA‬‬ ‫‪6.023 × 1023 molecules mol-1‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٢‬‬
‫ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺎ )‪(V1 = 10 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺤﺪد ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪدة ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ )‪ (V2‬ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻮﻻت )‪ (n2 = 10 moles‬ﻣﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻈﺮوف؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪= 2‬‬
‫‪n1‬‬ ‫‪n2‬‬
‫‪ n2 ‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ n1 ‬‬
‫‪ 10 mol ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 10 L ‬‬ ‫‪ = 100 L‬‬
‫‪ 1 mol ‬‬
‫)‪(263‬‬
‫)‪(264‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٣‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ )‪ (V2‬ﻟﻐﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ‪(T2 = 25‬‬
‫)‪) °C‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮل ﻣﻨﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪ (STP‬ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
‫) ‪(P = 1 atm, T = 273 K‬‬ ‫)‪ ،(V1 = 22.4 L‬واﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ھﻨﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻮل ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (Vm‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪، 298 K (25 ºC‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم أن ﺣﺠﻢ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻮل ﻣﻦ أي ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪(0 ºC = 273‬‬
‫)‪ K‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ ،22.4 L‬وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪V1 Vm‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫‪22.4 L‬‬ ‫‪Vm‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪273 K‬‬ ‫‪298 K‬‬
‫‪ 298K ‬‬
‫‪Vm = 22.4 L ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 273K ‬‬
‫‪Vm = 24.45 L‬‬
‫)‪(264‬‬
‫)‪(265‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ )ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ(‬
‫‪P-T Relationship‬‬
‫‪The Constant Volume Law‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻏﺎﻱ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ )ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﺘﻮﻧﺰ (‬
‫)‪Amonton’s Law (1703‬‬
‫)‪Gay-Lussac's Law (1802‬‬
‫إذا ﺳﺨﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )ﺻﻠﺐ ﻣﺜﻼً( ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻤﺪد‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮫ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ وﯾﺰداد اﻟﺘﺮدد وﺷﺪة اﻟﻀﺮﺑﺎت ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﺪار أو ﻣﻊ ﺟﺰيء آﺧﺮ ‪(Violent‬‬
‫)‪ Collisions‬وﯾﻌﻨﻲ ذﻟﻚ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺰداد وﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫" ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (P‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎً ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (T‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ"‪.‬‬
‫‪Fig. 59 : The pressure of a fixed amount of gas in a vessel of constant‬‬

‫‪volume is proportional to the absolute temperature. The pressure‬‬
‫‪extrapolates to 0 at T = 0 on the Kelvin scale.‬‬
‫)‪(265‬‬
(266)
Fig. 60 : Charles's law : The Kelvin temperature of a gas is directly related to the
volume of the gas when there is no change in the pressure. When the temperature
increases making the molecules move faster, the volume must increase to maintain
constant pressure.
Fig. 61 : A demonstration of Gay-Lussac's Law. Volume is constant.
(266)
‫)‪(267‬‬
‫وﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻏﺎي ﻟﻮﺳﺎك رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎً ‪:‬‬

‫‪P‬‬
‫⇒ ‪P α T‬‬ ‫‪= K‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ K‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﮫ وﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة‪:‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪= 2 or‬‬ ‫‪= 1‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫وھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻔﯿﺪة ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻨﮫ ﻓﻲ أواﻧﻲ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﺜﻼً أن ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﺒﻮات اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺒﺨﺎﺧﺎت( ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ )ﻻ ﺗﺨﺰن ﻓﻮق‬
‫‪ (50 °C‬وذﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺨﻦ اﻟﻌﺒﻮة ﯾﺰداد ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺎﻟﺪاﺧﻞ وﻗﺪ ﯾﺆدي ذﻟﻚ‬
‫اﻟﻰ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر اﻟﻌﺒﻮة‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ (P‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (T‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ وﻛﻞ ﺧﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪ (isochore‬ﻟﮫ ﻣﯿﻞ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ وﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫اﻟﻤﯿﻞ أﻗﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ أﻛﺒﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٤‬‬
‫إﻧﺎء ﺳﻌﺘﮫ )‪ ،(10 L‬ﻣﻠﻲء ﺑﻐﺎز ﻣﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ وﺻﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ (1 atm‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة )‪ ،(25 ºC‬ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺎء ﻟﻮ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫‪75 ºC‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ )اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ( )‪(1‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ )‪(2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪1 atm‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪298 K‬‬ ‫‪348 K‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪constant‬‬ ‫‪constant‬‬
‫)‪(267‬‬
‫)‪(268‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪= 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 348 ‬‬
‫‪⇒ Pf = Pi  f‬‬ ‫‪= 1 × ‬‬ ‫‪ = 1.17 atm‬‬
‫‪ Ti‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪298‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٥‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن أﺻﻼً ‪ ،115 kPa‬إذا ﻣﺎ ﺧﻔﻀﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻦ ‪(35‬‬
‫)‪ (25 ºC‬ﻣﻊ ﺑﻘﺎء اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً؟‬ ‫)‪ ºC‬اﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪115 KPa‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪35 + 273 = 308 K‬‬ ‫‪298 K‬‬
‫‪P1 P2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1  2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ T1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫× ‪P2 = P1‬‬ ‫)‪(ratio of temperatures‬‬
‫‪ 298 ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 115 ‬‬ ‫‪ =111.3 kPa‬‬
‫‪ 308 ‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (T1‬اﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ (P1‬ﯾﻨﺨﻔﺾ وﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫) ‪ ( P1 > P2‬وﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (P2‬أﻗﻞ ﻧﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ ﺿﺮب )‪ (P1‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ T2 ‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ وﻻ ﯾﻜﻮن ذﻟﻚ إﻻ ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫‪T ‬‬ ‫‪ 298 ‬‬

‫‪P2 = P1  2  = 115 × ‬‬ ‫‪ = 111.3 kPa‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬ ‫‪ 308 ‬‬
‫)‪(268‬‬
‫)‪(269‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٦‬‬
‫وﺿﻌﺖ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (30 ºC‬وﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ ،(3 atm‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻢ‬
‫ﺳﯿﻜﻮن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ )‪.(0 ºC‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪3 atm‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪30 + 273 = 303 K‬‬ ‫‪0 + 273 = 273 K‬‬
‫‪P1 P2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫‪T ‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1  2 ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 0 + 273 ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 3 atm × ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 30 + 273 ‬‬
‫‪ 273 K ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 3 atm × ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 303 K ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 2.7 atm‬‬
‫وﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺿﺮب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫)‪ .(Temperature Ratio‬وﺑﻤﺎ أن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ ﻓﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﺳﯿﻜﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﺠﻌﻞ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ P1‬ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻧﻀﺮﺑﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﻜﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺼﻐﺮى‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺒﺮى أي ‪:  T2 ‬‬

‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫)‪(269‬‬
‫)‪(270‬‬
‫) ‪P2 = P1 × ( temperature ratio‬‬

‫‪T ‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1  2 ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 273 K ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 3 atm × ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 303 K ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 2.7 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٧‬‬
‫إﻃﺎر ﺳﯿﺎرة ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ھﻮاء ﺿﻐﻄﮫ ‪ 4 atm‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 30 ºC‬وﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﯿﺮ اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬
‫ارﺗﻔﻌﺖ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻹﻃﺎر اﻟﻰ ‪ ،54 ºC‬ﻓﻜﻢ ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﻮاء داﺧﻞ اﻹﻃﺎر‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮاض ﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪4 atm‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪30 + 273 = 303 K‬‬ ‫‪54 + 273 = 327 K‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪= 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪T ‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1  2 ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 327 K ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 4 atm ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 303 K ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 4.32 atm‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻀﺮب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ )‪ (Temperature Ratio‬وﺑﻤﺎ أن‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻗﺪ ارﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ (P2‬ﺳﯿﺰﯾﺪ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﺎ ﻧﻀﺮب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫)‪ (temperature ratio‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﻜﻮن ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﺬﻟﻚ إﻻ ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ‪ T2‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪: T1‬‬
‫)‪(270‬‬
‫)‪(271‬‬
‫)‪P2 = P1 × (temperature ratio‬‬

‫‪T ‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1  2 ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 54 + 273 ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 4 atm ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 30 + 273 ‬‬
‫‪ 327 K ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 4 atm ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 303 K ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 4.32 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٨‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﻣﻐﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 5 ºC‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺘﻀﺎﻋﻒ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺮض أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻷوﻟﻲ ‪ ، P1 = P‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال ﺿﻌﻔﮫ أي‬

‫‪P2 = 2P‬‬
‫وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن آﻣﻮﻧﺘﻮﻧﺰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1 T1‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪P2 T2‬‬
‫)‪P (5 + 273‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪2P‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪1 578‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪2 T2‬‬
‫‪T2 = 2 × 578 = 1156 K‬‬
‫)‪(271‬‬
‫)‪(272‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺳﺎﺩﺳﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ‬
‫‪P-n Relationship‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻠﻔﻈﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ )‪ (n, P‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت )‪: (T, V‬‬
‫"ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ ﻛﻤﯿﺘﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة"‬
‫‪Pα n‬‬
‫‪P = K n‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪= K‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪P P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪⇒ 1 = 2 or 1 = 1‬‬
‫‪n1 n 2‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪n2‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٣٩‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﻏﺎز ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (15 Kg‬ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﻓﺈذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن‬
‫ﺿﻐﻄﮭﺎ ﯾﺒﻠﻎ )‪ (280 atm‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻢ ﺳﯿﺼﺒﺢ ﺿﻐﻄﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﯾﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻛﻤﯿﺘﮭﺎ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫)‪P(atm‬‬ ‫‪280 atm‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫)‪n (mol‬‬ ‫‪nO2 = 15 × 103/32 = 468.75‬‬ ‫‪½ × 468.75 = 234.75‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪constant‬‬ ‫‪constant‬‬
‫وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ وﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1 P2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪n1 n 2‬‬
‫‪T ‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1  2 ‬‬
‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫)‪P2 = P1 × (ratio of temperatures‬‬
‫‪ 273 ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 3 ‬‬ ‫‪ = 2.7 atm‬‬
‫‪ 303 ‬‬
‫)‪(272‬‬
‫)‪(273‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻌﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ‬
‫‪n-T Relationship‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻠﻔﻈﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ )‪ (n, T‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت )‪: (P, V‬‬
‫" ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ واﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﻓ ﺈن اﻟﻌﻼﻗ ﺔ ﺑ ﯿﻦ ﻛﻤﯿ ﺔ اﻟﻐ ﺎز ودرﺟ ﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗ ﮫ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘ ﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪n α‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪K‬‬
‫= ‪n‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪n T = K‬‬
‫‪⇒ n1T1 = n 2 T2‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺛﺎﻣﻨﺎ ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫‪The Combined Gas Law Equation‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪھﺎ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﯿﺘﮫ )‪ ،(n‬وﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ ،(V‬وﺿﻐﻄﮫ )‪(P‬‬
‫ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ )‪ (T‬واﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﺨﻮاص ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ دﻣﺞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(P1V1 = P2V2‬‬
‫• وﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ V1 V2 ‬‬
‫‪ = ‬‬
‫‪ T1 T2 ‬‬
‫)‪(273‬‬
‫)‪(274‬‬
‫• وﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻏﺎي – ﻟﻮﺳﺎك )أو ﻗﺎﻧﻮن آﻣﻮﻧﺘﻮﻧﺰ( اﻟﺬي ﯾﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1 P2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ دﻣﺞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺮدة ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪VαT‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Vα‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪VαT.‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪KT‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪=K‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫وھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ إﻻ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪(n = constant‬‬
‫وھﻮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺎداﻣﺖ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ (n‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ واﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻐﺎز ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1V1‬‬ ‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪= 2 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ P1V1‬‬ ‫‪P2 V2 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ T1‬‬ ‫‪T2 ‬‬
‫ھﻨﺎك ﺳﺖ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮات إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺴﺎدس‪.‬‬
‫)‪(274‬‬
‫)‪(275‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ T) T1 = T2‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ( ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪(P1V1 = P2V2) :‬‬ ‫‪(١‬‬
‫‪P1 P2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪ V ) V1 = V2‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ( ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻏﺎي ﻟﻮﺳﺎك ‪:‬‬ ‫‪(٢‬‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫‪V1 V2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪ P ) P1 = P2‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ( ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ‬ ‫‪(٣‬‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫واﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪(STP) (standard temperature :‬‬

‫)‪and pressure‬‬
‫ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(0 ºC = 273 K, 1atm = 101.325 KPa‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٠‬‬
‫ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﻮن ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره )‪ (10 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (27 ºC‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ )‪(985 torr‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺸﻐﻠﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪(Standard Conditions‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪P1 V1 P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪PVT ‬‬
‫‪⇒ V2 = V1  1 1 2 ‬‬
‫‪ P2 T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 985 torr × 105 L × 273 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 105 ‬‬ ‫‪ =124 L‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪760 torr × 300K‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺪﯾﻞ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺿﺮب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻷوﻟﻲ )‪ (V1‬ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ‪.‬‬
‫• اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﻨﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ )‪ (985 torr‬اﻟﻰ )‪) (760 torr‬اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺰداد(‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ھﻮ )‪(985torr/760 torr‬‬
‫)‪(275‬‬
‫)‪(276‬‬
‫• درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 300 K‬اﻟﻰ ‪) 273 K‬اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺰداد(‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﯾﻜﻮن )‪(273 K/300 K‬‬
‫وﺑﻀﺮب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻷوﻟﻲ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ )‪ (factors‬ﯾﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 985 torr   273 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 105 L ‬‬ ‫‪×‬‬ ‫‪ = 124 L‬‬
‫‪ 760 torr   300 K ‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤١‬‬
‫ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻏﺎز ﺗﺸﻐﻞ )‪ (10.0 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (24 ºC‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪ ،80 KPa‬ﻋﻨﺪ أي درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ﺳﯿﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪ ،20 L‬إذا زدﻧﺎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻰ )‪(107 kPa‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪P1 V1 P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪P2 V2 T1‬‬ ‫‪107 KPa × 20.0 L × 513 K‬‬
‫= ‪T2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪P1 V1‬‬ ‫‪80 kPa × 10.0 L‬‬
‫)‪T2 = 1.37 × 10 3 K (1.10 × 10 3 ο C‬‬
‫واﻟﺤﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻀﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ P  V ‬‬
‫‪T2 = T1  2  2 ‬‬
‫‪ P1  V1 ‬‬
‫‪ 107 kPa   20 L ‬‬ ‫‪3 ο‬‬
‫‪×‬‬ ‫‪ = 1.37 × 10 K= 1.1 × 10 C‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪T2 = 513 K ‬‬
‫‪ 80 kPa   10 L ‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ STP‬إذا وﺟﺪ أﻧﮫ ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻣﻘﺪاره ‪ 255 cm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 25 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ ‪ 85.0 KPa‬؟‬
‫)‪(276‬‬
‫)‪(277‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ )اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ()‪(1‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ)‪(2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪255cm3‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪85.0 KPa‬‬ ‫‪101.3 KPa‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪298 K‬‬ ‫‪273 K‬‬
‫وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1V1‬‬ ‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪= 2 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫وﻹﯾﺠﺎد ‪:V2‬‬
‫‪P  T ‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1  1  .  2 ‬‬
‫‪ P2   T1 ‬‬
‫‪V P T‬‬
‫‪V2 = 1 1 2‬‬
‫‪P2 T1‬‬
‫‪255 cm 3 × 85.0 kPa × 273 K‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬
‫‪101.325 kPa × 298 K‬‬
‫‪V2 = 195.97 ≈ 196 cm 3‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪V2 = V1 × (pressure ratio) × (temperature ratio‬‬
‫‪ (١‬اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ارﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻦ )‪ (85 kPa‬اﻟﻰ )‪ (101.325 kPa‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪(V1‬‬

‫ﺳﯿﻘﻞ وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻀﺮب ﻓﻲ ﻛﺴﺮ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬
‫‪ P1‬‬ ‫‪85 ‬‬
‫= ‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ P2 101.325 ‬‬
‫‪ (١‬درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ ﻣﻦ )‪ (25 ºC‬اﻟﻰ )‪ (0 ºC‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪(V1‬‬

‫ﺳﯿﻨﺨﻔﺾ وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻰ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ أي ‪:‬‬
‫‪ T2 273 ‬‬
‫= ‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ T1 298 ‬‬
‫)‪(277‬‬
‫)‪(278‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ )‪: (V2‬‬

‫)‪V2 = V1 (pressure ratio) . (temperature ratio‬‬
‫‪ P  T ‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1  1  .  2 ‬‬
‫‪ P2   T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 85.0   273 ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 255 cm 3 ‬‬ ‫‪×‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 101.325   298 ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 195.97 ≈ 196 cm 3‬‬
‫وھﻮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ )‪(STP‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٣‬‬
‫ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﻤﺎرس ﺿﻐﻄﺎً ﻗﺪره )‪ (82.5 kPa‬ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ 300 cm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫)‪ . (25 ºC‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺬي ﺳﺘﻤﺎرﺳﮫ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪(500 cm3‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪(50 ºC‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ )اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ()‪(1‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ)‪(2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪....... 82.5 KPa........‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪300 cm3‬‬ ‫‪500 cm3‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪298 K‬‬ ‫‪323 K‬‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1V1‬‬ ‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪= 2 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪P1V1T2 = P2 V2T1‬‬
‫‪P1V1T2‬‬
‫= ‪P2‬‬
‫‪V2 T1‬‬
‫‪82.5 kPa × 300 cm 3 × 323 K‬‬
‫= ‪P2‬‬
‫‪500 cm3 × 298 K‬‬
‫‪P2 = 49.5 kPa‬‬
‫)‪(278‬‬
‫)‪(279‬‬
‫ﺴﺐ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺔ اﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﻼﻗ‬ ‫ﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﻞ اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺣ‬
‫)‪: (Volume Ratio) , (Temperature Ratio‬‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺪﯾﻞ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺿﺮب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻷوﻟﻲ )‪ (P1‬ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ووﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺳﯿﻨﻘﺺ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V1 300 ‬‬
‫= ‪ volume ratio‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪500 ‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬وﺑﺴﺒﺐ زﯾﺎدة درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ووﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻏﺎي‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺳﺎك ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺳﯿﺰداد‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﻜﻮن أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ واﺣﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ T2 323 ‬‬
‫= ‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ T1 298 ‬‬
‫)‪P2 = P1 (volume ratio) . (temperature ratio‬‬
‫‪ V  T ‬‬
‫‪P2 = P1  1  .  2 ‬‬
‫‪ V2   T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 300   323 ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 82.5 kPa ‬‬ ‫‪×‬‬ ‫‪ = 49.5 kPa‬‬
‫‪ 500   298 ‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٤‬‬
‫ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﻮن )‪ (Ne‬ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره )‪ (10 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (27 ºC‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫)‪ (985 torr‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺸﻐﻠﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪(STP‬‬
‫)‪(Standard Conditions‬‬
‫)‪(279‬‬
‫)‪(280‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪P1 V1 P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪PVT ‬‬
‫‪⇒ V2 = V1  1 1 2 ‬‬
‫‪ P2 T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 985 torr × 105 L × 273 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 105 ‬‬ ‫‪ = 124 L‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪760 torr × 300K‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺪﯾﻞ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﻀﺮب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻷوﻟﻲ )‪ (V1‬ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫ﺑﻮﯾﻞ وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ اﻟﻠﺬان ﯾﺴﺘﻨﺘﺠﺎن ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫• اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﻨﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ )‪ (985 torr‬اﻟﻰ )‪) (760 torr‬اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺰداد(‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﯾﻜﻮن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ أي ‪(985 torr/760 torr) :‬‬
‫• درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 300 K‬اﻟﻰ ‪) 273 K‬اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺳﯿﻘﻞ(‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﯾﻜﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ أي ‪(273 K/300 K) :‬‬
‫وﺑﻀﺮب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻷوﻟﻲ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ )‪ (factors‬ﯾﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪V2 = 105 × ( pressure Ratio ) × ( temperature ratio‬‬
‫‪ 985 torr   273 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 105 L ‬‬ ‫‪×‬‬ ‫‪ = 124 L‬‬
‫‪ 760 torr   300 K ‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٥‬‬
‫ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻏﺎز ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره )‪ (10.0 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (240 ºC‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪،80 kPa‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ أي درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺳﯿﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪ ،20 L‬إذا زدﻧﺎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻰ )‪(107 kPa‬‬
‫)‪(280‬‬
(281)
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
(1) ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬ (2) ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
P 80 kPa 107 atm
V 10 L 20 L
T 240 °C = 513 K T2
n constant constant
P1 V1 P2 V2
=
T1 T2
P2 V2 T1 107 kPa × 20.0 L × 513 K
T2 = =
P1 V1 80 kPa × 10.0 L
T2 = 1.37 × 10 3 K (1.10 × 10 3 ο C)
: ‫واﻟﺤﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻀﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬

T2 = T1 ( pressure ratio ) × ( volume ratio )
 P  V 
T2 = T1  2   2 
 P1   V1 
 107 kPa   20 L  3 ο
×  = 1.37 × 10 K= 1.1 × 10 C
3
T2 = 513 K 
 80 kPa   10 L 
(٤٦) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
(3 ‫( ﯾﺴﺎوي‬4 L) ‫وﺟﺪ أن ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ‬

(1.5 atm) ‫ ﻓﻜﻢ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬،(30 ºC) ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ‬atm)
‫(؟‬10 ºC) ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
P 3 atm 1.5 atm
V 4L V2
T 30 °C = 303 K 10 ºC = 283 K
n constant constant
: ‫وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
(281)
(282)
P1V1 P2 V2
=
T1 T2
 P1   T2 
V2 = V1   . 
 P2   T1 
 3 atm   283 K 
V2 = 4 L  × 
 1.5 atm   303 K 
V2 = 7.47 L
(٤٧) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
، (500 atm) ‫( و‬27 ºC) ‫ﻏﺎز ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره ﻟﺘﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫( واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﯿﺼﺒﺢ‬60 ºC) ‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ‬
.(700 atm)
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
P 500 atm 700 atm
V 1L V2
T 27 °C = 300 K 60 °C = 333 K
n constant constant
: ‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
P1V1 PV
= 2 2
T1 T2
 P  T 
V2 = V1  1  ×  2 
 P2   T1 
 500 atm   (60 + 273) K 
V2 = 1L ×  × 
 700 atm   (27 + 273) K 
V2 = (1 L) × (0.714) × (1.11)
V2 = 0.79 L
‫( و‬pressure ration) ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬

، (temperature ratio)
(282)
‫)‪(283‬‬
‫• ﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻗﺪ زاد ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻀﺮب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻄﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ أي‪:‬‬
‫)‪.(Pressure Ratio = P1/P2 = 500/700 = 0.4‬‬
‫• ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻀﺮب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة وﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻗﺪ ارﺗﻔﻌﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺳﯿﺮﺗﻔﻊ وﺗﻜﻮن ﻧﺴﺒﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻀﺮب ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ‬
‫أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ أي أن ‪(temperature ratio = T2/T1 = :‬‬
‫)‪333/300 = 1.11‬‬
‫وﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (V2‬ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪V2 =V1 ( pressure ratio < 1) × ( temperature ratio > 1‬‬
‫‪ P  T ‬‬
‫‪V2 =V1  1  .  2 ‬‬
‫‪ P2   T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 500   333 ‬‬
‫‪V2 =V1 ‬‬ ‫‪×‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 700   300 ‬‬
‫‪V2 = (1 L ) × (0.71) × (1.11) = 0.79 L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٤٨‬‬
‫ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﻏﺎز ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره ‪ 9 m3‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪ .‬اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﺺ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﺼﻒ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﺰداد اﻟﻰ ﻋﺸﺮة أﺿﻌﺎف‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ )‪(1‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ )‪(2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P=1‬‬ ‫‪10P = 10‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪9 m3‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T=1‬‬ ‫‪1/2T = 0.5‬‬
‫)‪(283‬‬
(284)
( P1 = 1, P2 = 10P1 ) , ( T1 = 1, T2 = 0.5T1 )
V2 = V1 × ( pressure ratio < 1) × ( temperature ratio < 1)
 P  T 
V2 = V1 ×  1  ×  2 
 P2   T1 
 1   0.5 
V2 =V1   ×  
 10   1 
V2 = 9 m3 × 0.1 × 0.5
V2 = 0.45 m 3
: ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬

P1V1 PV
= 2 2
T1 T2
P1V1T2 = P2 V2 T1
P1V1T2 1 × 9 m 3 × 0.5
V2 = = = 0.45 m 3
P2 T1 10 × 1
(٤٩) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
(3 atm ‫ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬4 ºC ‫ﺻﻌﺪت ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎع ﺑﺤﯿﺮة ﺣﯿﺚ )درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫ اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ‬،(0.9 atm, 25 ºC) ‫اﻟﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺣﯿﺚ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
. (2 ml) ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء إذا ﻛﺎن ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
P1V1 P2 V2
=
T1 T2
P  T 
V2 = V1  1  .  2 
 P2   T1 
 3 atm   298 K 
V2 = 2 ml  × 
 0.9 atm   277 K 
V2 = 7.17 ml
(284)
(285)
(٥٠) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬، 273 ºC ‫ ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬570 mmHg ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ‬648 ml

.(‫اﻟﺬي ﺳﯿﺸﻐﻠﮫ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
(P = 1atm = 760 mmHg , T = 0ºC = 273 ‫( ھﻲ‬STP) ‫اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬

K
P1V1 P2 V2
=
T1 T2
 P  T 
V2 = V1  1  .  2 
 P2   T1 
 570 mmHg   273 K 
V2 = 648 ml  × 
 760 mmHg   546 K 
V2 = 243 ml
(285)
‫)‪(286‬‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺳﻌﺎ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪General Ideal Gas Law‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ‬
‫‪The Ideal Gas Law‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ وﻣﺒﺪأ أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو أﺧﺒﺮاﻧﺎ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً‬

‫)‪ (Directly Proportional‬ﻣﻊ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪( Vα T‬‬ ‫• درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪( Vα n‬‬ ‫• وﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ أﺧﺒﺮﻧﺎ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪ (V‬ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً )‪ (Inversely Proportional‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪: (P‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ Vα ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻮﺣﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺜﻼث ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Vα‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪VαT‬‬
‫‪Vαn‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫) ‪V α (T) ( n‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪from Avogadro‬‬ ‫‪from‬‬ ‫‪Charles‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪Vα‬‬
‫‪P ‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪from Boyle‬‬
‫‪⇒ PV α nT‬‬
‫‪PV = n R T‬‬
‫)‪(286‬‬
‫)‪(287‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ )‪ (Constant of Proportionality‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PVα nT‬‬
‫ﯾﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ R‬وﺗﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV = nRT‬‬
‫‪ : R‬ﯾﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‪ ،‬ﻷن ﻟﮫ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزات‪ ،‬واﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﯾﺘﺒﻊ ھﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم وﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﯾﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وھﺬا اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ أو ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﯾﺠﺎد ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ R‬ﺑﻘﯿﺎس )‪ (P, V‬و ‪ T‬ﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻏﺎز ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ )ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺘﺼﺮف ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺎً )‪ (When it Behaves Ideally‬وﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻗﯿﻤﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬
‫وﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺪدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات )‪ (R‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‬
‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎزات واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺜﯿﺮﻣﻮدﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻚ واﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿﺔ واﻹﺗﺰان اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ واﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،K‬ھﻞ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫س( ﺳﺒﻖ أن أﺧﺬت اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪= K :‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ )‪ (n‬ﺳﺘﺰﯾﺪ أم ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻨﮫ؟‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪=K‬‬ ‫ج( إذا ﻛﺎن ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ھﻮ ‪ n‬ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫وإذا ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻰ )‪ (n ′‬ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪= K′‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫وﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ھﻞ ‪ K′‬أﺻﻐﺮ أو أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ K‬ﯾﺠﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻷﺛﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺪﺛﮫ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫)‪(287‬‬
‫)‪(288‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬

‫‪V‬‬
‫⇒‪Vαn‬‬ ‫‪=K‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪Pαn⇒ =K‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪T α ⇒ nT = K‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ ﯾﺆدي‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﯾﺘﻀﺢ أن زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ )‪ (n‬ﺗﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺪار‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﻰ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮫ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪αn‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪= constant × n‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫‪= constant‬‬ ‫)‪(where constant = R‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪=R‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬
‫وﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﯾﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ )وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ( ﻋﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫• اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬
‫• ودرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫أﻣﺎ ﺣﯿﻮد اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻋﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﯿﻈﮭﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫• اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ودرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(288‬‬
‫)‪(289‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫‪Value of the Gas Constant‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺪدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﺎﺑﺖ )‪ (R‬إﻻ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻘﺎس ﺑﮭﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ (P‬واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ )‪ .(V‬وﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﺑﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬
‫‪ R‬اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻮء اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﮭﻞ اﺷﺘﻘﺎق وﺣﺪات ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬ ‫‪pressure × (length)3‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪nT‬‬ ‫‪degrees × moles‬‬
‫‪force × (length)-2 × (length)3‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪degrees × moles‬‬
‫‪force × length‬‬ ‫‪energy‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪degrees × moles‬‬ ‫‪degrees × moles‬‬
‫‪R = J K -1mol-1‬‬
‫‪R = Nm K -1mol-1‬‬
‫وﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ﺳﻨﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﺾ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺪدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﺎﺑﺖ ‪: R‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﺍﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ )‪ (R‬ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ‪atm L /mol K‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو أن اﻟﻤﻮل اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ أي ﻏﺎز ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره )‪(22.414 L‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ‪S.T.P = 273 K, 1‬‬
‫‪(atm‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P V 1 atm × 22.4136 L‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪n T 1 mol × 273.15 K‬‬
‫‪⇒ R = 0.082056 atm.L/mol. K ≈ 0.0821 atm. L /mol K‬‬
‫)‪(289‬‬
(290)
: ‫( ﺗﺴﺎوي‬R) ‫( ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺈن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬ml) ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
0.0821 L.atm 0.0821 L × 103 ml L-1.atm
R= =
mol.K mol . K
⇒ R = 82.1 ml.atm/mol.K
Fig. 62 :
a) Decreasing the volume of the gas at constant n and T increases the frequency of
collisions with the container walls and therefore increases the pressure (Boyle's law).
b) Increasing the temperature (kinetic energy) at constant n and P increases the
volume of the gas (Charles's law).
c) Increasing the amount of gas at constant T and P increases the volume (Avogadro's
law).
d) Changing the identity of some molecules at constant T and V has no effect on the
pressure (Dalton's law).
(290)
(291)
Fig. 63 : Schematic illustrations of Boyle's law, Charles's law, and Avogadro's law
(291)
‫)‪(292‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )‪ (R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ‪bar. L/mol K‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺎر ﻛﻮﺣﺪة ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ‪: atm‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن ‪: R‬‬
‫)‪( 1 atm = 1.01325 bar‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬ ‫)‪(1.01325 bar) × (22.4136 L‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪nT‬‬ ‫) ‪(1 mol ) × ( 273.15 K‬‬
‫‪R = 0.08314 L bar/mol K‬‬
‫‪⇒ R = 0.08314 L bar/mol K‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )‪ (R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ‪Pa . dm3/mol K‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﺎﺳﻜﺎل )‪ (Pa‬ﻛﻮﺣﺪة ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ووﺣﺪة )‪ (atm‬ھﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(1 atm = 101325 Pa‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻹﯾﺠﺎد ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪Pa . dm3/mol . K :‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬
‫) ‪(101325 Pa) × (22.4136 dm 3‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪1mol × 273.15 K‬‬
‫‪⇒ R= 8314 Pa . dm 3/mol . K‬‬

‫‪⇒ R = 8.314 kPa . dm 3 /mol . K‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤ ﺼﻮل ﻋﻠ ﻰ ھ ﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻤ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ﻗﯿﻤ ﺔ ‪ R‬ﺑﻮﺣ ﺪة ‪(R = 8.314 atm :‬‬
‫‪L/mol K‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(292‬‬
‫)‪(293‬‬
‫‪1 atm = 101325 Pa‬‬

‫‪1 L = 1 dm 3‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪0.08206 atm. L‬‬
‫=‬
‫(‬ ‫) ‪0.082056 atm . L × 101325 Pa/atm . dm 3/L‬‬
‫‪mol.K‬‬ ‫‪mol . K‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪R = 8314.32 Pa dm / mol K‬‬
‫‪R = 8.314 kPa dm 3 / mol K‬‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )‪ (R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ‪Pa . m3/mol K‬‬

‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬
‫) ‪(101325 Pa) × (0.0224136 m 3‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪1mol × 273.15 K‬‬
‫‪R = 8.314 Pa. m3 /mol .K‬‬
‫‪⇒ R = 8.314 Pa . m 3 / mol K‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ وﺣﺪة )‪ (Pa . m3‬اﻟﻰ وﺣﺪة )‪ (Joul‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن ‪:‬‬

‫‪1 Pa m3 = 1 J‬‬
‫‪R = 8.314 Pa . m 3/mol . K‬‬
‫‪⇒ R = 8.314 J/ mol K‬‬
‫‪⇒ R = 8.314 J/ mol K‬‬
‫‪ (٥‬ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )‪ (R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ‪dyne. cm /mol K‬‬
‫ھﻨﺎك وﺣﺪة ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ‪ dyne/cm2‬وھﻲ ﺗﺮادف ﺿﻐﻄﺎً ﻗﺪره واﺣﺪ ﺟﻮ )‪) (1 atm‬ﺣﯿﺚ‬
‫اﻟﺪاﯾﻦ وﺣﺪة ﻟﻠﻘﻮة وھﻲ ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪1 dyne = 1 g . cm . s-2 :‬‬
‫وﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي )‪) (1 atm‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﻲء ﻋﻤﻮداً ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻃﻮﻟﮫ ‪(76‬‬
‫)‪ cm‬اﻟﻰ وﺣﺪة ‪ dyne/cm2‬ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(293‬‬
‫)‪(294‬‬
‫‪P=hdg‬‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪cm‬‬
‫‪1atm = (76.00 cm) × (13.5951‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫) ‪) × (980.6667 2‬‬
‫‪cm‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬
‫)‪(d‬‬ ‫) ‪(a‬‬
‫‪1 atm = 1013251.9 g cm-1 s -2‬‬
‫‪10132252 g cm s-2‬‬
‫= ‪1 atm‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= 1013252 dyne/cm 2‬‬
‫‪cm‬‬
‫‪1 atm = 1.013252 × 106 dyne/cm2‬‬
‫وھ ﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻤ ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻀﻐﻂ ﺗﻌ ﺎدل )‪ (1 atm‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾ ﻞ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟ ﻰ وﺣ ﺪات‬

‫‪: dyne. cm/mol K‬‬
‫) ‪P( dyne/cm2 ) × (cm3‬‬

‫=‪R‬‬ ‫‪= N . m mol-1 K-1‬‬
‫‪mol K‬‬
‫) ‪(1.013252 × 106 dyne/cm2 ) × (22413.6 cm3‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪1 mol × 273.15 K‬‬
‫‪R = 83143419.47 dyne . cm/ mol K‬‬
‫‪⇒ R = 8.314 × 10 7 dyne . cm/ mol K‬‬
‫‪ (٦‬ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )‪ (R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺝ ‪erg/mol K‬‬
‫اﻹرج ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﺬول ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻗﻮة ﻗﺪرھﺎ واﺣﺪ داﯾﻦ)‪ (1 dyne‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﺪرھﺎ )‪ (1 cm‬وھﻮ ﻣﻦ وﺣﺪات اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 erg = 1 dyne. cm‬‬
‫)‪(294‬‬
‫)‪(295‬‬
‫ﻭﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ‪:erg‬‬
‫) ‪PV (1.013252 × 106 dyne/cm2 ) × (22413.6 cm3‬‬

‫=‪R‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪RT‬‬ ‫)‪(1 mol) × (273.15 K‬‬
‫‪R = 83143419.47 dyne. cm/mol.K‬‬
‫‪R = 83143419.47 erg/mol.K‬‬
‫‪⇒ R = 8.31 × 10 7 erg/mol.K‬‬

‫وﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷن اﻹرج ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻼءﻣﺔ وھﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮل ﺣﯿﺚ أن ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 Joul = 107 erg‬‬
‫‪⇒ R = 8.314 × 107 erg/mol.K‬‬
‫‪R = 8.314 Joul/K.mol‬‬
‫‪ (٧‬ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )‪ (R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ‪N .m /mol K‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪم وﺣﺪة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ (N/m2‬ووﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪ (m3‬أي ﺗﻜﻮن وﺣﺪة‬
‫‪:R‬‬
‫) ‪P(N/m 2 ) × (m 3‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬ ‫‪= N . m mol -1K -1‬‬
‫‪mol K‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫وھﻮ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻗﺪرھﺎ ) ‪ (1 Kg‬إﺳﺮاﻋﺎً ﻗﺪره )‪.(1 m/s2‬‬
‫واﻟﻨﯿﻮﺗﻦ )‪ (N‬وﺣﺪة اﻟﻘﻮة ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم )‪(m . Kg . s‬‬
‫وﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻲ )‪ (Standard Atmosphere‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪات‬
‫)‪:(m . Kg .s‬‬
‫)‪(295‬‬
(296)
‫ﻧﻀﺮب ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ )ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻜﯿﻠﻮ ﺟﺮام( اﻟﺬي ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬
: ‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ اﻷرﺿﯿﺔ‬
P=h.d.g
P = h (m) . d (Kg/m 3 ) . g (m/s 2 ) = Kg m -1 s -2 = Kg m s -2 /m 2 = N/m 2
 
Newton
‫( ﻓﺈن ھﺬه‬h = 76 cm, d = 13.596 g/cm 3, g = 980.7 cm/s2) ‫ﻓﺈذا ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ أن‬
: ‫( ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬Kg, m) ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪات ﯾﺠﺐ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ‬
h Hg = 76.00 cm = 0.7600 m
13.5951 g 13.5951 g × 10-3 Kg g -1
d Hg = = = 13595.1 Kg m-3
cm3 1 cm3 × 10- 6 m3 cm-3
980.6665 cm 980.6665 cm × 10-2 m cm -1
g= 2
= 2
= 9.806665 ms -2
s s
-3 -2
P = h (m) . d (kg m ) . g (ms )
P = (0.7600 m) × (13595.1 kg m- 3 ) × (9.806665 m s- 2 )
P = 101325.1694 kg m -1 s -2 = 1.01325 × 105 kg m -1s -2
P = 1.01325 × 105 Kg m s -2 /m 2 (where N = Kg m s-2 )
 
N
P = 1.01325 × 10 N/m 2
5
N. ‫( وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾ ﻞ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟ ﻰ وﺣ ﺪات‬1 atm) ‫وھ ﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻤ ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻀﻐﻂ ﺗﻌ ﺎدل‬
: m/mol K
P (N/m 2 ) × (m3 )
R= = N . m mol-1 K-1
mol K
(1.01325 × 105 N/m 2 ) × (0.0224136 m3 )
R=
1 mol × 273.15 K
⇒ R = 8.314 N . m/ mol K
(296)
‫)‪(297‬‬
‫‪ (٨‬ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )‪ (R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ‪J/mol K‬‬
‫أوﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ )‪. (R = 8.314 N. m/mol K‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﻮﻝ ھﻮ ﻗﻮة ﻗﺪرھﺎ ﻧﯿﻮﺗﻦ ﻣﻀﺮوﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﺪرھﺎ )‪:(1 m‬‬
‫‪1 Joule = N . m‬‬

‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪J = N. m‬‬
‫‪ R = 8.314 N. m/mol K‬‬
‫‪⇒ R = 8.314 J/mol. K‬‬

‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐ ﺎز اﻟﻤﺜ ﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻘﯿﻤ ﺔ )‪ (8.314 J/mol K‬ﻓﯿﺠ ﺐ أن‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ وﺣﺪة ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎل )‪ (Pa‬وﻟﻠﺤﺠﻢ وﺣﺪة ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ )‪.(m3‬‬
‫‪ (٩‬ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )‪ (R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ‪Cal/mol K‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ واﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻜﺎ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ وﺣﺪة ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻌﺮ )‪ (calorie‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺮ واﻟﺠﻮل‪:‬‬
‫‪1 Cal. = 4.184 J‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻹﯾﺠﺎد ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬

‫‪8.314 J / mol K‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪4.184 J / Cal‬‬
‫‪⇒ R = 1.987 C al/K m ol ≈ 2 C al/m ol K‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫‪1 dyne = 10-5 N‬‬
‫)‪(297‬‬
(298)
:(1 m) ‫واﻟﺠﻮل ھﻮ ﻗﻮة ﻗﺪرھﺎ ﻧﯿﻮﺗﻦ ﻣﻀﺮوﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﺪرھﺎ‬

1 Joule = N . m
N/m2 ‫ اﻟﻰ‬dyne/cm2 ‫وﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻦ‬
1dyne 1 × 10-5 N
P= = = 0.1 N/m 2
cm 2
1 × 10 m
-4 2
⇒ P = 1dyne/cm 2 = 0.1 N/m 2

: ‫وﺑﻤﺎ أن‬
1atm = 1.013 × 106 dyne/cm2
⇒ 1dyne/cm 2 = 0.1N/m2
1dyne/cm2 = 0.1 N/m2
⇒ 1.013 × 106 dyne/cm2 = P
0.1N/m 2 × 1.013 × 106 dyne/cm2
P= 2
= 1.013 × 105 N/m 2
1dyne/cm
(1 J = 1 ‫ ( ﺣﯿﺚ‬J/K.mol ) ‫ أو‬N.m/K.mol ‫ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة‬R ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬

N. m)
PV
R=
nT
R=
(1.013 × 105 Newton m-2 ) × ( 0.0224136 m3 )
(1 mol) × (273.15 K)
⇒ R = 8.314 J/K.mol
: k ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺰﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫( وھﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻟﻜﻞ‬Boltzmann constant) (k) ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺰﻣﺎن‬

(Gas Constant per Molecule) ‫ﺟﺰيء‬
(298)
(299)
R 8.314 × 107 erg K -1 mol-1

k= = = 1.380 × 10-16 erg / K. molecule
NA 6.023 × 10 molecules . mol
23 -1
R 8.314 J K -1 mol-1
k= = = 1.380 × 10-23 J / K . molecule
NA 6.023 × 10 molecules . mol
23 -1
‫ وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬R ‫ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬:١٥ ‫ﺟﺪول‬

‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺪدﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬
R ‫ﻟـ‬ R ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
0.082056 atm L / mol K atm L
82.056 atm ml / mol K atm ml
0.08314 bar L / mol K bar L
8.314 KPa. dm3/mol K kPa dm3
8.314 Pa. m3 / mol K Pa m3
8.314 N. m / mol K N/m2 m3
8.314 J / mol K Pa m3
8.314 x 107 dyne. cm/mol K dyne/cm2 cm3
8.314 x 107 erg / mol K dyne/cm2 cm3
1.987 cal / mol K
(٥١) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪ‬4.20 g ‫ ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬F2(g) ‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي ﺗﺸﻐﻠﮫ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻔﻠﻮر‬
.(F = 19) : ‫ )ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‬720 torr ‫ وﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ‬42 °C ‫درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
PV = nRT
 4.20 g 
 38 g mol-1  × ( 0.08206 L atm mol K ) × ( 42 + 273 )
-1 -1
nRT  
V= = = 3.00 L
P  720 torr 
 -1 
 760 torr atm 
(299)
‫)‪(300‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥٢‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺦ ﺑﺎﻟﻮن ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ 740 cm3‬ﺑﻐﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم )‪ (He‬ﺑﻀﻐﻂ ﻗﺪره ‪ 145 Lb/in2‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ ،22 °C‬اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻮن‪) .‬اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(He‬‬
‫‪=4‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ‪.(1 atm = 14.7 Lb/in2) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪ PV ‬‬
‫‪m = Mw ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ RT ‬‬
‫‪  145Lb in -2 ‬‬ ‫‪ 740 cm3  ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬ ‫‪-1 ‬‬
‫×‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪-1   14.7Lb in atm ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1000 cm3 L-1  ‬‬
‫‪m = 4 g mol‬‬ ‫‪= 1.20 g He‬‬
‫‪ ( 0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1 ) × ( 295 K) ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥٣‬‬
‫ﻣﻞء إﻧﺎء ذو ﺣﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻘﺪاره ‪ 1.20 L‬ﺑﻐﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (N2‬ﺗﺤﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﻢ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ إذا رﻓﻌﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻰ )‪(90 °C‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪ ،‬وﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮ ھﻨﺎ ھﻮ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(300‬‬
(301)
P1V= nRT1
P2 V= nRT2
P1V nRT1
=
P2 V nRT2
T 
P2 =P1  2 
 T1 
363 K
P2 = 1atm × = 1.22 atm
298 K
(٥٤) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬2.5g ‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺸﻐﻠﮫ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﺗﺰن‬
.(H = 1 = ‫( )اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‬R = 0.0821 L.atm /mol K)
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
PV = n R T
 RT 
V = n 
 P 
 m H2   RT 
V= 
 Mw H  ×  
 2   P 
 2.5 g   0.0821 L. atm mol-1 K -1 × 273 K 
V=  ×
-1   
 (2 × 1)g mol   1atm 
 0.0821L. atm mol-1 K-1 × 273 K 
V = (1.25 mol) ×  
 1atm 
V = 28 L
(٥٥) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫( ﺟﺰيء ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ‬6.02 × 1022 molecules) ‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ‬

(R = 0.0821 L. atm mol -1 K-1) ‫اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬
(301)
‫)‪(302‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻُ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪N‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪NA‬‬
‫‪6.02 × 1022 molecules‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪6.023 × 1023 molecules/mole‬‬
‫‪n = 0.1 mole‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ : N‬ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ : NA ،‬ﻋﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪:‬‬
‫‪nRT‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.1mol) × ( 0.0821 L. atm mol-1K-1 ) × ( 273 K‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫) ‪(1 atm‬‬
‫‪V = 2.24 L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥٦‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن ‪ 0.32 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪ CO2‬ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره ‪ 8 dm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 100 ºC‬ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻮ‬
‫)‪(R = 0.0821 L. atm. mol-1. K-1‬‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮل اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻰ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻠﺘﺮ‪ ،‬وﺑﻤﺎ أن )‪ (1 dm3 = 1 L‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ‪(8 dm3 = 8‬‬
‫)‪L‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(302‬‬
‫)‪(303‬‬
‫‪nRT‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.32 mol ) × ( 0.0821 L. atm mol-1K -1 ) × ( 373 K‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫)‪(8 L‬‬
‫‪P = 1.225 atm L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥٧‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ ‪ 200 ml‬ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪45 ºC‬‬
‫‪ ، 800 mmHg‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ‪(R = 0.0821 L. atm. mol-1 K- :‬‬ ‫وﺿﻐﻂ ﻗﺪره‬
‫)‪.1‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮل وﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻰ ﻟﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ، 1000‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺤﻮل وﺣﺪة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻰ‬
‫‪ atm‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (760‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪ 800 mmHg   200 ml ‬‬
‫‪ 760 mmHg/atm  ×  1000 ml/L ‬‬
‫‪n= ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.0821 L. atm mol K ) × ( 318 K‬‬
‫‪-1 -1‬‬
‫‪n = 8.06 × 10-3 mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٥٨‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ) ‪ (560 cm3‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ھﻲ ‪ 1.55 g‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ‪.(R = 0.0821 L. atm. mol -1. K-1) :‬‬
‫)‪(303‬‬
(304)
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
PV = nRT
m
PV = RT
Mw
m
Mw = RT
PV
 1.55 
 × (0.0821 L. atm. mol K ) × (273 K)
-1 -1
Mw = 
 (1atm) × (560 cm 3
/1000 cm3
/L) 
Mw = 62 g/mol
(٥٩) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬0.75 L ‫ ﻣﻨﮫ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﯿﺰاً ﻣﻘﺪاره‬5g ‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز إذا ﻛﺎن‬
(35 cm Hg) ‫( و ﺿﻐﻂ ﻗﺪره‬40 ºC) ‫ﻗﺪرھﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
35 cm Hg
P= = 0.46 atm
76cmHg/1atm
T= 40 + 273 = 313 K
PV=nRT
m
PV = RT
Mw
mRT
Mw =
PV
5g
PV = (0.0821 atm.Lmol -1K -1 ) × (313 K)
Mw
(5 g ) × (0.0821 atm.Lmol-1K -1 ) × (313 K)
Mw =
( 0.46 atm ) × ( 0.75 L )
Mw = 372.42 g/mol
(304)
‫)‪(305‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٠‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪ CH4‬ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺳﻌﺘﮫ ‪ 20 L‬ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ‪ 190 cmHg‬ﻓﺈذا‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (-5 ºC‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ج( ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬ ‫ب( اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮام‬ ‫أ( ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(R = 0.0821 L. atm. mol -1 K-1) ، (H = 1, C = 12) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮل وﺣﺪات اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻰ )‪ (atm‬واﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻰ )‪ (K‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪190 cmHg‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪= 2.5atm‬‬
‫‪76cmHg/atm‬‬
‫‪T = ( - 5 ο C + 273) = 268 K‬‬
‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ‪: n‬‬

‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫)‪( 2.5 atm‬‬
‫)‪× ( 20 L‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L. atm. mol- K-1 ) × (268 K‬‬
‫‪n = 2.27 mol‬‬
‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮام ‪: m‬‬

‫)‪Mw CH4 = (12 + 4 × 1 = 16‬‬
‫‪m CH4 = n × Mw‬‬
‫‪m CH4 = 2.27 × 16‬‬
‫‪m CH4 = 36.32 g‬‬
‫)‪(305‬‬
‫)‪(306‬‬
‫ج( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ‪: N‬‬

‫‪N‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪NA‬‬
‫‪N = n NA‬‬
‫‪N = 2.27 mol × 6.023 × 10 23molecules mol-1‬‬
‫‪N = 1.37 × 10 24 molecules‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦١‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪ (g mol-1‬وزﻧﮫ ‪ 1.12 g‬ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ‬
‫‪ 240 ml‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪ 755 torr‬ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪100 ºC‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪755 torr‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪= 0.993 atm‬‬
‫‪760 torr/atm‬‬
‫‪240 ml‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫‪= 0.24 L‬‬
‫‪1000 ml/L‬‬
‫‪T = 100 ο C + 273 = 373 K‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬
‫)‪(1.12 g ) × (0.0821 L.atm mol -1K -1) × (373 K‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.993 atm) × (0.24 L‬‬
‫‪Mw = 144 g/mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ)‪(٦٢‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﻀﻮي ﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ )‪(H = 7%, C = 55.8 %, O = 37.2%‬‬

‫ﻓﺈذا ﺑﺨﺮت ﻋﯿﻨﺔ وزﻧﮭﺎ ‪ 1.45 g‬ﻓﻮﺟﺪت أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﯿﺰاً ﻗﺪره )‪ (530 cm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ ،100 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ )‪ ،(740 mmHg‬ﻓﺄوﺟﺪ اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﻌﻀﻮي‪.‬‬
‫)‪(306‬‬
‫)‪(307‬‬
‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(H = 1, C = 12, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪740 mmHg‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪= 0.974 atm‬‬
‫‪760 mmHg/atm‬‬
‫‪530 cm3‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫‪= 0.53 L‬‬
‫‪1000 cm3 /L‬‬
‫‪T = 100 + 273 = 373 K‬‬
‫‪P V= n R T‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪PV‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪mRT‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬
‫)‪(1.45 g ) × (0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1 ) × (373 K‬‬
‫)‪(0.974 atm) × (0.53 L‬‬
‫‪Mw = 86 g/mol‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮاض أن اﻟﻤﺎدة وزﻧﮭﺎ )‪ (100 g‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻮزن‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ = ‪ ،7.7 g‬وزن اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪ ،(55.8 g‬ووزن اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
‫)‪ ،(16 g‬واﻟﻮزن اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m O + m H + mC‬‬
‫‪37.2 + 7 + 55.8 = 100 g‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪:‬‬

‫‪mO 37.2‬‬
‫= ‪nO‬‬ ‫‪= 2.325 mol‬‬
‫‪Aw O 16‬‬
‫‪mH‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫= ‪nH‬‬ ‫‪= = 7 mol‬‬
‫‪Aw H 1‬‬
‫‪mC‬‬ ‫‪55.8‬‬
‫= ‪nC‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4.65 mol‬‬
‫‪Aw C‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫)‪(307‬‬
‫)‪(308‬‬
‫وﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﺴﻢ ﻗﯿﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت أﻋﻼه ﻋﻠﻰ أﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ وھﻲ )‪(2.325‬‬
‫وھﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺬرات ‪:‬‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬
‫‪4.65‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪2.325‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫‪2.325‬‬ ‫‪2.325‬‬ ‫‪2.325‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪: 3‬‬ ‫‪: 1‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ھﻰ ‪C2H3O :‬‬

‫ووزن ھﺬه اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ ھﻲ ‪(2 × 12 + 3 × 1 + 1 × 16 = 43) :‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟ ﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾ ﺌﻲ‬
‫ﻋ ﺪد ﺗﻜ ﺮار اﻟﺼ ﯿﻐﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿ ﺔ =‬
‫وزن اﻟﺼ ﯿﻐﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿ ﺔ‬
‫‪86‬‬
‫=‪2‬‬ ‫ﻋ ﺪد ﺗﻜ ﺮار اﻟﺼ ﯿﻐﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿ ﺔ =‬
‫‪43‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن ‪2(C2H3O) = C4H6O2 :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٣‬‬
‫وﺿﻌﺖ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (N2‬ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (0.29 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪(25 ºC‬‬
‫ﻓﺈذا أﺿﯿﻒ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ )‪ (0.1 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪ O2‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ أﺻﺒﺢ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء‬
‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (0.997 atm‬اﺣﺴﺐ وزن اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ = ‪.(14‬‬
‫)‪(308‬‬
‫)‪(309‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m O2‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬
‫‪Mw O2‬‬
‫‪0.1 g‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬ ‫‪= 3.125 × 10 -3 mol‬‬
‫‪(2 × 16) g/mol‬‬
‫وﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ )ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪ +‬ﻣﻮﻻت اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬

‫‪Pt V = n t RT‬‬
‫‪Pt V‬‬
‫= ‪nt‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫= ‪nt‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.997 atm ) × ( 0.29 L‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L.atm/K.mo) × (25 + 273‬‬
‫‪n t = 0.0118 mol‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪n t = n O2 + n N 2‬‬
‫‪n N 2 = n t - n O2‬‬
‫‪n N 2 = 0.0118 - 3.125 × 10-3‬‬
‫‪n N 2 = 8.675 × 10-3 mol‬‬
‫وﻣﻨﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب وزن اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m N 2 = n N 2 × Mw‬‬
‫)‪m N 2 = ( 8.675 × 10 -3 ) × (2 × 14‬‬
‫‪m N 2 = 0.2429 g‬‬
‫)‪(309‬‬
‫)‪(310‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٤‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزي )‪ (O2‬و )‪ (HBr‬ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎﺋﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﯿﻦ ﻟﮭﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ وﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬ﻓﺄي اﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﯿﻦ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﯿﮫ أﻋﻠﻰ‪) .‬اﻟﻜﺘﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(H =1, O = 16, Br = 80 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻷول )‪ (O2‬واﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ )‪: (HBr‬‬

‫‪m O2‬‬
‫= ‪PO2 . V‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw O2‬‬
‫‪m HBr‬‬
‫= ‪PHBr .V‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw HBr‬‬
‫‪m O2 = m HBr‬‬
‫وﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m O2‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪PO2 . V‬‬ ‫‪Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪PO‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Mw HBr‬‬
‫=‬ ‫= ‪⇒ 2‬‬ ‫×‬
‫‪PHBr .V‬‬ ‫‪m HBr‬‬ ‫‪PHBr Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw HBr‬‬
‫‪PO2‬‬ ‫‪Mw HBr 81‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪PHBr‬‬ ‫‪Mw O2 32‬‬
‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن ﺿﻐﻂ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻏﺎز ‪HBr‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٥‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ذرات اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ )‪ (10 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف‬
‫)‪.(R = 0.0821 at. L/mol K) (STP‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬
‫)‪(310‬‬
‫)‪(311‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫) ‪(1 atm‬‬ ‫) ‪× (10 L‬‬
‫‪= 0.446 mol‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L.atm mol-1K -1 ) × (273 K‬‬
‫وﯾﻜﻮن ﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪:‬‬

‫‪N H2 = n H2 . N A‬‬
‫‪N H 2 = 0.446 mol × 6.02 × 10 23 molecules/mol = 2.68 × 10 23 molecules‬‬
‫وﺣﯿﺚ أن ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰيء ھﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ذرﺗﯿﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪد ذرات اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪N H = 2.68 × 1023 × 2 = 5.36 × 1023 atoms‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٦‬‬
‫ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﺠﻢ )‪ (10 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز )‪ (4.62 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (35 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (762 torr‬ﻓﺈذا ﺗﻢ‬
‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (12.3 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (51 ºC‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ )‪ (10 g‬ﻹﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(311‬‬
‫)‪(312‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬
‫)‪(10 g ) × (0.0821 L.atm mol-1K-1 ) × (308 K‬‬
‫)‪(762 torr/760 torr atm-1 ) × (4.62 L‬‬
‫‪Mw = 54.59 g/mol‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﯿﺔ )‪: (10 + 12.3 = 22.3 g‬‬

‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫= ‪RT ⇒ P‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪MwV‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‪22.3 g ) × (0.0821 L.atm mol-1K -1 ) × (324 K‬‬
‫)‪(54.59 g/mol) × (4.62 L‬‬
‫‪P = 2.35 atm‬‬
‫‪ 760 torr ‬‬
‫‪P = 2.35 atm × ‬‬ ‫‪ =1786 torr‬‬
‫‪ atm ‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٧‬‬
‫أﻛﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪T (K‬‬ ‫)‪T (ºC‬‬ ‫)‪N (molecule‬‬ ‫)‪m (g‬‬ ‫)‪n (mol‬‬ ‫)‪V (L‬‬ ‫)‪P (atm‬‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫‪298‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪4.9 × 1022‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬ ‫‪0.082‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪NH3‬‬
‫‪293‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪6.02 × 1023‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪26.7‬‬ ‫‪0.9‬‬ ‫‪H2‬‬
‫‪278‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6.02 × 1022‬‬ ‫‪4.4‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪0.23‬‬ ‫‪CO2‬‬
‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪3.01 × 1023‬‬ ‫‪18.25‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪8.2‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪HCl‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٨‬‬
‫أﺛﺒﺖ أن ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪ CO‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ذي ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﯾﺴﺎوي ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪ C4H8‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(H = 1, C = 12, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪة ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(312‬‬
‫)‪(313‬‬
‫‪m CO‬‬
‫= ‪PCO .VCO‬‬ ‫‪RT ............1‬‬
‫‪Mw CO‬‬
‫‪m C4 H 8‬‬
‫= ‪PC4 H8 .VC4 H8‬‬ ‫‪RT.........2‬‬
‫‪Mw C4 H8‬‬
‫ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (1‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪: (2‬‬

‫‪ mCO ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ RT‬‬
‫‪= ‬‬ ‫‪CO ‬‬
‫‪PCO .VCO‬‬ ‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪PC4H8 .VC4H8  mC4H8 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ RT‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪4 8 ‬‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫‪PCO‬‬ ‫‪Mw C4 H8‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪PC4H8‬‬ ‫‪Mw CO‬‬
‫‪PCO‬‬ ‫‪56 2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪PC4H8 28 1‬‬
‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺘﻀﺢ أن ﺿﻐﻂ ‪ PCO‬ﺿﻌﻒ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪. PC H‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٦٩‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻌﺎم )‪ (R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪ (Pa. m3. mol-1. K-1‬ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮاض أن‬
‫ﻟﺪﯾﻚ ﻣﻮﻻً واﺣﺪاً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪(STP‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪P = 1 atm = 101325 Pa‬‬
‫‪V = 1 L = 1 × 10-3 m3‬‬
‫‪T = 0 ο C = 273 K‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم أن ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ أي ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪(V = 22.4 L = 22.4 × 10-3 m3‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪: R‬‬
‫)‪(313‬‬
‫)‪(314‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬
‫‪101325 Pa × 22.4 × 10-3 m3‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪1 mol × 273 K‬‬
‫‪R = 8.314 Pa. m3 . mol-1 K -1‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٠‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎز ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ‪ CO2‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (100 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫)‪(1.5 atm‬؟ )ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(C = 12, O = 16‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ‪:‬‬

‫‪MwCO 2 = 1 × 12 + 2 × 16 = 44 g/mol‬‬

‫‪P Mw = d R T‬‬
‫‪P Mw‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫) ‪(1.5 atm ) × ( 44 g/mol‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.0821 L.atm/K.mol ) × (373 K‬‬
‫‪d = 2.16 g/L‬‬
‫وﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ‪: g/cm3‬‬

‫‪2.16 g‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫‪2.16 g‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪1000 cm 3‬‬
‫‪d = 2.16 × 10 -3 g/cm 3‬‬
‫)‪(314‬‬
‫)‪(315‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧١‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪.(0.00187 g/cm3‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮل أوﻻً ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻰ وﺣﺪة ‪: g/L‬‬

‫‪0.00187 g‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪cm 3‬‬
‫‪0.00187 g‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪10-3 L‬‬
‫‪d = 0.00187 × 1000 = 1.87 g/L‬‬
‫وﻹﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P Mw = d R T‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪ 1.87 g/L ‬‬
‫‪Mw= ‬‬ ‫) ‪ × ( 0.0821 L.atm/K.mol ) × ( 273 K‬‬
‫‪ 1atm ‬‬
‫‪Mw = 42 g/mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٢‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺰن ‪ ، 10531 g‬ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره ‪ 1.531 ml‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ‪ ،10 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ ‪ ،2 atm‬اﺣﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺰن‬
‫‪ ، 0.28 g‬وﺗﺸﻐﻞ ‪ 15.0 ml‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪25 ºC‬‬
‫)‪(315‬‬
‫)‪(316‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪g1‬‬
‫‪P1V1 = n1RT‬‬ ‫‪or‬‬ ‫= ‪P1V1‬‬ ‫‪RT1‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪g‬‬
‫‪P2 V2 = n 2 RT2‬‬ ‫‪or‬‬ ‫‪P2 V2 = 2 RT2‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪ g1 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ RT1‬‬
‫‪P1 V1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Mw ‬‬
‫‪P2 V2‬‬ ‫‪ g2 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ RT2‬‬
‫‪ Mw ‬‬
‫‪P1V1g 2 T2‬‬ ‫) ‪( 2 atm ) × (1.531 × 10-3 L ) × ( 0.28 g ) × ( 298 K‬‬
‫= ‪⇒ P2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪V2 g1T1‬‬ ‫) ‪(150 × 10-3 L ) × (1.531 g ) × ( 283 K‬‬
‫‪P2 = 0.00306 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٣‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﮭﻮاء )اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ، 21%‬وﻧﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ (79%‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻄﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺑﺠﺪار إﻧﺎء ﻛﺮوي‪ ،‬ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮه ‪،10.0 cm‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺘﻲ )‪ ،(0 ºC, 100 ºC‬وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪ (1 atm‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ )أي‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ‪.(0 ºC‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ‪ /‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﻜﺮوي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬
‫= ‪π r3‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪× (10) 3 = 4190 cm 3 = 4.19 L‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫وﺣﯿﺚ أن ‪ ،Pt = 1 atm‬وﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزﯾﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PN2 = 0.79 atm,‬‬ ‫‪PO2 = 0.21 atm‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت = ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت × ﻋﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو‬
‫‪N = n . NA‬‬
‫)‪(316‬‬
‫)‪(317‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪0.79 atm × 4.19 L‬‬
‫= ‪n N2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.14786 mol‬‬
‫‪0.082 L atm/K mol × 273 K‬‬
‫‪0.21 atm × 4.19 L‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0393 mol‬‬
‫‪0.082 L atm/Kmol × 273 K‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ‪: N‬‬

‫‪N N2 = N A × n N2‬‬
‫‪N N2 = 6.023 × 1023 × 0.14786 = 8.9 × 1022 molecules‬‬
‫‪N O2 = N A × n O2‬‬
‫‪N O2 = 6.023 × 1023 × 0.0393 = 2.366 × 10 22 molecules‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً ‪ /‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪: 100 ºC‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﺮوف ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻣﻌﻠﻮم‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة‬
‫ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1 P2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫) ‪(P ) = (P‬‬
‫‪N2 1‬‬ ‫‪N2 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪( P ) = ( P )  TT  = 0.79 ×  373‬‬
‫‪N2 2‬‬ ‫‪N2 1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ = 1.079 atm‬‬
‫‪273 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1 P2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1 T2‬‬
‫) ‪(P ) = (P‬‬
‫‪O2 1‬‬ ‫‪O2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪( P ) = ( P )  TT  = 0.21×  373‬‬
‫‪O2‬‬ ‫‪O2 1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ = 0.28692 atm‬‬
‫‪273 ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)‪(317‬‬
‫)‪(318‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪1.079 atm × 4.19 L‬‬
‫= ‪n N2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.14786 mol‬‬
‫‪0.082 L atm/K mol × 373 K‬‬
‫‪0.28692 atm × 4.19 L‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0393 mol‬‬
‫‪0.082 L atm/Kmol × 373 K‬‬
‫وھﻮ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪد‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻻت أو اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة أو اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٤‬‬
‫وﻋﺎء )‪ (A‬ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (500 ml‬ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻮﻋﺎء آﺧﺮ )‪ (B‬ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ ،1000 ml‬وﻛﻼھﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻤﻠﻮء ﺑﺎﻟﮭﻮاء ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (STP‬ﺳﺨﻦ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ‪ B‬اﻟﻰ ‪100 ºC‬‬
‫أ( اﺣﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫ب( اﺣﺴﺐ وزن اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺬي اﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ B‬اﻟﻰ ‪A‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ‪) :‬ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاء = ‪ 1.29 g/L‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪.(STP‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(318‬‬
(319)
Pο V PV
=
Tο T
Pο (VA + VB ) V VB 
= P A + 
T1  Tο Tο + 100 
Pο (VA + VB ) Pο (VA + VB )
Tο Tο P (V + VB ) Tο ( Tο + 100 )
⇒P= = = ο A ×
 VA VB  VA ( Tο + 100 ) +Tο VB Tο VA ( Tο + 100 ) +Tο VB
 +  Tο ( Tο + 100 )
 Tο Tο + 100 
Pο (VA + VB ) ( Tο + 100 )
⇒P=
VA ( Tο + 100 ) + Tο VB
76 cmHg ( 500 cm3 +1000 cm3 ) × ( 273 + 100 ) 76 cmHg × 1500 cm3 x 373 K
P= =
500 cm3 (273 + 100 K) + 273 K × 1000cm3 500 cm3 × 373 K + 273 K × 1000 cm3
P = 92.6cm Hg
:‫ وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﻧﺠﺪ أن‬،‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ وﺑﻌﺪه‬B ‫وﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻋﺎء‬
Po V = n o RTo , P V= n R T
Po V n o RTo P n T
= ⇒ o = o o
PV nRT P nT
Po n T = P n o To
n PTo 92.6 × 273
= = = 0.89
n o Po T 76 × 373
‫ وﻣﺎ‬89% ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﯾﺸﻜﻞ‬B ‫وﯾﻌﻨﻲ ذﻟﻚ أن ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء‬

‫ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺮب اﻟﻰ‬11% ‫ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ‬A ‫ﺗﺴﺮب ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء‬
: ‫ ھﻲ‬A ‫اﻟﻮﻋﺎء‬
0.11 × 1.29 = 0.1419 g
(٧٥) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
16.5 ºC ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ‬27.34 ml ‫ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره‬0.0825 g ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻛﺘﻠﮭﺎ‬

.‫ اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‬704 mmHg ‫وﺿﻐﻂ‬
(319)
‫)‪(320‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪PV‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪0.0825 g‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪× 0.082 atm.L/mol.K × 289.5 K = 77.3 g/mol‬‬
‫‪ 704 mmHg ‬‬ ‫‪ 27.34 ml ‬‬
‫‪ 760 mmHg/atm  ×  1000 ml/L ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٦‬‬
‫ﻏﻼﯾﺔ ﺳﻌﺘﮭﺎ ‪ 8 L‬ﺻﻤﻤﺖ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺿﻐﻮﻃﺎً ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ ،1000 atm‬وإذا ﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻐﻼﯾﺔ ‪ 1.5 Kg‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء‪ ،‬وﺿﺢ اﻟﻰ أي درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫اﻟﻐﻼﯾﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﺗﻨﻔﺠﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬

‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪P V Mw‬‬ ‫‪1000 atm × 8 L × 18 g/mol‬‬
‫=‪T‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪= 1170 K (897 ο C‬‬
‫‪mR‬‬ ‫‪1500 g × 0.082 atm. L/K.mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٧٧‬‬
‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺜﻠﺞ اﻟﺠﺎف )ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﺼﻠﺐ( ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪ 1.56 g/cm3‬أوﺟﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮل‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﺰيء‪) .‬اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟـ ‪ CO2‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪.(44.01 g/mol‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫وزن اﻟﻤﻮل اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻠﺞ اﻟﺠﺎف ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ‪44.01 g/mol = CO2‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(320‬‬
(321)
m
d=
V
m 44.01 g
V= = 3
= 28.2 cm 3 /mol
d 1.56 g/cm
1mol of CO 2contains N A molecules = 6.022 × 10 23molecules
28.2 cm 3/mol
⇒ V(one molecule) = = 4.68 × 10 -23cm 3/molecule
6.022 × 10 molecules/mol
23
(٧٨) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
(0.5 atm) ‫( ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ‬0.25 mol) ‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﻐﻠﮫ‬
.(R = 0.08206 L.atm/K.mol) : ‫( ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن‬50 ºC) ‫ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
PV=nRT
0.5 atm × V = ( 0.25 mol ) × ( 0.08206 atm L/K mol ) × (298 K)
V=
( 0.25 mol ) × ( 0.08206 atm L/K mol ) × (298 K)
= 12.23 L
0.5
(٧٩) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
(27 ºC) ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬NH3 ‫( ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﺸﺎدر‬3.4 g) ‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﻐﻠﮫ‬
‫(؟‬2 atm) ‫وﺿﻐﻂ‬
( Mw NH3 = 17, m NH3 = 3.4 g. R = 0.0821 L atm/K. mol )
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
: ‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﮫ ﺑﺼﯿﻐﺔ أﺧﺮى‬PV = nRT ‫واﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬
(321)
(322)
 m 
PV =   RT
 Mw 
 m  RT
V=  
 Mw  P
3.4 g 0.0821 L . atm mol -1K -1 × 300 K
V= ×
17 g mol -1 2 atm
V = 2.463 L
(٨٠) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫( ﻋﻨﺪ‬2.8 L) ‫( ﻣﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺸﻐﻞ‬10 g) ‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن‬
.(R = 0.0821 atm L/mol K) : ‫( ﺣﯿﺚ‬2 atm) ‫( وﺿﻐﻂ‬27 ºC)
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
m
PV= RT
Mw
m
Mw = RT
PV
10 g
Mw = × (0.0821 atm L/Kmol) (300 K)
2 atm × 2.8L
Mw = 44 g/mol
(٨١) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
1.2 atm ‫ وﺿﻐﻂ‬27 ºC ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬g/L ‫( ﺑﻮﺣﺪات‬C2H6) ‫ﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎز‬
‫؟‬
.(V = 1 L, R = 0.0821 atm. L/K. mol)
(322)
‫)‪(323‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪PMw = RT‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪PMw = dRT‬‬
‫‪PMw‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪1.2 atm × 30 g/mol‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬ ‫‪= 2.46 g/L‬‬
‫‪( 0.0821 atm.L/mol K ) × 300 K‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٢‬‬
‫)‪ (560 cm3‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن وزﻧﮫ )‪ (1 g‬ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة وﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻌﯿﻨﯿﻦ‪ ،‬وﻏﺎز آﺧﺮ وزﻧﮫ )‪ (1.5 g‬ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻣﻘﺪاره )‪ (880 cm3‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ‪ .‬أوﺟﺪ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺠﮭﻮل‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬

‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪⇒ Mw‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫)‪(323‬‬
(324)
m
Mw = RT
PV
m CO2 RT m CO2
Mw CO2 PVCO2 Mw CO2 VCO2
= ⇒ =
Mw X m X RT Mw X mX
PVX VX
1
44
= 560 ⇒ Mw X = 42 g/mol
Mw X 1
880
(324)
‫)‪(325‬‬
‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ )‪ (d‬ﻭﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻴﺔ )‪(Mw‬‬

‫‪Gas Density and Molar Mass‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ‬
‫‪Using the Gas Laws to Determine Molecular Weight‬‬
‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة ھﻲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪d=  ‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫وﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺄﺛﺮه ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ أو‬
‫اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎز وﻛﺘﻠﺘﮫ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫)وزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ‪.(Mw‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﻦ أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻄﺮق‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ دراﺳﺘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ وﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ أن درﺳﻨﺎ أن ﻣﻮﻻً واﺣﺪاً ﻣﻦ أي ﻏﺎز ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره ‪(22.4‬‬
‫)‪ L‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ . (1 atm, 25 °C‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ﻗﯿﺎس أو ﺣﺴﺎب وزن ‪ 22.4 L‬ﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﺮوف‬
‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪PV = n R T‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪PV‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫) ‪P Mw = ( RT‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪P Mw = d R T‬‬
‫)‪(325‬‬
‫)‪(326‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ : m‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪g‬‬
‫‪ : Mw‬اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪(g/mol‬‬
‫‪ : d‬اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪ g/L‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻠﺘﺮ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن وﺣﺪة اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪ g/ml‬وھﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ‪ g/cm3‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ ، (1 ml = 1 cm3‬أي ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﺟﺮام‪/‬وﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : R‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ )‪.(0.0821 L. atm/mol K‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺔ‬

‫‪Molecular Weight of A gas by Limiting Density Method‬‬
‫إن ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت )‪ (n‬وﺣﺠﻢ )‪ (V‬ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن وزن اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ (m‬ووزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ )‪ (Mw‬ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻐﺎز ھﻲ‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪PV‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫وﺑﺈﺟﺮاء ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﯾﻼت ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪P Mw‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪P Mw = d R T‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪⇒ Mw =   R T‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫وﺗﻤﺜﻞ ھﺬه‪ ،‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ووزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(326‬‬
‫)‪(327‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫ﯾﻜﻮن ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً وﻻ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫وﺑﻤﺎ أن )‪ ،(Mw‬و )‪ (R‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻓﺈن‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (P‬وھﺬا ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .(٦٤‬أﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‬
‫ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪) (P‬ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(٦٤‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﻓﻘﺪ وﺟﺪ أن‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪٦٤‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ (P‬ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬا ﻓﺈن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫إن إﯾﺼﺎل اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻰ ﻗﯿﻢ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ واﻟﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺻﻔﺮ ﯾﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ وإن اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬
‫‪ P ο‬‬
‫‪ limiting Value‬وﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪d‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪Mw =   R T‬‬
‫‪ P ο‬‬
‫)‪(327‬‬
‫)‪(328‬‬
‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮف ھﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺔ ‪ limiting Density Method‬ﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬
‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ھﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ ﺟﺪاً وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﯿﺎن ﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬
‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري اﻟﻤﻀﺒﻮط ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪.‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻟﻘﺪ وﺟﺪ أن اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﺒﻮط‬
‫ﻟﻸﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ھﻮ )‪ ،(17.034‬وﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ھﻮ‬
‫)‪ (1.0080‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﻟﻠﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪17.034 = Atomic weight of N 2 + 3 × 1.0080‬‬
‫‪Atomic weight (N 2 ) = 17.034 - 3.024 = 14.010‬‬
‫إن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﮭﺎ ﺑﻄﺮق ﻋﺪﯾﺪة وﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻄﺮق ﺷﯿﻮﻋﺎً‬
‫ھﻲ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ رﻛﻨﻮﻟﺖ ‪: Regnualt’s method‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺭﻛﻨﻮﻟﺖ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات ‪:‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻣﻞء إﻧﺎء زﺟﺎﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ وزﻧﮫ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﯾﺤﺪد وزن اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ وزن اﻹﻧﺎء ﻓﺎرﻏﺎً ووزن اﻹﻧﺎء ﻣﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﺈن‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮق ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮزﻧﯿﻦ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ وزن اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪد ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ وزﻧﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ وھﺬا ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(328‬‬
‫)‪(329‬‬
‫‪Fig. 65 : Determining the density of an unknown gas. A bulb of known volume is‬‬
‫‪evacuated, weighed when empty, filled with gas at a known pressure and temperature,‬‬
‫‪and weighed again. Dividing the mass by the volume gives the density.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﯾﺮة ‪Volatile Substances‬‬

‫ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻓﻜﺘﻮر ﻣﺎﯾﺮ ‪.Victor –Mayer Method‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻜﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﺮ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮﺓ‬
‫وﻓﯿﮭﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ وزن ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻰ ﺑﺨﺎر ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﺒﺐ إزاﺣﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء‬
‫ﺑﻘﺪر ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺮاد ﻗﯿﺎس وزﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫• ﯾﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء وأن ھﺬا اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻘﺎس ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي وﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(329‬‬
‫)‪(330‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٣‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎز ‪ CO2‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪.(STP‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪Mw CO2 = (1 × 12 + 2 × 16) = 44 g/mol‬‬
‫‪PMw = d RT‬‬
‫‪P Mw‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫) ‪(1atm‬‬
‫) ‪× ( 44 g/mol‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 atm.L.mol-1 K -1 ) × (273 K‬‬
‫‪d = 1.96 g/L‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ أﺧﺮى وھﻲ أﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم أن ﺣﺠﻢ )‪ (1 mol‬ﻣﻦ أي‬
‫ﻏﺎز = ‪22.4 L‬‬
‫ووزن اﻟﻤﻮل اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪ 44 g = CO2‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪44 g‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪22.4 L‬‬
‫‪d = 1.96 g/L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٤‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪ O2‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪(STP‬‬

‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ = ‪.(16‬‬
‫)‪(330‬‬
(331)
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
Mw O2 = 2 × 16 = 32 g/mol
PMw = d R T
P Mw
d=
RT
1atm × 32 g/mol
d=
(0.082 L.atm/mol K) × (273 K)
d = 1.43 g/L
: ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﺤﻞ‬
‫ ووزن‬،22.4 L ‫( ھﻮ‬0 ºC) ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
32 g/mol ‫اﻟﻤﻮل اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
: ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن‬
m 32 g
d= =
V 22.4 L
d = 1.43 g/L
(٨٥) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫( )اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري‬74 cm Hg) ‫( وﺿﻐﻂ‬- 5º C) ‫( ﻋﻨﺪ‬N2) ‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎز‬

.(14 = ‫ﻟﻠﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
74 cm Hg
P= = 0.974 atm
76 cm Hg/ atm
T = (- 5 + 273) = 268 K
Mw N 2 = 2 × 14 = 28 g/mol
P Mw = d R T
P Mw (0.974 atm) × (28 g/mol)
d= = = 1.24 g/L
RT (0.0821 L. atm K -1 mol-1 ) × (268 K)
(331)
‫)‪(332‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٦‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ )‪ (1.23 g/L‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪(STP‬‬
‫)‪.(R = 0.0821 L. atm/mol. K‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪dRT‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫)‪(1.23 g/L) × (0.0821 L atm mol-1K -1 ) × (273 K‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬
‫)‪(1 atm‬‬
‫‪Mw = 27.57 g/mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٧‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ )‪ (2.3 g/L‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (- 25 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻗﺪره )‪ (2.35 atm‬ﺣﯿﺚ )‪(R = 0.0821 L. atm. mol-1 K-1‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪dRT‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫)‪(2.3 g/L) × (0.0821 L. atm. mol-1K -1 ) × (- 25 + 273‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬
‫)‪(2.35 atm‬‬
‫‪Mw = 19.93 g/mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٨‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎز اﻵرﺟﻮن )‪ (Ar‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (- 5 ºC‬ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪ (1 g/L‬اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪ (atm‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ )اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﻟﻶرﺟﻮن = ‪.(40‬‬
‫)‪(332‬‬
‫)‪(333‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪PMw = d R T‬‬
‫‪dRT‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫)‪(1 g/L) × (0.0821 L. atm. mol-1 K-1 ) × (- 5 + 273‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪P = 0.55 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٨٩‬‬
‫إذا ﻓﺮض أن ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزات ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ وزﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ )‪(2 g/mol‬‬
‫وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﮭﺎ )‪ (1.4 g/cm3‬وﺿﻐﻄﮭﺎ )‪ (1.4 × 109 atm‬اﺣﺴﺐ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ )‪(R = 0.0821 L. atm. mol -1 K-1‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺪ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪: (g/L‬‬

‫‪0.0014 g‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪cm3‬‬
‫‪0.0014 g‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪1cm3‬‬
‫‪1000 cm3 /L‬‬
‫)‪(0.0014 g‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬ ‫‪= 1.4 g/L‬‬
‫‪0.001 L‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P Mw = d R T‬‬
‫‪P Mw‬‬
‫=‪T‬‬
‫‪dR‬‬
‫)‪(1.4 × 109 atm) × (2 g/mol‬‬
‫=‪T‬‬ ‫‪= 2.44 × 1010 K‬‬
‫) ‪(1.4 g/L) × (0.0821 L.atm mol-1 K -1‬‬
‫)‪(333‬‬
‫)‪(334‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٠‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن ﺿﻐﻂ ﻏﺎز اﻹﯾﺜﺎن)‪ (C2H6‬ھﻮ )‪ (1.2 atm‬ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ )‪ (27 ºC‬أوﺟﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ھﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪ ،(g/ml‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ‪) :‬اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(H = 1, C = 12) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪PMw = d R T‬‬
‫‪PMw‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫)‪(1.2 atm) × (2 × 12 + 6 × 1‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L. atm. mol-1 K -1 ) × (300 K‬‬
‫‪d =1.46 g/L‬‬
‫وﻧﺤﻮل ھﺬا اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻰ وﺣﺪة ‪ g/ml‬ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال ‪:‬‬

‫‪1.46 g 1.46 g‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.46 × 10 -3 g/ml‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪1000 ml‬‬
‫)‪(334‬‬
‫)‪(335‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻏﺎﺯﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩١‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻜﻠﻮر )‪ (Cl2‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ )‪ (9.125 g‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (HCl‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (20 °C‬وﺿﻐﻂ ﻗﺪره )‪ (836 mmHg‬ﻣﻊ ﻓﺎﺋﺾ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ KMnO4‬ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2KMnO 4 + 16HCl ‬‬

‫‪→ 8H 2O + 2KCl + 2MnCl 2 + 5 Cl 2‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻋ ﺪد ﻣ ﻮﻻت ﻏ ﺎز اﻟﻜﻠ ﻮر اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧ ﺔ وﻣ ﻦ ﺛ ﻢ ﻧﻌ ﻮض ﺑﮭ ﺬا اﻟﻌ ﺪد ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز ‪ HCl‬اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪mHCl‬‬
‫= ‪n HCl‬‬
‫‪Mw HCl‬‬
‫‪9.125g‬‬
‫= ‪n HCl‬‬ ‫‪= 0.25 mol‬‬
‫)‪(1 + 35.5‬‬

‫‪16 mol HCl ‬‬
‫‪→ 5 mol Cl2‬‬
‫‪0.25 mol HCl ‬‬
‫‪→ nCl2‬‬
‫‪5 × 0.25‬‬
‫= ‪n Cl2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0781 mol‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫)‪(335‬‬
‫)‪(336‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻜﻠﻮر اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮن ﻧﻌﻮض ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪nRT‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪0.0781 mol × 0.0821 L.atm mol -1K -1 × (20 + 273) ο K‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫‪= 1.71 L‬‬
‫‪ 836 mmHg ‬‬
‫‪ 760 mmHg atm -1 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٢‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ وزن ھﯿﺪرﯾﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻟ ﺴﯿﻮم ‪ CaH2‬اﻟ ﻼزم ﻹﻧﺘ ﺎج )‪ (0.6 L‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻏ ﺎز اﻟﮭﯿ ﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬
‫)‪ (H2‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (20 °C‬وﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (1.0 atm‬ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪CaH 2 + 2H 2 O ‬‬
‫)‪→ Ca(OH)2 + 2H 2 (g‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿ ﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿ ﺎت ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺴﺆال ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿ ﻖ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PH 2 V = n H 2 RT‬‬
‫‪PH 2 V‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪1.0 atm × 0.6 L‬‬
‫= ‪n H2‬‬
‫‪0.0821 L.atm mol-1 K -1 × (20 + 273) K‬‬
‫‪n H 2 = 0.025 mol‬‬

‫‪1 mol CaH 2 ‬‬
‫‪→ 2 mol H 2‬‬
‫‪n CaH 2 ‬‬
‫‪→ 0.025 mol H 2‬‬
‫‪1 × 0.025‬‬
‫= ‪n CaH 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪n Ca(OH)2 = 0.0125 mol‬‬
‫)‪(336‬‬
‫)‪(337‬‬
‫وﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻰ وزن ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮام ‪:‬‬

‫‪mCaH2‬‬
‫= ‪n CaH2‬‬
‫‪Mw CaH2‬‬
‫‪m CaH2 = n CaH2 × Mw CaH2‬‬
‫‪m CaH2 = 0.0125 mol × (40 + 2 × 1) g mol-1‬‬
‫‪m CaH2 = 0.525 g‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٣‬‬
‫ﻛ ﻢ ﻟﺘ ﺮاً ﻣ ﻦ ﻏ ﺎز اﻟﮭﯿ ﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺸﺮوط اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳ ﯿﺔ ﯾﻨ ﺘﺞ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ ‪ 15 g‬ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ca + 2H 2 O ‬‬
‫‪→ Ca(OH)2 + H 2‬‬
‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم = ‪.(40‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﯿﻮم اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m Ca‬‬
‫= ‪n Ca‬‬
‫‪Mw Ca‬‬
‫‪15 g‬‬
‫= ‪n Ca‬‬
‫‪40 g mol -1‬‬
‫‪n Ca = 0.375 mol‬‬

‫‪1 mol Ca ‬‬
‫‪→1mol H 2‬‬
‫‪0.375 mol Ca ‬‬
‫‪→ n H2‬‬
‫‪1 × 0.375‬‬
‫= ‪n H2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.375 mol‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪(337‬‬
‫)‪(338‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﻢ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻧﻄﺒﻖ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪nRT‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪0.375 mol × 0.0821 L. atm mol -1K -1 × 273 K‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪1 atm‬‬
‫‪V = 8.40 L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٤‬‬
‫ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﻟﻈ ﺮوف اﻟﻤﻌﯿﺎرﯾ ﺔ )اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳ ﯿﺔ(‪ ،‬اﺣ ﺴﺐ ﻋ ﺪد ﻟﺘ ﺮات ﺛ ﺎﻧﻲ أﻛ ﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑ ﻮن ‪CO2‬‬
‫اﻟﻨ ﺎﺗﺞ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ )‪ (0.05 mol‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧ ﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻟ ﺴﯿﻮم ‪ CaCO3‬ﺣ ﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪CaCO 3 (S) + 2HCl ‬‬
‫)‪→ CaCl 2 + H 2O + CO 2 (g‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪1.12 L :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٥‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ 4.6 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ‪ Na‬ﻋﻨ ﺪ ‪(40‬‬
‫)‪ ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ ﻗﺪره )‪ (0.8 atm‬ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2Na + 2H 2O ‬‬
‫‪→ 2NaOH + H 2‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪3.2 L :‬‬
‫)‪(338‬‬
‫)‪(339‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٦‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ وزن ﻛﻠﻮرات اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳ ﯿﻮم اﻟﻤﺘﻔﻜﻜ ﺔ ﻟ ﺪى اﻟﺤ ﺼﻮل ﻋﻠ ﻰ )‪ (100 L‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2KClO3 ‬‬
‫‪→ 2KCl + 3O2‬‬
‫اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪(K = 39.1, Cl = 35.5, O = 16‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪364.49 g :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٧‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ وزن اﻹﯾﺜﺎﻧﻮل ‪ C2H5OH‬اﻟﻼزم ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣ ﻊ )‪ (146 L‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪(O2‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (27 °C‬وﺿﻐﻂ ﻗﺪره )‪ (91.2 cmHg‬ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪C 2 H 5OH + 3O 2 ‬‬
‫‪→ 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪(H = 1, C = 12, O = 16‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪109.066 g :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٨‬‬
‫ﻣ ﺎ ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻋﻨ ﺪ )‪(STP‬اﻟ ﺬي ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ إﻧﺘﺎﺟ ﮫ ﺑﺘ ﺴﺨﯿﻦ )‪ (112 g‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻛﻠ ﻮرات‬

‫اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم )‪.(KClO3‬‬
‫‪2KClO 3 (s) ‬‬
‫‪MnO 2‬‬
‫‪heat‬‬
‫)‪→ 2KCl(s) + 3O 2 (s‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ‪VO2 = 30.7 L‬‬
‫)‪(339‬‬
‫)‪(340‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٩٩‬‬
‫ﺧﻠ ﯿﻂ ﻣ ﻦ )‪ (1.80 g‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻛﻠ ﻮرات اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳ ﯿﻮم )‪ (KClO3‬و ﻛﻠﻮرﯾ ﺪ اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳ ﯿﻮم‬
‫)‪ (KCl‬ﺳﺨﻨﺖ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻞ ﻛﻞ )‪ . (KClO3‬وﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺠﻔﯿ ﻒ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺤ ﺮر‬
‫اﺣﺘﻞ )‪ (405 ml‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (25 °C‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮي )‪.(745 torr‬‬
‫أ( ﻛﻢ ﻣﻮﻻً ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ أﻧﺘﺞ؟‬
‫ب( ﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ KClO3‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ب( ‪%KClO3 = 73.3 %‬‬ ‫أ( ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪(0.0162 mol‬‬
‫)‪(340‬‬
‫)‪(341‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫)‪Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures (1807‬‬
‫ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻻھﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ داﻟﺘﻮن دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﯿﺔ واﻟﺠﻮﯾﺔ ‪ .‬وﻟﻘﺪ‬
‫اﺣﺘﻔﻆ ﻟﻤﺪة ‪ ٥٧‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎً ﺑﻜﺘﯿﺐ ﺧﺎص دون ﻓﯿﮫ "ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ" ووﺻﻒ ﻓﯿﮫ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻘﯿﺎس درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪،‬‬
‫وﻣﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‪ ،‬وﻣﻘﯿﺎس درﺟﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻊ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﺑﺒﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺠﻮي‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ أدت دراﺳﺘﮫ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺠﻮي اﻟﻰ وﺿﻊ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ أن دراﺳﺘﮫ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻮ أدت اﻟﻰ اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﮫ ﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ أوﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﻏﺎزي‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ وﺟﺪ أن درﺟﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻊ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺠﻮي ﺑﺒﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ )‪ (25 ºC‬ﯾﻜﻮن أﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ ﯾﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ھﻮ ‪ ،24 mm Hg‬وھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﮫ إذا ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء أن ﯾﺘﺒﺨﺮ داﺧﻞ وﻋﺎء‬
‫ﻣﻐﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺼﻞ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ أﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻘﺪاره ‪ 24 mmHg‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫‪ .25 ºC‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻣﻮﺟﻮداً داﺧﻞ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء وﺿﻐﻄﮫ ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪760 mmHg‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = Pair + PH2O‬‬
‫‪Pt = 760 + 24 = 784 mmHg‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﻣﻔﺮﻏﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء وﺿﻐﻄﮫ = ﺻﻔﺮاً‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﯾﺴﺎوي ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء )‪. (24 mmHg‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ أﺟﺮى داﻟﺘﻮن اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻏﺎزات أﺧﺮى وﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً‬
‫إذا اﺣﺘﻮى اﻹﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ)‪ (N2‬وﺿﻐﻄﮫ ‪ 500 mmHg‬ﻓﻔﻲ وﺟﻮد‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺮﺗﻔﻊ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻰ ‪ 524 mmHg‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ‪.25 ºC‬‬
‫وﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس ھﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت ﻓﻘﺪ اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﺎم )‪ (1801‬أن ‪:‬‬
‫" اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻻ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﯾﺴﺎوي ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻀﻐﻮط‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات إذا ﺷﻐﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز اﻟﺤﯿﺰ ﺑﻤﻔﺮده"‪.‬‬
‫)‪(341‬‬
‫)‪(342‬‬
‫وھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات دون‬
‫أن ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺎً ﯾﺴﺎوي ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻤﻔﺮده‪ .‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻮف ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺰﯾﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ھﻮ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد‪.‬‬
‫إن اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻛﻔﯿﻠﺔ ﺑﺄن ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‬
‫اﺳﺘﻘﻼﻻً ﻋﻦ ﻏﯿﺮه ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ‪ ،‬وﺣﺮﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮫ‪ .‬وﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا اﻷﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫أن ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺑﻀﻐﻂ ﺧﺎص ﺑﮫ‪ ،‬وﻛﺄﻧﮫ اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﺪد‪،‬‬
‫وأن ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻠﻮط ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ھﺬه اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﮫ‪.‬‬
‫‪Fig. 66 : Dalton's Law of partial pressures. Partial pressure of oxygen gas (small‬‬
‫‪dots) is 250 torr, and partial pressure of nitrogen gas (large dots) is 300 torr‬‬
‫‪Fig. 67 : Schematic illustration of Dalton's law of partial pressures.‬‬
‫)‪(342‬‬
(343)
٦٨ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
Fig. 69 : Dalton's law of partial pressures
(343)
(344)
Fig. 70 : An illustration of Dalton's Law. When the two gases A and B are mixed in
the same container at the same temperature, they exert a total pressure equal to the
sum of their partial pressure.
Fig. 71 : A molecular interpretation of Dalton's Law. The molecules act

independently in the mixture, so each gas exerts its own partial pressure due to its
molecular collisions with the walls. The total gas pressure is the sum of the partial
pressures of the component gases.
‫ وﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬،1 L ‫ ﺳﻌﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬،‫ﻓﻠﻨﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﺜﻼً ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أوﻋﯿﺔ ﻣﻠﯿﺌﺔ ﺑﻐﺎزات‬
:
0.5 atm ‫( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ‬N2) ‫أﺣﺪھﺎ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‬ •
0.75 atm ‫( ﺑﻀﻐﻂ‬O2) ‫واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬ •
0.1 atm ‫( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ‬H2) ‫و اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬ •
(Pt) ‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬،‫ ﺳﻌﺘﮫ ﻟﺘﺮ واﺣﺪ‬،‫ﻓﺈذا اﺧﺘﻠﻄﺖ ھﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء واﺣﺪ‬
:‫ﯾﺴﺎوي ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺿﻐﻮط ھﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
(344)
‫)‪(345‬‬
‫‪Pt = PN2 + PO2 + PH2‬‬

‫‪Pt = 0.5 + 0.75 + 0.1‬‬
‫‪Pt = 1.35‬‬
‫وﯾﻌﺮف ﺿﻐﻂ ﻏﺎز ﺑﺬاﺗﮫ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻹﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪.(٧٢‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٧٢‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﻞ اﻷوﻋﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ وﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻟﮫ ﻣﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻟﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮض أن ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺿﺨﺖ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻷول‪ ،‬وأن ﺿﻐﻄﮭﺎ‬
‫)‪ ،(4 mmHg‬وأن ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺿﺨﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﯿﺲ ھﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬وأن ﺿﻐﻄﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﯿﺲ ھﻮ )‪ .(6 mmHg‬وإذا ﻧﻘﻠﺖ ﻛﻠﺘﺎ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻼﺣﻆ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﻜﻮن )‪.(10 mmHg‬‬
‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫" اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻻ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ وﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﯾﺴﺎوي ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات"‬
‫وﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﮫ رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد )‪ (n‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫‪Pt = P1 + P2 + ………….+ Pn‬‬
‫وھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ وﺿﻊ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز )ﻻ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺎً( ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرس ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ھﻮ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻮﻋﺎء‪ .‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرس ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ ﯾﺪﻋﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ )‪. (Partial Pressure‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﻏﺎزات )‪ ،(A, B, C‬ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻﺗﮭﺎ )‪ (nA, nB, nC‬ﻓﺈن ﺿﻐﻮﻃﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(345‬‬
‫)‪(346‬‬
‫‪nAR T‬‬
‫= ‪PA V= n A RT ⇒ PA‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪n RT‬‬
‫‪PB V= n B RT ⇒ PB = B‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪nCR T‬‬
‫= ‪PC V= n C RT ⇒ PC‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪Pt = PA + PB + PC‬‬
‫‪n A RT‬‬ ‫‪n RT‬‬ ‫‪n RT‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬ ‫‪+ B‬‬ ‫‪+ C‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪⇒ Pt = A‬‬
‫‪(n + n B + n C ) R T‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪nt R T‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪⇒ Pt V = n t RT‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮرﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻨﻘﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt V = nt RT‬‬
‫وﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫)‪ (Pressure Fraction‬وھﻮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻷي ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻄﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮط اﻟﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ PA ‬‬
‫‪pressure fraction = ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ Pt ‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺤﺴﺐ ﻷي ﻏﺎز ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜ ﺎﻟﻲ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﯿ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط اﻟﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(346‬‬
‫)‪(347‬‬
‫‪PA V = n A RT‬‬
‫‪PA V n A R T‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪Pt V n t R T‬‬
‫‪PA‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫‪= A = XA‬‬
‫‪Pt‬‬ ‫‪nt‬‬
‫‪PB‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪= B = XB‬‬
‫‪Pt‬‬ ‫‪nt‬‬
‫‪PC‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬
‫‪= C = XC‬‬
‫‪Pt‬‬ ‫‪nt‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ )‪ (XA, XB, XC‬ھﻲ اﻟﻜﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ )‪ (Mole Fraction‬ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪(A, B,‬‬
‫)‪ .C‬وﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻜﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ ھﻮ واﺣﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪∑X = 1‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻷي ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮط ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PA = XA Pt‬‬
‫‪PB = XB Pt‬‬
‫‪PC = XC Pt‬‬
‫وﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﯿﻂ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي وﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﺜﯿﺮاً‬
‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﯾﻈﮭﺮ ﺣﯿﻮداً ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎً ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻈﮭﺮ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺣﯿﻮداً ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ .‬وﺳﻮف ﯾﺘﻌﺎﻇﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮد ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ازداد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ .‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺎدام اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻌﯿﺪاً ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﯿﯿﻞ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﻂ‪.‬‬
‫• وﻻ ﯾﻌﺰى ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺤﯿﻮد ﻓﻘﻂ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺠﺎذﺑﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﻮع‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫أﯾﻀﺎً اﻟﻰ ﺗﺠﺎذﺑﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪.‬‬
‫• وﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻻً‬
‫ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺎً ﺑﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻘﻠﻞ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻔﻌﺎل ‪(effective‬‬
‫)‪(347‬‬
‫)‪(348‬‬
‫)‪ volume‬ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‪ ،‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎً ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن‬
‫دون ﺧﻄﺄ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺣﺪ ﺟﻮ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﯿﻮد‬
‫ﺻﻐﯿﺮاً‪.‬‬
‫ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺎء‬

‫‪Collecting Gases Over Water‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺿﻐﻮط اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻓﻮق ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬وﻛﺜﯿﺮاً ﻣﺎ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺤﻀﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬
‫إزاﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء‪ .‬وإذا ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺎء )اﻷﺷﻜﺎل ‪(٧٨ – ٧٤‬‬
‫ﻓﯿﺠﺐ إﺟﺮاء ﺗﺼﺤﯿﺢ ﻟﻀﻐﻄﮫ ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻣﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز )ﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي ﯾﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎً ﺑﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﺨﺮ اﻟﻰ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻐﺎز )ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫‪ ،(٧٣‬وﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺎً ﺑﺒﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎز وﻟﮫ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‪ .‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﺒﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء )‪ (Vapor Pressure‬ﻣﺤﺪد‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة وﻻ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز أو ﺿﻐﻄﮫ‪ .‬ھﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة‬
‫ﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء – ﻛﺪاﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة – ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪاول ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٧٣‬‬
‫)‪(348‬‬
(349)
Fig. 74 : Pressure of a wet and dry gas
Fig. 75 : Collection of a gas over water. The water vapor is shown in the collection
bottle as (dark dots), and the gas as (green dots).
(349)
(350)
Fig. 77 : Apparatus for preparing hydrogen from zinc and sulfuric acid.
Zn(s) + 2H + (aq) 
→ Zn 2+ (aq) + H2 (g) . The hydrogen is collected by displacement
of water.
٧٦ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
(350)
(351)
Fig. 78 : Collection gas over water
‫ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻛﺪاﻟﺔ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬:١٦ ‫ﺟﺪول‬

vapor Pressure of Water at Different Temperatures
T P P T P P T P P
°C kPa mmHg °C kPa mmHg °C kPa mmHg
0 0.61 4.6 24 2.97 22.4 40 7.37 55.3
1 0.65 4.9 25 3.17 23.8 45 9.59 71.9
2 0.71 5.3 26 3.36 25.2 98 94.30 707.3
3 0.76 5.7 17 1.93 14.5 99 97.75 733.2
4 0.81 6.1 18 2.07 15.5 100 101.325 760.0
5 0.87 6.5 19 2.20 16.5 101 105.00 787.6
6 0.93 7.0 20 2.33 17.5 50 12.33 92.5
7 1.00 7.5 21 2.49 18.7 55 15.73 118.0
8 1.07 8.0 22 2.64 19.8 60 19.92 149.4
9 1.15 8.6 27 3.56 26.7 65 25.00 187.5
10 1.23 9.2 28 3.77 28.3 70 31.16 233.7
11 1.31 9.8 29 4.00 30.0 75 38.54 289.1
12 1.40 10.5 30 4.24 31.8 80 47.34 355.1
13 1.49 11.2 31 4.49 33.7 85 57.81 433.6
14 1.60 12.0 32 4.76 35.7 90 70.10 522.8
15 1.71 12.8 33 5.03 37.7 95 84.54 634.1
16 1.81 13.6 34 5.32 39.9 96 87.67 657.6
23 2.81 21.1 35 5.63 42.2 97 90.94 682.1
(٧٩) ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﯾﻈﮭﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
(351)
‫)‪(352‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ٧٩‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬ﺗﺬﻛﺮ أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﯿﺎن اﻟﻤﺎء )‪(100 °C‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﻜﻮن )‪ (760 mm Hg‬واﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪.(1 atm‬‬
‫وﯾﺴﺎھﻢ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺮﻃﺐ‪ .‬وﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن‬
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ = ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪ +‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪Pt = Pgas + PH 2O‬‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز = اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ – ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪Pgas = Pt - PH2 O‬‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء = اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ – ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬

‫‪PH2 O = Pt - Pgas‬‬
‫وإذا ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﻠﯿﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري إﺟﺮاء ﺗﺼﺤﯿﺤﺎت ﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻷن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﮭﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺎء واﺣﺪاً داﺧﻞ دورق اﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊ وﺧﺎرﺟﮫ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺎً ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺎرج )أي ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي(‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮫ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮ‪ .‬أﻣﺎ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫)‪(352‬‬
‫)‪(353‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (١٦‬إذا ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻨﻘﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pgas = Pt - PH 2O‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺎء ‪:‬‬
‫ﯾﺤﻀﺮ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﺑﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرات اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﯿﻮم ‪:KClO3‬‬

‫∆‬
‫‪2KClO3 (s) ‬‬
‫‪MnO 2‬‬
‫)‪→ 2KCl(s) + 3O 2 (g‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﯾﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻠﯿﻦ )‪.(٨١ ،٨٠‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٨٠‬‬
‫)‪(353‬‬
(354)
Fig. 81 : An apparatus for collecting gas over water. The oxygen

generated by heating potassium chlorate (KClO 3) in the presence of a
small amount of manganese dioxide (MnO 2), which speeds up the
reaction., is bubbled through water and collected in a bottle as shown.
Water originally present in the bottle is pushed into the trough by the
oxygen gas.
‫ وذﻟ ﻚ ﻟﻮﺟ ﻮد ﺑﺨ ﺎر اﻟﻤ ﺎء‬،ً‫وﻟﻜﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﺬي ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻻ ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻘﯿ ﺎ‬
.‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﯿﺰ‬
‫ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮد ﻓ ﻮق اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﯾ ﺴﺎوي ﻣﺠﻤ ﻮع اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨ ﺎﺗﺞ‬P ‫وﻟﮭﺬا ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬
: ‫ وﻋﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء‬P ‫ﻋﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬
Pt = PO2 + PH2O
PO2 = Pt - PH2O
(354)
‫)‪(355‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ‪Partial Volume‬‬
‫ﻟﻮ ﻓﺮﺿﻨﺎ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺎء ﺛﺎﺑﺖ وأن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺈن‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﯾﺴﺎوي ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ‪ Partial Volume‬ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‬
‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﻂ‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻮن اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﯿﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺬي ﺿﻐﻄﮫ ‪ P‬ﻓﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي ﻛﻤﯿﺘﮫ )‪ (n1‬ﻣﻮل ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻤﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ )‪(V1‬‬
‫ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪:‬‬
‫‪n1RT‬‬
‫= ‪V1‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫وﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n 2 RT‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫وﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻓﺈن‪:‬‬
‫‪n 3RT‬‬
‫= ‪V3‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫وﻟﻠﻐﺎز )‪ (i‬ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪n i RT‬‬
‫= ‪Vi‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫وإن ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوي اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ )‪: (Vt‬‬
‫‪Vt = V1 + V2 + V3 + ...+ Vi‬‬
‫وﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬

‫‪( n1 + n 2 + n3 +...+ ni ) RT‬‬
‫) ‪( V1 + V2 + V3 + ...+ Vi‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪ n t = n1 + n 2 + n 3 +...+ ni‬‬
‫‪nt R T‬‬
‫= ‪⇒ Vt‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫)‪(355‬‬
(356)
: ‫وﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
n1RT
V1 =
P
: ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
nt R T
Vt =
P
: ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
n1RT
V1 P
=
Vt n t R T
P
V n
⇒ 1 = 1 = X1
Vt nt
V1
⇒ = X1
Vt
:‫وﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﺈن‬
V1 = X1Vt
V2 = X 2 Vt
V3 = X 3 Vt
: ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل‬
V 
Volume Fraction =  1 
 Vt 
‫ أي أن اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬Volume Fraction ‫ھﻲ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻲ‬

.ً‫ وإن ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻜﺴﻮر اﻟﻤﻮﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﺗﺴﺎوي واﺣﺪ داﺋﻤﺎ‬،‫اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ‬
n1 n n n n + n 2 + n 3 +...+ n i n
+ 2 + 3 +..........+ i = 1 = t =1
nt nt nt nt nt nt
(356)
‫)‪(357‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٠‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺒﺬول ﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزﯾﻦ ‪ 7.50 g‬ﻧﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ)‪ ،(N2‬و ‪6.00g‬‬

‫ھﯿﻠﯿﻮم )‪ (He‬ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ 2.50 L‬درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ )‪.(15 ºC‬‬
‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(N = 14, He = 4) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً‪ /‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﺛﻢ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪7.5 g‬‬
‫= ‪n N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.27 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw 28 g/mol‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫= ‪n He‬‬ ‫‪= = 1.5 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪n t = n N 2 + n He = 0.27 + 1.5 = 1.77‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪n t RT‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫)‪1.77 × 0.0821 × (15 + 273‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬
‫‪2.50‬‬
‫‪Pt = 16.74 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠١‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ‪ 23ºC‬إذا ﻛﺎن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺎء ھﻮ ‪ 23.50 mmHg‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪754 mm‬‬
‫‪Hg‬؟‬
‫)‪(357‬‬
‫)‪(358‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ‪ /‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = PH2O + PH2‬‬
‫‪PH2 = Pt - PH2O‬‬
‫‪PH2 = 754 - 23.50‬‬
‫‪PH2 = 730.5 mmHg‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PH2 = X H2 Pt‬‬
‫‪ PH2   730.5 ‬‬
‫‪X H2 = ‬‬ ‫‪ = ‬‬ ‫‪ = 0.97‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪754‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٢‬‬
‫‪) 0.495 g‬وزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ‪(B) ، (66.0‬‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزﯾﻦ )‪ (A‬وﻛﺘﻠﺘﮫ‬

‫وﻛﺘﻠﺘﮫ ‪) 0.182 g‬ووزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ‪ ،(45.5‬وﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﻂ ‪(76.2‬‬
‫) ‪ cmHg‬اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪mA‬‬ ‫‪0.495 g‬‬
‫= ‪nA‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.0075mol‬‬
‫‪Mw A 66 g mol-1‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪0.182‬‬
‫= ‪nB = B‬‬ ‫‪= 0.004 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw B 45.5‬‬
‫‪nt = n A + n B = 0.0075 + 0.004 = 0.0115 mol‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪0.0075‬‬
‫= ‪XA = A‬‬ ‫‪= 0.6522‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪0.0115‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪0.004‬‬
‫= ‪XB = B‬‬ ‫‪= 0.34783‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪0.0115‬‬
‫‪PA = X A Pt = 0.6522 × 76.2 cmHg = 49.7 cmHg‬‬
‫‪PB = X B Pt = 0.34783 × 76.2 cmHg = 26.5 cmHg‬‬
‫)‪(358‬‬
‫)‪(359‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٣‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﻂ ﺟﺮام ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻊ ﺟﺮام ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻜﺴﺎن )‪ (C6H14‬ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﻣﻘﻔﻞ ﺳﻌﺘﮫ ‪ 6‬ﻟﺘﺮ‪،‬‬
‫وﺳﺨﻦ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﺣﺘﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ ،250 ºC‬ﻓﺘﺤﻮﻟﺖ اﻟﻤﺎدﺗﺎن اﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪n H2O‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.0556 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw 18‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪n Hexane‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.0116 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪86‬‬
‫‪n t = n H2O + n Hexane = 0.0556 + 0.0116 = 0.0672 mol‬‬
‫‪n t RT‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪0.0672 mol × 0.082 L atmK-1 mol-1 × 523 K‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬
‫‪6L‬‬
‫‪Pt = 0.492 atm‬‬
‫‪Pt = 374 mmHg‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٤‬‬
‫)‪ (10 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (100 atm‬أردﻧﺎ ﻣﻞء‬
‫اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺎت ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ )‪ (0.4 L‬وﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ )‪.(20 atm‬‬
‫أ( اﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ذات ﺳﻌﺔ )‪(10 L‬‬
‫ب( ﻛﻢ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺗﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮض أن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ وأن اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺴﻠﻚ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﺎً ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ أن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ وﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(359‬‬
‫)‪(360‬‬
‫‪P1V1 = P2 V2‬‬
‫‪100 × 10 = 20 × V2‬‬
‫‪V2 = 50 L‬‬
‫‪⇒ VO2 = 50 - 10 = 40 L‬‬
‫)ﺣﺠﻢ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة = ‪(40 L‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪× 100 = 80 %‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫ب( ﻋﺪد اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪= 100 cylinder‬‬
‫‪0.4‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٥‬‬
‫أﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﯾﺔ ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺼﯿﻒ )‪ (42 ºC‬وأﻗﻞ‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺘﺎء )‪(- 38 ºC‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﻛﯿﻠﻮ ﻏﺮام زﯾﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ ھﺬه اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ذات ﺳﻌﺔ أﻟـ‬
‫)‪ (2000 m3‬أن ﺗﺴﺘﻮﻋﺒﮫ ﻓﻲ أﻗﻞ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﯾﺔ إذا ﻛﺎن‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ داﺧﻞ اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ھﻮ )‪ ،(780 mmHg‬اﻓﺮض ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺼﯿﻒ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV = n R T‬‬
‫‪780‬‬
‫)‪× 2000 × 103 = n1 × 0.0821 × (42 + 273‬‬
‫‪760‬‬
‫‪n1 = 0.795 × 105 moles‬‬
‫)‪(360‬‬
‫)‪(361‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺸﺘﺎء ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV = n R T‬‬
‫‪780‬‬
‫)‪× 2000 × 103 = n 2 × 0.0821 × (- 38 + 273‬‬
‫‪760‬‬
‫‪n1 = 1.065 × 105 moles‬‬
‫اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﯿﻒ ﻋﻨﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺘﺎء ‪:‬‬

‫‪n 2 - n1 = 1.095 × 105 - 0.795 × 105 = 0.270 × 105 moles‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ وزن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪.(2 g/mol‬‬
‫‪Mw . n‬‬ ‫‪2 × 0 .2 70 × 10 5‬‬
‫= ‪m Kg‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 54 K g‬‬
‫‪1 0 00‬‬ ‫‪1 00 0‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٦‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ )‪ (0.15 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪ ،‬و )‪ (0.700 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪،‬‬
‫و )‪ (0.340 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻘﺪاره )‪ (1 atm‬ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪(27‬‬
‫)‪ºC‬‬
‫أ( اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‬
‫ج( اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ب( اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ‪:‬‬

‫‪0.15‬‬
‫= ‪n H2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.075mole‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪0.700‬‬
‫= ‪n N2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.025mole‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫‪0.340‬‬
‫= ‪n NH3‬‬ ‫‪= 0.02mole‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫‪⇒ n T = n H2 + n N2 + n NH3‬‬
‫‪n T = 0.075 + 0.025 + 0.02 = 0.12 moles‬‬
‫)‪(361‬‬
‫)‪(362‬‬
‫وﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ‪:‬‬

‫‪n H2‬‬ ‫‪0.075‬‬
‫= ‪X H2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.625‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬ ‫‪0.12‬‬
‫‪n N2‬‬ ‫‪0.025‬‬
‫= ‪X N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.208‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬ ‫‪0.12‬‬
‫‪n NH3‬‬ ‫‪0.02‬‬
‫= ‪X NH3‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.167‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬ ‫‪0.12‬‬
‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬

‫‪PH 2 = PH 2 =X H 2 PT = 0.625 × 1= 0.625atm‬‬
‫‪PN 2 = X N 2 PT = 0.208 × 1 = 0.208 atm‬‬
‫‪PN H 3 = X N H 3 PT = 0.167 × 1 = 0.167 atm‬‬
‫ج( اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV = n R T‬‬
‫)‪1 × V = 0.12 × 0.082 × (27 + 273‬‬
‫‪V = 2.952 L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٧‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿ ﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻓ ﻲ زﺟﺎﺟ ﺔ ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑ ﺔ )ﺷ ﻜﻞ ‪ (٨٢‬ﻓ ﻮق ﺳ ﻄﺢ اﻟﻤ ﺎء‪.‬‬
‫وﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﺗ ﺴﺎوى ﺳ ﻄﺢ اﻟﻤ ﺎء داﺧ ﻞ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟ ﺔ وﺧﺎرﺟﮭ ﺎ ﻛ ﺎن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ داﺧ ﻞ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺎً ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي وﻗﯿﻤﺘﮫ ‪ .753 mmHg‬وإذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة اﻟﻤ ﺎء واﻟﻐ ﺎز‬
‫داﺧﻞ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺔ ‪ ،34 ºC‬وﻛﺎن اﻟﺤﯿﺰ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﮫ اﻟﻐ ﺎز داﺧ ﻞ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟ ﺔ ‪،425 cm3‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻏ ﺎز اﻟﮭﯿ ﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﺠ ﺎف ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺿ ﻐﻂ ‪ 760 mmHg‬ودرﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة ‪0‬‬
‫‪ºC‬؟ ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 34 ºC‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪40 mmHg‬‬
‫)‪(362‬‬
‫)‪(363‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٨٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻄﺎً ﺑﺒﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ داﺧﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺔ ‪ 753 mmHg‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ وﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﯾﺠﺎد ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺎف اﻋﺘﻤﺎداً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = PH 2 + PH 2O‬‬
‫‪PH 2 = Pt - PH 2O‬‬
‫‪PH 2 = 753 - 40 = 713 mmHg‬‬
‫وﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻵن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺎف ﻹﯾﺠﺎد ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 0 °C‬وﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪760‬‬
‫‪ mmHg‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات )ﻣﻊ ﺛﺒﺎت ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ‪: (n = K‬‬
‫‪P1V1‬‬ ‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪= 2 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫)‪(363‬‬
‫)‪(364‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻹﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪425 cm3‬‬ ‫‪307 K‬‬ ‫‪713 mmHg‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪273 K‬‬ ‫‪760 mmHg‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1V1‬‬ ‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪= 2 2‬‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪P ‬‬ ‫‪T ‬‬
‫‪V2 = V1 ×  1  ×  2 ‬‬
‫‪ P2 ‬‬ ‫‪ T1 ‬‬
‫‪ 713 mmHg ‬‬ ‫‪ 273 K ‬‬
‫‪V2 = 453 cm3 × ‬‬ ‫‪ × ‬‬ ‫‪ = 355 cm‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ 760 mmHg ‬‬ ‫‪ 307 K ‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٨‬‬
‫)‪ (0.250 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز أول أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن )‪ (CO‬ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺮة ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ )‪ (10 ºC‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي )‪ .(765 mmHg‬اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت‬
‫ﻏﺎز أول أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ ھﻮ )‪(9.2 mmHg‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺎء ھﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟـ ‪ CO‬واﻟﻤﺎء ‪:‬‬
‫‪PT = PCO + PH 2O‬‬

‫‪PCO = PT - PH 2 O‬‬
‫‪PCO = 765mmHg - 9.2 mmHg = 755.8mmHg‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(364‬‬
‫)‪(365‬‬
‫‪PCO2 V = n CO2 R T‬‬

‫‪PCO2 V‬‬
‫= ‪n CO2‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪ 755.8 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ × 0.250‬‬
‫‪n CO2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪760 ‬‬
‫‪= 0.0107 mole‬‬
‫)‪0.0821 × (10 + 273‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٠٩‬‬
‫إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (500 cm3‬ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ (A‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﻠﻂ ﺿﻐﻄﺎً ﻣﻘﺪاره‬
‫)‪ (76 mmHg‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﻔﺮ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ وإﻧﺎء آﺧﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (800 cm3‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز )‪(B‬‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﻠﻂ ﺿﻐﻄﺎً ﻣﻘﺪاره )‪ (152 mmHg‬رﺑﻂ اﻹﻧﺎءان ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﻔﺮ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪ ، nt‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ )‪ ،(Vt‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻄﺒﻖ‬
‫ﺑﻘﯿﻤﺘﮭﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪Pt Vt = nt R T :‬‬
‫أوﻻً ‪ /‬ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻐﺎز ‪A‬‬

‫‪PA VA = n A RT‬‬
‫‪PA VA‬‬
‫= ‪nA‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪ 75 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ × 0.500‬‬
‫= ‪nA‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪760 ‬‬
‫‪= 0.00223 mol‬‬
‫)‪0.0821 × (0 + 273‬‬
‫)‪(365‬‬
‫)‪(366‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً‪ /‬ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻐﺎز ‪: B‬‬

‫‪PB VB = n B RT‬‬
‫‪PB VB‬‬
‫= ‪nB‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪ 152 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ × 0.800‬‬
‫= ‪nB‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪760 ‬‬
‫‪= 0.00714 mol‬‬
‫)‪0.0821 × (0 + 273‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎً‪ /‬ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪n t = n A + n B = 0.00223 + 0.00714 = 0.00937 mol‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ وﺻﻞ اﻹﻧﺎﺋﯿﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﻤﺎ ﺳﯿﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﺟﺪﯾﺪاً ھﻮ )‪(Vt = VA + VB‬‬
‫وﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ھﻮ )‪ ،(nt = nA + nB‬وﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﺪﯾﺪاً ﻣﺠﮭﻮﻻً )‪: (Pt‬‬
‫‪Pt Vt = n t RT‬‬
‫‪n t RT‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬
‫‪Vt‬‬
‫‪0.00937 × 0.0821 × 273‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬
‫)‪(0.500 + 0.800‬‬
‫‪Pt = 0.1615 atm‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﺤﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫وﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪة ﺛﻢ ﻧﺠﻤﻌﮭﻤﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫أوﻻً‪ /‬ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ‪A‬‬
‫‪( P1 )A ( V1 )A‬‬ ‫‪= ( P2‬‬ ‫‪)A ( V2 )T‬‬
‫‪76 × 500 = ( P2‬‬ ‫)‪)A (1300‬‬
‫‪76 × 500‬‬
‫= ‪( P2 )A‬‬ ‫‪= 29.2 mmHg‬‬
‫‪1300‬‬
‫)‪(366‬‬
‫)‪(367‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً‪ /‬ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ‪B‬‬

‫‪( P1 )B ( V1 )B‬‬ ‫‪= ( P2‬‬ ‫‪)B ( V2 )T‬‬
‫‪152 × 800 = ( P2‬‬ ‫)‪)B .(1300‬‬
‫‪152 × 800‬‬
‫= ‪( P2 )B‬‬ ‫‪= 93.5 mmHg‬‬
‫‪1300‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎً‪ /‬ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزﯾﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = PA + PB = 29.2 + 93.5 = 122.7 mmHg‬‬
‫وﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻠﮭﺎ ﻟﻮﺣﺪة )‪: (atm‬‬
‫‪122.7‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬ ‫‪= 0.1615 atm‬‬
‫‪760‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٠‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺒﻠﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء ‪ 750 mmHg‬وﻛﺎن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ‪35‬‬
‫‪ mmHg‬ﻛﻢ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺟﺎﻓﺎً؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪PT = PH2O + Pgas‬‬
‫‪⇒ 750 = 35 + Pgas‬‬
‫‪Pgas = 750 - 35 = 715 mmHg‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١١‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ )‪ (32 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ ،(O2‬و )‪ (112 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪(N2‬‬
‫وﺿﻐﻄﮫ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ )‪ (1 atm‬اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ وﻣﻨﮫ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(367‬‬
‫)‪(368‬‬
‫‪m O2‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬

‫= ‪n O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1mol‬‬
‫‪Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫‪m N2‬‬ ‫‪112‬‬
‫= ‪n N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4mol‬‬
‫‪Mw N2‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫‪n T = n O2 + n N2 = 1+ 4 = 5 mol‬‬
‫‪n O2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪X O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.2‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪n N2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫= ‪X N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.8‬‬
‫‪nT‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪PO2 = X O2 PT = 0.2 × 1 = 0.2 atm‬‬
‫‪PN2 = X O2 PT = 0.8 × 1= 0.8 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٢‬‬
‫إذا وﺿﻌﺖ ﻏﺎزات ﻧﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (N2‬وأﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن )‪(CO2‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﯾﺞ ھﻮ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = PN2 + PO2 + PCO2‬‬
‫ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪ ،25 KPa‬وﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪ 35 KPa‬وﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ‬

‫‪ ،45 KPa‬ﻓﯿﻜﻮن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﯾﺞ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬
‫‪Pt = 25 kPa + 35 kPa + 45 kPa = 105 kPa‬‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻹﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺰج ﻏﺎزﯾﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺎ أﺻﻼً‬
‫ﻓﻲ أوﻋﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٣‬‬
‫إذا ﺗﻢ ﻣﺰج )‪ (200 cm3‬ﻣﻦ ‪ N2‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ ، (25 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ ﯾﻌﺎدل )‪ (35 KPa‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫)‪ (350 cm3‬ﻣﻦ ‪ O2‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (25 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ ﯾﻌﺎدل )‪ (45 KPa‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ‬
‫أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 300 cm3‬ﻓﻤﺎذا ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﯾﺢ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫‪25 ºC‬؟‬
‫)‪(368‬‬
‫)‪(369‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ھﻮ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد‪ ،‬ﻟﺬا ﻧﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ أن ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪O2, N2‬‬
‫)‪ (300 cm3‬وﺑﺴﺒﺐ أن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ وﺿﻌﮭﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﺳﻌﺘﮫ‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻊ ھﻮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪For N2‬‬ ‫‪For O2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪35 kPa‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪45 kPa‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪200 cm3‬‬ ‫‪300 cm3‬‬ ‫‪350 cm3‬‬ ‫‪300 cm3‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎب ‪ P2‬ﻟﻠﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1V1 = P2 V2‬‬
‫‪V ‬‬
‫‪⇒ P2 = P1  1 ‬‬
‫‪ V2 ‬‬
‫‪ 200 ‬‬
‫‪⇒ P2 = 35 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 300 ‬‬
‫‪⇒ P2 = 23.3 kPa‬‬
‫وﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻗﺪ زاد ﻣﻦ )‪ (200 cm3‬اﻟﻰ )‪ (300 cm3‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن‬

‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ (P1‬ﺳﯿﻘﻞ اﻟﻰ )‪ (P2‬وﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫‪P1 > P2‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن ‪ P1‬ﺗﻀﺮب ﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ وھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ V1   200 ‬‬
‫‪ =‬‬ ‫‪ = 0.667‬‬
‫‪ 2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫)‪P2 = P1 (0.67‬‬
‫)‪⇒ P2 = 35(0.67‬‬
‫‪⇒ P2 = 23.3 = PN2‬‬
‫)‪(369‬‬
‫)‪(370‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً ‪ /‬ﺣﺴﺎب ﺿﻐﻂ ‪ O2‬وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1V2 = P2 V2‬‬
‫ﯾﻼﺣﻆ أن ﺣﺠﻢ ‪ O2‬اﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻦ ‪ 350 cm3‬اﻟﻰ ‪ 300 cm3‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪P1‬‬
‫ﺳﯿﺮﺗﻔﻊ ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V ‬‬ ‫‪ 350 ‬‬
‫‪⇒ P2 = P1  1  = 45 kPa ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ V2 ‬‬ ‫‪ 300 ‬‬
‫‪P2 = 52.5 kPa = PO2‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﯾﺞ ﻧﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PT = PN2 + PO2 = 23.3 + 52.5‬‬

‫‪PT = 75.8 kPa‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٤‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﯾﻚ ﻗﻨﯿﻨﺔ ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ )‪ (10.0 L‬ﺗﺤﻮي )‪ (0.200 mol‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن )‪(0.300 mol‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪ (0.400 mol) ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ )‪.(25 ºC‬‬
‫أ( ﻣﺎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي داﺧﻞ اﻟﻘﻨﯿﻨﺔ؟‬
‫ب( ﻣﺎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ اﻟﻐﺎزات؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪: nt‬‬

‫‪n t = 0.200 mol CH 4 + 0.300 mol H 2 + 0.400 mol N 2 = 0.900 mol of gas‬‬
‫‪V = 10.0 L, T = 25 + 273 = 298 K‬‬
‫‪n t RT‬‬
‫= ‪Ptotal‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫)‪(0.900 mol) × (0.0821 L atm/Kmol) × (298 K‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬
‫‪10.0 L‬‬
‫‪Pt = 2.20 atm‬‬
‫)‪(370‬‬
‫)‪(371‬‬
‫ب( اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺤﺴﺐ ﺑﺈﺣﻼل ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪ PV = nRT‬ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪة‪ ،‬وھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن ‪:‬‬
‫‪n CH4 RT‬‬ ‫)‪(0.200 mol) × (0.0821 L atm/K mol) × (298 K‬‬
‫= ‪PCH4‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.489 atm‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪10.0 L‬‬
‫‪n H RT‬‬ ‫)‪(0.300 mol) × (0.0821 L atm/K mol) × (298 K‬‬
‫‪PH 2‬‬ ‫‪= 2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.734 atm‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪10.0 L‬‬
‫‪n N 2 RT‬‬ ‫)‪(0.400 mol) × (0.0821 L atm/K mol) × (298 K‬‬
‫‪PN 2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.979 atm‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪10.0 L‬‬
‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪ Pt‬ﯾﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬

‫‪Ptotal = PCH4 + PH2 + PN2‬‬
‫‪Ptotal = 0.489 atm + 0.734 atm + 0.97 atm = 2.20 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٥‬‬
‫ﻗﺎم ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺘﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‪ ،‬وﺗﺠﻤﯿﻌﮫ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ إزاﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة )‪ (25 ºC‬اﻟﻰ أن أﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺎء داﺧﻞ اﻟﺪورق وﺧﺎرﺟﮫ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﺈذا‬
‫ﻛﺎن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪ 245 cm3‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ‪98.5 KPa‬‬
‫أ( ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ‪ O2‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺰﯾﺞ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺮﻃﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ ، 25 ºC‬إذا‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 25 ºC‬ھﻮ ‪3.17 KPa‬‬
‫ب( ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺎف ﻋﻨﺪ )‪(STP‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬

‫‪Pt = Pgas + PH 2O‬‬
‫واﻟﻐﺎز ھﻮ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pt = PO2 + PH2O‬‬
‫‪⇒ PO2 = Pt + PH2O‬‬
‫‪PO2 = 98.5 - 3.17 = 95.33 kPa‬‬
‫)‪(371‬‬
‫)‪(372‬‬
‫وھﺬا ھﻮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرس ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﺪه‪.‬‬

‫ب( ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ) ‪ V(O2‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪(P = 101.325 kPa, T = 273 K) STP‬‬
‫)‪ (i‬اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻹﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (f‬اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪245 cm3‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪95.33 KPa‬‬ ‫‪101.325 kPa‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪298 K‬‬ ‫‪273 K‬‬
‫) ‪VO2 = V1 × (pressure ratio) .( temperature ratio‬‬

‫‪ 95.33   273 ‬‬
‫‪VO2 = 245 × ‬‬ ‫‪×‬‬ ‫‪ = 211.17cm‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ 101.325   298 ‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٦‬‬
‫وﺿﻊ ﺷﺮﯾﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺴﯿﻮم ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء وأﺿﯿﻒ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ )‪(HCl‬‬
‫وﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Mg(S) + 2 HCl(aq) ‬‬
‫)‪→ H 2 (g) ↑ + Mg 2+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (10 L‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺴﯿﻮم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ )‪ (0.5 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ وﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎس ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺎء ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪ (488.61 torr‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫أ( اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(Aw = 1‬‬
‫ب( اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﺪ ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪.(22.76 torr‬‬
‫د( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ج( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء وﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(nt‬‬
‫ھـ( اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊ‪ .‬و( اﺣﺴﺐ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(372‬‬
‫)‪(373‬‬
‫‪m H2‬‬ ‫‪0.5 g‬‬

‫= ‪n H2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.25 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw H 2‬‬ ‫‪2 g/mol‬‬
‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﯾﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PT = PH 2 O + PH 2‬‬
‫‪P H 2 = PT - P H 2 O‬‬
‫‪PH 2 = 4 88 .61 to rr - 2 3 .7 6 to rr‬‬
‫‪PH 2 = 4 64 .91 to rr‬‬
‫ج( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ) ‪ ( X H‬واﻟﻤﺎء )‪: (XH2O‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪PH 2‬‬
‫= ‪X H2‬‬
‫‪PT‬‬
‫‪464.85‬‬
‫= ‪X H2‬‬
‫‪488.61‬‬
‫‪⇒ X H2 = 0.95‬‬
‫‪X H 2O = 1 - X H 2‬‬
‫‪X H 2O = 1 - 0.95‬‬
‫‪⇒ X H2O = 0.05‬‬
‫د( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪: nt‬‬

‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﯾﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ)‪ ،(nH2‬وﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء )‪(nH2O‬‬
‫‪n H2‬‬
‫= ‪X H2‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬
‫‪n H2‬‬
‫=‪nt‬‬
‫‪X H2‬‬
‫‪0.2 5‬‬
‫= ‪nt‬‬
‫‪0.9 5‬‬
‫‪⇒ n t = 0.263 m ol‬‬
‫)‪(373‬‬
‫)‪(374‬‬
‫ھـ( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء )‪n(H2O‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ اﻟﺬي ﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪n t = n H 2 + n H 2O‬‬
‫‪n H 2O = n t - n H 2‬‬
‫‪n H 2 O = 0.263 - 0.25‬‬
‫‪n H 2 O = 0.013 mol‬‬
‫و( ﺣﺴﺎب درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪: T‬‬

‫ھﻨﺎك ﺛﻼث ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺤﺴﺎب درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة وﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PH2 V = n H2 RT‬‬
‫‪PH2 V‬‬
‫=‪⇒T‬‬
‫‪n H2 R‬‬
‫‪ 464.91 torr ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫) ‪ × (10 L‬‬
‫=‪T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪760 torr/atm ‬‬
‫‪= 298 K = 25 ο C‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.25mol ) × ( 0.082 Latm/K.mol‬‬
‫‪or‬‬
‫‪PT V = n T RT‬‬
‫‪PT V‬‬
‫=‪⇒T‬‬
‫‪nTR‬‬
‫‪ 488.61 torr ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫) ‪ × (10 L‬‬
‫=‪T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪760 torr/atm ‬‬
‫‪= 298K = 25 ο C‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.263 mol ) × ( 0.082 Latm/K.mol‬‬
‫)‪(374‬‬
‫)‪(375‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٧‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزات ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (0.5 atm‬ﻣﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﻣﻊ )‪ (0.2 atm‬ﻣﻦ )‪(N2‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ )‪ (0.15 atm‬ﻣﻦ ‪ NO2‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪Pt = PO2 + PN 2 + PNO2‬‬
‫‪Pt = 0.5 + 0.2 + 0.15 = 0.85 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٨‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ )‪ (60 ml‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء وﻛﺎن ﺿﻐﻄﮫ اﻟﻤﻘﺎس ھﻮ ‪755 torr‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪ ،25 ºC‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ھﻮ‬
‫‪ 24 torr‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً‪ /‬ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pt = PO2 + PH2O‬‬
‫‪PO2 = Pt - PH2O‬‬
‫‪PO2 = 755 torr - 24 torr = 731 torr‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻧﻄﺒﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪732 torr‬‬
‫= ‪PO2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.963 atm‬‬
‫‪60 ml‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫‪= 0.06 L‬‬
‫‪1000 ml/L‬‬
‫‪T = 25 + 273 = 298 K‬‬
‫)‪(375‬‬
‫)‪(376‬‬
‫‪PO2 V = n O2 RT‬‬
‫‪PO2 V‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫) ‪(0.963 atm) × ( 0.060 L‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L. atm. mol-1 . K -1 ) × (298 K‬‬
‫‪n = 2.36 × 10-3 mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١١٩‬‬
‫ﺧﺰان ﻣﻤﻠﻮء ﺑﺎﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪ H2‬ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ 20 L‬وﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﺿﻐﻄﮫ ‪74.7 cmHg‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ ،27 ºC‬اﺣﺴﺐ وزن وﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 2.7 cm.Hg‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pt = PH 2 + PH 2O‬‬
‫‪PH 2 = Pt - PH 2 O‬‬
‫‪PO2 = 74.7 cm.Hg - 2.7 cmHg = 72 cm. Hg‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪72 cm Hg‬‬
‫= ‪PH2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.95 atm‬‬
‫‪76 cmHg/atm‬‬
‫‪V = 20 L‬‬
‫‪T = 27 + 273 = 300 K‬‬
‫‪PH2 V = n H 2 RT‬‬
‫‪PH2 V‬‬
‫= ‪n H2‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫) ‪(0.95 atm) × ( 20 L‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L. atm. mol-1. K -1 ) × (300 K‬‬
‫‪n = 0.77 mol‬‬
‫)‪(376‬‬
‫)‪(377‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب وزن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m = n . Mw‬‬
‫‪m = 0.77 mol × (2 × 1) g/mol‬‬
‫‪m = 1.54 g‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪N H2 = n . N A‬‬
‫‪N H 2 = 0.77 × 6.02 × 10 23 = 4.6354 × 10 23 molecules‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٠‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻓﻮق زﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﻨﺰﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫‪ 26 ºC‬ﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺔ ‪ 80 cmHg‬واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ‪ ،225 ml‬اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﺒﻨﺰﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 26 ºC‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪10 cm Hg‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ اﺣﺴﺐ وزن ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = PN2 + PBenzene‬‬

‫‪PN2 = Pt - PBenzene‬‬
‫‪PN2 = 80 cm.Hg - 10 cmHg = 70 cm. Hg‬‬
‫)‪(377‬‬
‫)‪(378‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪70 cm Hg‬‬
‫= ‪PN2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.921 atm‬‬
‫‪76 cm Hg‬‬
‫‪225 ml‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫‪= 0.225 L‬‬
‫‪1000 ml/L‬‬
‫‪T = 26 + 273 = 299 K‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫)‪(0.921 atm) × (0.225 L‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫‪= 8.44 × 10-3 mol‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L. atm. mol . K ) × (299 K‬‬
‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب وزن ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m = n × Mw‬‬
‫‪m = 8.44 x 10-3 mol × (2 × 14) = 0.23632 g‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢١‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪ H2‬ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﺳﻌﺘﮫ ‪ 750 ml‬وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ )‪ (25 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ )‪ . (755 torr‬اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺎف اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻌﮫ ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪24 torr‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪0.06 g :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٢‬‬
‫ﻗﺎم أﺣﺪ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﯿﻦ ﺑﺠﻤﻊ ‪ 500 ml‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ)‪ (N2‬ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ‪(25‬‬
‫)‪ ºC‬و ‪ 75.5 cm Hg‬اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (25 ºC‬ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪2.4 cm Hg‬‬
‫)‪(378‬‬
‫)‪(379‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pt = PH2 + PH2O‬‬
‫‪PH2 = Pt - PH2O‬‬
‫‪PH2 = 75.5 - 2.4 = 73.1 cmHg‬‬
‫‪73.1 cmHg‬‬
‫= ‪pH2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.962 atm‬‬
‫‪76 cm . Hg/atm‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫)‪(0.962 atm) × (0.500 L‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L. atm. mol-1K -1 ) × (298K‬‬
‫‪n = 0.02 mol‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪N H2 = n × N A‬‬
‫‪N H 2 = 0.02 × 6.023 × 1023 = 1.204 × 1022 molecule‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٣‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ )‪ (24.8 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (30 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ ﻗﺪره‬
‫)‪ ،(736 mmHg‬ﻣﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﮫ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫)‪ (25 ºC‬ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪) (3.1 cmHg‬اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ = ‪(16‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(379‬‬
‫)‪(380‬‬
‫‪1 cmHg ‬‬

‫‪→10 mmHg‬‬
‫‪P ‬‬
‫‪→ 736 mmHg‬‬
‫‪1cmHg × 736 mmHg‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪10 mmHg‬‬
‫‪P = 73.6 cmHg‬‬
‫‪Pt = PH 2O + PO2‬‬
‫‪PO2 = Pt - PH 2O‬‬
‫‪PO2 = 73.6 cmHg - 3.1 cmHg = 70.5 cmHg‬‬
‫‪70.5 cmHg‬‬
‫= ‪PO2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.93 atm‬‬
‫‪76 cmHg/atm‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪24.8 g‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪(2 × 16) g/mol‬‬
‫‪24.8 g‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫‪= 0.775mol‬‬
‫‪32 g/mol‬‬
‫وﻣﻨﮫ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻌﺎم ‪:‬‬

‫‪nRT‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫)‪(0.775 mol) × (0.0821 L. atm. mol-1K -1 ) × (298 K‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫)‪(0.928 atm‬‬
‫‪V = 20.43L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٤‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﻓﻲ أﺣﺪ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ )‪ (0.1 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻓﻮق‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (2.5 L‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﻠﻎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ (745 torr‬ﻓﺈذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (23.8 torr‬ﻓﺄوﺟﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫)‪(380‬‬
‫)‪(381‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pt = Pg + PH2O‬‬
‫‪P(g) = Pt - PH2 O‬‬
‫‪P(g) = 745 torr - 23.8 torr = 721.2 torr‬‬
‫‪721.2 torr‬‬
‫= )‪P(g‬‬ ‫‪= 0.95 atm‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪T‬‬
‫‪nR‬‬
‫)‪(0.95 atm) × (2.5 L‬‬
‫=‪T‬‬
‫) ‪(0.1 mol) × (0.0821 L. atm. mol-1K -1‬‬
‫‪T = 289.28 K‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٥‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ إﻧﺘﺎج ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﮭﺎ )‪ (8 g‬وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫‪2A g 2 O (s)  Δ‬‬
‫)‪→ 4A g(S ) + O 2 (g‬‬
‫ﻓﺈذا ﺟﻤﻊ ھﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء وﻛﺎﻧﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ ،(35 ºC‬وﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬
‫ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪ (1 atm‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻤﻊ إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ )‪) (0.0555 atm‬اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(O = 16, Ag = 107.9) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﺿﻐﻂ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(381‬‬
(382)
Pt = PH 2 O + PO2
PO2 = Pt - PH 2 O
PO2 = 1 atm - 0.0555 atm = 0.9445 atm
: ‫ اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ‬Ag2O ‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت‬
m
n Ag 2O =
Mw
8 8g
n Ag 2O = =
(2 × 107.9 + 16) 231.8 g/mol
n Ag 2O = 0.0345 mol
ً‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪ ﻣﻮﻻت اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻔﻀﺔ وﻓﻘﺎ‬
: ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
2Ag 2O(s) 
Δ
→ 4Ag(s) + O2 (g)
2 mol Ag 2 O 
→1mol O2
0.0345 mol Ag 2 O 
→ n O2
n O2 =
(1mol O2 ) × ( 0.0345 mol Ag2 O) = 0.01725 mol
( 2 mol Ag 2O )
: ‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻤﻊ‬
PV = nRT
nRT
V=
P
V=
( 0.01725 mol ) × (0.0821 L. atm. mol-1K -1 ) × (35 + 273)K
(0.9445 atm)
V = 0.4618 L
(382)
‫)‪(383‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٦‬‬
‫أﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ )‪ (800 cm3‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎز اﻵرﺟﻮن )‪ (Ar‬أﺿﯿﻒ إﻟﯿﮫ‬

‫)‪ (0.583 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﻮن )‪ (Ne‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز داﺧﻞ اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
‫)‪ (1.17 atm‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (22 ºC‬اﺣﺴﺐ وزن ﻏﺎز اﻵرﺟﻮن ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ = ‪(Ne‬‬
‫)‪20, Ar = 40‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﺿﻐﻂ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ داﻟﺘﻮن‪،‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺑﮫ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt V= n t RT‬‬
‫‪Pt V‬‬
‫= ‪nt‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫)‪(1.17atm) × (800/1000‬‬
‫= ‪nt‬‬
‫‪(0.0821 L.atm. K-1mol-1 ) × (22 + 273) K‬‬
‫‪n t = 0.0386 mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٧‬‬
‫وﺿﻊ ﺷﺮﯾﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺴﯿﻮم ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء وأﺿﯿﻒ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ )‪(HCl‬‬
‫وﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Mg(S) + 2 HCl(aq) ‬‬
‫)‪→ H 2 (g) ↑ + Mg 2+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (10 L‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺴﯿﻮم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ )‪ (0.5 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ وﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎس ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺎء ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪ (488.61 torr‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫أ( اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(H = 1‬‬
‫ب( اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﺪ ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪.(22.76 torr‬‬
‫)‪(383‬‬
‫)‪(384‬‬
‫د( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ح( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء وﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(nt‬‬
‫ھـ( اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊ‪ .‬و( اﺣﺴﺐ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m H2‬‬ ‫‪0.5 g‬‬
‫= ‪n H2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.25 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw H2 2 g/mol‬‬
‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﯾﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PT = PH 2 O + PH 2‬‬
‫‪PH 2 = PT - PH 2 O‬‬
‫‪PH 2 = 488.61 torr - 23.76 torr‬‬
‫‪PH 2 = 464.91 torr‬‬
‫ح( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ) ‪ ( X H‬واﻟﻤﺎء )‪: (XH2O‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪PH2‬‬
‫= ‪X H2‬‬
‫‪PT‬‬
‫‪464.85‬‬
‫= ‪X H2‬‬ ‫‪⇒ X H2 = 0.95‬‬
‫‪488.61‬‬
‫‪X H 2O = 1 - X H 2‬‬
‫‪X H2O = 1 - 0.95 ⇒ X H2O = 0.05‬‬
‫د( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪: nt‬‬

‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﯾﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ)‪ ،(nH2‬وﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء )‪(nH2O‬‬
‫)‪(384‬‬
‫)‪(385‬‬
‫‪n H2‬‬
‫= ‪X H2‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬
‫‪n H2‬‬
‫=‪nt‬‬
‫‪X H2‬‬
‫‪0 .2 5‬‬
‫= ‪nt‬‬
‫‪0 .9 5‬‬
‫‪⇒ n t = 0 .2 6 3 m o l‬‬
‫ھـ( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء )‪n(H2O‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ اﻟﺬي ﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n t = n H 2 + n H 2O‬‬
‫‪n H 2O = n t - n H 2‬‬
‫‪n H 2 O = 0.263 - 0.25‬‬
‫‪n H 2 O = 0.013 mol‬‬
‫و( ﺣﺴﺎب درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪: T‬‬

‫ھﻨﺎك ﺛﻼث ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺤﺴﺎب درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة وﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PH 2 V‬‬
‫= ‪PH 2 V = n H2 RT ⇒ T‬‬
‫‪n H2 R‬‬
‫‪ 464.91torr ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫) ‪ × (10 L‬‬
‫=‪T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪760 torr/atm ‬‬
‫‪= 298K = 25 ο C‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.25mol) × ( 0.082 Latm/K.mol‬‬
‫‪PT V‬‬
‫= ‪PT V = n T RT ⇒ T‬‬
‫‪nTR‬‬
‫‪ 488.61 torr ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫) ‪ × (10 L‬‬
‫=‪T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪760 torr/atm ‬‬
‫‪= 298 K = 25 ο C‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.263 mol ) × ( 0.082 Latm/K.mol‬‬
‫)‪(385‬‬
‫)‪(386‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٨‬‬
‫ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺟﺎف ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ )‪ (100 ml‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (20 °C‬وﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫‪ ،750 mmHg‬وﺷﻐﻠﺖ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره )‪ (105 ml‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ‪ 25 ºC‬وﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪ ،750 mmHg‬اﺣﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ‪25 ºC‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت ‪(V1 = 100 ml, V2 = 105 ml, T1 = 20 ºC = 293 K, T2 = :‬‬

‫‪25 ºC = 298 K,‬‬
‫‪Pt = 750 mmHg, P1 = 750 mmHg , P2 = ?,‬‬ ‫)? = )‪P(H2O‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (P2‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﻧﻄﺮﺣﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ )‪ (Pt‬ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ (P2‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1V1 P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪750 mmHg × 100 ml‬‬ ‫‪P × 105 ml‬‬
‫‪= 2‬‬
‫‪293 K‬‬ ‫‪298 K‬‬
‫‪750 mmHg × 100 ml × 298 K‬‬
‫= ‪P2‬‬
‫‪293 K × 105 ml‬‬
‫‪P2 = 726.47 mmHg‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = PH2O + Pgas‬‬

‫‪PH2O = Pt - Pgas‬‬
‫‪PH2O = 750 - 726.47‬‬
‫‪PH2O = 23.53 torr‬‬
‫)‪(386‬‬
‫)‪(387‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٢٩‬‬
‫أ( ﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﻐﻠﮫ ‪ 1.25 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪ O2‬اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺑﺒﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ‪ 25 ºC‬وﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻗﺪره ‪ 749 mmHg‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ‪ 25 ºC‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪(R = 0.0821 L. atm/K. mol) 23.8 mmHg‬‬
‫‪،‬‬
‫)اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(H = 1, O =16 :‬‬
‫ب( اﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺿﻐﻄﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = PO2 + PH2O‬‬
‫‪PO2 = Pt - PH2O‬‬
‫‪PO2 = 749 - 23.8‬‬
‫‪PO2 = 725.2 mm. Hg‬‬
‫‪725.2 mm.Hg‬‬
‫= ‪PO2‬‬
‫‪760mmHg/atm‬‬
‫‪PO2 = 0.954atm‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻌﺎم ‪:‬‬
‫‪P × V=nRT‬‬
‫‪ 1.25 ‬‬
‫‪0.954 × V = ‬‬ ‫)‪ × (0.0821 L . atm/K.mol) × (298 K‬‬
‫‪ 2 × 16 ‬‬
‫‪0.039 × 0.0821 × 298‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪0.954‬‬
‫‪V= 1 L‬‬
‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺎء ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ وﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(387‬‬
‫)‪(388‬‬
‫‪ 23.8‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪atm  × 1 L= n H 2O × (0.0821 L atm/K. mol) × (298 K‬‬
‫‪ 760‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪n H2O =1.28 × 10-3 mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٠‬‬
‫ﻏﺎز ﺟﺎف ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره ‪ 127 cm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪ (STP‬ﻓﺈذا ﺟﻤﻌﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ ھﺬه اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء وﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ‪(745‬‬
‫)‪ mmHg‬ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺳﯿﺸﻐﻠﮫ إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪(21‬‬
‫)‪ mmHg‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪23 ºC‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﻤﻌﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن‬
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = PH 2O + Pgas‬‬
‫‪Pgas = Pt - PH2O‬‬
‫‪Pgas = 745 mmHg - 21 mm.Hg‬‬
‫‪Pgas = 724 mmHg‬‬
‫‪⇒ P2 = 724 mmHg‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﻤﻌﮫ ﻧﻄﺒﻖ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1V1 P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪760 × 127‬‬ ‫‪724 × V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪273‬‬ ‫‪296‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪V2 = 144.5 cm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣١‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ‪ 20 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪ CO‬إذا ﺟﻤﻊ ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ 20 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ ‪) 750 mm.Hg‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫)‪(388‬‬
‫)‪(389‬‬
‫‪ 20 ºC‬ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪) .(17.5 mmHg‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ‪(R = 0.0821 :‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬

‫‪.(L.atm/K. mol‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻ‪ /‬ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = PH2O + PCO2‬‬

‫‪PCO2 = Pt - PH2O‬‬
‫‪PCO2 = 750 mmHg - 17.5 mmHg = 732.5 mmHg‬‬
‫‪732.5 mmHg‬‬
‫= ‪PCO2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.964 atm‬‬
‫‪760 mmHg /atm‬‬
‫وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز ‪ CO2‬وﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد‬
‫ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ‪:‬‬
‫‪0.964 atm × 20 L = n CO2 × 0.0821 L. atm/K. mol × 293 K‬‬
‫‪0.964 atm × 20 L‬‬
‫= ‪n CO2‬‬
‫‪(0.0821 L.atm/K.mol) × 293 K‬‬
‫‪n CO2 = 0.80 mol‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ‪ 0.8 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1 mol C ‬‬
‫‪n C = 0.8 mol CO 2 × ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 1 mol CO 2 ‬‬
‫‪n C = 0.8 mol‬‬
‫‪m C = n C . Aw‬‬
‫‪m C = 0.8 × 12‬‬
‫‪m C = 9.6 g‬‬
‫)‪(389‬‬
‫)‪(390‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺰﯾﺞ ﻏﺎزي ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ‪ 50.0 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪ O2‬و ‪ 50.5 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن‬
‫‪ CH4‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪ ، 600 mmHg‬ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ؟‬
‫)ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪. (C = 12, O = 16, H = 1 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‪ ،‬ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m O2‬‬ ‫‪50.0 g‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.56 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw O2 32 g/mol‬‬
‫‪mCH4‬‬ ‫‪50.5g‬‬
‫= ‪n CH4‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 3.16mol‬‬
‫‪Mw CH4 16g/mol‬‬
‫‪n t = 1.56 + 3.16 = 4.72 mol‬‬
‫‪nO‬‬ ‫‪1.56 mol‬‬
‫= ‪X O2 = 2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.33‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪4.72 mol‬‬
‫‪n CH4 3.16 mol‬‬
‫= ‪XCH4‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.67‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪4.72 mol‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PO2 = XO2 Pt‬‬
‫‪PO2 = 0.33 × 600 mmHg = 198 mmHg‬‬
‫‪PCH 4 = XCH4 Pt‬‬

‫‪PCH 4 = 0.67 × 600 = 402 mmHg‬‬
‫)‪(390‬‬
‫)‪(391‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٣‬‬
‫ﻣﺰﯾﺞ ﻏﺎزي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 2 × 1023‬ﺟﺰيء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪ N2‬و ‪8.0 × 1023‬‬

‫ﺟﺰيء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن ‪ ،CH4‬ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزﯾﻦ ‪ ،740 mmHg‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‪) .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(C = 12, H = 1, N =14‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‪ ،‬ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪N N2‬‬ ‫‪2 × 1023‬‬
‫= ‪n N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.332 mol‬‬
‫‪N A 6.023 × 1023‬‬
‫‪NCH4‬‬ ‫‪8.0 × 1023‬‬
‫= ‪n CH4‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=1.33 mol‬‬
‫‪N A 6.023 × 1023‬‬
‫‪n t = n N2 + n CH4 = 0.332 + 1.33 = 1.662 mol‬‬
‫‪n N2‬‬ ‫‪0.332‬‬
‫= ‪X N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.2‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪1.662‬‬
‫‪n CH4 1.33‬‬
‫= ‪X CH4‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.8‬‬
‫‪nt 1.662‬‬
‫‪PN2 =X N2 Pt = 0.2 × 740 mmHg = 148 mmHg‬‬
‫‪PCH4 = XCH4 Pt = 0.8 × 740 mmHg = 592 mmHg‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٤‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ ‪ 152 cm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 25 ºC‬وﺗﺤﺖ‬

‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻗﺪره ‪ 758 mmHg‬ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‪ .‬ﻓﺈذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺎً ‪ ، 23.76 mmHg‬ﻓﺈذا‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪) :‬اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(H = 1, O = 16 :‬‬
‫)‪(391‬‬
‫)‪(392‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫أ( اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (H2‬ب( ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬
‫ج( اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪ H2‬واﻟﻤﺎء ‪ H2O‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ اﻟﻐﺎزي‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pt = PH2 + PH2O‬‬
‫‪PH2 = Pt - PH2O‬‬
‫‪PH2 = 758 - 23.76‬‬
‫‪PH2 = 734.24 mmHg‬‬
‫ب( وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪( 734.42‬‬ ‫)‪× (152 × 10-3 ) = n H2 (0.0821 L. atm/mol.K) × (298 K‬‬
‫‪ 734.42 ‬‬
‫) ‪ × (152 ×10‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫= ‪n H2‬‬ ‫‪ 760 ‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L. atm/mol.K) × (298 K‬‬
‫‪n H2 = 0.006 mol‬‬
‫ج( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ اﻟﻐﺎزي ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﺛﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(392‬‬
‫)‪(393‬‬
‫‪PH2 = X H2 Pt‬‬
‫‪PH2‬‬
‫= ‪X H2‬‬
‫‪Pt‬‬
‫‪734.24 mmHg‬‬
‫= ‪X H2‬‬
‫‪758 mmHg‬‬
‫‪⇒ X H2 = 0.969‬‬
‫‪X H2O = 1- X H2‬‬
‫‪X H2O = 1 - 0.969 ⇒ X H2O = 0.031‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٥‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ ‪ 370 ml‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪23 ºC‬‬
‫وﺿﻐﻂ ‪ ،0.992 atm‬ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺳﺘﺸﻐﻠﮫ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪) (STP‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 23 ºC‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪(0.1088 atm‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻃﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = P1 + PH2 O‬‬
‫‪P1 = Pt - PH2O‬‬
‫‪P1 = 0.992 - 0.1088‬‬
‫‪P1 = 0.8832 atm‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ‪ V2‬ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬

‫‪P1V1 P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪0.8832 × 370 1 × V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪296‬‬ ‫‪298‬‬
‫‪V2 × 296 = 0.8832 × 370 × 298‬‬
‫‪0.8832 × 370 × 298‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬ ‫‪= 329 ml‬‬
‫‪296‬‬
‫)‪(393‬‬
‫)‪(394‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٦‬‬
‫ﯾﺰن ﻟﺘﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪ 1.5 g‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 25 ºC‬وﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ‪730‬‬
‫‪mm.Hg‬‬
‫أ( ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﻐﻠﮫ ھﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ب( ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪: V2‬‬

‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1V1 P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪730 × 1000‬‬ ‫‪760 × V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪298‬‬ ‫‪273‬‬
‫‪V2 = 880 ml‬‬
‫‪V2 = 0.880 L‬‬
‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV= nRT‬‬
‫‪ m ‬‬
‫‪PV= ‬‬ ‫‪ RT‬‬
‫‪ Mw ‬‬
‫‪ 1.5 ‬‬
‫‪1 × 0.880 = ‬‬ ‫‪ × 0.082 × 273‬‬
‫‪ Mw ‬‬
‫‪Mw = 38.16 g/mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٧‬‬
‫ﻣﺰﯾﺞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 0.560 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪ O2‬و ‪ 0.560 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪N2‬‬
‫)ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن‬ ‫ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻀﻐﻂ وﻗﺪره ‪ ،0.600 atm‬ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز؟‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪( N = 14, O = 16 :‬‬
‫)‪(394‬‬
‫)‪(395‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻻت‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‬
‫وﻣﻨﮫ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ‪:‬‬
‫‪m O2‬‬ ‫‪0.560 g‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.0175 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪32 g/mol‬‬
‫‪m N2‬‬ ‫‪0.560 g‬‬
‫= ‪n N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.02 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw N2‬‬ ‫‪28 g/mol‬‬
‫‪n O2‬‬ ‫‪0.0175‬‬
‫= ‪X O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.47‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪0.0375‬‬
‫‪n N2‬‬ ‫‪0.02‬‬
‫= ‪X N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.53‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪0.0375‬‬
‫‪⇒ PO2 = X O2 . Pt = 0.47 × 0.600 = 0.282 atm‬‬
‫‪⇒ PN 2 = X N 2 . Pt = 0.53 × 0.600 = 0.318 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٨‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 50 ºC‬وﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره ‪1.00‬‬
‫‪ L‬ﯾﺆﺛﺮ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺮﻃﺐ ﺑﻀﻐﻂ وﻗﺪره ‪ ،1.00 atm‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺟﻔﻒ وﺟﺪ أن اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻗﺪره )‪ (1.00 L‬وﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻀﻐﻂ ﻗﺪره ‪ 1.00 atm‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 95 ºC‬ﻓﻤﺎ‬
‫ھﻮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪50 ºC‬؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز )اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮط ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء( ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1V1 P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪P2 V2 T1‬‬
‫= ‪P1‬‬
‫‪V1T2‬‬
‫)‪(1 atm)(1.00 L) × (323 K‬‬
‫= ‪P1‬‬
‫)‪(1.00 L) × (368 K‬‬
‫‪P1 = 0.878 atm‬‬
‫)‪(395‬‬
‫)‪(396‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = (P1 )g + PH2O‬‬
‫‪PH2O = Pt - (P1 )g‬‬
‫‪PH2O = 1 - 0.878‬‬
‫‪PH2O = 0.122 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٣٩‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ ‪ 500 ml‬ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 30 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺎروﻣﺘﺮي ‪ ،1.01 atm‬ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺳﯿﺸﻐﻠﮫ اﻟﻐﺎز إذا ﻛﺎن ﺟﺎﻓﺎً وﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ‪ ،100 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ ‪1.00 atm‬؟ )ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ‪0.042 = 30 ºC‬‬
‫‪.(atm‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز )اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮط ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء( ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pt = (P1 )g + PH 2O‬‬
‫‪(P1 ) g = Pt - PH 2O‬‬
‫‪(P1 ) g 1 = 1.01 - 0.042‬‬
‫‪(P1 ) g = 0.968 atm‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺳﯿﺸﻐﻠﮫ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺟﺎﻓﺎً )‪ (V2‬ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1V1 P2 V2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪P1V1T2 0.968 atm × 500 ml × 373 K‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 595.8 ml‬‬
‫‪P2 T1‬‬ ‫‪1 atm × 303 K‬‬
‫)‪(396‬‬
‫)‪(397‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٠‬‬
‫ﯾﺒﻠﻎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن ‪ 0.225 atm CH4‬وﻟﻐﺎز اﻹﯾﺜﺎن ‪C2H6‬‬
‫)‪ (0.165 atm‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺰﯾﺞ ﻏﺎزي ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ھﺬﯾﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ‪.‬‬
‫أ( ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ؟‬
‫ب( إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً وﻗﺪره ‪ 9.73 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 35 ºC‬ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻮ‬
‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ‪.‬‬
‫ج( ﻛﻢ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزﯾﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pt = PC H 4 + PC 2H 6‬‬
‫‪P t = 0 .2 2 5 + 0 .1 6 5‬‬
‫‪P t = 0 .3 9 0 a tm‬‬
‫‪PCH 4 = X CH 4 P t‬‬
‫‪PCH 4‬‬
‫‪X‬‬‫‪CH 4‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪Pt‬‬
‫‪0 .2 2 5‬‬
‫= ‪X CH4‬‬
‫‪0 .3 9 0‬‬
‫‪⇒ X C H 4 = 0 .5 7 7‬‬
‫‪PC 2H 6‬‬
‫‪X‬‬‫‪C 2H 6‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪Pt‬‬
‫‪0 .1 6 5‬‬
‫= ‪X C 2H 6‬‬
‫‪0 .3 9 0‬‬
‫‪⇒ X C 2H 6 = 0 .4 2 3‬‬
‫)‪(397‬‬
(398)
: ‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‬
Pt V= n t R T
Pt V
nt=
RT
0.39 atm × 9.73L
nt=
0.0821 L.atm/mol.K × 308 K
n t = 0.150 mol
: ‫ج( ﺣﺴﺎب ﺟﺮاﻣﺎت ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪة وﻣﻨﮫ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﺟﺮاﻣﺎت ﻛﻞ‬
: ‫ﻏﺎز‬
(n t = 0.150 mol, XCH4 = 0.577, XC2H6 = 0.423 )

n CH4
XCH4 =
nt
n CH4 = XCH4 n t
n CH4 = 0.577 × 0.150
⇒ n CH4 = 0.09 mol
n C2 H 6
X C2 H 6 =
nt
n C2 H 6 = X C 2 H 6 . n t
n C2H6 = 0.423 × 0.150
⇒ n C2H6 = 0.063 mol
(398)
‫)‪(399‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺮاﻣﺎت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻧﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m CH4‬‬
‫= ‪n CH4‬‬
‫‪Mw CH4‬‬
‫)‪mCH4 = n CH 4 . Mw CH 4 ⇒ mCH 4 = 0.09 × (12 + 4 × 1‬‬
‫‪⇒ mCH4 = 1.44 g‬‬
‫‪m C2 H 6‬‬
‫= ‪n C2 H 6‬‬
‫‪Mw C2H6‬‬
‫)‪mC2 H6 = n C2 H6 . Mw C H ⇒ m C2 H6 = 0.06 × (2 × 12 + 6 × 1‬‬
‫‪2 6‬‬
‫‪⇒ mC2 H6 = 1.80 g‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤١‬‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ‪ 40 g‬ﻣﻦ ‪ O2‬و ‪ 40 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم ‪ He‬ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺎً ﻟـ‬
‫‪ ،0.900 atm‬ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(He = 4, O = :‬‬
‫‪.16‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز واﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m O2‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.25mol‬‬
‫‪Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫‪m He 40‬‬
‫= ‪n He‬‬ ‫‪= = 10 mol‬‬
‫‪Aw 4‬‬
‫‪n O2‬‬ ‫‪1.25‬‬
‫‪X O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.11‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪11.25‬‬
‫‪n He‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫= ‪X He‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.89‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪11.25‬‬
‫)‪(399‬‬
‫)‪(400‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزﯾﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PO2 = X O2 . Pt‬‬
‫‪PO2 = 0.11 × 0.900‬‬
‫‪⇒ PO2 = 0.099 atm‬‬
‫‪PHe = X He . Pt‬‬
‫‪PHe = 0.89 × 0.900 ⇒ PHe = 0.801 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٢‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻏﺎزي ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 100 C‬وﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (0.800 atm‬ﯾﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (50%‬ھﯿﻠﯿﻮم )‪(He‬‬
‫و ‪ 50%‬زﯾﻨﻮن )‪ (Xe‬ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن‪ .‬أوﺟﺪ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪه‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ أن ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ )‪ (100 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﺛﻢ ﻧﻌﯿﻦ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﯿﮫ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m He‬‬ ‫‪50.0 g‬‬
‫= ‪n He‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 12.5 mol He‬‬
‫‪Aw He 4.00 g mol-1‬‬
‫‪m Xe‬‬ ‫‪50.0 g‬‬
‫= ‪n Xe‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.381 mol Xe‬‬
‫‪Aw Xe 131.3 g mol-1‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ )‪ (X‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﻮن ‪:‬‬

‫‪n He‬‬ ‫‪12.5‬‬
‫= ‪X He‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.970‬‬
‫‪n He + n Xe 12.5 + 0.381‬‬
‫‪n Xe‬‬ ‫‪0.381‬‬
‫‪X Xe‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.030‬‬
‫‪n He + n Xe 12.5 + 0.381‬‬
‫وﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن‪ ،‬ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pi = Xi Ptotal‬‬
‫‪PHe = 0.970 × 0.800 = 0.776 atm‬‬
‫‪PXe = 0.030 × 0.800 = 0.024 atm‬‬
‫)‪(400‬‬
‫)‪(401‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٣‬‬
‫ﺧﻠ ﯿﻂ ﻣ ﻦ ﻏ ﺎزﯾﻦ ‪ (A) :‬وﻛﺘﻠﺘ ﮫ ‪) 0.495‬ووزﻧ ﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﻲ ‪ ، (66.0‬و )‪ (B‬وﻛﺘﻠﺘ ﮫ‬

‫‪) 0.182 g‬ووزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ‪ ، (45.5‬وﻛﺎن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠ ﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠ ﯿﻂ )‪.(76.2 cmHg‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ ، 49.7 cm Hg = (A‬ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪26.5 cm Hg = (B‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٤‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﻂ ﺟﺮام ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻊ ﺟﺮام ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﮭﻜ ﺴﺎن )‪ (C6H14‬ﻓ ﻲ وﻋ ﺎء ﻣﻘﻔ ﻞ ﺳ ﻌﺘﮫ )‪،(6 L‬‬
‫وﺳﺨﻦ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﺣﺘﻰ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة )‪ (250 °C‬ﻓﺘﺤﻮﻟ ﺖ اﻟﻤﺎدﺗ ﺎن اﻟ ﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾ ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪P = 374 mmHg :‬‬
‫)‪(401‬‬
‫)‪(402‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻋﺎﺷﺮﺍ ‪ /‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎﻡ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫) ‪(Graham’s Law of Diffusion 1829‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫‪Graham's Law : Diffusion and Effusion of Gases‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺪاﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ وﺳﺮﻋﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ أن اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬
‫‪(when they come in‬‬ ‫)‪ (mix‬ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﺼﺎل‬
‫)‪ ،contact‬أو ﺧﻼل وﻋﺎء‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻠﺰم اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﯿﻦ ھﻤﺎ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر )‪ (Diffusion‬واﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ )اﻹﻧﺒﺠﺎس(‬
‫)‪.(Effusion‬‬
‫وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر )‪ (Diffusion‬ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ )‪ ،(Effusion‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺪل‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻏﺎز ﻣﻊ ﻏﺎز آﺧﺮ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻓﯿﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺪﻓﺎع اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺿﯿﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫‪Gas Diffusion‬‬
‫ﯾﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮور اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺜﻼً ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺴﺎﻣﯿﺔ ﺑﺤﯿ ﺚ ﯾﻜ ﻮن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ واﺣ ﺪاً ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺎدة‪،‬‬
‫• ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺮك ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻟﺘﺤﺘﻞ اﻟﺤﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﺘﺎح ﻟﮭﺎ‬
‫)ﻣﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺪد وﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎم وﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﮫ ﻓﻘﻂ(‪.‬‬
‫واﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎزات ھﻮ اﻟﺨﻠﻂ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺠﻲ ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت أﺣﺪ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﻊ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻏﺎز‬
‫آﺧﺮ )اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﮭﺎ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺪرﯾﺠﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ ﻏﺎز آﺧﺮ( ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺨﻮاﺻﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﺜﺎﻻً ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮاً ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت أﺣﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ ﺑﺤﺮﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز اﻵﺧﺮ‪ .‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل‬
‫ﺑﺄن أي ﻏﺎز ﯾﻜﻮن ﺗﺎم اﻟﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ أي ﻏﺎز آﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪Mixing of different gases by random molecular motion with‬‬

‫‪frequent collisions is called diffusion‬‬
‫)‪(402‬‬
(403)
Fig. 83 : Diffusion is the mixing of gas molecules by random motion under conditions
where molecular collisions occur.
Fig. 84 : A representation of diffusion of gases. The space between the

molecules allows for ease of mixing one gas with another. Collisions of
molecules with the walls of the container are responsible for the pressure
of the gas.
‫وﺗﺤﺪث ھﺬا اﻟﻈﺎھﺮة ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﻄﯿﺌﺔ ﺟﺪاً ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬
‫ ﻓﺎﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻟﺘﻤﻸ ﻛﻞ اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﻐﻠﮫ اﻟﻐﺎز وﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ اﻹﺗﺠﺎھﺎت وﺣﺘﻰ‬.‫اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﺴﺮﻋﺎن ﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﻸ‬،‫ وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺮش ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻄﺮ‬.‫ﺿﺪ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬
‫ وﻗﺪ وﺟﺪ أن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي وزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﺻﻐﯿﺮ )ﺧﻔﯿﻒ اﻟﻮزن( ھﻮ‬.‫راﺋﺤﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‬
.ً‫اﻷﺳﺮع اﻧﺘﺸﺎرا‬
: ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
(403)
‫)‪(404‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻋﻨﺪ إﻃﻼق ﺑﻌﻀﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ )اﻟﻨﺸﺎدر( إذ ﺳﺮﻋﺎن ﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﻸ راﺋﺤﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ‬
‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ ﻗﺪ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﻮزﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﺮة‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﺰع ﻏﻄﺎء ﻗﺎرورة ﻋﻄﺮ )‪ (a bottle of perfume‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺔ )‪(odor‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ اﺧﺘﻠﻄﺖ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﺑﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﮭﻮاء‪ .‬ھﺬا‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﻂ ﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ‪(random molecular‬‬
‫)‪ motion‬ﺑﺘﺼﺎدﻣﺎت ﻣﺘﻜﺮرة )‪ (frequent collisions‬ﯾﺴﻤﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬
‫)‪.(diffusion‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﺳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺾ‬ ‫)راﺋﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪H 2S‬‬ ‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫وﻣﺜﺎﻟﮫ‬ ‫‪(٣‬‬
‫)‪ (the smell of rotten eggs‬إذا ﺣﺮر )‪ (released‬ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن‬
‫اﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ زﻣﻦ ﯾﺴﯿﺮ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰھﺎ )‪ (can be detected‬ﺧﻼل اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً إﻻ أن ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺧﺬ وﻗﺘﺎً ﻃﻮﯾﻼً ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎً ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻜﺘﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﺘﺢ ﻗﺎرورة ﻣﻠﯿﺌﺔ ﺑﻤﺤﻠﻮل اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ )‪ (concentrated ammonia) (NH3‬ﻋﻨﺪ أﺣﺪ أﻃﺮاف ﻃﺎوﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫)‪ (at one end of a lab bench‬ﻓﯿﺠﺐ أن ﯾﻤﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﯾﺸﻢ ﺷﺨﺺ‬
‫آﺧﺮ راﺋﺤﺔ اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻵﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﻄﺎوﻟﺔ ‪ .‬واﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﯾﻜﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ أن‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻌﺪد ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﺎدﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺣﺪ أﻃﺮاف اﻟﻄﺎوﻟﺔ اﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮف اﻵﺧﺮ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(٨٥‬‬
‫‪Fig. 85 : The path traveled by a single gas molecule. Each change in direction‬‬
‫‪represents a collision with another molecule.‬‬
‫)‪(404‬‬
(405)
(instantly)ً‫( وﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﺤﻈﯿﺎ‬gradually) ‫إذاً ﯾﺤﺪث اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺪرﯾﺠﯿﺎً ﺑﺒﻂء‬

‫ ﻓﻨﺠﺪ‬،‫ وإﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫وھﻮ اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﺬي ﯾﺒﺪو ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫أن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻷﺧﻒ )اﻟﺬي وزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﺻﻐﯿﺮ( ﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺣﯿﺰ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ أﺳﺮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻷﺛﻘﻞ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ أن اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺨﻔﯿﻒ ﺗﻜﻮن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
.‫( ﯾﺸﺮح ذﻟﻚ‬٨٧ ‫ و‬٨٦ ) ‫ ﺷﻜﻞ‬،‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻞ‬
Fig. 86 : NH3 gas (left) and HCl gas (right) escape from concentrated aqueous
solutions. The white smoke (solid NH4Cl) shows where the gases mix and react
NH 3 (g) + HCl (g) 
→ NH 4Cl
Fig. 87 : A demonstration of gas diffusion. NH3 gas (from a bottle containing

aqueous ammonia) combines with HCl gas (from a bottle containing hydrochloric
acid) to form solid NH4Cl. Because NH3 is lighter and therefore diffuses faster, solid
NH4Cl first appears neared the HCl bottle (on the right).
(405)
‫)‪(406‬‬
‫وﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﯿﻦ اﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎر أن‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻘﻄﻌﮭﺎ أي ﺟﺰيء ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﺼﺎدﻣﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺻﻐﯿﺮاً ﺟﺪاً‪ ،‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن‬
‫اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮاغ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺤﺪث ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎز آﺧﺮ‪ .‬إذ أن‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ ﻻ ﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻏﺎزﯾﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ )أو ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮاغ( ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﯿﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )ﺍﻹﻧﺒﺠﺎﺱ(‬

‫‪Gas Effusion‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ھﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﺮور ﻏﺎز )ﺗﺤﺮﻛﮫ وﺗﻤﺪده( وﺗﺴﺮﺑﮫ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً )ﺛﻘﺐ ﺿﯿﻖ( أو ﺧﻼل أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ﺿﯿﻘﺔ ﺟﺪاً أو ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺴﺎﻣﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪار اﻟﻮﻋﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﻮي ھﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ذات ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ذات ﺿﻐﻂ أﻗﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ )‪ (Effusion‬ھﻮ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺬي ﯾﻜﻮن ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﮭﺮوب ﻣﻦ إﺣﺪى ﺣﺠﺮات اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﻰ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻋﺒﺮ ﺛﻘﺐ ﺻﻐﯿﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ أن اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﮭﺮب ﺑﺪون ﺗﺼﺎدﻣﺎت ﺧﻼل‬
‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً اﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﺮاغ‪.‬‬
‫‪Effusion is a process in which gas molecules escape without‬‬
‫‪collisions through a tiny hole into a vacuum is called effusion‬‬
‫وإذا ﻛﺎن ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻓﻲ أﺣﺪ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻟﺤﺎوي ﺻﻐﯿﺮاً ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ )ﯾﺠﺐ أن‬
‫ﯾﻜﻮن ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺻﻐﯿﺮاً ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﻤﺮ اﻟﺤﺮ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز( ﻓﺈن اﻟﺠﺰيء اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻠﻖ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ اﻹﺻﻄﺪام ﺑﺠﺪار اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺤﺎوي ﺳﻮف ﯾﻼﻗﻲ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ اﻟﺨﺮوج ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ اﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺎرج‪.‬‬
‫واﻷﺷﻜﺎل ) ‪ (٩٠ - ٨٨‬ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮاغ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(406‬‬
(407)
٨٨ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
Fig. 89 : Effusion is the escape of a gas through a pinhole without molecular

collisions.
Fig. 90 : Gas effusion. Gas molecules move from a high-pressure region (left) to a
low-pressure one through a pinhole
(407)
(408)
‫ وھﻮ‬.‫( اﻧﺪﻓﺎق اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺿﯿﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪار اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻟﺤﺎوي‬٩٠ – ٨٨) ‫ﯾﺒﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ وﻗﺪ أﻋﻠﻦ‬.‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﺳﺘﻨﺒﻄﮫ ﺟﺮاھﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺼﻄﺪم ﺑﺠﺪران اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻟﺤﺎوي‬
‫ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻮزﻧﮫ‬،‫ﺑﺄن ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﺴﺮب اﻟﻐﺎز ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺿﯿﻘﺔ‬
.‫ أو ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮫ ﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ‬،‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‬
Fig. 91 : Effusion of gases.

a) A molecular interpretation of effusion. Molecules are in constant motion;
occasionally they strike the opening and escape.
b) Latex balloons were filled with the same volume of He (yellow), N2 (blue) and O2
(red). Lighter molecules, such as He, effuse through the tiny pores of the latex
balloons more rapidly than does N2 or O2. The silver party balloon is made of a metal-
coated polymer with pores that are too small to allow rapid He effusion.
c) If a bell jar full of hydrogen is brought down over a porous cup full of air, rapidly
moving hydrogen effuses into the cup faster than the oxygen and nitrogen in the air
can effuse out of the cup. This causes an increase in pressure in the cup sufficient to
produce bubbles in the water in the beaker.
‫وﻇﺎھﺮة اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ھﺬه ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻧﻜﻤﺎش ﺑﺎﻟﻮن اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮء ﺑﻐﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم )ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً أن ﯾﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺧﻼل‬He ‫ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز وھﻮ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ذرات‬،(٩١
.‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎدة اﻟﻤﻄﺎط اﻟﺮﻗﯿﻖ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮع ﻣﻨﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻮن‬
.‫وﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻤﻠﻮءاً ﺑﺎﻟﮭﻮاء ﻟﻜﺎن ﺗﺴﺮﺑﮫ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻄﺌﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم‬
.‫ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻇﺮوف ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻤﻤﯿﺰة ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‬،(‫وﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺒﺠﺎس ﻏﺎز)ﺗﺪﻓﻘﮫ‬
(408)
‫)‪(409‬‬
‫وﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎً وﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎً أن ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻت اﻹﻧﺒﺠﺎس‬
‫)اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ( ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺛﻘﺐ ذي أﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﻛﺘﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ ﻻ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺠﺎس اﻟﻐﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺘﮫ إﻻ أن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات ﯾﻌﻄﻰ أﯾﻀﺎً ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺮاھﺎم ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺮى ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪ ،‬أن اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺨﻔﯿﻔﺔ ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ أﺳﺮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ )‪ (rate of effusion‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺎرة ﺧﻼل ﺛﻘﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ زﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻄﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪The rate of effusion is the number of molecules passing through‬‬
‫‪a porous hole in a given time.‬‬
‫‪r1 t 2‬‬ ‫‪Mw 2‬‬
‫= =‬
‫‪r2 t1‬‬ ‫‪Mw1‬‬
‫‪The longer the time it takes, the slower is the rate of effusion.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ درس اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﻲ )ﺗﻮﻣﺎس ﺟﺮاھﺎم ‪ (Thomas Graham‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎم ‪١٨٢٩‬م ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وأﺟﺮى ﻗﯿﺎﺳﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺒﺠﺎس اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺪد ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات‪ ،‬ووﺟﺪ أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ھﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )ﺛﺒﻮت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة وﺛﺒﻮت ﻓﺮق اﻟﻀﻐﻂ( ﻓﺈن ﻣﻌﺪل‬
‫ﺗﺪﻓﻘﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪار ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﮭﺬه‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫= ‪ ،  Rate1‬وھﺬا ﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺮاھﺎم‪ .‬وﻟﻘﺪ ﻧﺘﺠﺖ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫‪d2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫‪ Rate2‬‬ ‫‪d1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻗﯿﺴﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺎت اﻹﻧﺒﺠﺎس ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﻨﺒﺠﺲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ وﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ وﯾﻨﺺ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺮاھﺎم ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎر أو اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫" أن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻏﺎز ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﮫ وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ"‬
‫)‪(409‬‬
‫)‪(410‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪rα‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ : r‬ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻐﺎز‪ .‬وھﺬا ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺮاھﺎم ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎر‪.‬‬

‫وإذا اﻓﺘﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﻟﯿﻦ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎر ‪ r1, r2‬ذاﺗﻲ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪ d1, d2‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪r1 α‬‬ ‫‪⇒ r1 = K‬‬
‫‪d1‬‬ ‫‪d1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪r2 α‬‬ ‫‪⇒ r1 = K‬‬
‫‪d2‬‬ ‫‪d2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪K‬‬
‫‪r1‬‬ ‫‪d1‬‬ ‫‪r1‬‬ ‫‪d1‬‬ ‫‪1 d2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫×‬
‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪d1 1‬‬
‫‪K‬‬
‫‪d2‬‬ ‫‪d2‬‬
‫‪r1‬‬ ‫‪u2‬‬ ‫‪d2‬‬

‫⇒‬ ‫= ‪= 2‬‬
‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬ ‫‪d1‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪P Mw‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪P Mw = d R T‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪d α Mw‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(410‬‬
‫)‪(411‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪r1α‬‬ ‫‪⇒ r1 = K‬‬
‫‪Mw1‬‬ ‫‪Mw1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪r2 α‬‬ ‫‪⇒ r1 = K‬‬
‫‪Mw 2‬‬ ‫‪Mw 2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪K‬‬
‫‪r1‬‬ ‫‪Mw1‬‬ ‫‪r1‬‬ ‫‪Mw1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫⇒‬ ‫=‬
‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪K‬‬
‫‪Mw 2‬‬ ‫‪Mw 2‬‬
‫‪r1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Mw 2‬‬

‫=‬ ‫×‬
‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪Mw1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪r1‬‬ ‫‪u2‬‬ ‫‪Mw 2‬‬

‫= ‪⇒ = 2‬‬
‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬ ‫‪Mw1‬‬
‫وﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻔﺮض أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎً ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ وزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻓﺈن‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺟﺮاھﺎم ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻨﺒﺄ ﺑﺄن ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﺴﺮب اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ أو ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‬
‫‪ Rate1‬‬ ‫‪Mw 2 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ Rate2‬‬ ‫‪Mw1 ‬‬
‫وإذا أﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻼزم ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻓﻖ )‪ (t‬ﻓﯿﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪rate of effusion 1 r1‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪u2‬‬ ‫‪d2‬‬ ‫‪Mw 2‬‬

‫= ‪= = 2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪rate of effusion 2 r2‬‬ ‫‪t1‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬ ‫‪d1‬‬ ‫‪Mw1‬‬
‫وﯾﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎً ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻏﺎزﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﻦ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﮭﻞ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎﻡ ‪:‬‬
‫وﺟﺪ أن اﻟﺤﯿﻮد ﻋﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﯾﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﺼﺎدم اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫ﻋﺪة ﻣﺮات ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﺴﺮﺑﮭﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ‪ .‬وﺑﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫)‪(411‬‬
‫)‪(412‬‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ أوﺿﺤﺖ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎً ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎً وأن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺪث اﻧﺪﻓﺎق اﻟﻐﺎز ﺧﻼﻟﮫ ﺻﻐﯿﺮاً‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﻤﺮ اﻟﺤﺮ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮن إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺪوث اﻟﺘﺼﺎدم اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻮط أﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﺮﺻﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻺﺻﻄﺪام‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻤﺮور ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ‪ ،‬وﺳﻮف ﻻ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ اﻹﻓﺘﺮاﺿﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻔﺸﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺮاھﺎم أﯾﻀﺎً إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺪﻓﻖ ھﯿﺪرودﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﺑﻘﻮة ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻧﺒﺜﺎق اﻟﻤﺎء( وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎداﻣﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺰوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺗﺘﺴﺮب ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺳﯿﺮھﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء‬
‫ﺗﺤﺮﻛﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ ﺧﻼل ﻏﺎز ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻹﻓﺘﺮاﺿﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎﻡ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات‪ ،‬وأوزاﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈذا ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ)‪ (A, B‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺘﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﯿﻦ ﻓﺈن‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻌ ﺪل اﻧ ﺪﻓﺎق اﻟﻐ ﺎز‪Mw B A‬‬
‫=‬
‫ﻣﻌ ﺪل اﻧ ﺪﻓﺎق اﻟﻐ ﺎز‪Mw A B‬‬
‫وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﺠﺮى اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﺑﺄن ﯾﺘﺪﻓﻖ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬وﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﮫ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺪﻓﺎق ‪ .‬وﺣﯿﺚ أﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻷزﻣﻨﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻹﻧﺪﻓﺎق‬
‫ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(412‬‬
‫)‪(413‬‬
‫‪Mw A‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬

‫‪= A‬‬
‫‪Mw B‬‬ ‫‪tB‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ )‪ (tA, tB‬اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﮫ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪ A, B‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺘﺪﻓﻖ‪.‬‬
‫وإذا ﻋﺮف اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻷﺣﺪ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫وﯾﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻐﺎزي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات )ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﯿﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ( اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺼﻌﺐ ﻓﺼﻠﮭﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﯿﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ )ﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﯿﻮراﻧﯿﻮم( )ﯾﻮراﻧﯿﻮم ‪ ،٢٣٥‬ﯾﻮراﻧﯿﻮم ‪ (٢٣٨‬ﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ وﻗﻮد‬
‫اﻷﻓﺮان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷھﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻷول وﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺘﮫ ﻟﻺﻧﺸﻄﺎر‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﺧﺎم اﻟﯿﻮراﻧﯿﻮم )اﻟﺨﺎم اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺘﺸﺒﻠﻨﺪ ‪ (Pitchblende‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ‬
‫‪235‬‬
‫‪92‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪ (99.28 %‬وﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ اﻟﯿﻮراﻧﯿﻮم اﻷھﻢ وھﻮ ‪U‬‬ ‫‪238‬‬
‫‪92‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮراﻧﯿﻮم‬
‫ھﻮ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻺﻧﺸﻄﺎر اﻟﻨﻮوي وﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت‬ ‫‪238‬‬
‫‪92‬‬ ‫‪U‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ )‪ .(0.71 %‬واﻟﻨﻈﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻨﻮوﯾﺔ وﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﯾﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ ﻃﺮق ﻓﺼﻞ ھﺬﯾﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﯿﺮﯾﻦ ھﻮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫ﻛﻤﯿﺎت ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻔﻠﻮر )‪ (F2‬ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎدس ﻓﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﯿﻮراﻧﯿﻮم ‪.UF6‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﻟﻐﺎز ﺳﺎدس ﻓﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﯿﻮراﻧﯿﻮم ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺑﺒﻂء‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﻠﻔﺮق ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 352‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﻮزن‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﯿﺮﯾﻦ )اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ‪UF6‬‬
‫‪238‬‬
‫‪92‬‬
‫‪235‬‬
‫ھﻮ ‪ (349‬ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎً وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫‪92‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ‪UF6‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﯿﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪235‬‬
‫‪rate of diffusion of‬‬ ‫‪UF6‬‬ ‫‪352‬‬
‫‪92‬‬
‫‪238‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.0043‬‬
‫‪rate of diffusion of‬‬ ‫‪92‬‬ ‫‪UF6‬‬ ‫‪349‬‬
‫‪238‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ‪ 1.0043‬ﻣﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻔﻮق ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ‪UF6‬‬ ‫أي أن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ‪UF6‬‬
‫‪235‬‬
‫‪92‬‬ ‫‪92‬‬
‫)‪(413‬‬
‫)‪(414‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﻔﺮق ﻓﻲ اﻷوزان اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮ )‪ ،(1.0043‬إﻻ أن ﺗﻜﺮار‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺧﻼل ﺣﻮاﺟﺰ ﻣﻨﻔﺬة )ﯾﻘﺪر ﻋﺪدھﺎ ﺑﺎﻵﻻف( ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻘﻮب ﺻﻐﯿﺮة‬
‫ﺟﺪاً‪ ،‬ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﻏﻨﯿﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﮫ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﻄﯿﺎر ‪ 235 UF6‬اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻺﻧﺸﻄﺎر وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ وﻓﺮة ﺟﻮھﺮﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﯿﺮ ‪ 235‬اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮب‬
‫ﻓﯿﮫ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ ‪ Isotopes‬ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﺘﺤﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺬري وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮزن‬
‫أﻣﺎ اﻷﯾﺰوﺑﺎرات‬ ‫اﻟﺬري وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻹﺧﺘﻼف ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻨﯿﻮﺗﺮوﻧﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮاة‪.‬‬
‫‪ Isobars‬ﻓﮭﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪد‬
‫‪115‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪Sn & 115‬‬
‫اﻟﺬري ﻣﺜﻞ ‪49 Sn :‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫ھﻨﺎك ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻐﺎزي ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻄﺐ ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﺒﺪل ﻣﺨﺎﻟﯿﻂ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻌﺎدي‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ‪ .‬إذ أن اﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ ﯾﺘﻨﻔﺴﻮن ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪل اﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻻ ﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻌﺎدي‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎﻡ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٥‬‬
‫ﻏﺎز ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎره ‪ 1.414‬ﻣﺮة ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻏﺎز ‪ SO2‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف‬
‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ‪) ،(R = 0.0821 atm L/mol. K ) :‬اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(S = 32, O = :‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫أ( اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‬
‫)‪(414‬‬
‫)‪(415‬‬
‫ب( اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺠﮭﻮل ‪: MwX‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎع ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺮاھﺎم ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎر ‪:‬‬
‫‪rX‬‬ ‫‪Mw SO2‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪rSO2‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫)‪(32 + 2 × 16‬‬
‫= ‪1.414‬‬
‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪64 ‬‬
‫‪(1.414 ) = ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ Mw X ‬‬
‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪64‬‬
‫=‪2‬‬ ‫‪⇒ Mw x = = 32 g/mol‬‬
‫‪Mw X‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P Mw X = d X R T‬‬
‫‪P Mw X‬‬
‫= ‪dX‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫)‪(1atm) × (32 g/mol‬‬
‫= ‪dX‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L atm/Kmol) (273K‬‬
‫‪d X = 1.43 g/L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٦‬‬
‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻏﺎز ‪ A‬ﺧﻼل ﺛﻘﺐ ﺿﯿﻖ ﻓﻲ زﻣﻦ ﻗﺪره ‪ 1.44 min‬وﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف‬
‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ زﻣﻦ ﻗﺪره ‪ 1.8 min‬اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎز )‪ (A‬ووزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(415‬‬
‫)‪(416‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ أن زﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﺮب اﻟﻐﺎز اﻷول )‪ (A‬أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ زﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﺮب اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز ‪ A‬أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪r1 c1 t 2‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪Mw 2‬‬
‫=‪= = = 2‬‬
‫‪r2 c 2 t1‬‬ ‫‪d1‬‬ ‫‪Mw1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪  Mw A‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ tA‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ = ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ t O2‬‬ ‫‪  Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ 1.44 ‬‬ ‫‪Mw A‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫= ‪‬‬
‫‪ 1.8 ‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪2.0736 Mw A‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪3.24‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪16 × 2.0736‬‬
‫= ‪⇒ Mw A‬‬ ‫‪=10.24g/mol‬‬
‫‪3.24‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٧‬‬
‫ﻗﺎرن ﺑﯿﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزي اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (H2‬واﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬

‫اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر؟‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ‪(MwO2 = 32 g/mol, MwH2 = 2 g/mol) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪rH2‬‬ ‫‪Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬

‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 16 = 4‬‬
‫‪rO2‬‬ ‫‪M H2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪rH2 = 4 rO2‬‬
‫أي أن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ أﺳﺮع اﻧﺘﺸﺎراً ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ أرﺑﻊ ﻣﺮات ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف‪.‬‬
‫)‪(416‬‬
‫)‪(417‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٨‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ )ﯾﻨﺴﺎب( ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ 1.14‬ﻣﺮة أﺳﺮع ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز‬
‫اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‪) .‬اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ = ‪.(16‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪rX‬‬ ‫‪Mw O2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪rO2‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫= ‪1.14‬‬
‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ 32 ‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫‪(1.14 ) = ‬‬ ‫= ‪ ⇒ 1.2996‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ Mw X ‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬

‫‪32‬‬
‫= ‪Mw X‬‬ ‫‪= 24.62 g/mol‬‬
‫‪1.2996‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٤٩‬‬
‫ﻗﺎرن ﺑﯿﻦ ﻏﺎزي ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ وأول أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر )اﻷوزان اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.((N = 14, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪rNO‬‬ ‫‪Mw NO2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪rNO2‬‬ ‫‪Mw NO‬‬
‫‪rNO‬‬ ‫)‪(14 + 2 × 16‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.24‬‬
‫‪rNO2‬‬ ‫)‪(14 + 16‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫أي أن أول أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ أﺳﺮع ﻣﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ‪ 1.24‬ﻣﺮة‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٠‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﯾﻚ ﻏﺎزان )‪ HBr (Mw = 81‬وﻏﺎز )‪ ،CH4 (Mw = 16‬ﯾﺘﺴﺮب ﻏﺎز ‪HBr‬‬
‫ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺑﻤﻌﺪل ‪ ،4 ml/S‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﺴﺮب ‪ CH4‬ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ؟‬
‫)‪(417‬‬
‫)‪(418‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪rCH4‬‬ ‫‪Mw HBr‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪rHBr‬‬ ‫‪Mw CH4‬‬
‫‪rCH4‬‬ ‫‪81‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 2.25‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪rCH4‬‬
‫‪= 2.25 ⇒ rCH4 = 2.25 × 4 = 9 ml/s‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥١‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز إذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﺸﺎره ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 4.69‬ﻣﺮة أﺳﺮع ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻏﺎز ‪) CO2‬اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(C = 12, O = 16) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪rX‬‬ ‫‪Mw CO2‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪rCO2‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪44‬‬
‫= ‪4.69‬‬
‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪44 ‬‬
‫‪( 4.69 ) = ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ Mw X ‬‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬
‫= ‪21.9961‬‬ ‫= ‪⇒ Mw X‬‬ ‫‪= 2 g/mol‬‬
‫‪Mw X‬‬ ‫‪21.9961‬‬
‫واﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي وزﻧﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ )‪ (2‬ھﻮ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٢‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز )‪ (A‬ھﻮ ﺿﻌﻒ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز )‪ (B‬ﻓﺄوﺟﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ‪ A‬اﻟﻰ ‪B‬‬
‫)‪(418‬‬
‫)‪(419‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪rA‬‬ ‫‪Mw B‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪rB‬‬ ‫‪Mw A‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪rA‬‬
‫‪= 0.707‬‬
‫‪rB‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٣‬‬
‫ﯾﺤﺘﺎج ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪ X‬ﻷن ﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺿﯿﻘﺔ زﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺪاره ‪،112.25S‬‬
‫واﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻼزم ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻘﺪار ﻣﻦ ‪ O2‬ھﻮ ‪ ،84.7S‬اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‬
‫)اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ = ‪.(16‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪rX‬‬ ‫‪Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬

‫=‬ ‫= ‪⇒ X‬‬
‫‪rO2‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬ ‫‪rO2‬‬ ‫‪Mw O2‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪tX‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪rO2‬‬ ‫‪Mw O2‬‬
‫‪112.5‬‬ ‫‪Mw x‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪84.7‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ 112.5   Mw x ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ =‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ 84.7   32 ‬‬
‫‪12656.25‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬ ‫‪12656.25 × 32‬‬
‫=‬ ‫= ‪⇒ Mw X‬‬ ‫‪= 56.45 g/mol‬‬
‫‪7174.09‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪7174.09‬‬
‫)‪(419‬‬
‫)‪(420‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٤‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻷﺣﻮال اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﯾﺰن ‪ ،1.44 g‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻟﺘﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﯾﺰن )‪ ،(0.09 g‬أي اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ ﺳﯿﻨﺘﺸﺮ أﺳﺮع؟ اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻢ ﻣﺮة ﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫أﺳﺮع‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪0.09‬‬
‫= ‪d H2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.09 g/L‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪m 1.44‬‬
‫= ‪d O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=1.44 g/L‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪rH2‬‬ ‫‪d O2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪rO2‬‬ ‫‪d H2‬‬
‫‪rH2‬‬ ‫‪1.44‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪=4‬‬
‫‪rO2‬‬ ‫‪0.09‬‬
‫ﻏﺎز أﻟـ )‪ (H2‬ﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﺑﺄرﺑﻊ ﻣﺮات‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٥‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ )‪ (0.1 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ ،2.5 L‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﻠﻎ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪ ،745 torr‬ﻓﺈذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪ (93.5 %‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻏﺎز )‪ (N2‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻓﺄوﺟﺪ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ) = ‪(N‬‬
‫‪.14‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺮض أن ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ (g‬ھﻲ ‪ ، rg‬وﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻏﺎز )‪ (N2‬ھﻲ ‪rN2‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺆال ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(420‬‬
‫)‪(421‬‬
‫‪r(g) = 0.935 rN2‬‬

‫)‪r(g‬‬ ‫‪Mw N 2‬‬
‫= ‪0.935‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪rN2‬‬ ‫)‪Mw (g‬‬
‫‪Mw N 2‬‬
‫= ‪0.935‬‬
‫)‪Mw (g‬‬
‫)‪(2 × 14‬‬
‫= ‪0.935‬‬
‫)‪Mw (g‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ (2 × 14) ‬‬
‫‪( 0.935) = ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(g‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫= ‪0.874225‬‬
‫)‪Mw (g‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫= )‪Mw (g‬‬ ‫‪= 32 g/mol‬‬
‫‪0.874225‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٦‬‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻼزم ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺠﮭﻮل ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
‫‪ ،112.2 s‬اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻼزم ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ‪ ،84.7 s‬اﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺠﮭﻮل‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(421‬‬
‫)‪(422‬‬
‫‪t O2‬‬ ‫‪Mw O2‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪tX‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪84.7 S‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪112.2 S‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ 84.7 S   32 ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ =‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ 112.2 S   Mw X ‬‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫= ‪0.57‬‬
‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫= ‪Mw X‬‬ ‫‪= 56.14 g/mol‬‬
‫‪0.57‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٧‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪ (STP‬إذا اﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﻣﻨﮫ ﺧﻼل‬
‫ﺟﮭﺎز ﻓﻲ ‪ 5.00 min‬وإذا اﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺠﮭﺎز ﻓﻲ زﻣﻦ ﻗﺪره ‪) 6.30 min‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫)‪(O = 16‬‬ ‫اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪t O2‬‬ ‫‪Mw O2‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪tX‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪6.30‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ 6.30   32 ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ =‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ 5   Mw X ‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫= ‪1.5876‬‬ ‫= ‪⇒ Mw X‬‬ ‫‪= 20.16 g/mol‬‬
‫‪Mw X‬‬ ‫‪1.5876‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﺑﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(422‬‬
‫)‪(423‬‬
‫‪PMw = d X RT‬‬
‫‪P Mw‬‬
‫= ‪dX‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪1atm × 20.16 g/mol‬‬
‫= ‪dX‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L.atm/ K. mol) × (273 K‬‬
‫‪d X = 0.899 g/L‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٨‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪ 0.572 g/L‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ 25 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ ‪0.500‬‬
‫‪ atm‬وﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪ N2‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺛﻘﺐ ‪) 9.50 ml/S‬اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ = ‪.(14‬‬
‫أ( ﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﯾﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل ‪ 6.28 ml/S‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻈﺮوف‬
‫ب( ﻣﺎ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز؟‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪ dX‬ﻧﻄﺒﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪t N2‬‬ ‫‪d N2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪tX‬‬ ‫‪dX‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ 9.50   0.572 ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ =‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ 6.28   d X ‬‬
‫‪0.572‬‬ ‫‪0.527‬‬
‫= ‪2.29‬‬ ‫= ‪⇒ dx‬‬ ‫‪= 0.250 g/L‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬ ‫‪2.29‬‬
‫)‪(423‬‬
‫)‪(424‬‬
‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P Mw X = d R T‬‬
‫‪dX R T‬‬
‫= ‪Mw X‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫= ‪Mw X‬‬
‫)‪( 0.25 g/L ) × (0.0821 L atm/Kmol) × (298K‬‬
‫) ‪( 0.500 atm‬‬
‫‪Mw X = 12.2 g/mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٥٩‬‬
‫أوﺟﺪ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﻨﺴﺎب ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ 3.1‬ﻣﺮة أﺳﺮع ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪) F2‬اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﻠﻮر = ‪.(9‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺝ( ‪4 g/mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦٠‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﻨﺴﺎب ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ 0.323‬أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻧﺴﯿﺎب ﻏﺎز‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم‪) .‬اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﻟﻠﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم = ‪.(4‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺝ( ‪38.13 g/mol‬‬
‫)‪(424‬‬
‫)‪(425‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻭﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Brownian Motion‬‬
‫إن إﺣ ﺪى ﻣﻈ ﺎھﺮ اﻟ ﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﻼﺣ ﻆ ﻟﻐ ﺎز‪ ،‬اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﺰود ﺑ ﺄﻗﻮى ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات ھﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻈﺎھﺮة اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺒﺮاوﻧﯿﺔ‪ .‬وھﺬه اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻮﺣﻈ ﺖ ﻷول‬
‫ﻣﺮة ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﻷﺳﻜﺘﻠﻨﺪي‪ ،‬روﺑﺮت ﺑ ﺮاون ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺎم )‪ (1827‬ھ ﻲ ﻋﺒ ﺎرة ﻋ ﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺮﺟﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﺠﺴﯿﻤﺎت دﻗﯿﻘ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾ ﺔ ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﻣﻌﻠﻘ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺳ ﺎﺋﻞ أو ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﻏ ﺎز‪ .‬وﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈ ﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ اﻟﺒﺮواﻧﯿ ﺔ ﺑﺘﻌ ﺪﯾﻞ ﺑ ﺆرة ﻣﯿﻜﺮوﺳ ﻜﻮب وﻓﻘ ﺎً ﻟﻤ ﺪى اﻟﻌ ﯿﻦ‬
‫)‪ (focusing‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺴﯿﻤﺎت دﺧﺎن ﻣﻀﺎءة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ‪ .‬وﻻ ﯾﺮﺳﺐ اﻟﺠﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﻰ ﻗ ﺎع إﻧﺎﺋ ﮫ‬
‫اﻟﺤ ﺎوي‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻨ ﮫ ﯾﺘﺤ ﺮك ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﻤﺮار ﺟﯿﺌ ﺔ وذھﺎﺑ ﺎً‪ ،‬وﻻ ﯾﺒ ﺪي أي إﺷ ﺎرة ﻟﺒﻠﻮﻏ ﮫ ﺣﺎﻟ ﺔ‬
‫اﻹﺳﺘﻘﺮار‪ .‬وﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺠﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺎً‪ ،‬أﺻﻐﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ ﺗﻠ ﻚ اﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﻤ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻏﯿ ﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤ ﺔ أﻛﺜ ﺮ ﻋﻨﻔ ﺎً‪ .‬وﻛﻠﻤ ﺎ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة اﻟﻤ ﺎﺋﻊ أﻋﻠ ﻰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤ ﺎ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻖ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﻮة‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻨﺎﻗﺾ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺒﺮاوﻧﯿﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻔﻜﺮة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﺘ ﺮح أن ﺟﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت اﻟﻤ ﺎدة‬
‫ﺗﻜ ﻮن اﻟ ﻰ ﺣ ﺪ ﻣ ﺎ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﻤﺮار‪ .‬وﯾﺒ ﺪو أن ﺟ ﺴﯿﻢ اﻟ ﺪﺧﺎن ﯾ ﺼﻄﺪم ﺑﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت اﻟﮭ ﻮاء‪،‬‬
‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟ ﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﮭ ﻮاء ﺗﻌﻜ ﺲ ﺑﻄﺮﯾ ﻖ ﻏﯿ ﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷ ﺮ اﻟﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ ﺗﺤ ﺖ اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺮوﺳ ﻜﻮﺑﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺋﯿﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﻮﺟﺪ ھﻨﺎ ﺣﯿﻨﺌﺬ دﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻗﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺮاح ﺑﺄن اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬
‫أﺟﺰاء ﺿﺌﯿﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن داﺋﻤﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٩٢‬‬
‫)‪(425‬‬
‫)‪(426‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫‪Molecular Kinetic Theory of Gases‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﻭﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ‬
‫‪hypothesis and Ideal Gas Model‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻐﺎزات وﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻔﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ أو اﻟﻀﻐﻂ أو درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻈﺮوف‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﺎذا ﯾﺘﻤﺪد ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ؟ ﻟﻘﺪ اﺳﺘﻄﺎع ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺰﻣﺎن )‪ (Boltzmann‬وﻣﺎﻛﺴﻮﯾﻞ )‪ (Maxwell‬أن ﯾﻔﺴﺮوا اﻟﺨﻮاص‬
‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ وﺿﻊ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺰﻣﺎن‬
‫وﻣﺎﻛﺴﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺳﺎس ﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻟﻐﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺑﯿﻨﺖ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻟﻺﻧﻀﻐﺎط‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎر‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺿﻐﻄﮫ وﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﺨﻮاص‪ ،‬وﻟﮭﺬا ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫إﯾﺠﺎد ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ ھﺬه اﻟﺨﻮاص ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﮭﻮد ھﺆﻻء اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ ﺳﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات وھﻲ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮوض ﺗﻔﺴﺮ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم أن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة‪ ،‬ﻷﺟﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ أن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﮭﺬا ﻓﺈن اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺎول أن ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺰيء اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮك‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة واﻓﺘﺮاﺿﺎھﺎ‬
‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺎن ھﻤﺎ أن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬وأن اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ إﻇﮭﺎر‬
‫ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﺜﻞ أي ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ ﻓﺈن ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺼﻮر ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﺎً ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎً ﻟﺘﻔﺴﯿﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻤﺸﺎھﺪة‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﻣﻔﯿﺪاً‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﺠﺐ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺑﻌﻀﺎً ﻣﻦ‬
‫)‪(426‬‬
‫)‪(427‬‬
‫اﻹﻓﺘﺮاﺿﺎت اﻟﺘﻮﺿﯿﺤﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺼﮭﺎ‪ .‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮض‬

‫وإﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ ﻛﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ اﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺮض‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم )‪ (1857‬ﻧﺸﺮ رودوﻟﻒ ﻛﻼوزﯾﻮس ‪(1822 – Rudolf Clausius‬‬
‫‪(experimental‬‬ ‫أن ﺗﺸﺮح اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫)‪ 1888‬ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ ﺣﺎوﻟﺖ‬
‫)‪ observations‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺨﺼﺖ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ‪ :‬ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ‪ ،‬داﻟﺘﻮن وأﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﱰﺿﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺳـﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﯾﺘﺄﻟﻒ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﯿﻤﺎت دﻗﯿﻘﺔ )دﻗﺎﺋﻖ( ﻛﺮوﯾﺔ ﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت أو اﻟﺬرات‬

‫) )‪ (a gas consists of small particles (atoms or molecules‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ وﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻻ ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎن ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ وﻟﻜﻦ ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎن ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺗﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً إذا ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮرﻧﺖ ﺑﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫)ﺑﺤﯿﺚ أن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﮭﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت )اﻟﺤﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت أي أن ‪ ،(V = 0‬وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن أي ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز إﻧﻤﺎ ﯾﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺘﻘﺎرب ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ أي ﯾﻘﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ أن‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات أﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ واﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ )اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺪﻗﺎﺋﻖ أﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ واﻟﻤﻮاد‬
‫اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ(‪ .‬وﺗﻔﺴﺮ ھﺬه اﻟﺨﺎﺻﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﻀﻐﺎط ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات وﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﻀﻐﺎط أﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪The actual volume occupied by gas molecules is extremely small compared‬‬
‫‪to the volume that the gas occupies. The volume of the container is‬‬
‫‪considered equal to the volume of the gas. Most of the volume of a gas is‬‬
‫‪empty space, which allows gases to be easily compressed.‬‬
‫‪A gas is composed of molecules whose size is much smaller than the‬‬
‫‪distances between them. This concept accounts for the ease with which‬‬
‫‪gases can be compressed and for the fact that gases at ordinary temperature‬‬
‫‪and pressure mix completely with each other. These facts imply that there‬‬
‫‪must be much unoccupied space in gases that provides substantial room for‬‬
‫‪additional molecules in a sample of gas.‬‬
‫)‪(427‬‬
‫)‪(428‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﺈن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﺮ وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﮭﻲ ﻣﮭﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪The attractive forces between the particles of a gas can be‬‬
‫‪neglected‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻮى ﺗﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت أي ﻻ ﺗﻤﺎرس اﻟﺠﺴﯿﻤﺎت أي ﻗﻮة‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ )ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪا أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﺼﺎدم(‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﺒﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻮى ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻛﻞ ﻋﻦ‬
‫اﻷﺧﺮى‪ .‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﯿﺔ وﺗﻤﻸ أي وﻋﺎء ﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﺣﺠﻤﮫ وﺷﻜﻠﮫ‪.‬‬
‫‪Except when gas molecules collide, forces of attraction and repulsion‬‬
‫‪between them are negligible. This concept is consistent with the fact that‬‬
‫‪all gases behave in the same way, regardless of the types of noncovalent‬‬
‫‪interactions among their molecules.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺧﻄﻮط ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪ (٤‬ﺗﻜﻮن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫وﺑﺴﺮﻋﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ )‪ (rapid velocities‬وﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻹﺗﺠﺎھﺎت ‪(in all‬‬
‫)‪ ، directions‬وﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺠﺰيء ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺼﻄﺪم ﺑﺠﺰيء آﺧﺮ أو ﺑﺠﺪار اﻹﻧﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٩٣‬‬
‫)‪(428‬‬
(429)
٩٤ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
Gas particles are in constant motion, moving rapidly in straight paths.
When gas particles collide, they rebound and travel in new directions.
When they collide with the walls of the container, they exert gas pressure.
An increase in the number or force of collisions against the walls of the
container cause an increase in the pressure of the gas.
Gas molecules move randomly at various speeds and in every possible
direction. This concept is consistent with the fact that gases quickly and
completely fill any container in which they are placed.
‫( ﺗﺼﻄﺪم ھﺬه اﻟﺪﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ أو ﻣﻊ ﺟﺪران إﻧﺎﺋﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺎوي ﺑﺎﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺎت‬٥
‫ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ أﻧﮭﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﻐﺎز ﻷي‬، (Perfectly Elastic) ‫ﺗﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‬
‫ وﯾﻔﺴﺮ‬.‫ﻣﻦ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﮫ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﮫ ﻗﺪ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺎء اﻟﺘﺼﺎدم‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻨﮫ‬،‫ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺼﺎدم اﻟﻤﺮن ﺑﺄن اﻟﺠﺰيء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﺎدﻣﮫ ﺑﺠﺰيء آﺧﺮ ﯾﻔﻘﺪ ﺟﺰءاً ﻣﻦ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﮫ‬
‫ﯾﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺼﻄﺪم ﺑﮫ ﺟﺰيء آﺧﺮ وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺰوج ﻣﻦ‬
.‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﯾﺒﻘﻰ دون ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬
When collisions between molecules occur, they are elastic. The speeds of
colliding molecules may change, but the total kinetic energy of two
colliding molecules is the same after a collision as before the collision.
That is the collision is elastic. This concept is consistent with the fact that
a gas sample at constant temperature never " runs down" , with all
molecules falling to the bottom of the container.
(429)
‫)‪(430‬‬
‫وھﺬا اﻟﻤﺒﺪأ ﯾﻔﺴﺮ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎم ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺤﺎوي ﻟﮫ‪ ،‬أي ﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺎً ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺎء‪ ،‬ﻓﮭﻮ ﻻ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﺘﺠﺰاً ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺎء‪ .‬وﯾﻌﺰى ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻏﺎز ﻣﺎ اﻟﻰ اﺻﻄﺪام دﻗﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺠﺪار اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺤﺎوي ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻌﺮف ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻘﻄﻌﮭﺎ اﻟﺠﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﺼﺎدﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻟﺤﺮ )‪ ،(Mean Free Path‬وﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﮫ اﻟﺘﺼﺎدم ﺿﺌﯿﻼً‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﺎدﻣﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٩٥‬‬
‫‪ (٦‬ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﮫ اﻟﺘﺼﺎدم ﺿﺌﯿﻼً ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﺎدﻣﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٧‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ أي ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻏﺎز‪ ،‬ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬وﻃﺎﻗﺎت ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎً ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬أي أن زﯾﺎدة درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻰ إﻛﺴﺎب اﻟﺪﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻘﯿﺎﺳﺎً ﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﺎدة‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺆدي‬
‫اﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة ﻋﺪد اﻟﻀﺮﺑﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪار اﻹﻧﺎء‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(430‬‬
(431)
The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is proportional to the

Kelvin temperature. Gas particles move faster as the temperature
increases. At higher temperatures, gas particles hit the walls of the
container with more force, which produces higher pressures.
The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is proportional to the
absolute temperature. Though not part of the kinetic molecular theory,
this useful concept is consistent with the fact that gas molecules escape
through a tiny hole faster as the temperature increases, and with the fact
that rates of chemical reactions are faster at higher temperatures.
The kinetic theory helps explain some of the characteristics of gases. For
example, we can quickly smell perfume from a bottle that is opened on
the other side of a room, because its particles move rapidly in all
directions. They move faster at higher temperatures, and more slowly at
lower temperatures.
Sometimes tires and gas-filled containers explode when temperatures are
too high. From the kinetic theory, we know that gas particles move faster
when heated, hit the walls of a container with more force, and cause a
buildup of pressure inside a container.
‫ وﻟﻜﻦ‬،(‫وﻻ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺧﻀﻮﻋﺎً ﺗﺎﻣﺎً ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻔﺮوض )ﺗﺤﯿﺪ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﮭﺎ‬
Ideal Gas ‫اﻓﺘﺮض ﻏﺎزاً وھﻤﯿﺎً )ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺎً( ﯾﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻔﺮوض ﻋﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ وﺗﺴﻠﻚ‬،(‫ أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو‬،‫ ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ‬،‫واﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ھﻮ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ )ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﺎً ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ )ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻮط أدﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ ﺳﻮف ﯾﻄﯿﻊ أي ﻏﺎز ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز‬273 K ‫ ودرﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ‬،1 atm)
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻣﻼﺻﻘﺔ( إﻻ أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻨﺤﺮف اﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎً ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺎً ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
.‫درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ واﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﺘﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬
(431)
(432)
‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻟﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ وذات ﺣﺠﻢ ﺻﻐﯿﺮ ﺟﺪًا‬،‫ ﺑﻌﯿﺪة ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬،‫( ﯾﺘﺄﻟﻒ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﯿﻤﺎت )دﻗﺎﺋﻖ( ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬١
‫ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﮭﻤﻼً ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ أو ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬
.‫ﺑﺤﺠﻢ اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺬي ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﯿﮫ‬
A gas is composed of molecules (discrete molecules) that are separated
from each other by distances far greater than their own dimensions. The
molecules can be considered to be "points"; that is, they posses mass but
have negligible volume.
The individual molecules are very small and are very far apart relative to
their own sizes.
‫( ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻮى ﺗﺠﺎذب )أو ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺮ( ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺴﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز أو ﻣﻊ ﺟﺪران اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺬي ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﮫ وﺗﻜﻮن‬٢
.‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻋﻦ اﻷﺧﺮى‬
Between collisions, the molecules exert no attractive or repulsive forces
on one another; instead, each molecule travels in a straight line with a
constant velocity.
‫ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة وﻋﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻄﻮط ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬،‫( ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺟﺴﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺔ‬٣
‫ واﺻﻄﺪام اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﺒﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬.‫اﺗﺠﺎھﮭﺎ إﻻ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺻﻄﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﻧﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ أو ﻣﻊ ﺟﺪران اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺤﺎوي‬
‫(اﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺎت ﻣﺮﻧﺔ‬elastic) ‫ أي ﻻ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﺎدﻣﮭﺎ ﻓﻠﯿﺲ ھﻨﺎك ﻣﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ أو اﻛﺘﺴﺎب‬،
(there is no energy gain or loss) .
The gas molecules are in continuous , random, straight-line motion with
varying velocities.
Gas molecules are in constant (continuous) motion in random directions,
and they frequently collide with one another. Collisions among molecules
are perfectly elastic. In other words, energy can be transferred from one
molecule to another as a result of collision. Nevertheless, the total energy
of all the molecules in a system remains the same.
.‫ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬،‫( ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬٤
The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the
(absolute) temperature of the gas in Kelvins. Any two gases at the same
temperature will have the same average kinetic energy (The average
kinetic energies of molecules of different gases are equal at a given
temperature).
For instance, in samples of H2, He, CO2 and SO2 at the same temperature,
all the molecules have the same average kinetic energies. But the lighter
molecules, H2 and He, have much higher average velocities than do the
heavier molecules, CO2 and SO2, at the same temperature.
The average kinetic energy of a molecule is given by :
average molecular KE = KE α T
(432)
(433)
or
T
average molecular speed = u α
molecular weight
1
KE = m u 2
2
m : mass of the molecule and u is its speed.
u 2 : mean square speed; it is the average of the square of the speeds of all
the molecules :
u12 + u 22 +..................+ u 2N
u2 = ,
N
N : the number of molecules
Assumption 4 enables us to write :
KE α T
1
m u 2α T
2
1
m u 2 = KT
2
According to the last equation the absolute temperature of a gas is a
measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules, the higher the
temperature the more energetic the molecules. (Molecular kinetic
energies of gases increase with increasing temperature and decrease with
decreasing temperature).
We have referred only to the average kinetic energy, in a given sample,
some molecules may be moving quite rapidly while others are moving
more slowly.
‫ وھ ﻮ ﯾﻌﺘﻤ ﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬.‫( ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ھﻮ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺎدﻣﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت وﺟ ﺪران اﻟﻮﻋ ﺎء اﻟﺤ ﺎوي‬٥
.‫ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﺘﺼﺎدم ﻓﻲ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى ﻗﻮة اﺻﻄﺪام اﻟﺠﺰيء ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪار‬
According to the kinetic molecular theory, gas pressure is the result of
collisions between molecules and the walls of their container. It depends
on the frequency of collision per unit area and on how 'hard' the
molecules strike the wall.
(433)
‫)‪(434‬‬
‫س( ﻋﻠﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ أﺟﺰاء اﻹﻧﺎء ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ج( ﻷن اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻄﻮط ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺔ وﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘ ﺔ ﻋ ﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﺣﺘ ﻰ ﺗ ﺼﻄﺪم ﻓ ﻲ ﺟ ﺪار‬
‫اﻹﻧﺎء‪.‬‬
‫س( ﻋﻠﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﺴﺮب اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﻦ أي ﺛﻘﺐ ﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﺻﻐﯿﺮاً‪.‬‬
‫ج( ﻷن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً‪.‬‬
‫س( ﻋﻠﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﺘﻞ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺣﺠﻤﺎً أﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺸﻐﻠﮫ إذا ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ اﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ج( ﻷن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪة ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬
‫س( ﻋﻠﻞ ‪ :‬ﯾﻘﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺎزدﯾﺎد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ج( وذﻟﻚ ﻻﻗﺘﺮاب اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬
‫س( ﻋﻠﻞ ‪ :‬ﯾﺰداد ﺣﺠﻢ ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺔ ھﻮاء ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎع ﺣﻤﺎم ﺳﺒﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﮫ‪.‬‬
‫ج( ﺑﺴﺒﺐ أﻧﮫ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ارﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﯾﻘﻞ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺰداد ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫س( ﻋﻠﻞ ‪ :‬ﯾﺰداد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ إذا ﺳﺨﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﻣﻐﻠﻖ‬
‫ج( ﺑ ﺴﺒﺐ أن اﻟﺤ ﺮارة ﺗﺰﯾ ﺪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت وﺑ ﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﺤ ﺮك ﺑ ﺴﺮﻋﺔ أﻛﺒ ﺮ وﺗ ﺼﻄﺪم‬
‫ﺑﺠﺪران اﻹﻧﺎء وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﺰداد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻷن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ اﺻﻄﺪام ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺠﺪران اﻹﻧﺎء‪.‬‬
‫س( ﻋﻠﻞ ‪ :‬ﯾﺰداد ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﻮاء داﺧﻞ إﻃﺎر اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻘﯿﺎدة ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ج( اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮارة اﻹﻃﺎر وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺰداد اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت اﻟﮭ ﻮاء داﺧ ﻞ‬
‫اﻹﻃﺎر ﻓﯿﺰداد اﺻﻄﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﺑﺠﺪران اﻹﻧﺎء ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻛﺒﺮ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺰداد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺒ ﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﻗ ﺸﺔ ﻛ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ھ ﺬه اﻹﻓﺘﺮاﺿ ﺎت‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧ ﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨ ﺎ أن ﻧ ﺴﺄل‪ ،‬ﻛﯿ ﻒ ﯾﻜ ﻮن اﻟﻨﻤ ﻮذج‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄ ﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﯿ ﺎت اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈ ﺔ )‪ .(T, P, V‬واﻟﻨﻤ ﻮذج اﻟﻤﻘﺒ ﻮل ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻐ ﺎز‪ ،‬ھ ﻮ ذﻟ ﻚ‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻷﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺰ ﺧﺎل‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﻓﯿﮫ ﺑﻼﯾ ﯿﻦ ﻣ ﻦ ﻧﻘ ﺎط دﻗﯿﻘ ﺔ ﺗﻤﺜ ﻞ‬
‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻨﯿﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺼﺎدﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬وﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﺪران اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻋﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎوي‪ ،‬إذ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺣﺠﻢ ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻷﻏﻠﺐ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋ ﻦ ﺣﯿ ﺰ ﺧ ﺎل‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻨ ﮫ ﯾﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﺸﻐﻮﻻً‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨ ﻰ أن اﻟﺠ ﺴﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ ﺗ ﺸﻐﻞ ﻛ ﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺘﺤ ﺮك ﻓﯿﮭ ﺎ‪ .‬واﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮف ﺑﻘﻮة ﻟﻜﻞ وﺣﺪة ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾﻜﻮن ﻧﺎﺷﺌﺎً ﻋﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات‪ ،‬ﻷن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺼﻄﺪم ﻣ ﻊ‬
‫ﺟﺪران اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻟﺤ ﺎوي‪ .‬وﯾﻨ ﺘﺞ ﻋ ﻦ ﻛ ﻞ اﺻ ﻄﺪاﻣﺔ دﻓﻌ ﮫ ﺻ ﻐﯿﺮة ﺟ ﺪاً ‪ .‬وﻣﺠﻤ ﻮع ﻛ ﻞ‬
‫)‪(434‬‬
‫)‪(435‬‬
‫اﻟﺪﻓﻌﺎت ﻟﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ )‪ (1 cm2‬ﻣ ﻦ ﺟ ﺪار ھ ﻮ ﻋﺒ ﺎرة ﻋ ﻦ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬وﺗﻌﻄ ﻲ درﺟ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻘﯿﺎﺳﺎً ﻛﻤﯿﺎً ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻓﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ إدراك أن أول اﻻﻗﺘﺮاﺣﺎت اﻷرﺑﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﯾﺘﺄﻟﻒ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﯿﻤﺎت )دﻗﺎﺋﻖ( ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﯿﺪة ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‪ ،‬وذات ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﺻﻐﯿﺮ ﺟﺪاً ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﮭﻤﻼً ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد‬
‫ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ أو ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺤﺠﻢ اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺬي ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﯿﮫ‪.‬‬
‫وھ ﺬا اﻹﻗﺘ ﺮاح ﯾﻜ ﻮن ﻣﻌﻘ ﻮﻻً‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻦ ﺣﻘﯿﻘ ﺔ أن اﻧ ﻀﻐﺎﻃﯿﺔ اﻟﻐ ﺎزات ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﻛﺒﯿ ﺮة ﺟ ﺪاً‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت أﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻣﺜﻼً‪ ،‬ﻋﻨ ﺪ )‪ (STP‬ﯾﻜ ﻮن )‪ (99.96 %‬ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻜﻠ ﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒ ﺎرة ﻋ ﻦ ﺣﯿ ﺰ ﺧ ﺎل ﻓ ﻲ أي ﻟﺤﻈ ﺔ‪ .‬وﺣﯿ ﺚ أﻧ ﮫ ﯾﻮﺟ ﺪ ‪(2.7 × 1019‬‬
‫)‪ molecules/ml‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (STP‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑ ﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﺗﻜ ﻮن‬
‫ﺣ ﻮاﻟﻲ )‪ (3.7 × 10-7 cm‬واﻟﺘ ﻲ ھ ﻲ ﻋﺒ ﺎرة ﻋ ﻦ )‪ (12‬ﻣ ﺮة ﻣﺜ ﻞ اﻟﻘﻄ ﺮ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻀﻐﻂ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ أو أي ﻏﺎز آﺧﺮ ﻓ ﺈن ﻣﺘﻮﺳ ﻂ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑ ﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﺳ ﻮف‬
‫ﯾﺨﺘﺰل‪ ،‬أي ﯾﻨﻘﺺ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﯿﺰ اﻟﺤﺮ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﺘﺪﻋﻢ ﺻﺤﺔ اﻹﻓﺘﺮاض اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻮى ﺗﺠﺎذب )أو ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺮ( ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺴﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز أو ﻣﻊ ﺟﺪران اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺬي ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﮫ‬
‫وﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻋﻦ اﻷﺧﺮى‪.‬‬
‫ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈ ﺔ أن اﻟﻐ ﺎزات ﺗﺘﻤ ﺪد ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﯿ ﺎً ﻟﺘ ﺸﻐﻞ ﻛ ﻞ اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻤﺘ ﺎح ﻟﮭ ﺎ‪ .‬وﯾﺤ ﺪث ھ ﺬا‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤ ﻀﻐﻮط ﻟﺪرﺟ ﺔ ﻛﺒﯿ ﺮة‪ ،‬ﺣﯿ ﺚ ﺗﻜ ﻮن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻣﻼﺻ ﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬وﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن أي ﻗﻮى ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ھﻲ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ أﻧﮫ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺮاﺑﻂ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮه ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰيء ﻏﺎز وﺟﯿﺮاﻧﮫ‪.‬‬
‫اﻹﻓﺘﺮاض اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤ ﺮك ﺟ ﺴﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﺑﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ ﺳ ﺮﯾﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺴﺘﻤﺮة وﻋ ﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺧﻄ ﻮط ﻣ ﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻻ‬
‫ﯾﺘﻐﯿ ﺮ اﺗﺠﺎھﮭ ﺎ إﻻ ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﺻ ﻄﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﻣ ﻊ ﺑﻌ ﻀﮭﺎ أو ﻣ ﻊ ﺟ ﺪران اﻹﻧ ﺎء اﻟﺤ ﺎوي‪.‬‬
‫اﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﺒﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺎت ﻣﺮﻧﺔ‪ ،‬أي ﻻ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﺎدﻣﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(435‬‬
‫)‪(436‬‬
‫إن اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺒﺮاوﻧﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗ ﺪل ﺿ ﻤﻨﺎً ﻋﻠ ﻰ أن ﺟﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﺗﺘﺤ ﺮك‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻹﻓﺘﺮاض اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﺜ ﻞ أي ﺟ ﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﺘﺤ ﺮك‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻟﮭ ﺎ ﻛﻤﯿ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻃﺎﻗ ﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ ﺗ ﺴﺎوي‬
‫)‪ ،(1/2mu2‬ﺣﯿﺚ )‪ (m‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﺰيء‪ ،‬و ‪ : u‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮫ‪ .‬وذﻟ ﻚ أن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﻓﻲ ﺧﻄﻮط ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺔ‪ ،‬إﻧﻤﺎ ﯾﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻓﺘﺮاض ﻋﺪم وﺟ ﻮد ﻗ ﻮى ﺗﺠ ﺎذب‪ .‬وﻟ ﻮ أﻧ ﮫ‬
‫ﻛﺎن ھﻨﺎك ﻗﻮى ﺗﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ ﻷﻣﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت أن ﺗﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻣ ﺴﺎرات اﻟﺨ ﻂ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‪.‬‬
‫وﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷﻧﮫ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺟﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻛﺜﯿ ﺮة اﻟ ﻰ ﺣ ﺪ ﺑﻌﯿ ﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻋﯿﻨ ﺔ ﻏ ﺎز‪ ،‬وﺑ ﺴﺒﺐ أﻧﮭ ﺎ ﺗﺘﺤ ﺮك‬
‫ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺎً ﺟﺪاً )ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 0 °C‬ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳ ﻄﺔ ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﺣ ﻮاﻟﻲ ‪1000‬‬
‫‪ (mph‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺼﺎدﻣﺎت ﻣﺘﻜﺮرة اﻟﺤﺪوث‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري اﻋﺘﺒﺎر أن اﻟﺘﺼﺎدﻣﺎت‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﺗﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﺣﯿﺚ أﻧﮭﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﺘﺤ ﻮل اﻟ ﻰ ﻃﺎﻗ ﺔ‬
‫وﺿ ﻊ )ﻣ ﺜﻼً ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺗ ﺸﻮﯾﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت(‪ .‬وإذا ﻟ ﻢ ﯾﻜ ﻦ ذﻟ ﻚ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿ ﺎً ﻓ ﺈن ﺣﺮﻛ ﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﺗﻘﻒ ﻓﻲ آﺧﺮ اﻷﻣﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ أن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺳﻮف ﺗﺮﺳﺐ اﻟﻰ ﻗﺎع اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺤﺎوي‪.‬‬
‫واﻻﻓﺘﺮاض اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻟﺤﻈ ﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧ ﮫ ﻓ ﻲ أي ﺗﺠﻤ ﻊ ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻏ ﺎز‪ ،‬ﯾﻮﺟ ﺪ ﺟﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ ﻟﮭ ﺎ‬
‫ﺳ ﺮﻋﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻃﺎﻗ ﺎت ﺣﺮﻛ ﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ وﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳ ﺐ ﻣﺘﻮﺳ ﻂ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿ ﺔ ﻟﻜ ﻞ‬
‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎً ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫وھﺬا اﻹﻓﺘﺮاض ﻟﮫ ﺷﻘﺎن ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬أﻧﮫ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘ ﺔ‪ .‬وﯾﺤ ﺪث اﻟﺘﻮزﯾ ﻊ‪ ،‬أو‬
‫اﻟﻤﺪى ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺎت ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺎدﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿ ﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻐﯿ ﺮ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﻤﺮار ﻣ ﻦ ﺳ ﺮﻋﺔ ﺟ ﺰيء‬
‫ﻣﻔﺮد‪ .‬إذ أن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎً ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺎً‪ ،‬ﯾﻤﻜﻨﮫ أن ﯾﺘﺤﺮك اﻟﻰ اﻷﻣ ﺎم ﺑ ﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﺤ ﺪدة‪ ،‬إﻟ ﻰ أن ﯾ ﺮﺗﻄﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺂﺧﺮ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﻔﻘﺪ إﻟﯿﮫ ﺑﻌﻀﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﮫ‪ ،‬ورﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﯾﻠﻘﻰ ارﺗﻄﺎﻣﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺛﺎﻟ ﺚ‪،‬‬
‫وﯾﻜﺘ ﺴﺐ ﻃﺎﻗ ﺔ ﺣﺮﻛ ﺔ‪ .‬وھ ﺬا اﻟﺘﺒ ﺎدل ﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ ﺑ ﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﯿ ﺮان ﯾﺤ ﺪث ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﻤﺮار‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺤﯿﺚ أن ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻏﺎز ھ ﻲ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺒﻘ ﻰ ﻛﻤ ﺎ ھ ﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑ ﺸﺮط أﻧ ﮫ ﻃﺒﻌ ﺎً ﻻ‬
‫)‪(436‬‬
‫)‪(437‬‬
‫ﺗ ﻀﺎف ﻃﺎﻗ ﺔ ﻟﻌﯿﻨ ﺔ اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺨ ﺎرج‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺜﻼً ﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺴﺨﯿﻦ )أو ﺗ ﺴﺤﺐ ﻣ ﺜﻼً ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾ ﺪ(‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﺘﺮﻛﺐ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻦ ﻃﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ أن‬
‫ﯾﻜ ﻮن ﻛ ﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﻤ ﺎ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛ ﺎً ﺑ ﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ‪ .‬وﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻟﺤﻈ ﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻟﻘﻠﯿ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت‪ ،‬أن ﺗﻘ ﻒ ﺳ ﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺑ ﺪون ﻃﺎﻗ ﺔ ﺣﺮﻛ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻗ ﺪ ﯾﻜ ﻮن ﻟﻘﻠﯿ ﻞ ﻃﺎﻗ ﺔ ﺣﺮﻛ ﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿ ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﻤﻌﻈﻤﮭﺎ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ .‬وﯾﺘﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٩٦‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ٩٦‬ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎز‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﯾﻮﺿ ﺢ اﻟﺘﻮزﯾ ﻊ اﻟﻌ ﺎدي ﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺎت اﻟﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻋﯿﻨ ﺔ ﻏ ﺎز‪ .‬وﺗﻌﺒ ﺮ ﻛ ﻞ ﻧﻘﻄ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻋﻦ أي ﻛﺴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﻜﻮن ﻟﮫ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ أن ﺗﺮﺗﻔ ﻊ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة ﻏ ﺎز ﺑﺈﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة‪ .‬وﻣ ﺎذا ﯾﺤ ﺪث ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻓﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة؟ ﻓﺎﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗ ﻀﺎف ﻋﺒ ﺎرة ﻋ ﻦ ﺻ ﻮرة ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﮭ ﺎ‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ زﯾﺎدة ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬وﯾﻮﺿ ﺢ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(٩٧‬‬
‫)‪(437‬‬
‫)‪(438‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ٩٧‬ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫ﺣﯿ ﺚ ﯾ ﺼﻒ اﻟﺨ ﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﻄ ﻊ اﻟﻮﺿ ﻊ ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة أﻋﻠ ﻰ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة‬
‫اﻷﻋﻠ ﻰ ﯾﻜ ﻮن ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻣﺘﻮﺳ ﻂ ﻃﺎﻗ ﺔ ﺣﺮﻛ ﺔ أﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﻨﮭ ﺎ ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة أدﻧ ﻰ‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻛﻤﻘﯿﺎس ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫‪m N u2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪PV = m ( nN A ) u 2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ : P‬اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻮﺣ ﺪة ‪ : V ،Pa‬اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ ﺑﻮﺣ ﺪة ‪ : N ،m3‬ﻋ ﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت‪ : m ،‬ﻛﺘﻠ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰيء اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻜﯿﻠﻮﺟﺮام‪ : u 2 ، .‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺰيء )‪(m2/s2‬‬
‫)‪(438‬‬
‫)‪(439‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦١‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪ kPa‬اﻟﻤﺒﺬول ﺑﻮاﺳ ﻄﺔ )‪ (2 × 1021 molecule‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻏ ﺎز ‪N2‬‬

‫ﻓ ﻲ وﻋ ﺎء ﺣﺠﻤ ﮫ )‪ (1 L‬ﻋﻠﻤ ﺎً ﺑ ﺄن ﻣﺘﻮﺳ ﻂ ﻣﺮﺑ ﻊ اﻟ ﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﮭ ﺬه اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ھ ﻮ‬
‫)‪) .(244036 m2/s2‬اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ﻟـ ‪(14 = N‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ا ﻟﺠﺰيء اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪: Kg‬‬
‫‪Mw N2 = 2 × 14 = 28 g mol -1‬‬

‫‪Mw N2 = 0.028 kg mol -1‬‬
‫‪Mw N2‬‬ ‫‪0.028 kg mol-1‬‬
‫= ‪m‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪NA‬‬ ‫‪6.023 × 1023molecules mol-1‬‬
‫‪m = 4.65 × 10-26 kg molecule‬‬
‫وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪m N u2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫= ‪PV = m N u ⇒ P‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫) ‪× ( 4.65 × 10-26 kg molecule-1 ) × ( 2 × 1021 molecule) × ( 244036 m 2s -2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪P= 3‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1L‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪-3 ‬‬
‫‪ 1000 L m ‬‬
‫‪P = 7565.116 Kg / m s2‬‬
‫‪P = 7565.116 Pa‬‬
‫‪P = 7.565 kP‬‬
‫‪(where 1 Pa = 1 Nm-2 = (kg m s-2 ) × (m-2 ) = kg /m s2‬‬
‫)‪(439‬‬
‫)‪(440‬‬
‫ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Fundamental Equation of the Kinetic Theory‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫‪Kinetic Equation of Gases‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻨﺎءً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺮوض اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ )ﻓﺮوض اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات( إﯾﺠﺎد‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ )‪ (P‬وﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز)‪ (m‬وﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت )‪.(u‬‬
‫• ﻧﻔﺘﺮض أن ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺤﺒﻮس ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﻣﻜﻌﺐ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﻮل ﺿﻠﻌﮫ )‪ (L‬وﺣﺠﻤﮫ‬
‫)‪ (L3‬وﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺪار ﻟﮫ )‪(L2‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ٩٨‬ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه ﻣﺤﺎور )‪(X, Y, Z‬‬
‫• ﯾﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد )‪ (N‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ ،‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﺰيء اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ )‪(m‬‬
‫وﺳﺮﻋﺘﮫ )‪ (u‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(440‬‬
‫)‪(441‬‬
‫• ووﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻓﺈن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻹﺗﺠﺎھﺎت‬
‫)ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ اﺗﺠﺎه(‬
‫• وﻟﺘﺒﺴﯿﻂ اﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ )‪ (u‬ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ أي ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼث‬
‫اﺗﺠﺎھﺎت ﻣﺤﻮرﯾﺔ )‪ (x, y, z‬ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(٩٨‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓـ )‪ (1/3‬اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت أي )‪ (1/3)N‬ﯾﺘﺤ ﺮك ﻓ ﻲ اﺗﺠ ﺎه اﻹﺣ ﺪاﺛﻲ ‪ ،X‬وﻣﺜﻠ ﮫ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫اﺗﺠﺎه اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻲ ‪ Y‬وآﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ اﺗﺠﺎه ‪ .Z‬وھﺬا اﻟﺘﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻻ ﻏﺒﺎر ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﺣﯿ ﺚ أن ﺳ ﺮﻋﺔ ﻛ ﻞ‬
‫ﺟﺰيء ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﺗﺠﺎه ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺤﺎور ﻋﻤﻮدﯾﺔ ھﻲ ‪.(X, Y, Z) :‬‬
‫• ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﺟﺪار ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪران اﻹﻧﺎء ﻧﺘﯿﺠ ﺔ اﻹﺻ ﻄﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻘ ﻮم‬
‫ﺑﮭ ﺎ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻋﻠ ﻰ ھ ﺬا اﻟﺠ ﺪار‪ ،‬وﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺮوف أن اﻟﻘ ﻮة اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ ﻛ ﻞ‬
‫اﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻨﺎ أن اﻟﻘﻮة ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻣ ﻊ اﻟ ﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬وﻣ ﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻨ ﺎ ﻟﮭ ﺬه اﻟﻤﺒ ﺎديء ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ أن ﻧ ﺸﺘﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻐ ﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫• وﻟﻨﺮﻣﺰ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻹﺗﺠﺎھﺎت اﻟﺜﻼث ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﻮز )‪ (ux, uy, uz‬وﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺔ ) ‪( Root Mean Square Velocity u‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪u 2 = u x2 + u 2y + u z2‬‬
‫• وإذا ﺗﺼﻮرﻧﺎ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎً واﺣﺪاً ﯾﺼﻄﺪم ﺑﺠﺪار اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ )‪ (A‬أي ﻓﻲ اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬
‫)اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻲ( )‪ (x‬وﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻗﺪرھﺎ )‪ .(u m/s‬ھﺬا اﻟﺠﺰيء اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮك ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻹﺗﺠﺎه‬
‫ﺳﯿﺼﻄﺪم ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 2 L cm‬ﺧﻼل ﻣﺴﺎره وذﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﮫ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫اﻻﺻﻄﺪام ﻻ ﺑﺪ أن ﯾﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (L‬ﻟﯿﺼﻞ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺛﻢ ﯾﻌﻮد ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫)‪ (L‬ﻟﯿﺼﻄﺪم ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻞ أي ﯾﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 2 L‬ﻟﯿﺼﻄﺪم ﻣﺮة‬
‫أﺧﺮى ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺠﺪار‪.‬‬
‫• ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺠﺰيء ﯾﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ u m/s‬ﻓﻤﻌﻨﻰ ذﻟﻚ أﻧﮫ ﺧﻼل ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ واﺣﺪة ﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪u cm‬‬
‫)‪(441‬‬
‫)‪(442‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﺠﺰيء ﺑﻌﻤﻞ اﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫وﺟﮫ اﻟﺼﻨﺪوق ﺗﺤﺪده اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﯿ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋ ﺔ‬ ‫‪2L‬‬
‫= اﻟ ﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴ ﺘﻐﺮق‬ ‫=‬
‫ﺳ ﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺴ ﯿﻢ‬ ‫‪ux‬‬
‫• وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪد اﻹﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﯿﺤﺪﺛﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة )ﻓﻲ وﺣﺪة اﻟﺰﻣﻦ( ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺎً ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬
‫ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻘﻄﻌﮭﺎ ﻟﯿﺤﺪث اﻹﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺔ )ﻣﻘﻠﻮب اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ(‬
‫‪ u ‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد اﻹﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة ‪   collisions/second‬اﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺔ‪/‬ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫‪ 2L ‬‬
‫وﺑﻔﺮض أن ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻹﺻﻄﺪام ﻣﺮﻧﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺠﺰيء ﺳﻮف ﯾﺮﺗﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ )ﻷن اﻻﺻﻄﺪام ﻣﺮن( ﻣﻊ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻹﺷﺎرة )‪ ، (- u‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن‬
‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺮك اﻟﺠﺰيء )ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰيء( ﻗﺒﻞ اﺻﻄﺪاﻣﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻄﺢ )اﻟﺠﺪار ‪ (A‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‪ x‬ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ × اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫‪mu‬‬
‫وﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﺻﻄﺪام ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪار = ‪- mu‬‬
‫• إذاً اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺮك ﻟﻠﺠﺰيء ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ اﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ )‪) (A‬اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻺﺻﻄﺪام اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ( ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = mu - ( - mu) = 2 mu Kg m s-1‬اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬
‫واﻵن ﻓﺈن اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﮭﺎ ﺟﺴﯿﻢ وﺣﯿﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﺪوق ﯾﺤﺪدھﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺮك اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﺎرﺳﮫ اﻟﺠﺴﯿﻢ )اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻨﯿﻮﺗﻦ(‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮة = ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺮك‬
‫وﻟﮭﺬا ﺳﯿﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺮك ﻟﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺠﺰيء واﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬھﺎب ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
‫)‪(442‬‬
‫)‪(443‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﺻﻄﺪام ﺟﺰيء واﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻞ =‬

‫‪ u ‬‬
‫× اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪد اﻹﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬
‫‪ 2L ‬‬
‫اﻹﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة )‪(2mu‬‬
‫‪ u   mu ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Force = ( 2 mu )   = ‬‬ ‫‪ kg m s‬‬
‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪ 2L   L ‬‬
‫• وﻋﻨﺪ اﻹﯾﺎب ﺳﻮف ﯾﺘﻌﺮض اﻟﺴﻄﺢ )‪ (B‬اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﺮك ﻟﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺠﺰيء ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ mu 2 ‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ L ‬‬
‫• وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺮك ﻟﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰيء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﯿﻦ )‪ (A. B‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﻮر ‪ X‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪:‬‬
‫‪mu 2 mu 2 2mu 2x‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫• وﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺮك ﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺠﺰيء ﻓﻲ اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻤﺤﻮرﯾﻦ‬
‫)‪ (y, z‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻵﺧﺮﯾﻦ‬
‫‪2mu 2y 2mu 2z‬‬
‫‪,‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫• وﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸوﺟﮫ اﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻌﺐ ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2mu 2x 2mu y 2mu 2z 2m 2‬‬ ‫‪2mu 2‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫‪( u x + u y + uz ) = L Newtons‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫• وﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻧﯿﻮﺗﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺮك ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺎً ﻟﻠﻘﻮة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة‪ ،‬واﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺿﺮﺑﺎت اﻟﺠﺰيء اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(443‬‬
‫)‪(444‬‬
‫‪2m u 2‬‬
‫‪Newtons‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫• واﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪد ‪ N‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2 m N u2‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫• وﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﺄﻧﮫ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺪاﻓﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت‪:‬‬
‫‪F 2 m N u2‬‬
‫= =‪P‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪AL‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ أن ‪ P‬اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪ A ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ‪ ،‬وﺣﯿﺚ أن ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫أوﺟﮫ اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ اﻟﺴﺖ ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪A = 6 L2‬‬
‫‪2 m N u2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪m N u2‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫×‬
‫‪6 L2 × L‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪L3‬‬
‫‪L3 = V‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪m N u2‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫×‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫أو‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫‪m N u2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺮف ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ اﻷﺧﯿﺮ ﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺼﻮرة ﺑﺪﯾﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ )‪ (mN‬ھﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‪ (V) ،‬ھﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ ،‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (d‬ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪(mN/V‬‬
‫وﺗﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(444‬‬
‫)‪(445‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪d u2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ‬

‫اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪ke‬‬ ‫‪m u2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ : ke‬اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪ (J‬ﻟﺠﺰيء واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫‪ : m‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﺰيء اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻜﯿﻠﻮﺟﺮام )‪(kg‬‬
‫‪ : u 2‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺰيء ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪(m2/s2‬‬
‫واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻌﺪد )‪ (N‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪KE‬‬ ‫‪m N u2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Derivation of the Ideal Gas Laws from the Kinetic Equation‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫إن أھ ﻢ ﺧﺎﺻ ﯿﺔ ﻣﻠﻔﺘ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈ ﺮ ھ ﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿ ﺔ اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﻟﻺﻧ ﻀﻐﺎط‪ .‬ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﯾﺠ ﺐ أن ﺗﻜ ﻮن‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗ ﻢ ﺗ ﺼﻮرھﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾ ﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿ ﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿ ﺔ دﻗﯿﻘ ﺔ ﺟ ﺪاً وﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋ ﺪة ﻋ ﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ھﻨﺎﻟﻚ وﻓﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﯿﺰ اﻟﻔ ﺎرغ ﺑﯿﻨﮭ ﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﮭ ﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘ ﺔ ﻓﻘ ﻂ‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ أن ﺗﺤ ﺸﺮ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻣ ﻊ ﺑﻌ ﻀﮭﺎ ﺑﻌ ﻀﺎً ﺑﮭ ﺬه اﻟ ﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﺛﻨ ﺎء ﺗﻄ ﺎﯾﺮ ھ ﺬه‬
‫اﻟﺠ ﺴﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗ ﺼﻄﺪم ﻣ ﻊ ﺑﻌ ﻀﮭﺎ وﺑﺠ ﺪران اﻟﻮﻋ ﺎء‪ .‬وﻛ ﻞ ﺗ ﺼﺎدم ﻣ ﻊ اﻟﺠ ﺪار‬
‫ﯾﻤ ﺎرس دﻓﻌ ﺔ ﺿ ﺌﯿﻠﺔ ﺟ ﺪاً‪ .‬واﻟﺘ ﺄﺛﯿﺮات اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﻛﻤ ﺔ ﻟﻸﻋ ﺪاد اﻟ ﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺜ ﻞ ھ ﺬه‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﺎدﻣﺎت ﻛﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻨﺘﯿﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪار ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫)‪(445‬‬
‫)‪(446‬‬
‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ ‪(pressure depends on two factors) :‬‬

‫‪ (١‬ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﻄﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪران ﻓﻲ وﺣﺪة اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫‪The number of molecules striking the walls per unit time‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻣﺪى ﻗﻮة اﺻﻄﺪام اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪران‬
‫‪how vigorously the molecules strike the walls‬‬
‫وﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن ﻣﺘﻮﺳ ﻂ اﻟ ﺴﺮﻋﺔ )‪ (average speed‬وﻗ ﻮة‬
‫اﻹﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺎت )‪ (force of the collisions‬ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ )‪.(remain the same‬‬
‫وﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋ ﺪد اﻟ ﺼﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿ ﺔ )‪(molecular collisions‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ وﺣﺪة ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪار ﻟﻜ ﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﯿ ﺔ )‪ ،(with the walls per second‬إذا أﺑﻘﯿ ﺖ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻜ ﻲ ﺗﺘﺤ ﺮك اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﺑ ﻨﻔﺲ اﻟ ﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳ ﻄﺔ‪ .‬وﻋ ﺪد اﻟ ﺼﺪﻣﺎت ﯾﻌﺘﻤ ﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓ ﺔ )ﻋ ﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻓ ﻲ وﺣ ﺪة اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ ‪(number of molecules per unit‬‬
‫‪ .volume‬وﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺧﻔ ﺾ ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﻓ ﺈن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘ ﮫ ﺗﺰﯾ ﺪ وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ ﯾ ﺰداد ﻣﻌ ﺪل اﻟﺘ ﺼﺎدم‬
‫ﻓﯿﺰداد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ ﻧﺸﺄت اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫)‪(as volume decreases, pressure increases and vice versa‬‬
‫وﺑﻤﺜﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ذھﻨﻨ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧ ﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ ﺗﻔ ﺴﯿﺮ ﻗ ﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾ ﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﻧ ﺸﻄﺮ ﺣﺠ ﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻰ ﻧﺼﻔﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻧﺮص ﺿﻌﻒ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺳ ﻨﺘﯿﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌ ﺐ )ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﯾﻨﻘﺺ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻻ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻗﺪر ﻛﺒﯿ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ﺣﺠ ﻢ ﺗﺘﺤ ﺮك ﻓﯿ ﮫ(‪ .‬ﻛﻤ ﺎ أن ھﻨ ﺎك اﻵن‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻨﺘﯿﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪار ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺠﺐ أن‬
‫ﯾﻜﻮن ﺿﻌﻒ ﻋﺪد ﺗﺼﺎدﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻣ ﻊ اﻟﺠ ﺪار ﻓ ﻲ ﻛ ﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﯿ ﺔ )ﺗ ﺼﻄﺪم اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت‬
‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﺪران ﺑﺘﻜﺮار أﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺠﺪران ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺻﺪﻣﺎت أﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ(‪ .‬وھ ﺬا‬
‫ﯾﻌﻨ ﻲ أن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﺘ ﻀﺎﻋﻒ )اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﻜ ﻮن أﻛﺒ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﺠ ﻢ أﺻ ﻐﺮ( ﻛﻤ ﺎ ھ ﻮ ﻣﻮﺿ ﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٩٩‬‬
‫)‪(446‬‬
‫)‪(447‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪٩٩‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٠٠‬ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن ﺗﻨﺼﯿﻒ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﻀﺎﻋﻒ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳ ﺒﺎن ﻋﻜ ﺴﯿﺎً ﻣ ﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﺎً‪ ،‬وھﺬه اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة ھﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪.‬‬
‫إن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜ ﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤ ﺎ ﺗ ﺬﻛﺮ‪ ،‬ﯾﺨ ﻀﻊ ﻟﻘ ﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾ ﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﻣ ﺎً ﺗﺤ ﺖ ﻛﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟﻈ ﺮوف‪ .‬وھ ﺬا‬
‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﮫ ﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﺮﺻﻮﺻﺔ ﺑﺈﺣﻜﺎم‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﻜﻮن داﺋﻤﺎً ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺗﻨ ﺼﯿﻒ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻤﮭ ﺎ ﺑﻤ ﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬واﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘ ﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﯿ ﺪة اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺑﮭ ﺎ ﺣ ﺪوث ذﻟ ﻚ ﻣ ﺮة ﺑﻌ ﺪ‬
‫)‪(447‬‬
‫)‪(448‬‬
‫أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ھﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﯿﻤﺎت ﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﮭ ﺎ ﺣﺠ ﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﯿ ﺚ أن اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻠﮫ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺣﯿﺰ ﻓﺮاغ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ أﺣﺠﺎم ﻣﺤ ﺪدة‪ ،‬وھﻜ ﺬا ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ‬
‫ﻷي ﻏﺎز ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ أن ﯾﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﺎل‪.‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﻳﻞ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز أي أن ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪m u 2 α T (Kelvin‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪m N u 2 α NT‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪m N u 2 = KT N..................( × 2/3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪KTN‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫‪ m N u  = KT N‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪PV = K T N‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪at constant T, N‬‬
‫‪⇒ PV= constant‬‬
‫)‪(448‬‬
‫)‪(449‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪T(Kelvin) α mc 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪⇒ PV = Nmc2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2N  1 2 ‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫‪ mc ‬‬
‫‪3 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪⇒ T α mc2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪PV α NT‬‬
‫)‪PV = const (for fixed N and T‬‬
‫‪⇒ PV = nRT‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫ﯾﻨﺺ ھﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﺄن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺰداد ﻋﻨﺪ رﻓﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﺸﺮط إﺑﻘﺎء اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﺎً‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻘ ﺪ رأﯾﻨ ﺎ ﻟﻠﺘ ﻮ أن رﻓ ﻊ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة ﯾﺘ ﺴﺒﺐ ﻓ ﻲ ﺟﻌ ﻞ ﻋ ﺪد أﻛﺜ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت‬
‫ﯾﺼﻄﺪم ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪار ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ )اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ رﻓﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻐ ﺎز ھ ﻮ‬
‫زﯾﺎدة ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت(‪،‬‬
‫‪the average kinetic energy is directly proportional to the absolute‬‬
‫‪temperature.‬‬
‫وﯾﺘﺴﺒﺐ أﯾﻀﺎً ﻓ ﻲ ﺟﻌ ﻞ ﻗ ﻮة ﺻ ﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻣ ﻊ اﻟﺠ ﺪران ﺗ ﺰداد ﺑ ﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺰﯾ ﺎدة ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل أﻛﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺮك‬
‫)ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت وھﻲ ﻣﺰودة ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﻄﻢ ﺑﺠﺪران اﻹﻧ ﺎء اﻟﺤ ﺎوي‬
‫ﺑﺘﻜﺮار أﻛﺜﺮ وﺑﻨﺸﺎط أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺿﻐﻄﺎً أﻛﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﮫ زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ(‪.‬‬
‫)‪(449‬‬
‫)‪(450‬‬
‫‪Doubling the absolute temperature of a sample of gas doubles the average‬‬

‫‪kinetic energy of the gaseous molecules, and the increasing force of the‬‬
‫‪collisions of molecules with the walls doubles the volume at constant‬‬
‫‪pressure.‬‬
‫واﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﯿ ﺪة ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺛﺒ ﺎت اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ھ ﻮ ﺗﺨﻔ ﯿﺾ ﻋ ﺪد اﻹﺻ ﻄﺪاﻣﺎت ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻨﺘﯿﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪار‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ھ ﺬا ﺑﺎﻟ ﺴﻤﺎح ﻟﻠﻐ ﺎز‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺪد ﻓﯿﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﻋﺪد أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻛ ﻞ ﺳ ﻨﺘﯿﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑ ﻊ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺠ ﺪار‪ .‬وﺑﺘﻌﺒﯿ ﺮ‬
‫آﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﺎً ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺮﻓ ﻊ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗ ﮫ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﯿﻨ ﺎ أن ﻧ ﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﻟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤ ﺪد وإﺷ ﻐﺎل ﺣﺠ ﻢ أﻛﺒ ﺮ )وھ ﺬا اﻟﺘﻤ ﺪد ﯾﻜ ﻮن ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺠ ﺪران اﻟﻤﺮﻧ ﺔ ﺣﯿ ﺚ ﯾﺘﻤ ﺪد‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً أﻛﺒ ﺮ‪ ،‬وﺑ ﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺤ ﺘﻔﻆ اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﺑﺎﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻹﺑﺘ ﺪاﺋﻲ وﯾ ﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﺘﻤ ﺪد‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﻌﺎدل ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻊ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬
‫‪The volume of gas will expand until the gas pressure is balanced by the‬‬
‫‪constant external pressure.‬‬
‫واﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٠١‬ﯾﻮﺿﺢ أﻧﮫ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﺒ ﺎﻟﻮن ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﯿﻦ ﺗﺮﻓ ﻊ درﺟ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﯾﻤ ﺪد اﻟﺒ ﺎﻟﻮن إﻟ ﻰ ﺣﺠ ﻢ أﻛﺒ ﺮ‪ ،‬وﯾﺤ ﺪث ﻓﯿ ﮫ ﺗﻌ ﻮﯾﺾ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٠١‬ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ‬
‫)‪(450‬‬
‫)‪(451‬‬
‫واﻵن‪ ،‬دﻋﻨ ﺎ ﻧﺘﺄﻣ ﻞ ﻓﯿﻤ ﺎ ﯾﺤ ﺪث ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺗﺒﺮﯾ ﺪ ﻏ ﺎز ﻣ ﺎ‪ .‬ﻓ ﺈذا اﺗﺒﻌﻨ ﺎ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿ ﻞ ﻧﻔ ﺴﮫ ﻛﻤ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ أﻧﮫ ﺣﺘ ﻰ ﻧﺤ ﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺛﺒ ﺎت اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺒ ﺮد اﻟﻐ ﺎز‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧ ﮫ‬
‫ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ إﻧﻘﺎص اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺑ ﺒﻂء أﻛﺜ ﺮ ﻓ ﺄﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﯿ ﺰ ﺑﯿﻨﮭ ﺎ ﯾ ﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫أﻗﻞ ﺗﺪرﯾﺠﯿﺎً‪.‬‬
‫‪Halving the absolute temperature decreases kinetic energy to half its‬‬
‫‪original value, at constant pressure, the volume decreases by half because‬‬
‫‪of the reduced vigor of the collision of gaseous molecules with the‬‬
‫‪container walls.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ آﺧﺮ اﻷﻣﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻜﺜﻒ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮن ﺳﺎﺋﻼً‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪھﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻷن‬
‫ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻷﻣﺮ اﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺎت "ﻟﺰﺟﺔ" ‪ .‬إﻻ أن اﻟﻐ ﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻜﺜﻒ ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻘ ﻮم ﺑﮭ ﺎ‪ ،‬وﻣ ﻦ ھﻨ ﺎ ﻓ ﺈن ﺧﺎﺻ ﯿﺔ‬
‫أﺧﺮى " ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت" اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ھﻲ أﻧﮫ ﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﺪﯾﮭﺎ ﻗ ﻮى ﺗﺠ ﺎذب ﺑ ﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﯿ ﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻐ ﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ إذاً ﻣﺎدة اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﯿﺔ ﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ وﻻ ﻗﻮى ﺗﺠﺎذب "ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪١٠٢‬‬
‫)‪(451‬‬
‫)‪(452‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻟﺰ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫‪KTN‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪KTN‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬ ‫×‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪KN‬‬
‫=‬ ‫×‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪at constant P, N‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪= constant‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫)ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ(‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻏﺎﻱ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ )ﺃﻭ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﺘﻮﻧﺰ( ‪= constant :‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫ﯾﻨﺺ ھﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن أﻧﮫ إذا أﺑﻘﯿﻨﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً‪ ،‬ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪ .‬وﺑﻌﺒ ﺎرة أﺧ ﺮى‪ ،‬ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﺗ ﺰداد درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة‪ ،‬ﯾ ﺰداد اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ أﯾ ﻀﺎً‪ .‬ﻓﻜﯿ ﻒ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻘ ﺪورﻧﺎ ﺗﻔ ﺴﯿﺮ ھ ﺬا؟ ﺑﻤﻮﺟ ﺐ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾ ﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾ ﺆدي رﻓ ﻊ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة اﻟ ﻰ‬
‫ازدﯾ ﺎد ﻣﺘﻮﺳ ﻂ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت وھﻜ ﺬا ﺗﺘﺤ ﺮك اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﺑ ﺴﺮﻋﺔ أﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫)ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺳﻮف ﯾﺰداد ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻣﻤ ﺎ ﯾ ﺆدي اﻟ ﻰ‬
‫زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺮك ﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﺪران اﻟﻮﻋ ﺎء اﻟﺤ ﺎوي ﺛﺎﺑ ﺖ اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ‪ ،‬واﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠ ﺔ‬
‫ھﻲ زﯾﺎدة ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ(‪ .‬وھ ﺬا ﯾﻌﻨ ﻲ أﻧﮭ ﺎ ﺳﺘ ﺼﻄﺪم ﺑﺎﻟﺠ ﺪار ﻋ ﺪداً أﻛﺜ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺮات‬
‫وأﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺻﻄﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪار ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﻮﺳ ﻂ ﻗ ﻮة اﻟ ﺼﺪﻣﺔ أﻛﺒ ﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺘ ﺆدي ھ ﺬه اﻟﻌﻮاﻣ ﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻰ ازدﯾﺎد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬وﻋﺎدة ﻣ ﺎ ﯾﻼﺣ ﻆ ھ ﺬا اﻟﺘ ﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻹﻃ ﺎر اﻟ ﺴﯿﺎرة ﺣﯿ ﺚ ﯾﻜ ﻮن‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺤﺼﻮراً ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠ ﻢ ﺛﺎﺑ ﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒ ﺎً‪ .‬وﻧﺘﯿﺠ ﺔ ﻟﻈ ﺮوف اﻹﺣﺘﻜ ﺎك واﻧﺜﻨﺎﺋﯿ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻄ ﺎط‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﮭﻮاء داﺧﻞ اﻹﻃﺎر ﺳﻮف ﺗﺰداد درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ وﯾﺘﻌﺎﻇﻢ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ‪::‬‬
‫إن اﻷﺣﺠ ﺎم اﻟﻤﺘ ﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻐ ﺎز‪ ،‬ﺗﺤ ﺖ ﻧﻔ ﺲ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة واﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺘ ﻮي أﻋ ﺪاداً‬
‫ﻣﺘ ﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت‪ .‬وھ ﺬا ھ ﻮ ﻣﺒ ﺪأ أﻓﻮﺟ ﺎدرو اﻟ ﺬي ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ أن ﻧﻌﺮﺿ ﮫ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘ ﺔ‬
‫)‪(452‬‬
‫)‪(453‬‬
‫أﺧﺮى ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪ :‬اﻷﻋﺪاد اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت اﻟﻐ ﺎز اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ ﻧﻔ ﺴﮫ ﻋﻨ ﺪ‬
‫درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة ﻧﻔ ﺴﮭﺎ ﺗﻤ ﺎرس اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﻧﻔ ﺴﮫ‪ .‬وﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺗﻔ ﺴﯿﺮ ھ ﺬا ﺑﺎﻹﺷ ﺎرة اﻟ ﻰ أن‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺼﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻄﺪم ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺠ ﺪار ﺗﻌﺘﻤ ﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳ ﻂ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﮭ ﺎ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠ ﻰ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮭ ﺎ‪ .‬ﻓ ﺈذا ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ درﺟﺘ ﺎ ﺣ ﺮارة‬
‫ﻋﯿﻨﺘﻲ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺘﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﯾﺠ ﺐ أن ﯾﺘ ﺴﺎوى ﻣﺘﻮﺳ ﻂ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿ ﺔ ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭ ﺎ‪،‬‬
‫وإذا ﻛ ﺎن ﻋ ﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻓ ﻲ وﺣ ﺪة اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ ﻣﺘﻤ ﺎﺛﻼً‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﺋ ﺬ‪ ،‬ﯾﺘﺒ ﻊ ذﻟ ﻚ أن ﺿ ﻐﻄﯿﮭﻤﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺠﺐ أﯾﻀﺎً أن ﯾﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺘﺮض أن ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﻏﺎزﯾﻦ )‪ (1, 2‬ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ وﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻔﺮض‬

‫أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ﻓﺈﻧﮭﻤﺎ ﯾﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت وﻹﺛﺒﺎت ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪P1V1 = m1 N1u12‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪P2 V2 = m 2 N 2 u 22‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫وﺑﻔﺮض ﺗﺴﺎوي اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1V1 = P2V2‬‬
‫أي أن ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪m1 N1u12 = m 2 N 2 u 22 .............( × 3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪m1 N1u1 = m 2 N 2 u 22‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﻠﻐﺎزﯾﻦ‪ ،‬وھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﺰيء‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪i.e.‬‬ ‫‪m1u12 = m 2 u 22‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫وﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(453‬‬
‫)‪(454‬‬
‫‪m1 N1u12 = m 2 N 2 u 22‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪m1u12 = m 2 u 22‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪m1 N1 u12 m 2 N 2 u 22‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪m1 u1‬‬ ‫‪m 2 u 22‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2 N1 = 2 N 2‬‬ ‫)‪(divided by 2‬‬
‫‪N1 = N 2‬‬
‫أي أن ‪" :‬اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ‪ "N‬وھﺬا ھﻮ ﻓﺮض‬
‫أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو‪.‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﺷﻲء ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮض أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬ ‫‪=K‬‬ ‫وﻹﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ‪:‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫) ‪( KTN‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪2  KT ‬‬
‫‪= ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪3 P ‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫⇒ ‪atconstant P,T‬‬ ‫‪= constant‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫وﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت )‪ (N‬ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت )‪ (n‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪= constant‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻓﻮﺟﺎﺩﺭﻭ ‪:‬‬
‫رأﯾﻨﺎ أن ﺿﻐﻂ ﻏﺎز ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ وﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺎز‪ .‬وﺑ ﺴﺒﺐ أن ﻛﺘﻠ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‪ ،‬ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺑـ )‪.(n/V‬‬
‫)‪(454‬‬
‫)‪(455‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪Pα‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪For two gases 1 and 2 :‬‬
‫‪n1‬‬ ‫‪nT‬‬
‫‪P1α‬‬ ‫‪T1 = K 1 1‬‬
‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬
‫‪n2‬‬ ‫‪n T‬‬
‫‪P2 α‬‬ ‫‪T2 = K 2 2‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈ ﺮوف ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ ودرﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة ‪(V1 = V2, P1 = P2,‬‬
‫)‪ T1 = T2‬ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪n1 = n2‬‬
‫وھﺬا ھﻮ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو‬
‫)‪(mathematical expression of Avogadro's law‬‬
‫‪ (٥‬ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج ھﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻹﻓﺘﺮاض ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺄن ﻣﺘﻮﺳ ﻂ ﻃﺎﻗ ﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﻜﻮن ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﺠﺰيء ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪ke‬‬ ‫‪m u2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﻏﺎزﯾﻦ )‪ (A, B‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪ke A‬‬ ‫‪m A u A2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ke B = m B u B2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫وﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒ ﻮت درﺟ ﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮭ ﺎ ﻓ ﺈن‬
‫ﻃﺎﻗﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(455‬‬
‫)‪(456‬‬
‫‪keA = keB‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪mA u A2 = mB u B2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫وﺑﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻷﺧﯿﺮة ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪m A u A2 = m B u B2 ....................(x 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪m A u A2 = m B u B2 ............................  x 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ u B . mA ‬‬
‫‪u A2 m B‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪u B2 m A‬‬
‫) (‬
‫‪....................................‬‬
‫‪u A2‬‬ ‫‪mB‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪uB‬‬ ‫‪mA‬‬
‫وﺣﯿﺚ أن ﻧﺴﺒﺔ أوزان ﻣﺎدﺗﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮام ﻟﺒﻌﻀﮭﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﺎوي ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ اﻷوزان اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿ ﺔ ﻟ ﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﮭﻤﺎ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪u A2‬‬ ‫‪mB‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪u B2‬‬ ‫‪mA‬‬
‫‪rA‬‬ ‫‪Mw B‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫=‬
‫‪rB‬‬ ‫‪Mw A‬‬
‫‪u A2‬‬ ‫‪mB‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﻮﺻ ﻞ اﻟ ﻰ ﻗ ﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺮاھ ﺎم اﻵﺧ ﺮ اﻟ ﺬي ﯾ ﺮﺑﻂ ﻣﻌ ﺪل‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫وﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗ ﺔ‬
‫‪uB‬‬ ‫‪mA‬‬
‫اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(456‬‬
‫)‪(457‬‬
‫‪u A2‬‬ ‫‪mB‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪uB‬‬ ‫‪mA‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪d‬‬ ‫‪⇒ m = d ×V‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪u A2‬‬ ‫‪VB × d B‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪u B2‬‬ ‫‪VA × d A‬‬
‫‪VA = VB‬‬
‫‪u A2‬‬ ‫‪dB‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪u B2‬‬ ‫‪dA‬‬
‫‪rA‬‬ ‫‪dB‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫=‬
‫‪rB‬‬ ‫‪dA‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎﻡ ‪:‬‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﻮل ﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ )‪ (A‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‪PV‬‬ ‫‪m NA u 2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫وﺑﻤﺎ أن ‪:‬‬
‫‪Mw = m NA‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫‪Mw u 2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪3PV‬‬
‫= ‪u2‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪3P‬‬
‫= ‪u2‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ )‪ (Mw/V‬اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪ ،(d‬وﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﮭﺎ )‪ (V/Mw‬ھﻮ ﻣﻘﻠﻮب اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪.(1/d‬‬
‫أي أن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر )‪ (r‬ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت )‪ (u‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ أن اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﻟﮫ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺳﻮف ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﮫ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﺸﺎر وﺗﻜﻮن ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(457‬‬
‫)‪(458‬‬
‫‪3P‬‬
‫‪rα‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪rα‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫وھﻮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺮاھﺎم ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎر‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٧‬ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻮى ﺗﺠﺎذب )أو ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺮ( ﻣﻠﺤﻮظ ﺑ ﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﻏ ﺎز ﻣﺜ ﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬وﻓ ﻲ ﺧﻠ ﯿﻂ ﻣ ﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻏ ﺎز‪ ،‬ﻛ ﻞ ﺟ ﺰيء ﯾﻌﻤ ﻞ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻋ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى‪،‬ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻓ ﺈن ﻛ ﻞ ﺟ ﺰيء ﯾ ﺮﺗﻄﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺠ ﺪران ‪(collide with the‬‬
‫)‪ ،walls‬ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﺮات ﻟﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻘﻮة‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟ ﻮ ﻟ ﻢ ﯾﻜ ﻦ ھﻨ ﺎك ﺟﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت‬
‫أﺧﺮى ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة‪ .‬واﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻓ ﺈن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋ ﻲ ﻟﻐ ﺎز‪ ،‬ﻻ ﯾﻜ ﻮن ﻣﺘﻐﯿ ﺮاً‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﯿﺠ ﺔ ﻟﻮﺟ ﻮد‬
‫ﻏﺎزات أﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺤﺎوي‪.‬‬
‫‪As a result, each gas exerts a partial pressure that is independent of the‬‬
‫‪presence of other gas, and the total pressure is due to the sum of all the‬‬
‫‪molecule-wall collisions.‬‬
‫إذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﺠﺎذب أو ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ اﻓﺘﺮﺿﺖ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟ ﺬي‬
‫ﯾﻌﻤﻠ ﮫ أي ﻧ ﻮع ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﺳ ﻮف ﻻ ﯾﺘ ﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻮﺟ ﻮد ﻧ ﻮع آﺧ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت )ﻣﺜ ﻞ ﺧﻠ ﯿﻂ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات(‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﯾﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺿﻐﻮط اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة‪.‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻮﻥ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰيء ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎز ﯾﺘﺤﺮك ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻼً ﻋﻦ أي ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻋﺪا ﻋﻨ ﺪ‬

‫ﻟﺤﻈﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺎدم‪ ،‬وإذا ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ اﻟﺘ ﺼﺎدﻣﺎت ﻣﻄﺎﻃ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧ ﮫ ﻓ ﻲ ﺧﻠ ﯿﻂ ﻣ ﻦ ﻏ ﺎزات ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿ ﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﯿ ﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﯿ ﻊ اﻟﻐ ﺎزات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠ ﯿﻂ اﻟﻐ ﺎزي‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻔﺮدﯾﺔ‪ ،‬أي أن ‪:‬‬
‫… ‪E = E1 + E2 + E3 + E4 +‬‬
‫)‪(458‬‬
‫)‪(459‬‬
‫وﻟﻨﻌﺘﺒ ﺮ ﻟ ﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﺧﻠﯿﻄ ﺎً ﻣ ﻦ ﻏ ﺎزﯾﻦ ﻣﺜ ﺎﻟﯿﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗ ﺎﻣﻲ اﻹﻣﺘ ﺰاج ﻓ ﻲ وﻋ ﺎء ﺣﺠﻤ ﮫ ‪ ،V‬دون‬
‫ﺣﺪوث ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ أي ﻧﻮع ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻷول ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪P1V‬‬ ‫‪N1m1 u12‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪P1V =  N1m1 u12 ‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪P1V = E1‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ : E1‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺠﺪ أن ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪P2 V‬‬ ‫‪N 2 m2 u 22‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪P2 V =  N 2 m2 u 22 ‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪P2 V = E 2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫وﺣﯿﺚ أن ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰيء ﯾﺘﺤﺮك ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻼً‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﺎرﺳﮫ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟ ﺪران‬
‫اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻟﺤﺎوي‪ ،‬ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2 E1‬‬ ‫‪2 E2‬‬
‫= ‪P1‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫= ‪P2‬‬
‫‪3V‬‬ ‫‪3V‬‬
‫واﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟ ﺬي ﺗﻤﺎرﺳ ﮫ إﺣ ﺪى ﻣﻜﻮﻧ ﺎت اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﯾﻌ ﺮف ﺑﺎﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋ ﻲ ‪(Partial‬‬
‫)‪ . Pressure‬وﺣﯿﺚ أﻧﮫ ﻟﻢ ﯾﺤﺪث ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﺳ ﻮف ﻻ ﯾﺤ ﺪث ﺗﻐﯿ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﯿ ﺮ ﻃﺎﻗ ﺔ اﻟﺨﻠ ﯿﻂ ‪(E = E1 + E2 + E3 +‬‬
‫‪2 ‬‬
‫ﻧﺠﺪ أن ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ V‬‬ ‫)…… ‪ E4 +‬وﺑﻀﺮب ﻃﺮﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪3 ‬‬
‫)‪(459‬‬
‫)‪(460‬‬
‫‪Ptotal = P1 + P2 + ...‬‬
‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ )‪ (Ptotal‬ﺗﺴﺎوي ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐ ﺎزات اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧ ﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻋﺪد أﻧ ﻮاع اﻟﻐ ﺎزات اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠ ﯿﻂ ﻣﺎداﻣ ﺖ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿ ﺎً ﻣ ﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٨‬ﺇﺛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻛـﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻭﻧﻴـﺔ )‪ (Brownian Motion‬ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺟﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺎً ﻓ ﻲ ﻏ ﺎز‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن ﺟﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﺗ ﺼﻄﺪم ﺑ ﮫ‪ .‬وإذا ﻛ ﺎن اﻟﺠ ﺴﯿﻢ‬
‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً ﺟ ﺪاً‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن ﻋ ﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت اﻟﻘﺎذﻓ ﺔ )‪ (bombarding‬ﻋﻠ ﻰ أﺣ ﺪ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧ ﺐ‪ ،‬ﯾﻜ ﻮن‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒ ﺎً ﻣ ﺴﺎوﯾﺎً ﻟﻌ ﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت اﻟﻘﺎذﻓ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﻧ ﺐ اﻵﺧ ﺮ‪ .‬وﻟﻜ ﻦ إذا ﻛ ﺎن اﻟﺠ ﺴﯿﻢ‬
‫ﺻﻐﯿﺮاً‪ ،‬وﺑﺤﯿﺚ أن ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻘﺎذﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ أي ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻗﻠﯿﻼً‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن اﻹرﺗﻄﺎﻣ ﺎت‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ أﺣﺪ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﺠﺴﯿﻢ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أن اﻟﺠ ﺴﯿﻢ ﯾﻼﻗ ﻲ ﻣﺤ ﺼﻠﺔ ﻗ ﻮة ﺗ ﺆدي‬
‫ﺑﮫ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﺮك ‪ ،‬وﯾﺘﻀﺢ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٠٣‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٠٣‬ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺒﺮاوﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫)‪(460‬‬
‫)‪(461‬‬
‫وﯾﻼﺣ ﻆ ﻗ ﺮﯾﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ اﻟﺒﺮاوﻧﯿ ﺔ ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﻘ ﻰ ﻗﻄﻌ ﺔ ﻏﻠﯿﻈ ﺔ ﺻ ﻐﯿﺮة )‪ (chunk‬ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺒﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮﻛﺔ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﮭﺎ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻤﻚ اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﯿﻨﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﺨﺒﺰ ﺟﯿﺌﺔ وذھﺎﺑ ﺎً‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻘﺬوﻓﺎً ﺑﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻘﻮى ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺋﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﺮﺟﻊ ھﺬه اﻟﻘ ﻮة اﻟﺨﻔﯿ ﺔ اﻟ ﻰ اﻟ ﺼﺮاع‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻤﻚ اﻟﻘﺎﺿﻢ‪ .‬وﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ اﻟﺨﺒﺰ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﮭﺎ اﻟ ﺸﺎردة‬
‫أﻗﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫‪Kinetic Energy and Temperature‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‪PV‬‬ ‫‪m N u2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ : N‬ﻋﺪد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز‪ : (m) ،‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﺰيء ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﺰ ﻣﺎ‪ : u 2 ،‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺰيء اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV = n R T‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ھﺬﯾﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‪PV‬‬ ‫‪m N u2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪PV = n R T‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(461‬‬
(462)
1
PV= m N u2
3
PV= nRT
1
m N u 2 = nRT ..... × 3
3
m N u 2 = 3 nRT...........÷ n
N
m   u 2 = 3RT...............÷ 2
n
1 3
m N A u 2 = RT
2 2
(N A : Avogadro's Number = 6.023 × 1023 )
1 3
mu 2 N A = RT
2 2
3
ke N A = RT = KE
2
(KE : Kinetic Energy for One Mole, ke : Kinetic Energy for One Molecule)
3 R 
ke =  T
2  NA 
3
ke = kT
2
8.314 J/K. mol
(k : Boltzman's Constant = = 1.381 × 10-23 J/K)
6.022 × 10 molecules/mol
23
: ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻓﺈن‬n ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻌﺪد‬

3
KE = nRT
2
3
KE = × (8.314) × n × T
2
KE = 12.47 × n × T
‫ وﻻ ﺣﺠﻤﮫ وﻻ‬،‫وﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻐﻄﮫ‬
.‫ﻧﻮﻋﮫ ﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ‬
(462)
‫)‪(463‬‬
‫ﻓﺈذا اﺧﺘﺮﻧﺎ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ )‪ ، (8.314 JK-1mol-1‬ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪ ،R‬ﻓﺈن إﺳﮭﺎم اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺟﺰيء ﺟﺮاﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ أي ﻏﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪25ºC‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪R T = (8.314 J K-1 mol-1 ) × (298 K) = 3720 J mol-1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﺠﺰيء واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪KE‬‬ ‫‪3 R‬‬
‫= ‪ke‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪NA‬‬ ‫‪2 NA‬‬
‫وﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ دراﺳﺘﻨﺎ اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت واﻟﺬرات اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺮدة ﻓﻤﻦ‬
‫اﻷﻓﻀﻞ أن ﻧﺪﺧﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً ﺟﺪﯾﺪاً ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺰﻣﺎن ‪Boltzman’s Constant‬‬
‫وﯾﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ) ‪ ( k‬وﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪8.314 J mol-1 K -1‬‬
‫=‪k‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.3804 × 10-23 J/ K . molecule‬‬
‫‪NA 6.023 × 1023 molecules mol-1‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺰﻣﺎن ھﻮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻟﻠﺠﺰيء اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‪ ،‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺰيء اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫= ‪ke‬‬ ‫‪kT‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫وﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﺠﺰيء ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (25 ºC‬ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫= ‪ke‬‬ ‫‪(1.3806 × 10-23 J K -1 ) × (298 K) = 6.17 × 10-21 J‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪(463‬‬
(464)
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬

1
Nmu 2 = nRT
3
1
n N A mu 2 = nRT
3
N A ( mu 2 ) = RT
1
3
1  1 
N A  2 × mu 2  = RT
3  2 
2 1 
N A  mu 2  = RT
3 2 
2
N ( avg KE per molecule ) = RT
3 A
2
N A ( avg KE per molecule) = RT
3
This equation shows that the absolute temperature is directly proportional
to the average molecular kinetic energy, as postulated by the kinetic
molecular theory. Because there are N AV molecules in a mole, so the left-
hand side of this equation is equal to the total kinetic energy for a mol of
molecules.
2
N A ( avg. KE per molecule ) = RT
3
2
N A (Ke) = RT
3
2
KE = RT
3
KE : total kinetic energy per mole of gas
: ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻐﺎزات‬n ‫وﻟﻌﺪد‬

2
KE = nRT
3
‫وﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﺈن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﺠﺰيء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
(464)
‫)‪(465‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫= )‪N A (Ke‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2 R ‬‬
‫‪Ke = ‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪3  N AV ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪Ke‬‬ ‫‪(k ) T‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫ب( ‪ 1 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫أ( ‪ 0.1 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫= ‪KE‬‬ ‫‪nRT‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫= )‪KE(0.1mol‬‬ ‫‪× 0.1 × 8.314 × 273 = 340.46 J‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫= )‪KE(1mol‬‬ ‫‪× 1 × 8.314 × 273 = 3404.58 J‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦٣‬‬
‫أوﺟﺪ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (27 ºC‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪kJ‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫= ‪KE‬‬ ‫‪nRT‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫= ‪KE‬‬ ‫)‪× 1 x 8.314 × (27 + 273‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪KE = 3741.3 J‬‬
‫‪KE = 3.741 kJ‬‬
‫)‪(465‬‬
‫)‪(466‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦٤‬‬
‫أوﺟﺪ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ )‪ (0.2 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (27 ºC‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪kJ‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫= ‪KE‬‬ ‫‪nRT‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫= ‪KE‬‬ ‫)‪× 0.2 × 8.314 × (27 + 273‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪KE = 748.26 J‬‬
‫‪KE = 0.75 kJ‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦٥‬‬
‫أوﺟﺪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ )‪ (14 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز )‪ (CO‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (25 ºC‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪة‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮل )‪) ،(J‬اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(C = 12, O = 16 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪14 g‬‬
‫= ‪n CO‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.5‬‬
‫)‪Mw (12 + 16‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫= ‪KE‬‬ ‫‪nRT‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫= ‪KE‬‬ ‫)‪× 0.5 × 8.314 × (25 + 273‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪KE = 1858.18 J‬‬
‫‪KE = 1.86 kJ‬‬
‫)‪(466‬‬
‫)‪(467‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦٦‬‬
‫أوﺟﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻜﺎﻟﻔﻦ )‪ (K‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﻮل ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز‬
‫اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺘﯿﻦ إﺣﺪاھﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪ T‬واﻷﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪298 K‬‬
‫)اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫= ‪KE‬‬ ‫)‪n R T.............(1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫)‪KE = n R (273)........(2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫وﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (١‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪KE‬‬ ‫‪ × (273) n R ‬‬
‫‪= ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪KE‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪nRT‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪273‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪T = 2 × 273‬‬
‫‪T = 546 K‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦٧‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (4 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (N2‬إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪(250‬‬
‫)‪ ml‬وأن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ )‪ (KE‬ﻟﻤﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﮫ ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪12471 J/mol‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(467‬‬
‫)‪(468‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫= ‪KE‬‬ ‫‪nRT‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫= ‪12471‬‬ ‫‪× 1 × (8.314) × T‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪T = 1000 K‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV=nRT‬‬
‫‪nRT‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪ 4 ‬‬
‫‪  × 0.0821 × 1000‬‬
‫‪P=  ‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫‪0.250 L‬‬
‫‪P = 46.91 atm‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Molecular Speed‬‬
‫ﯾﺠﺪر ﺑﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺔ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ وھﻲ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬
‫ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬
‫وﺗﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(468‬‬
(469)
1
PV = m N u2
3
1
PV = m (nN A ) u 2
3
1
PV = n (mN A ) u 2
3
1
PV = n Mw u 2
3
 PV = n R T
1 3
⇒ n Mw u 2 = n R T ................ (× )
3 n
Mw u 2 = 3 R T
3RT
u2 =
Mw
3RT
⇒ u 2 = u rms =
Mw
rms : root - mean - square
3RT
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‬u 2 = ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻹﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
Mw
1
PV= m N u2
3
1
n R T = m N u2
3
for 1 mol N = N A
1
RT = m NA u 2
3
⇒ m N A = Mw
1
⇒RT= Mw u 2
3
3RT
u2 =
Mw
3RT
u2 =
Mw
(469)
(470)
‫ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬

1
PV= m N u2
3
1
n R T = m nN A u 2
3
1
RT = m N A u 2
3
3RT
u2 =
mN A
3RT
u 2 = u rms =
Mw
u 2 ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
: ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬ u 2 ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ‬

1  1
KE =  m N A u 2  = Mw u 2
2  2
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ وﻓﺮض ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ – اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ أن‬
3
: KE = RT
2
3
KE = RT
2
1 3
Mw u 2 = RT.................( × 2)
2 2
2
Mw u = 3RT
3RT
u2 =
Mw
3RT
⇒ u 2 = u rms =
Mw
(470)
‫)‪(471‬‬
‫ھﻲ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪u2‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬

‫)‪Root – Mean Square Velocity (rms‬‬
‫‪The equation :‬‬
‫‪3RT‬‬
‫= ‪u 2 = u rms‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪shows that the (rms) speed of a gas increases with the square root of its‬‬
‫‪temperature (in Kelvins). Because Mw appears in the denominator, it‬‬
‫‪follows that the heavier the gas, the more slowly its molecules move.‬‬
‫وﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪u12 + u 22 + u 32 +...........+ u 2n‬‬

‫= ‪u2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ أن ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (١‬اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪3RT‬‬
‫= ‪u2‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (T‬وﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ )‪.(Mw‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪ (m/s‬ﯾﺠﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪ R‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺠﻮل‪ ،‬واﻟﻮزن‬ ‫‪ (٢‬ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ‪u 2‬‬

‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ‪ Mw‬ﯾﻜﻮن ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪ Kg/mol‬وﻟﯿﺲ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪ g/mol‬واﻟﺴﺒﺐ ھﻮ أن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬
‫)‪ (R = 8.314 J/K.mol‬واﻟﺠﻮل ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪ ( 1 J = 1 N.m‬وﺣﺪﺗﮫ ‪:‬‬
‫‪kg . m‬‬
‫= ‪J = N. m‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪× m = kg m2 S-2‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫)‪(471‬‬
‫)‪(472‬‬
‫‪3RT‬‬
‫= ‪u2‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫)‪3 R(J mol-1 K -1 ) T(K‬‬
‫= ‪u‬‬
‫) ‪Mw (kg mol-1‬‬
‫)‪3 R(kg m 2 s -2 mol-1 K -1 ) T(K‬‬
‫= ‪u2‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪= m . s-1‬‬
‫) ‪Mw (kg mol‬‬
‫وﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ وﺣﺪة ‪ m/s‬اﻟﻰ وﺣﺪة ‪ km/h‬ﻧﻀﺮب ‪:‬‬

‫‪km km × 1000 m/km‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪h × 3600 s/h‬‬
‫‪ km‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪× 3.6  = m s-1‬‬
‫‪ h‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺬري ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻮزن‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻮ أن )‪ (Mw‬ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ u‬ﻋﻨﺪ أي درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺣﯿﺚ )‪(R = 8.314 J/K.mol , Mw = Kg/mol‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪3RT‬‬
‫= ‪u2‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﺼﻮرة ‪:‬‬
‫‪ PMw = d RT‬‬
‫‪P Mw‬‬ ‫‪dRT‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪d Mw‬‬ ‫‪d Mw‬‬
‫‪P RT‬‬
‫= ∴‬
‫‪d Mw‬‬
‫‪3RT‬‬
‫= ‪ u2‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪3P‬‬
‫= ‪⇒ u2‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫)‪(472‬‬
‫)‪(473‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(١٦٨‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ ، (N2‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (25 ºC‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن‬
‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (Mw‬وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ )‪ (SI‬ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪ 0.02802 Kg‬وﺣﯿﺚ أن‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪات )‪ (1 J = 1 Kg m2 s-2‬ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪3RT‬‬
‫= ‪u2‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫)‪3(8.3143) × (298‬‬
‫= ‪⇒ u2‬‬
‫‪0.02802‬‬
‫‪u 2 = 515 m s-1‬‬
‫‪u 2 = 1854 km h -1‬‬
‫‪u 2 =1150 mi h -1‬‬
‫وﯾﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺟﺪول )‪ (١٧‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﻗﯿﻢ إﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ذات‬
‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ‪ .‬وﯾﻼﺣﻆ أﻧﮫ ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷن ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﮭﻢ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺨﻔﯿﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻟﮭﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺎت أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪(0.921‬‬ ‫‪u2‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ١٧‬اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻐﺎزات )ﺗﺴﺎوي )‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ 25 °C (298 K‬ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪1000 °C (1273 K‬‬
‫‪25 °C‬‬ ‫‪1000 °C‬‬
‫‪Gas‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪mi h‬‬ ‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪mi h-1‬‬
‫‪H2‬‬ ‫‪1770‬‬ ‫‪3960‬‬ ‫‪3660‬‬ ‫‪8180‬‬
‫‪He‬‬ ‫‪1260‬‬ ‫‪2820‬‬ ‫‪2600‬‬ ‫‪5830‬‬
‫‪H2O‬‬ ‫‪590‬‬ ‫‪1320‬‬ ‫‪1220‬‬ ‫‪2730‬‬
‫‪N2‬‬ ‫‪470‬‬ ‫‪1060‬‬ ‫‪970‬‬ ‫‪2190‬‬
‫‪O2‬‬ ‫‪440‬‬ ‫‪990‬‬ ‫‪910‬‬ ‫‪2050‬‬
‫‪CO2‬‬ ‫‪380‬‬ ‫‪840‬‬ ‫‪780‬‬ ‫‪1740‬‬
‫‪Cl2‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪670‬‬ ‫‪620‬‬ ‫‪1380‬‬
‫‪HI‬‬ ‫‪220‬‬ ‫‪490‬‬ ‫‪450‬‬ ‫‪1010‬‬
‫‪Hg‬‬ ‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬ ‫‪370‬‬ ‫‪830‬‬
‫)‪(473‬‬
‫)‪(474‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٦٩‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﺠﺰيء اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (H2‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪.(H = 1‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪Mw = 2 × 10-3 kg/mol‬‬

‫‪R = 8.314 J/K.mol, T = 273 K‬‬
‫‪3RT‬‬
‫= ‪u2‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3 × (8.314 J mol -1 K -1 ) × 273 K‬‬
‫= ‪u‬‬
‫‪2 × 10-3 kg mol-1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3 × (8.314 kg m 2 S-2 mol -1 K -1 ) × 273 K‬‬
‫= ‪u‬‬
‫‪2 × 10-3 kg mol -1‬‬
‫‪u 2 =1.84 × 103 m/S‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٧٠‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (N2‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺎً ﻟﺠﺰيء ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم )‪ (He‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪(27 ºC‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪.(N = 14, He = 4) :‬‬
‫)‪(474‬‬
(475)
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
Mw He = 4 × 10 -3 kg/mol
Mw N 2 = 28 × 10 -3 kg/mol
3RT
u 2 (He) =
Mw
u 2
=
3 × (8.314 J mol -1
K -1 ) × 300 K
(He)
4 × 10 -3 kg mol -1
u 2
=
3 × (8.314 kg m 2
s -2 mol -1 K -1 ) × 300 K
(He)
4 × 10 -3 kg mol -1
u 2 (He) = 1367.4 m/s
u2 (N 2 ) at T K
3RT
⇒ u 2 (N 2 ) = = 1367.4 m/s
Mw
2
 3 × 8.314 × T 
 = (1367.4 m/s )
2

 28 × 10 -3

3 × 8.314 × T
= 1869782.76
28 × 10 -3
1869782.76 × 28 × 10 -3
T=
3 × 8.314
T = 2099 K
(١٧١) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﺠﺰيء اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬
(H = 2.016 ‫( )اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬R = 8.314 J/K.mol) ‫اﻟﻤﺌﻮي‬
(475)
‫)‪(476‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪3RT‬‬
‫= ‪u2‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫) ‪3 × (8.314 J mol-1K -1 ) × ( 273 K‬‬
‫= ‪u‬‬
‫‪( 2.016 × 10‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫) ‪kg mol-1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫) ‪3 × (8.314 kg.m2 s-2 mol-1 K-1 ) × ( 273 K‬‬

‫= ‪u‬‬
‫‪( 2.016 × 10‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫) ‪kg mol-1‬‬
‫‪u 2 = 1.84 × 103 m/s‬‬

‫وﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ ‪ m/s‬اﻟﻰ ‪: km/s‬‬
‫‪1.84 × 103 m‬‬
‫= ‪u‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫) ‪(1.84 × 103m / 1000 m km -1‬‬
‫= ‪u‬‬
‫‪1s / 3600 s h -1‬‬
‫‪u 2 = 6624 km h -1‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ وﺣﺪة ‪ m/s‬اﻟﻰ وﺣﺪة ‪ Km/h‬ﻧﻀﺮب ‪:‬‬
‫‪m/s × 3.6‬‬
‫‪1.84 × 10 × 3.6 = 6624 km h -1‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺟﺰيء ﻏﺎز ‪ (6624 Km/h) H2‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎز آﺧﺮ ﻓﺈن اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻻ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ ،‬وﯾﺮﺟﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ أﻧﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺰيء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ إﻻ أﻧﮫ ﯾﻐﯿﺮ اﺗﺠﺎھﮫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار‬
‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﺻﻄﺪاﻣﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى‪.‬‬
‫)‪(476‬‬
‫)‪(477‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٧٢‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟـ‬
‫)‪ (0.1 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪3RT‬‬
‫= ‪u2‬‬
‫‪Mw O2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪3 × (8.314 J K -1 mol-1 ) × ( 273 K‬‬
‫= ‪u‬‬
‫‪( 32 × 10‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫) ‪kg mol-1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪3 × (8.314 kg. m 2 s-2 K -1 mol-1 ) × ( 273 K‬‬
‫= ‪u‬‬
‫‪( 32 × 10‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫) ‪Kg mol-1‬‬
‫‪u 2 = 461.3 m/s‬‬

‫وﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ ‪ m/s‬اﻟﻰ ‪: km/s‬‬
‫‪461.3 m‬‬
‫= ‪u2‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫) ‪(461.3 m / 1000 m km-1‬‬
‫= ‪u‬‬
‫‪1s / 3600 s h -1‬‬
‫‪u 2 = 1660.68 km h -1‬‬
‫أو ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر ‪:‬‬
‫‪461.3 m s-1 × 3.6 = 1660.68 km h -1‬‬
‫)‪(477‬‬
‫)‪(478‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٧٣‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (N2‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫)‪ (273 K‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪Km/h‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪3RT‬‬
‫= ‪u2‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫)‪3 × (8.314 J K -1mol-1 ) × (273 K‬‬
‫= ‪u‬‬
‫)‪(28 ×10-3 kg mol‬‬
‫)‪3 × (8.314 N. m K -1 mol-1 ) × (273 K‬‬
‫= ‪u2‬‬
‫)‪(28 × 10-3 kg mol‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫)‪3 × (8.314 kg m2 s-2 K-1 mol-1 ) × (273 K‬‬

‫= ‪u‬‬
‫)‪(28 × 10-3 kg mol‬‬
‫‪u 2 = 493.14 m S-1‬‬
‫وﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ وﺣﺪة اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ m/S‬اﻟﻰ ‪: km/h‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 10-3 ‬‬
‫‪u 2 = 493.14 m s -1‬‬ ‫‪× ‬‬
‫‪1 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ 3600 ‬‬
‫‪u 2 = 493.14 m s -1 × 3.6 = 1775.3 km h -1‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٧٤‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬

‫)‪ ، (HBr, O2, N2, H2, He‬ﻣﺎ ھﻲ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗﻚ؟‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪(H = 1, Br = 80, O = 16, N = 16, H = 1, He = 4‬‬
‫)‪(478‬‬
‫)‪(479‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫)‪3R (J K -1mol-1 )T(K‬‬

‫= ‪u2‬‬
‫)‪Mw (kg mol‬‬
‫) ‪(where J = N. m = kg. m S-2 . m = kg m2 s-2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫)‪3R (kg m2 s-2 K-1 mol-1 )T(K‬‬

‫= ‪u‬‬ ‫‪= m/s‬‬
‫) ‪Mw (kg mol-1‬‬
‫‪3 × 8.314 × 273‬‬
‫= )‪u 2 (HBr‬‬ ‫‪= 290.1 m/s = 1044.36 km/h‬‬
‫‪80.91 × 10-3‬‬
‫‪3 × 8.314 × 273‬‬
‫= ) ‪u 2 (O2‬‬ ‫‪= 461 m/s = 1659.6 km/h‬‬
‫‪32.00 × 10-3‬‬
‫‪3 × 8.314 × 273‬‬
‫= ) ‪u 2 (N 2‬‬ ‫‪= 493 m/s = 1774.8 km/h‬‬
‫‪28.01 × 10-3‬‬
‫‪3 × 8.314 × 273‬‬
‫=) ‪u 2 (H 2‬‬ ‫‪= 1835.99 m/s = 6609.56 km/h‬‬
‫‪2.02 × 10-3‬‬
‫‪3 × 8.314 × 273‬‬
‫=)‪u 2 (He‬‬ ‫‪= 1304.72 m/s = 4696.99 km/h‬‬
‫‪4.0 × 10-3‬‬
‫وﯾﻼﺣﻆ أن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻷﺛﻘﻞ ﺗﻜﻮن ھﻲ اﻷﺑﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﺮك ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎة‪ ،‬وأن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﺟﺬر‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (STP‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن )‪ ،(493 ms-1‬إﻻ‬
‫أن ذﻟﻚ ﻻ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ .‬واﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ أﻧﮫ‬
‫ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺎت )ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ( اﺑﺘﺪاء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻗﯿﻢ ﺗﺰﯾﺪ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫إدراﻛﮫ ﻋﻦ ‪ .493 ms-1‬وﺣﯿﺚ أن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻔﺮدﯾﺔ ﺗﺘﺼﺎدم وﺗﺘﺒﺎدل اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺳﺮﻋﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ .‬وﯾﺴﺮي اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺎت ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ ﻣﺎﻛﺴﻮﯾﻞ – ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺰﻣﺎن ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺎت‪ .‬وﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﻨﺒﻄﺖ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ أدت اﻟﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫ﺑﺮاھﯿﻦ إﺣﺼﺎﺋﯿﺔ واﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(479‬‬
‫)‪(480‬‬
‫إن ﻟﻠﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل )‪ (١٧٤‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺸﻮﻗﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‬

‫ﻟﻸرض‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼًَ ﺑﺨﻼف ﻛﻮﻛﺐ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮي )‪ (Jupiter‬ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ھﻨﺎك ﻛﻤﯿﺎت‬
‫ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ )‪ (appreciable‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزات ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (H2‬أو اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم )‪ (He‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ؟ وﺑﺴﺒﺐ أن ﻛﻮﻛﺐ اﻷرض ﺻﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻜﻮﻛﺐ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮي ﻓﺈن ﺟﺎذﺑﯿﺘﮭﺎ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺨﻔﯿﻔﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ ﺟﺪاً‪ .‬وﺗﻈﮭﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ ﺑﺄن اﻟﺠﺰيء ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﮭﺮب ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ اﻷرﺿﯿﺔ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺴﯿﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ )ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً ‪ (11000 m/s‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﮭﺮوب ‪(escape‬‬
‫)‪ velocity‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻷن اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم ﺗﻜﻮن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ أو اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻓﺈن ذرات اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم أﻛﺜﺮ ھﺮوﺑﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﻟﻸرض‬
‫اﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ھﻨﺎك ﻗﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻦ ذرات اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم ﻓﻲ ﻏﻼﻓﻨﺎ اﻟﺠﻮي‪ .‬أﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮي ﻓﺈن ﻛﺘﻠﺘﮫ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻷرض ﺑﺤﻮاﻟﻲ )‪ (320‬ﻣﺮة وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﻟﮫ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪرة ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﺑﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺧﻔﯿﻔﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ أو ﺛﻘﯿﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻼﻓﮫ اﻟﺠﻮي‬
‫)‪.(Jupiter retains both heavy and light gases in its atmosphere‬‬
‫‪(solar‬‬ ‫وﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛ ﺐ اﻟ ﺼﻐﯿﺮة )‪ (small planets‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﻨ ﺎ اﻟﺸﻤ ﺴﯿﺔ‬
‫)‪ system‬ﻻ ﺳ ﯿﻤﺎ ﺗﻠ ﻚ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻟﮭ ﺎ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة أﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣ ﻦ ﻛﻮﻛﺒﻨ ﺎ ﻋﻄ ﺎرد واﻟﺰھ ﺮة‬
‫)‪ (Mercury and Venus‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﮭﯿ ﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿ ﻮم ﻣﺤ ﺪود ﻓﯿﮭ ﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﻛﺒ ﺔ اﻟﻔ ﻀﺎء‬
‫ﻣ ﺎرﯾﻨﺮ ‪ ١٠‬ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺎم ‪١٩٧٤‬م أوﺿ ﺤﺖ )أﻇﮭ ﺮت()‪ (revealed‬ﻛﻤﯿ ﺎت ﻗﯿﺎﺳ ﯿﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿ ﻮم )‪ (measurable amounts of helium‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻐ ﻼف اﻟﺠ ﻮي ﻟﻌﻄ ﺎرد‬
‫)‪ ، (in the atmosphere of Mercury‬وﻣ ﺼﺪر ھ ﺬا اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿ ﻮم ﻏﯿ ﺮ ﻣﻌ ﺮوف‪.‬‬
‫واﻷﺟ ﺴﺎم اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻤ ﺔ ﻣﺜ ﻞ ﻧﺠﻮﻣﻨ ﺎ )‪) (Massive bodies such as stars‬ﺑﻤ ﺎ ﻓﯿﮭ ﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺴﻨﺎ( ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﮭﯿ ﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿ ﻮم‪(are mainly composed of H .‬‬
‫)‪.and He‬‬
‫وﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺰيء‪ ،‬واﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﮭﺎ‪ ،‬وﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ‬
‫وﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﯿﻂ ﺑﮫ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﻤﺮ اﻟﺤﺮ ‪(Mean Free‬‬
‫)‪(480‬‬
‫)‪(481‬‬
‫)‪ Path‬وھﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﺤﺮﻛﮭﺎ اﻟﺠﺰيء ﺑﯿﻦ اﺻﻄﺪاﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﯿﺘﯿﻦ‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺮدد‬
‫اﻹﺻﻄﺪام )‪.(Collision Frequency‬‬
‫واﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ O2, N2‬ﺗﺴﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﺪرھﺎ )‪ (1000 ºA‬ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﺎدﻣﯿﻦ‪،‬‬
‫وھﻲ ﺗﺆدي ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً ‪ ٥‬ﺑﻠﯿﻮن اﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪STP‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٧٥‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻨﺸﺎدر ‪ NH3‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪(25 ºC‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪) (m/s‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪(R = 8.314 J/K. ، (N = 14, H = 1‬‬
‫)‪.mol‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪661.23 m/s :‬‬
‫)‪(481‬‬
‫)‪(482‬‬
‫)‪(u‬‬‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫‪The Average Velocity‬‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ‪ u‬ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﯾﺠﺎدھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﺼﻮرة ‪:‬‬
‫‪u1 + u 2 +.......u n‬‬
‫=‪u‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ u1, u2, …..un‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪة‪ (n) ،‬ﻋﺪد‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ u‬ﻛﻤﺎ وﺟﺪت ﺣﺴﺎﺑﯿﺎً ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺎﻛﺴﻮﯾﻞ وﺑﻮﻟﺘﺰﻣﺎن ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪:‬‬
‫‪8RT‬‬
‫=‪u‬‬
‫‪π Mw‬‬
‫) ‪ ( Mw = m N A‬‬
‫‪8RT‬‬
‫=‪⇒u‬‬
‫‪π m NA‬‬
‫‪ R‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺎن ‪= k  k :‬‬ ‫ﺖ ﺑﻮﻟﺘﺰﻣ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑ‬
‫‪ NA‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪8kT‬‬
‫=‪⇒u‬‬
‫‪πm‬‬
‫ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪3RT‬‬
‫= ‪u2‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ أن ‪:‬‬
‫‪u2 ≠ u‬‬
‫ﻷن ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(482‬‬
‫)‪(483‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪u12 + u 22 + u 32 +...........+ u2n‬‬

‫= ‪u‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪u1 + u 2 + u 3 +....... + un‬‬
‫=‪u‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﺧﺘﻼﻓﮭﻤﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻻ ﯾﺘﺠﺎوز )‪.(10 %‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪u , u2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫إن ﻛﻼً ﻣﻦ ‪ u, u 2‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪8RT‬‬
‫‪u‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪πMw‬‬
‫‪u2‬‬ ‫‪3RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪u‬‬ ‫‪ 8RT   Mw ‬‬
‫‪= ‬‬ ‫‪×‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪u2‬‬ ‫‪ πMw   3RT ‬‬
‫‪u‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪u2‬‬ ‫‪3π‬‬
‫‪u‬‬
‫‪= 0.92‬‬
‫‪u2‬‬
‫إذاً ‪ :‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ = ‪ × 0.921‬اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫× ‪u = 0.921‬‬ ‫‪u2‬‬
‫)‪(483‬‬
‫)‪(484‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ :١٨‬اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ )اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت‪ ،‬اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت‬

‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ(‬
‫ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻋﻨﺪ ‪: 273 K‬‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎز‬

‫‪( u ) m s-1‬‬ ‫‪( u )m s‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪1698‬‬ ‫‪1845‬‬ ‫‪H2‬‬

‫‪1202‬‬ ‫‪1305‬‬ ‫‪He‬‬
‫‪454‬‬ ‫‪493‬‬ ‫‪N2‬‬
‫‪424‬‬ ‫‪461‬‬ ‫‪O2‬‬
‫‪362‬‬ ‫‪393‬‬ ‫‪CO2‬‬
‫‪600‬‬ ‫‪652‬‬ ‫‪CH4‬‬
‫)‪(484‬‬
‫)‪(485‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Distribution of Molecular Speeds‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺎﻛﺴﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺑﻮﻟﺘﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Maxwell and Boltzman Distribution‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﺑﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ وﺑﺘﻔﺎﺻﯿﻞ دﻗﯿﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫إﻓﺘﺮض أن ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﻋﺪداً ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء‪ .‬إﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﮫ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﮭﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻇﻠﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺈن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ وﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﺳﻮف ﯾﻈﻼن ﺛﺎﺑﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮور‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ .‬واﻟﻤﯿﺰة اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺮة ﺑﺎﻹھﺘﻤﺎم ھﻨﺎ ھﻲ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر أو ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ؟ ﻟﻘﺪ وﺿﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺴﻮﯾﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ ﻟﺤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ .1860‬ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﯿﻦ اﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬
‫اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﺎت ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ وھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ﻓﺮوض اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ أن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪ .‬وﯾﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻨﻈﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﺎﺣﺺ اﻟﻰ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻀﻤﻨﮫ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ‪ Average Kinetic Energy‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة )وھﺬه أوﺿﺢ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ(‪ ،‬وﺑﻤﺎ أن ھﺬه اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺼﻄﺪم ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬
‫ﯾﻔﻘﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮫ أو ﺟﺰءاً ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً ﻣﻨﮭﺎ واﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻵﺧﺮ ﺗﺰداد ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮫ وﻣﻌﻈﻢ ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﻜﻮن ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮭﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ أن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺟﻤﯿﻌﮭﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ذﻟﻚ أﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬
‫اﻹﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺤﺪﺛﮭﺎ اﻟﺠﺰيء ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى وﺗﺒﺎدﻟﮫ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫اﻹﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺎت ﻓﺈن اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺠﺰيء وﺳﺮﻋﺘﮫ وﻃﺎﻗﺘﮫ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً‪ ،‬ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺼﺎدم ﻣﺎ أن ﯾﺘﺮك ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎً ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺎً ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﯿﺎن‪ ،‬ﺑﺪون ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ أن‬
‫)‪(485‬‬
‫)‪(486‬‬
‫ﯾﻌﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺮھﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﺻﻄﺪام آﺧﺮ ﻓﯿﺮﺳﻞ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﯿﻠﮫ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺠﺰيء آﺧﺮ أن ﯾﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﻋﺪة اﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺎت "ﺧﻠﻔﯿﺔ" واﺣﺪة ﺗﻠﻮ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ‬
‫إﻋﻄﺎﺋﮫ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺟﺪاً‪ .‬ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻋﺒﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎدﻣﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﺎً‪ .‬وﻓﻲ أﯾﺔ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﺒﻂء‪ ،‬وﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺟﺪاً‪ ،‬رﻏﻢ أن ﻟﻤﻌﻈﻤﮭﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺎت ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ ذﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫س( ﻋﻠﻞ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ ھﯿﺌﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ وﻻ ﺗﺤﺴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة؟‬
‫ج( ﻷن ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻏﯿﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺎت ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ وﺳﺮﻋﺎت ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻈﺮوف‪.‬‬
‫س( ﻋﻠﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺮﻋﺎت ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز؟‬
‫ج( ﻷﻧﮫ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﮫ ﺗﺼﺎدﻣﺎت ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ وﺣﺮﻛﺔ وﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫=‪PV‬‬ ‫‪m N u2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﯾﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻨﮫ أن اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ‪ u‬ﻇﮭﺮت ﻋﻠﻰ ھﯿﺌﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﺴﺒﺐ ھﻮ اﺧﺘﻼف ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﺗﺘﺮاوح‬
‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺎت ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺟﺪاً اﻟﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺎت ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺟﺪاً‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﺗﺴﺎع اﻹﺧﺘﻼف ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت‬
‫ﻛﺜﯿﺮة ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ذات ﺳﺮﻋﺎت ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬وﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺴﯿﻢ ھﺬه ﺑﺘﻮزﯾﻊ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت‪ .‬وھﺬا اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ ﯾﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻷن ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪ke‬‬ ‫‪m u2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ ke‬ھﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰيء‪.‬‬
‫)‪(486‬‬
‫)‪(487‬‬
‫وﻟﻘﺪ اﺳﺘﻄﺎع اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﺎن ﻣﺎﻛﺴﻮﯾﻞ )‪ (Maxwell‬وﺑﻮﻟﺘﺰﻣﺎن )‪ (Boltzman‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ ھﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﯿﻨﺖ‬
‫أن اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪ (T‬واﻟﻮزن‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ )‪.(Mw‬‬
‫وﺑﺪون اﻟﺪﺧﻮل ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯿﻞ اﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻼ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﻣﺎﻛﺴﻮﯾﻞ وﺑﻮﻟﺘﺰﻣﺎن ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٠٤‬ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎز‬
‫)‪(487‬‬
(488)
‫ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬: ١٠٥ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
Fig. 106 : The effect of molar mass on the distribution of molecular

speeds at a given temperature. On average, heavier molecules move
slower than lighter ones.
(488)
(489)
Fig. 107 :
a) The range of molecular speeds for several gases, as given by the Maxwell
distribution. All the curves correspond to the same temperature. The greater the molar
mass, the narrower the spread of speeds.
b) The Maxwell distribution again, but now the curves correspond to the speeds of a
single substance at different temperatures. The higher the temperature, the broader the
spread of speeds.
Fig. 108 :
a) The distribution of speeds for nitrogen gas at three different temperatures. At the
higher temperatures, more molecules are moving at faster speeds.
(b) The distribution of speeds for three gases at 300 K. At a given temperature, the
lighter molecules are moving faster, on the average.
(489)
(490)
Fig. 109 : The distribution of speeds for helium atoms at different temperatures.
Fig. 110 : The distribution of speeds for nitrogen atoms at different temperatures.
(490)
(491)
Fig. 111 : Graphs of molecular speeds (or energies) versus numbers of molecules are
called Boltzmann distribution curves. They are named after Ludwig Boltzmann
(1844-1906), an Australian physicist who helped develop the kinetic molecular theory
of gases.
Fig. 112 : The Maxwellian distribution function for molecular speeds. This graph
shows the relative numbers of O2 molecules having a given speed at 25 °C and at
1000 °C. At 25 °C, most O2 molecules have speeds between 200 and 600 m/s (450 –
1350 miles per hour). Some of the molecules have very high speeds, so the
distribution curve never reaches the horizontal axis. The average molecular speed is
higher at 1000 °C than at 25 °C.
(491)
‫)‪(492‬‬
‫ﺷ ﻜﻞ ‪ : ١١٣‬ﺗﻮزﯾ ﻊ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺎت اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺛ ﻼث درﺟ ﺎت ﺣ ﺮارة‬

‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻷﺷﻜﺎل )‪ (١١٣ – ١٠٦‬ﯾﺒﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ )أو اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ( ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز وﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻈﮭﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت أن ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً )اﺣﺘﻤﺎل أن‬
‫ﯾﻜﻮن ھﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻃﺎﻗﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوي ﺻﻔﺮاً ھﻮ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﯾﺴﺎوي ﺻﻔﺮاً ﻓﻲ أﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻈﺔ(‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﺗﺰﯾﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ زادت اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ وﺗﺼﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ أﻗﺼﻰ ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺼﻞ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺟﺪاً‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﺤﺪ اﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﯿﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ( ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰء‬
‫اﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت )اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً(‪،‬‬
‫أي أن اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ اﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً‬
‫)اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً )‪ ،(Most Probable KE‬وﯾﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪. α‬‬
‫)‪(492‬‬
‫)‪(493‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ رﻓﻊ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺘﺠﮫ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻷﻛﺒﺮ )ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﺰداد ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ( وﻧﺠﺪ أن ﻧﺴﺒﺔ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻷﺻﻐﺮ وﻧﺴﺒﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ وﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ آﺧﺮ ﻓﺈن ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻗﺪ ﺟﻌﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ)ﺗﺘﻮﺟﮫ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ھﺬه ﻧﺤﻮ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ وزﯾﺎدة ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﯿﻤﺎت(‪ ،‬وﯾﻈﮭﺮ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺿﻮح ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ‪ .‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس أن ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ أي ﻋﺪد ﯾﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺄي ﺳﺮﻋﺔ أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻓﯿﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً‪،‬‬
‫وذﻟﻚ ﻷن اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻘﻮدﻧﺎ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻰ ﻣﻔﮭﻮم اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫أزﯾﻠﺖ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت )ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ( ﻓﺈن ھﺬه اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﮭﺎ أﺑﻄﺄ ﻓﺄﺑﻄﺄ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﺻﻔﺮاً‪،‬‬
‫وﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻻ وﺟﻮد ﻟﮭﺎ )ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺠﺴﻢ أن ﯾﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺑﻄﺄ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻜﻮن( ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﺼﺒﺢ أﻗﻞ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‪ .‬وھﺬا ﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ‪،‬‬
‫وھﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﮭﺎ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت داﺧﻞ اﻟﺬرات‪ .‬ﻓﺒﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻻ ﺣﺮاك ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن‬
‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ "دوراﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻊ" ﺣﻮل اﻟﻨﻮى اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١١٣‬ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ذات ﺳﺮﻋﺎت ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺟﺪاً أو ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺟﺪاً ﺗﻜﻮن ﺿﺌﯿﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻗﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‪ -‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً – ﺑﻞ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ھﺬه اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﺘﺰداد‬
‫ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ )‪.(T1‬‬
‫)‪(493‬‬
‫)‪(494‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﯾﺰداد ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ذات اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﺎزدﯾﺎد درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﺴﺒﺐ زﯾﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١١٤‬ﯾﻈﮭ ﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯿ ﯿﻦ ﻣﺜ ﺎﻟﯿﯿﻦ ﻟﺘﻮزﯾ ﻊ ﺳ ﺮﻋﺎت ﻣﺎﻛ ﺴﻮﯾﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻐ ﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻨﯿﺘ ﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟﺘ ﻲ ﺣ ﺮارة ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘ ﯿﻦ‪ .‬ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة اﻟﻤﻌﯿﻨ ﺔ ﻓ ﺈن ﻣﻨﺤﻨ ﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ ﯾﺤﺪﺛﻨﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١١٤‬ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﺳﺮﻋﺎت ﻣﺎﻛﺴﻮﯾﻞ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ a‬ﺣﯿﺚ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪ b ،T1‬ﺣﯿﺚ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة‬
‫أﻋﻠﻰ ‪ .T2‬ﻻﺣﻆ أن اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﯾﺼﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺎً ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﻲء ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ .‬اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻠﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﺪد‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﯿﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺎت أﻛﺒﺮ أو ﺗﺴﺎوي ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ‪ V1‬ﺑﺤﯿ ﺚ أن ﻋ ﺪد اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﺴﯿﺮ ﺑ ﺴﺮﻋﺎت‬
‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﯾﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻊ زﯾﺎدة درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫إن ﻗﻤ ﺔ ﻛ ﻞ ﻣﻨﺤﻨ ﻰ ﺗﻌﻄ ﻲ أﻛﺜ ﺮ اﻟ ﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯿ ﺔ وھ ﻲ ﺳ ﺮﻋﺔ أﻛﺒ ﺮ ﻋ ﺪد ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ .‬وﻧﺬﻛﺮ ھﻨ ﺎ أن اﻟ ﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻷﻛﺜ ﺮ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯿ ﺔ ﺗﻜ ﻮن أﻛﺒ ﺮ ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺎت اﻟﺤ ﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وإذا ﻗﺎرﻧﺎ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﻦ )‪ (a‬و )‪ (b‬ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١١٤‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨ ﺎ ﻧﻼﺣ ﻆ ﻟ ﯿﺲ ﻓﻘ ﻂ اﻧﺘﻘ ﺎل ﻗﻤ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟ ﻰ اﻟﯿﻤ ﯿﻦ وﻟﻜ ﻦ أﯾ ﻀﺎً ﯾ ﺼﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨ ﻰ ﻣ ﺴﻄﺤﺎً اﻷﻣ ﺮ اﻟ ﺬي ﯾﻌﻨ ﻲ أن اﻟﻌ ﺪد‬
‫اﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﯾﺴﯿﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺎت ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‪.‬‬
‫)‪(494‬‬
‫)‪(495‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗــﺔ ﺑ ـﲔ ﺍﻟــﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜــﺮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤــﺎﻻ )*‪ – (u‬ﺍﻟــﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳــﻄﺔ ) ‪ – ( u‬ﺍﳉــﺬﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱰﺑﻴﻌﻲ ﳌﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ) ‪( u‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ) ‪ (u*) (The Most Probable Speed‬ھ ﻲ ﺗﻠ ﻚ اﻟ ﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻠﻜﮭﺎ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ ھ ﻲ اﻟ ﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﺮادف اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ )‪ ) (Maximum‬ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(١١٥‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١١٥‬ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت ذات اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة دون ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻹﺗﺠﺎه ‪ speeds‬ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪273‬‬
‫‪K‬‬
‫اﻟ ﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳ ﻄﺔ )‪ (Mean Speed‬وھ ﻲ ﻋﺒ ﺎرة ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳ ﻂ اﻟﺤ ﺴﺎﺑﻲ اﻟﺒ ﺴﯿﻂ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﻔﺮدﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪u1 + u 2 + u 3 + u 4 +.......................+ u N ‬‬
‫= ‪u‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ : N‬ﻋﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(495‬‬
‫)‪(496‬‬
‫‪ 2‬‬ ‫‪u12 + u 22 + u 32 + u 24 +.......................+ u 2N‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫= ‪ u‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وإذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻼً ﻟﻜﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً )*‪ (u‬ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ) ‪ ، ( u‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﻈ ﺮاً ﻷن اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨ ﻰ ﯾﻜ ﻮن اﻣﺘ ﺪاده ﻟﻠﺨ ﺎرج أﻛﺒ ﺮ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺳ ﺮﻋﺎت‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن اﻟ ﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳ ﻄﺔ ﺗﻜ ﻮن أﻛﺒ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻷﻛﺜ ﺮ اﺣﺘﻤ ﺎﻻً ) *‪. ( u > u‬‬
‫وﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨ ﻰ ﻓ ﺈن اﻟ ﺼﺤﯿﺢ داﺋﻤ ﺎً‪ ،‬ھ ﻮ أن ﻗﯿﻤ ﺔ اﻟﺠ ﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌ ﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳ ﻂ‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﺗﻜﻮن أﻛﺒ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳ ﻄﺔ ) ‪ . ( u‬وﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ رﯾﺎﺿ ﯿﺎً‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ) ‪( u‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ أﻧﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﺪد ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺑﯿﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪u* : u : u 2 : 1 : 1.128 : 1.225‬‬
‫‪u* ≈ 0.8‬‬ ‫‪u2‬‬

‫‪u ≈ 0.9 u 2‬‬
‫وﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗ ﻊ أن ﯾ ﺆﺛﺮ اﻟﺘﻐﯿ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﻨ ﻰ ﺗﻮزﯾ ﻊ اﻟ ﺴﺮﻋﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿ ﺔ‪ .‬واﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١١٠‬ﯾﻮﺿ ﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯿ ﺎت اﻟﺘﻮزﯾ ﻊ ﻟﻐ ﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘ ﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺎت‬
‫ﺣﺮارة )‪ . (273, 1273, 2273 K‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﮭ ﻢ اﻹﺷ ﺎرة اﻟ ﻰ أن اﻟﺰﯾ ﺎدة ﻓ ﻲ ﺳ ﺮﻋﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻋﻨ ﺪ رﻓ ﻊ درﺟ ﺎت اﻟﺤ ﺮارة‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺤ ﺪث ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳ ﺐ‪ ،‬وإذا ﻛ ﺎن ذﻟ ﻚ ﯾﺤ ﺪث‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﺎ ﻗﺪ رأﯾﻨﺎ أن اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت – ﺑﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة – ﺳﻮف ﺗﺰاح ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﯿﻤﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺪث ھ ﻮ اﻟﺘﻮزﯾ ﻊ اﻟﻔﻌﻠ ﻲ‪ ،‬أو ھ ﻲ اﻟ ﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺘﻐﯿ ﺮ ﺑﺘﻐﯿ ﺮ‬
‫درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ‪ .‬وﯾﻌﺘﺒ ﺮ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ ﺳﻤﺔ ھﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎزات‪،‬‬
‫)‪(496‬‬
‫)‪(497‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫واﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (١٩‬ﯾﻮﺿﺢ ﻗﯿﻢ ‪ u*, u, u 2‬ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﺛ ﻼث‬
‫ﺗﺮادف اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪(١١٠‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ١٩‬اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (N2‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارﯾﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً‬
‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪( u ) m s-1‬‬ ‫‪( u )m s‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪( u*) m s-1‬‬
‫‪273‬‬ ‫‪454‬‬ ‫‪493‬‬ ‫‪394.4‬‬
‫‪1273‬‬ ‫‪981‬‬ ‫‪1066‬‬ ‫‪870‬‬
‫‪2273‬‬ ‫‪1311‬‬ ‫‪1424‬‬ ‫‪1162‬‬
‫)‪(497‬‬
‫)‪(498‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ‬
‫ﺣﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ‬
‫‪Attractive Forces‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‪ ،‬ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﮭﻞ أن ﻧﺪرك اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾﺠﺬب اﻟﻄﺮف اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻷﺣﺪ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮف اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﺠﺰيء آﺧﺮ‪ .‬وﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﺮب ﺣﯿﻨﺌﺬ أن ﺗﺤﯿﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺿﻮح ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬إذ أن ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺜﺎل ﻣﻮﺿﺢ‪ ،‬ﯾﻜﻮن ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أﻧﮫ ﯾﺘﻜﺜﻒ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻃﻔﯿﻒ‪ .‬وھﻨﺎك ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ ﻧﺮاھﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻨﺒﯿﻠﺔ )‪ (Xe, Kr, Ar, Ne, He‬واﻟﻐﺎزات ﻏﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ذرﺗﯿﻦ )‪ (Cl2, O2, N2, H2‬اﻟﻰ ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺪل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻮد ﻗﻮى ﺗﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺬرات اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ ،‬أو ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‪ .‬وﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﮭﻞ اﻟﻰ ھﺬا اﻟﺤﺪ‪ ،‬أن ﻧﺪرك اﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﻄﺒﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺎ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﻮى؟‬
‫إن ﺟﻮاب ذﻟﻚ ﯾﻜﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﯾﻄﺮأ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت داﺧﻞ اﻟﺠﺰيء )أو اﻟﺬرة(‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ وﺑﯿﻦ ﻏﯿﺮھﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰيء ﻧﻔﺴﮫ أو ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﺠﺎورة ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﻣﺘﺒﺎدل‪ .‬وﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ أن ھﻨﺎك ﻗﻮى‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎذب ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ ﯾﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ اﺳﻢ ﻗﻮى ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ )ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﻲ ھﻮﻟﻨﺪي ﯾﺪﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺟﻮھﺎﻧﯿﺲ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ( أو ﻗﻮى ﻟﻨﺪن‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻰ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﻦ اﻟﻠﺬﯾﻦ وﺻﻔﺎھﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وھﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاد‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت اﻟﺪاﺋﺒﺔ ھﺬه إزاﺣﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺬرة أو اﻟﺠﺰيء ﻗﻄﺒﯿﺎً ﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﻗﺼﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً‪ .‬وھﺬا اﻟﻜﯿﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﻗﺎدر‪ ،‬ﻣﺎدام‬
‫)‪(498‬‬
‫)‪(499‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮداً‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ إﺣﺪاث اﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎب ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ذرة أو ﺟﺰيء ﻣﺠﺎور‪ ،‬ﻓﯿﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‬
‫وﺿﻊ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺠﺎذﺑﮭﻤﺎ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪(١٢٦‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٢٦‬ﺗﻜﻮن اﻷﻗﻄﺎب اﻟﻠﺤﻈﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ذرات اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﺠﺎذب اﻟﻠﺤﻈﻲ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺬرﺗﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫وﻻ رﯾﺐ أن ھﺬه اﻟﻘﻮى ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ ﺟﺪاً‪ ،‬وھﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ إﻻ ذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺬرات أو اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺔ ﺟﺪاً‪ .‬وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﺗﺰداد ھﺬه اﻟﻘﻮى ﻣﻘﺪاراً إذا زاد ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺰيء‪ ،‬وإذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎﺗﮫ أﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺠﺎذب ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻨﻮى ﻓﯿﮫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻔﺘﺢ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻟﻺﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎب‪.‬‬
‫وﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺰداد ﺑﺎزدﯾﺎد اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻋﺎدة‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻗﻮى ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ﺗﺰداد‬
‫ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺪرﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﯿﺎن اﻟﻜﻠﻮر )‪ (71‬أﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺜﯿﺮاً ﻣﻦ درﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﯿﺎن‬
‫اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ)‪ (28‬ﻣﻊ أن ﻛﻼً ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬا اﻹرﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻊ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﯾﺸﺎھﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺘﺸﻜﻼن ﺑﻨﺘﺎن و ‪ -٢٫٢‬ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﯿﺜﯿﻞ ﺑﺮوﺑﺎن ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮزن‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ وﺗﻤﺜﻠﮭﻤﺎ اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ )‪ (C5H12‬إﻻ أن درﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﯿﺎن اﻷول )‪ (36 °C‬ودرﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻏﻠﯿﺎن اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ )‪ (9.5 °C‬وﯾﻔﺴﺮ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ‪ ،‬إذ أن ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬
‫)‪(499‬‬
‫)‪(500‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﻨﺘﺎن اﻟﺨﻄﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ھﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺸﻜﻞ اﻵﺧﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺮع‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﯾﻘﺎرب اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻜﺮوي )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ (١٢٧‬اﻟﻤﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻄﺤﯿﺔ أﻗﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٢٧‬أﺛﺮ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب اﻟﻠﺤﻈﯿﺔ‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ أن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺗﺴﮭﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻹرﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻗﻄﺒﯿﺔ داﺋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺤﺪث ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﺎذب ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٢٨‬ﯾﻠﺨﺺ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻘﻮى ﺑﯿﻦ اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت واﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪.‬‬
‫)‪(500‬‬
‫)‪(501‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٢٨‬أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت واﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت )ﺗﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻨﯿﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺻﻒ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻓﺎﻟﺰ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺮض أﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺪرس ذرﺗﻲ ﻧﯿﻮن ﻣﻠﺘﺼﻘﺘﯿﻦ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(١٢٩‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٢٩‬ﻧﻤﻮذج ﺗﺠﺎذب ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ‬
‫)‪(501‬‬
‫)‪(502‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺘﺼﻮر أﻧﮫ ﻟﺤﻈﯿﺎً ﻗﺪ أﺻﺒﺢ اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ذرة )‪ (١‬ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺎً ﺑﺮﺟﺤﺎن ﻃﻔﯿﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺣﺪ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿﻦ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﯾﻜﺮو ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺬرة ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻓﻲ وﺿﻊ ﯾﺒﺪو ﻓﯿﮫ أﺣﺪ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻃﻔﯿﻔﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺮف اﻵﺧﺮ‪ .‬أي أن اﻟﺬرة ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻟﺤﻈﯿﺎً ﻣﺰدوﺟﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ‪ .‬وﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺬرة اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﺮﻓﺔ )‪(distorted‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻷن اﻟﻄﺮف اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﺬرة )‪ (١‬ﯾﺰﯾﺢ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ذرة )‪ . (٢‬وﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١٢٩‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺰدوج اﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬرات اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎذب ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ‪ .‬وﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ھﺬه اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻘﻂ زﻣﻨﺎً ﻗﺼﯿﺮاً ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷن اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ذرة )‪ (١‬اﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن‬
‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ذرة )‪ (٢‬ﺗﺘﻌﻘﺒﮭﺎ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ أن ﻗﻮى ﻓﺎن‬
‫درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮون ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﺘﺎﺧﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻗﻄﺒﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻤﻮﺟﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪث ﺗﺠﺎذﺑﺎً ﻟﺤﻈﯿﺎً‪ .‬وﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﻗﻮﯾﺎً ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﺴﯿﻤﺎت‬
‫ﻣﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﮭﺎ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ ﺗﻀﻌﻒ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﻌﯿﺪاً ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬
‫وﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ھﻨﺎك اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰيء‪ ،‬وﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ھﺬه اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت أﻓﻞ‬
‫إﺣﻜﺎﻣﺎً ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻗﻮى ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ أﻗﻮى‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﺤﺖ أي اﻟﻈﺮوف ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب أن ﺗﺤﺪث اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﻮة؟ وﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻼﺻﻘﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب أﻋﻈﻢ‪ .‬وﯾﻌﻨﻲ ذﻟﻚ أن ﻗﻮى‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺗﺼﺒﺢ أﻛﺜﺮ أھﻤﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺰداد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬وﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﺰدﺣﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎً‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب أﻗﻞ أھﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺰداد درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬ﻷن ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬ﯾﺤﺪث ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮاً ﯾﻀﺎد ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب وﯾﻜﻮن ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﺮاً ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺰداد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ازدادت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬وﯾﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺮ ﻷن‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﺤﺎول ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب أن ﺗﺴﺤﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﻌﺎً‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ھﺬه اﻷﺧﯿﺮة ﺗﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺘﮭﺎ‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻔﺾ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺑﻄﯿﺌﺔ‪ .‬إذ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﮭﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ أﻗﻞ ﻟﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫)‪(502‬‬
‫)‪(503‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﻘﻞ‪ ،‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺗﺼﺒﺢ أﻛﺜﺮ أھﻤﯿﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎً‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﺮف اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪى ﺿﻌﻔﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻮد‬
‫وﺗﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻧﺤﻮ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﻮن ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﺗﻨﺪﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻟﺘﻜﻮن ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺴﯿﻮﻟﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺴﯿﻮﻟﺔ أﺳﮭﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻮط ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت أﺻﻐﺮ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﻮى ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ‪ .‬وﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز أﻛﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﮭﻞ إﺳﺎﻟﺘﮫ‪ ،‬وﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪه أﻗﻞ ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺒﻠﻎ اﻟﺴﯿﻮﻟﺔ‪ .‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺴﯿﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺰداد‬
‫ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P V = constant‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪P V = nRT‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ أي ﻇﺮف ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪=1‬‬
‫‪nRT‬‬
‫وھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوي اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‪.‬‬
‫و ‪ P‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ )اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮض ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎً( ﯾﻌﻄﻲ ﺧﻄﺎً‬ ‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫وﺑﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫‪ nRT ‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً )اﻟﻮﺣﺪة( ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﯿﺪ ﻋﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﺨﻂ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل‬
‫)‪(١٣٥ – ١٣٠‬‬
‫)‪(503‬‬
(504)
١٣٠ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
(504)
(505)
Fig. 131 : Plot of PV/RT versus P of 1 mole of a gas at 0 °C. For 1 mole of an ideal
gas. PV/RT is equal to 1, no matter what the pressure of the gas is. For real gases, we
observe various deviations from ideality at high pressures. At very low pressures, all
gases exhibit ideal behaviour; that is, their PV/RT values all converge to 1 as P
approaches zero.
Fig. 132 : A plot of the compression factor Z = PV/nRT as a function of pressure for a
variety of gases. For an ideal gas, this ratio is equal to 1 for all pressures. For a few
real gases with very weak intermolecular attractions, PV/nRT is always greater than 1.
For most gases, at low pressures the attractive forces are dominant and PV/nRT< 1.
At high pressures, repulsive forces become dominant and PV/nRT >1.
(505)
(506)
Fig. 133 : The nonideal behaviour of real gases compared with that of an ideal gas
Fig. 134 : The nonideal behaviour of real gases compared with ideal behaviour. For a
gas that behaves ideally, PV = nRT at all pressures, so PV/nRT = 1 at all pressures
(horizontal line). We can test a gas for ideal behaviour by measuring P, V, n, and T
for a sample of the gas at various pressures and then calculating PV/nRT. This plot
shows that different gases deviate differently from ideal behaviour, and that the
deviations from ideality become more pronounced at higher pressures.
(506)
‫)‪(507‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٣٥‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪ (PV/RT‬ﻣﻊ ‪ P‬ﻟﻤﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة )‪ (0 °C‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن )‪ (PV/RT = 1‬ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺿ ﻐﻂ اﻟﻐ ﺎز‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐ ﺎزات‬
‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿ ﺔ ﻧ ﺸﺎھﺪ ﺣﯿ ﻮداً ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟ ﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺜ ﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿ ﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﻼﺣ ﻆ ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻮط‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﻈﮭﺮ اﻟ ﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺜ ﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻤﻌﻨ ﻰ أن ‪ PV/RT‬ﻟﮭ ﺎ ﺗﻘﺘ ﺮب ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣ ﺪ ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺘﺮب ‪ P‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻨﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻏﺎز ‪) CO2‬ﻛﻤﯿﺘﮫ ‪ (1 mol‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪(320 K‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﻼﺣﻆ أن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ nRT‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪nRT = (1 mole ) x ( 0.0821 L atm mol -1 K -1 ) x ( 320 K ) = 26.3 atm . L‬‬
‫إن اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (nRT = 26.3‬ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺴﺎوﯾﮭﺎ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ اﻟﻀﺮب ﻟـ ‪ PV‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪=1‬‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﻤﺎ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬
‫‪nRT‬‬
‫وإذا أﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )زﯾﺎدة( ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ أن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﺿﺮب ‪PV‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ‪ ،‬وﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ‪:‬‬
‫• اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪) (nRT‬وﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻔﺘﺮض ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ(‬
‫• أﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ PV‬وﺑﯿﻦ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ nRT‬ﯾﺰداد ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(507‬‬
‫)‪(508‬‬
‫)‪P (atm‬‬ ‫)‪V (L‬‬ ‫)‪PV (atm . L‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪26.2‬‬ ‫‪26.2‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪2.52‬‬ ‫‪25.2‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪0.54‬‬ ‫‪21.6‬‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪0.098‬‬ ‫‪9.8‬‬
‫وﻟﻘﺪ وﺟﺪ أن إﺟﺮاء ﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﺎت ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أﺧﺮى )أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ( ﯾﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺪار اﻟﺬي ﺳﺘﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﮫ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (PV‬ﻋﻦ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (nRT‬أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﯿﺪ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﮭﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬وأن ھﺬا‬
‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮد ﯾﺰداد أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ازداد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ وﻛﻠﻤﺎ اﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪:‬‬
‫إن ﺣﯿﻮد اﻟﻐﺎزات ﯾﺰداد أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﺨﻔﺎض درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )ﺑﻔﺮض ﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﻀﻐﻂ(‪،‬‬
‫وذﻟﻚ ﻷن ھﺬا اﻹﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﺳﯿﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﺎرب ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﺛﺒﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﺺ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺸﻐﻠﮫ ھﺬه اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﺇﻧﻘﺎﺹ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺎء ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ )ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ(‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮاض وﺟﻮد ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻏﺎز ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﻤﺎ‬
‫أن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﮫ ھﺬه اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ھﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﺣﯿﺰ ﻓﺎرغ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺸﻐﻮل ﻓﺈن‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺤﺮﯾﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎذا ﺳﯿﺤﺪث ﻟﻮ أﻧﻘﺺ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺤﺎوي‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎز؟‬
‫ﺑﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﺘﺎح ﻟﺠﺰيء ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺘﺤﺮك ﻓﯿﮫ ﺑﺤﺮﯾﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻗﺪ‬
‫اﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ وﺑﺴﺒﺐ ازدﯾﺎد ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﺤﺠﻮم ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻹﻧﺎء‪ .‬ھﺬا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﯾﺴﻠﻚ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﺎً ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺎً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺑﺪأ ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ )ﯾﺤﯿﺪ( ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(508‬‬
(509)
‫وھﻜﺬا ﻓﺈن ھﺬا اﻟﺤﯿﻮد ﺳﯿﺰداد أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ أي ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬
.‫ازداد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ‬
Fig. 136 : A molecular interpretation of deviations from ideal behaviour.

a) A sample of gas at a low temperature. Each sphere represents a molecule. Because
of their low kinetic energies, attractive forces between molecules can now cause a few
molecules to 'stick together'.
b) A sample of gas under high pressure. The molecules are quite close together. The
free volume is now a much smaller fraction of the total volume.
(509)
‫)‪(510‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﯾﺮﺟﻊ ﺣﯿﻮد اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺴﺒﺒﯿﻦ أﺳﺎﺳﯿﯿﻦ ھﻤﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻫﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ‬

‫‪Deviation Resulting from Neglecting Intermolecular Forces‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺮﺿﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﻗﻮى ﺗﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻮى ﺗﺠﺎذب ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻗﻮى ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ وھﺬا اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب‬
‫ﺛﺒﺖ ﻻﺣﻘﺎً وﺟﻮده ﻷن ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺳﺎﻟﺘﮭﺎ إذ ﻟﻮﻻ أﻧﮫ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻮى ﺗﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت )ﺣﺘﻰ وإن ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ( ﻟﻤﺎ أﻣﻜﻦ إﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ، .‬وﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ھﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ رﺑﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺪﺛﮫ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ )ﺣﯿﺚ اﻓﺘﺮض أﻧﮫ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻮى ﺗﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز( ﯾﻜﻮن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺪﺛﮫ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب‪.‬‬
‫‪Fig. 137 : A gas molecule strikes the walls of a container with diminished force. The‬‬
‫‪attractive forces between a molecule and its neighbors are significant.‬‬
‫)‪(510‬‬
‫)‪(511‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٣٩‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻐﺎزي اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ وﻏﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻻري ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﮫ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬وﺗﻠﻚ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎذب اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدل ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻧﺠﺪ أن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﯾﺴﺎوي ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز أﻛﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﮫ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎھﺪ أﻧﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ )ﺧﻔﺾ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة( ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﺳﺘﻈﮭﺮ وﺗﺨﺘﻔﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻷن ﺗﻈﮭﺮ ﻟﻮ ﻟﻢ‬
‫ﯾﻜﻦ ھﻨﺎك ﻗﻮى ﺗﺠﺎذب – وﻟﻮ ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ – ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وھﺬا ﯾﺪل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﯿﻮد اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ .‬واﻟﺴﺆال ﻣﺎ أﺛﺮ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ أو اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ وﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ذﻟﻚ؟‬
‫ﻟﻨﺄﺧﺬ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺘﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫أ( ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻻ ﯾﻈﮭﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮھﺎ اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ ﻟﺴﺒﺒﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻷول ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ھﺬه اﻟﻈﺮوف ﺳﺘﺘﻮاﺟﺪ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﻌﯿﺪة ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻧﻈﺮاً‬
‫ﻟﻜﺒﺮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )اﻟﺤﯿﺰ اﻟﺤﺮ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت( وﺣﯿﺚ أن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﻘﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ زادت اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﺈن ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﺻﻐﯿﺮاً‪.‬‬
‫)‪(511‬‬
‫)‪(512‬‬
‫اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً ‪ ،‬أي أن‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ب( ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ ودرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ وﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ أﺻﻐﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎً‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻈﮭﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب وﺗﺘﺠﺎذب اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻘﻠﻞ اﻟﺤﯿﺰ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﺎس ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم أن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺴﺎوي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﻗﻮة اﺻﻄﺪام ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪران‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﺠﺪران‪ ،‬وھﺬه اﻟﻘﻮة ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪:‬‬
‫‪2 m N u2‬‬
‫=‪F‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫وأن اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪ اﻟﺬي ﺳﯿﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ھﻮ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ u‬ﻷﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮه ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻈﺮوف‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺰيء واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺻﻮب اﻟﺠﺪار ﺑﻘﻮة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻮﻟﺪ ﺿﻐﻄﺎً ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺎً‪،‬‬
‫وھﺬا ﻣﺎ ﯾﺤﺪث ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ وﯾﻜﻮن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ھﻮ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ )ﻻ ﺣﻆ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ (١٤٠‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﮭﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٤٠‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺰيء ﻏﺎزي أھﻤﻠﺖ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻨﮫ وﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى‬
‫)‪(512‬‬
‫)‪(513‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﯿﻦ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰيء واﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ ﺑﮫ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻈﮭﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل )‪.(١٤٤ -١٤١‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٤١‬ﺗﺼﻄﺪم اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﺪران ﺑﻘﻮة أﻗﻞ ﺑﻘﻠﯿ ﻞ ﻣﻤ ﺎ ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ أن ﺗﻘ ﻮم‬
‫ﺑﮫ ﻟﻮ أن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪١٤٢‬‬
‫)‪(513‬‬
(514)
Fig. 143 : Effect of intermolecular forces on the pressure exerted by a

gas. The speed of a molecule that is moving toward the container wall
(red sphere) is reduced by the attractive forces exerted by its neighbors
(gray spheres). Consequently, the impact this molecule makes with the
wall is not as great as it would be if no intermolecular forces were
present. In general, the measured gas pressure is lower than the pressure
the gas would exert if it behaved ideally.
١٤٤ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
(514)
‫)‪(515‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﺤﺮك اﻟﺠﺰيء ﺻﻮب اﻟﺠﺪار ﺑﻘﻮة أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻮﻟﺪاً ﺿﻐﻄﺎً أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬وھﺬا ﻣﺎ ﯾﺤﺪث ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ وﯾﻜﻮن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز أﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻄﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ )ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻗﻮى ﺗﺠﺎذب( ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pideal = Pmeas + ∆P‬‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪ = Pideal‬اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﺎس ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎً ‪ + Pmeas‬ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

‫‪∆P‬‬ ‫اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺪﺛﮫ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب‬
‫وﺑﻤﺎ أن ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻘﺺ ‪ ∆P‬ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ (١‬ﻋﺪد اﻹﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ (٢‬ﻣﻊ ﻗﻮة اﻹﺻﻄﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ھﻲ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ )‪ ، (Pideal‬أي اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟ ﺬي ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻟﻠﻐ ﺎز أن ﯾﻤﺎرﺳ ﮫ ﻓ ﻲ‬

‫ﻏﯿﺎب ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب "اﻟﺒﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ" أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ )‪ (Pmeas‬ﺑﻜﻤﯿ ﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳ ﺐ‬
‫‪ n2 ‬‬
‫ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ ‪ ،  2 ‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪V ‬‬
‫‪n2‬‬
‫‪∆P α 2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪n2‬‬
‫‪⇒ ∆P = a 2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ )‪ (a‬ھﻮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫وھﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻐﺎز وﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻵﺧﺮ‪،‬‬
‫)‪(515‬‬
‫)‪(516‬‬
‫وﯾﻜﻮن ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﺻﻄﺪام اﻟﺠﺰيء ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪران أﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ﺣﺮ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻨﮫ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ھﻨﺎك ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫ﺗﺠﺬب ھﺬا اﻟﺠﺰيء اﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﻠﻒ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫‪ n2 ‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎس ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ ،‬وھﺬا اﻟﺤﺪ ھﻮ ‪.  a 2 ‬‬
‫‪ V ‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ‪:‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪a n2 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫= ‪Pideal‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪real‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜ ﺎﻟﻲ ‪‬‬ ‫‪observed pressure‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫اﻟﻀ ﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻘ ﺎس‬ ‫‪correction term ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺣ ﺪ اﻟﺘﺼ ﺤﯿﺢ‬
‫وﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻐﺎز ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ )‪ (Pmeas‬ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪a n2‬‬
‫‪Pmeas = Pideal‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻫﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﺠﻮﻡ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬

‫‪Deviation Resulting from Neglecting Molecule’s Volumes‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺮﺿﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ أن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺎ ھﻲ إﻻ ﻧﻘﺎط ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﺑﺤﯿﺚ أن ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ ﺻﻐﯿﺮ ﺟﺪاً ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻋﺘﺒﺎره ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺤﺎوي ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ )‪(- 273 °C‬‬
‫وھﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺻﻔﺮاً‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ أن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻟﮭﺎ ﺣﺠﻮم ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وأن ﺣﺮﻛﺘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﺑﺤﺮﯾﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻞ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺎح ﻟﮭﺎ وھﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ‪ :‬ﻋﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻟﺤﺎوي ﻣﻨﻘﻮص ﻣﻨﮫ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ اﻟﺘﺤﺮك ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﺬي ﺗﺸﻐﻠﮫ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(516‬‬
‫)‪(517‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إھﻤﺎﻟﮫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﻌﯿﺪة ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ وﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت )اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﺎل( ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﺟﺪاً ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ وﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ ﻓﺈن إھﻤﺎل ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫ﻟﻦ ﯾﺴﺒﺐ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺮى أن ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﯾﻘﺘﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك‬
‫ﺏ( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﯾﻘﻞ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ ﻓﺈن‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت أﺻﺒﺢ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺄس ﺑﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﯿﺰ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪،‬‬
‫وﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﺼﻐﺮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻓﺈن ﺟﺰيء اﻟﻐﺎز ﻻ ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻹﻧﺎء ﻷن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﺷﺎﻏﻠﺔ ﻟﺠﺰء ﻻ ﺑﺄس ﺑﮫ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ھﺬا اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﺮ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺧﻼﻟﮫ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﺑﻄﺮح ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻄﻊ )‪ (b‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻠﻲ )‪.(V‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﮭﻮﻟﻨﺪي ﻓﺎن در ﻓﺎﻟﺰ )‪ (van der Waals‬ﻋﺎم ‪١٨٧٣‬م ﻣﻦ وﺿﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﯿﺤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ‪) Videal gas‬اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﻓﯿﮫ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺮ ‪ % 100‬أو اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﺮ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ(‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪V = V‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪nb  ‬‬
‫‪ ideal ‬‬
‫)‪real (measured‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻹﻧ ﺎء‬
‫ا ﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ اﻟ ﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻠ ﮫ ﻣ ﻮﻻت ‪n‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫)‪(517‬‬
‫)‪(518‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ : b‬اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ ﻟﻤﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬وﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ b‬ﺳﺘﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز‬
‫ﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﺧﺘﻼف أﻧﺼﺎف أﻗﻄﺎر ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : n‬ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﯿﺰ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ : (nb‬ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻠﮫ ‪ n‬ﻣﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫)‪ : (V – nb‬اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺎح ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺮك‬
‫وﻣﻦ ھﺬا ﯾﺘﺒﯿﻦ أن ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰيء ﯾﺤﺘﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ذاﺗﯿﺎً ﻣﺤﺪداً رﻏﻢ ﺻﻐﺮه ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ )‪) (Videal‬اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺎح ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺎم )‪ (100 %‬ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺮك ﻓﯿﮫ( ھﻮ ‪ :‬ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎس اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﮫ اﻟﻐﺎز )ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻟﺤﺎوي( )‪(Videal‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻘﻮص ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز )‪(nb‬‬
‫واﻟﺤﺪ )‪ (b‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ‪ .‬وﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت أﻗﻞ اﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺤﯿﺰ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﺈن اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ‪ b‬ﻣﻀﺮوﺑﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺠﺮاﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ )‪ (n‬ﯾﻌﻄﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻺﻧﻀﻐﺎط )‪ ،(nb‬وﺑﻄﺮح )‪ (nb‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ )‪ (V‬ﯾﻌﻄﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻺﻧﻀﻐﺎط‪ ،‬واﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ )‪ (b‬ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻣﺜﺎل ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ إذا اﻋﺘﺒﺮت أﻧﮭﺎ ﻛﺮات ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(١٤٥‬‬
‫ﺷ ﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٤٥‬ﺗ ﺼﺤﯿﺢ ﻓ ﺎن درﻓ ﺎﻟﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿ ﺚ اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠ ﺰيء اﻟﻮاﺣ ﺪ‬
‫ﯾﺴﺎوي ) ‪ ( 4/3 π σ 3‬وأﻧﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﻮل )أي ‪ N‬ﺟﺰيء( ﯾﺴﺎوي ) ‪b = 4 N ( 4/3 π σ3‬‬
‫)‪(518‬‬
(519)
‫ ﺣﯿ ﺚ اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ‬،‫ﺗ ﺼﺤﯿﺢ ﻓ ﺎن در ﻓ ﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ‬
4 3
‫ ﺟ ﺰيء( ﯾ ﺴﺎوي‬N ‫وأﻧﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻮاﺣ ﺪ ﻣ ﻮل )أي‬  πσ  ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺰيء اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
3 
  4 3 
 b = 4 N  3 πσ  
  
Larger molecules have greater values of b, and the greater the number of
molecules in a sample (higher n), the larger is the volume correction. Te
correction term becomes negligibly small, however, when the volume is
large (or the pressure is low).
(519)
‫)‪(520‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻔﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻟﺰ‬

‫‪(van der Walls’s Equation of State‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV = n R T‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ إﻻ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ )اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﯾﺤﯿﺪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ( ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ )ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﺎل ودرﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ( إﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ أﺧﺬ ﺗﺼﺤﯿﺤﺎت ﻓﺎن در ﻓﺎﻟﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬
‫وإﺣﺪى ﻃﺮق ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ ھﻲ ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎً )ﯾﺤﯿﺪ( ﻋﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪a n2 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫= ‪Pideal‬‬ ‫‪Preal‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜ ﺎﻟﻲ ‪‬‬ ‫‪observed pressure‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫اﻟﻀ ﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻘ ﺎس‬ ‫‪correction term ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺣ ﺪ اﻟﺘﺼ ﺤﯿﺢ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪V = V‬‬ ‫‪- ‬‬ ‫‪nb ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ideal ‬‬ ‫)‪real (measured‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻮﻻت ‪ n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ا ﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ اﻟ ﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻠ ﮫ ﻣ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻹﻧ ﺎء‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﺑﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV=nRT‬‬
‫ﯾﻌﻄﯿﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(520‬‬
‫)‪(521‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ Pm easured + a 2‬‬ ‫‪  Vm easured - nb  = nR T‬‬
‫‪    V‬‬ ‫‪    ‬‬
‫‪m easures   corrected volume ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪corrected pressure‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪  Vm easured -‬‬ ‫‪ = nR T‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ Pm easured +‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪nb    ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪V m easured‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪   ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪  ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪correction for volume‬‬
‫‪of m olecules (adjusts measured V dow n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪correction for‬‬
‫‪m olecular attraction‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪(adjusts measured P up) ‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪a n2 ‬‬
‫‪ meas.‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪ ( V - nb ) = n R T‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V 2  meas‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺮف ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪van der Waals Equation of State for A real Gas‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ )‪ : (a, b‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ‪ ،‬وﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪان ﻓﻲ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮭﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻐﺎز وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﺤﺠﻢ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬وﯾﺘﻢ إﯾﺠﺎد ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮭﻤﺎ ﺗﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺎً‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻛﻞ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز ﻗﯿﻤﺎً ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ‪ ،‬وھﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﯿﺪاً ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫)‪ ،(PV = nRT‬وﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﺟﯿﺪاً ﻟﻠﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات وﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎﻻت واﺳﻌﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎً ﻣﻦ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺐ أﻧﮭﺎ رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎً ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﺟﺪاً إﻻ أﻧﮭﺎ أﻋﻄﺖ ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮاً ﻟﺴﻠﻮك‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺊ وﺣﯿﻮدھﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺨﻀﻊ‬
‫)‪.(PV = nRT‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫)‪(521‬‬
(522)
The quantities a and b are experimentally derived constants that differ for
different gases. When a and b are both zero, the van der Waals equation
reduces to the ideal gas equation.
‫ﺣﺠﻤﮫ‬ ‫أو‬ (Pmeasured) ‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎز‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﮫ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

: (Vmeasured) ‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ‬
 a n2 
 measured
P +  ( Vmeasured - n b ) = n R T
 V2 
nRT an 2
⇒ Pmeasured = -
V - nb V2
nRT
⇒ Vmeasured = + nb
 a n2 
P + 2 
 V 
‫ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻷن اﻷﺣﺠﺎم اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﺠﺎذﺑﺎت‬a, b ‫إن ﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ‬
.‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ وﺗﻌﯿﻦ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺪدﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬
(522)
‫)‪(523‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ٢٢‬ﻗﯿﻢ ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻐﺎزات‬

‫‪Gas‬‬ ‫‪a, atm. L2 . mol- 2‬‬ ‫‪b, L mol-1‬‬
‫‪He‬‬ ‫ھﯿﻠﯿﻮم‬ ‫‪0.034‬‬ ‫‪0.0237‬‬
‫‪Ne‬‬ ‫ﻧﯿﻮن‬ ‫‪0.211‬‬ ‫‪0.0171‬‬
‫‪H2‬‬ ‫ھﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪0.244‬‬ ‫‪0.0266‬‬
‫‪NO‬‬ ‫أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮﯾﻚ‬ ‫‪1.34‬‬ ‫‪0.0279‬‬
‫‪Ar‬‬ ‫اﻵرﺟﻮن‬ ‫‪1.35‬‬ ‫‪0.0322‬‬
‫‪O2‬‬ ‫أﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪1.36‬‬ ‫‪0.0318‬‬
‫‪N2‬‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪1.39‬‬ ‫‪0.0391‬‬
‫‪CO‬‬ ‫أول أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬ ‫‪1.49‬‬ ‫‪0.0399‬‬
‫‪CH4, methane‬‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺜﺎن‬ ‫‪2.25‬‬ ‫‪0.0428‬‬
‫‪Kr‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﯾﺒﺘﻮن‬ ‫‪2.32‬‬ ‫‪0.0398‬‬
‫‪CO2‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬ ‫‪3.59‬‬ ‫‪0.0427‬‬
‫‪HCl‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪3.67‬‬ ‫‪0.0408‬‬
‫‪Ammonia, NH3‬‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ )اﻟﻨﺸﺎدر(‬ ‫‪4.17‬‬ ‫‪0.0371‬‬
‫‪Xe‬‬ ‫اﻟﺰﯾﻨﻮن‬ ‫‪4.19‬‬ ‫‪0.0266‬‬
‫‪HBr‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﻣﯿﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪4.45‬‬ ‫‪0.0443‬‬
‫‪C2H4, ethelene‬‬ ‫إﯾﺜﯿﻠﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪4.47‬‬ ‫‪0.0571‬‬
‫‪H 2O‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫‪5.46‬‬ ‫‪0.0305‬‬
‫‪C2H6‬‬ ‫إﯾﺜﺎن‬ ‫‪5.49‬‬ ‫‪0.0638‬‬
‫‪Cl2‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮر‬ ‫‪6.49‬‬ ‫‪0.0562‬‬
‫‪SO2‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ‬ ‫‪6.71‬‬ ‫‪0.0564‬‬
‫‪CCl4‬‬ ‫راﺑﻊ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬ ‫‪20.4‬‬ ‫‪0.138‬‬
‫‪CH3OH‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺤﻮل اﻟﻤﯿﺜﯿﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪9.523‬‬ ‫‪0.06702‬‬
‫‪C2H5OH‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺤﻮل اﻹﯾﺜﯿﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪12.02‬‬ ‫‪0.08407‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (٢٢‬اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪:‬‬

‫• ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (a‬ھﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮة ﺗﺠﺎذب ﻧﻮع ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻟﻨﻮع آﺧﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ .‬وﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول أن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ )‪ (a‬ﻟﻠﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم أﻗﻞ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻠﺬرات اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم أﺿﻌﻒ ﺗﺠﺎذب ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• ﯾﻼﺣﻆ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول أن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ذرات ﻋﺪﯾﺪة ﻣﺜﻞ ‪C2H5OH‬‬
‫ﻟﮭﺎ ﻗﯿﻢ ‪ b‬ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‪ .‬وھﺬا ﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﺪﻋﺎة ﻟﻠﺪھﺸﺔ إذ أﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻀﻊ ذرات ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫)‪ (b‬ﻟـ ‪ NH3‬أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ H2‬ﻷن ﺟﺰيء ‪ NH3‬ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أرﺑﻊ ذرات ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫‪ H2‬ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ذرﺗﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(523‬‬
‫)‪(524‬‬
‫• اﻟﺘﻨﻮﯾﻊ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻗﯿﻢ ‪ a‬ﯾﻌﻜﺲ اﻟﺘﻨﻮﯾﻊ ﻓ ﻲ ﺷ ﺪة اﻟﺠ ﺬب ﺑ ﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت‪ .‬وﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺴﮭﻞ‬
‫أن ﻧﻔﮭﻢ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺟﺬب اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿ ﺔ ﻣﺜ ﻞ ‪C2H5OH, CH3OH, H2O, :‬‬
‫‪ NH3‬ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﻓﮭ ﺬه اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿ ﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿ ﺔ ﺗﻤﯿ ﻞ اﻟ ﻰ ﺻ ﻒ ﻧﻔ ﺴﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺤﯿﺚ أن اﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺣ ﺪھﺎ ﺗﺠ ﺬب اﻟ ﺸﺤﻨﺔ اﻟ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿ ﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ أﺧﺮى‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٤٦‬اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﺳﺘﺎﺗﯿﻜﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدل ﺑ ﯿﻦ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿ ﺎت اﻟﻘﻄ ﺐ‪ .‬ﺗﻔ ﻮق اﻟﺘﺠﺎذﺑ ﺎت ﺑﻘﻮﺗﮭ ﺎ‬

‫ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ‪ ،‬وھﻜﺬا ﺗﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﺘﺠﺎذب ﻧﺤﻮ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻘﯿﻢ ‪ a‬ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫• أﻣﺎ اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻼﻗﻄﺒﯿﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ ، O2, CH4. C2H6‬أو ﺑﯿﻦ ذرات‬
‫ﻣﻨﻌﺰﻟﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ He‬واﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻜﺮﯾﻤﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻓﮭﻮ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﯿﺮ‪ .‬إﻻ‬
‫أن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﻣﺜﻞ )‪ (CO2, O2, N2‬ﻟﮭﺎ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪(a‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻷن اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻼﺣﻆ أن ﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺨﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم )‪ (He‬ﻟﮫ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (a‬ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺪاً ﻷن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﺻﻐﯿﺮ ﺟﺪاً‪ .‬وﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﻓﺈن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (a‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫)‪(524‬‬
‫)‪(525‬‬
‫ھﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺰداد ﻣﻊ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺬري‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ زﯾﺎدة ﻗﻮى ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ‬
‫)ﻟﻨﺪن( ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (a‬ﻟـ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ar > Ne > Ηe‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ أﻋﻼه ﻟﻘﯿﻢ ‪ a, b‬ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﯿﻊ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻨﺎ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ أﻓﻀﻞ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻓﺈن ‪ a, b‬ﻛﻤﯿﺎت ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪھﺎ ﺗﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿ ًﺎ وھﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺤﺺ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎﺗﻨﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺠﺎم واﻟﺘﺠﺎذﺑﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫س( ﻋﻠﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﯿﺪ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻀﻐﻂ أو اﻧﺨﻔﺎض درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫ج(‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﻘﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻹﻧﺎء اﻟﺤﺎوي ﻟﻠﻐﺎز وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺘﻘﺎرب وﺗﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت وھﺬا ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت وﻟﮭﺬا ﺗﺤﯿﺪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻔﺘﺮض أﻧﮫ ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺘﻘﺎرب وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺰداد ﺣﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺤﺠﻢ اﻹﻧﺎء‬
‫وﻟﮭﺬا ﺗﺤﯿﺪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻔﺘﺮض أن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﯾﺴﺎوي ﺻﻔﺮاً‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﺨﻔﺎض درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﻨﻘﺺ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺘﻘﺎرب اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﻤﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ أي أن ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺘﻘﺎرب وﺗﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت وھﺬا ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮى‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت وﻟﮭﺬا ﺗﺤﯿﺪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻔﺘﺮض أﻧﮫ ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺘﻘﺎرب وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺰداد ﺣﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺤﺠﻢ اﻹﻧﺎء‬
‫وﻟﮭﺬا ﺗﺤﯿﺪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻔﺘﺮض أن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﯾﺴﺎوي ﺻﻔﺮاً‪.‬‬
‫س( ﺑﻤﺎذا ﺗﻤﺘﺎز ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ؟‬
‫ج(‬
‫‪ (١‬ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ )ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ ﻣﮭﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء(‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻗﻮى ﺗﺠﺎذب‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪھﺎ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ دون أن ﺗﺘﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪه ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺛﻢ ﯾﺘﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﯾﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ‪.‬‬
‫س( ﻋﻠﻞ ‪ :‬ﺧﻮاص ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت )‪ (He, H2‬ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮاص اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ج( ﺑﺴﺐ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ NH3‬ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺤﯿﺪ ﻋﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮد ﺗﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(525‬‬
‫)‪(526‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﺡ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻓﺎﻟﺰ‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ أن ﺗﺸﺮح ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺪى‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻟﯿﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻃﻼق ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﯿﺮد ﺷﺮﺣﮫ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ﻟﻤﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات )‪: (n = 1‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪ P + 2  ( V- b ) = R T‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪v ‬‬
‫وﺑﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪ab‬‬
‫‪PV = RT + Pb -‬‬ ‫‪+ 2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫ﺃ( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ab ‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ‪ P‬ﺻﻐﯿﺮة‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ‪ V‬ﺳﻮف ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‪ ،‬وﺣﯿﻨﺌﺬ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺪﯾﻦ ‪ Pb, 2 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V ‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫)وﺗﻜﻮن ‪ b‬أﯾﻀﺎً ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺪار ‪V‬‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إھﻤﺎﻟﮭﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺪ‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺨﺘﺼﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪ab‬‬
‫‪PV = RT + Pb -‬‬ ‫‪+ 2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫اﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪PV = RT -‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎً ﻓﺈن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب ‪ PV‬ﯾﻜﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ RT‬ﺑﻜﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫‪. ‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎوي‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫)‪(526‬‬
‫)‪(527‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫ﺗﺰداد‪ ،‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ‪ PV‬ﺳﻮف ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫• وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺰداد ‪ ،P‬ﻓﺈن ‪ V‬ﺗﻘﻞ‪ ،‬أو‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﺺ‪ .‬وھﺬا ﯾﻮﺿﺢ اﻹﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ‪ Z‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪P‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻐﺎزات )‪.(NH3, N2, CH4‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٤٧‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻹﻧﻀﻐﺎط )‪ (PV/RT = Z‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات‪ .‬وﯾﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﯿﻮد ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻹﻧﻀﻐﺎط ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻨﺸﺄ‬
‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻋﻦ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ Z‬أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ )‪ (1.0‬ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎذب اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدل ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻓﻲ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮫ )‪ (Z = 1.0‬ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدل ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ ،‬إذ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫ذات اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎھﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻼﺻﻖ ﻣﺰدﺣﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪١٤٨‬‬
‫)‪(527‬‬
‫)‪(528‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻮﻁ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ‪ P‬ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪ab‬‬
‫‪PV = RT + Pb -‬‬ ‫‪+ 2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪ ab‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن ‪ V‬ﺳﻮف ﺗﻜﻮن ﺻﻐﯿﺮة‪ ،‬و ﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﺤﺪان ‪  2 , ‬واﻟﻠﺬان ﻟﮭﻤﺎ إﺷﺎرﺗﺎن‬
‫‪V V‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻀﺎدﺗﺎن‪ ،‬وﻟﮭﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إھﻤﺎﻟﮭﻤﺎ ﻟﺼﻐﺮھﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺪﯾﻦ‬
‫اﻵﺧﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻷﯾﻤﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺘﺼﺮ اﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV = RT + Pb‬‬
‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺎً ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب )‪ (PV‬ﯾﻜﻮن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪار )‪ (RT‬ﺑﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪ (Pb‬ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﮫ ﯾﺰداد زﯾﺎدة ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻮﺿﺢ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾﻜﻮن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب ‪ PV‬داﺋﻤﺎً أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٤٨‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻮﻁ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ‪ P‬ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ‪ V‬ﺳﻮف ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً‪ .‬وﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪ab‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪a ‬‬
‫‪PV = RT + Pb -‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈن ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ ‪  b, 2 ‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن در ﻓﺎﻟﺰ ‪+ 2 :‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪ V ‬‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إھﻤﺎﻟﮫ ﻟﺼﻐﺮه‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺪﯾﻦ ‪ V, P‬وﺗﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ اﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV = RT‬‬
‫وھﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫• وﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺟﺪاً‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ‪ V‬ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً‬
‫)ﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮدﯾﺎً ﻣﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة(‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ أن ‪ P‬ﺳﻮف ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً ‪ ،‬وﻣﺮة ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(528‬‬
‫)‪(529‬‬
‫‪PV = RT‬‬
‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ‪ ،‬ودرﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﺪ أن ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﺗﻄﯿﻊ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺔ ﺳﻠﻮك ﻏ ﺎز اﻟﮭﯿ ﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (H2‬ﻟ ﺼﻐﺮ ﻛﺘﻠﺘ ﮫ ﻣﻤ ﺎ ﯾ ﺆدي اﻟ ﻰ إھﻤ ﺎل‬
‫‪a ab‬‬
‫ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟ ﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠ ﺎذب ﺑ ﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ إھﻤ ﺎل‬
‫‪V V2‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪ab‬‬
‫‪PV = RT + Pb -‬‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ‪+ 2 :‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ أن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدل ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ھﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﯿﻦ أن‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﯾﻜﻮن ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮه ھﻮ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻢ )‪ (a‬ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً‪ ،‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺪ‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪ ،‬ﯾﻜﻮن ﺻﻐﯿﺮاً ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إھﻤﺎﻟﮫ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﺪار )‪(b‬‬
‫واﻟﺬي ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ ،‬ھﻮ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن در ﻓﺎﻟﺰ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة ‪:‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪ab‬‬
‫‪PV = RT + Pb -‬‬ ‫‪+ 2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪⇒ PV = RT + Pb‬‬
‫وﺑﻌﺒﺎرة أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﯾﻜﻮن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮب ‪ PV‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﺜﻞ ‪H2, He‬‬
‫داﺋﻤﺎً أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺪار ‪ RT‬ﺑﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪ ،P b‬وھﺬا ﯾﻔﺴﺮ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ أن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫ﺿﺮب ‪ PV‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن ﺗﺒﺪأ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﺤﺎدة‬
‫ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(529‬‬
‫)‪(530‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٤٩‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻗﯿﻢ ‪ PV/RT‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻮاﺣ ﺪ ﻣ ﻮل ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﯿﺜ ﺎن ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺎت ﺣ ﺮارة ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻼﺣﻆ أن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ Z‬ﺗﻜﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1.0‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﻜﻮن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ‪ 1.0‬ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺿ ﻐﻮط‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﯾﻘﺘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وھﻜﺬا ﻧﺠﺪ أن اﻟﻤﻘﺪارﯾﻦ ‪ ( P b ) ,  a ‬ﯾﺆﺛﺮان ﻓﻲ اﺗﺠﺎھﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﻀﺎدﯾﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪V‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫ﻓﺒﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ أن اﻟﻤﻘﺪار ‪  ‬ﯾﻜﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ أھﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺠﺪ أن‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪار )‪ (P b‬ھﻮ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ أھﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ ھﺎﺗﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﯿﻦ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺘﺰن أﺣﺪ ھﺬﯾﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ اﻵﺧﺮ وﺣﯿﻨﺌﺬ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻐﺮى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺠﮭﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﯿﺴﺎر ﺑﺎرﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪.(١٥٠‬‬
‫)‪(530‬‬
‫)‪(531‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٥٠‬أﯾﺰوﺛﯿﺮﻣﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ وﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪:‬‬

‫• أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ )‪ (-172.8 ºC‬أن ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪ Z – P‬ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )وأﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪200 K‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﯿﺜﺎن( ﺳﻮف ﯾﻈﮭﺮ ﻓﯿﮫ اﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﺑﺴﯿﻂ ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫• وﻋﻨﺪ ) ‪) (-164 ºC‬درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺑﻮﯾﻞ( )‪ 500 K‬ﻟﻠﻤﯿﺜﺎن( ﯾﺨﺘﻔﻲ اﻧﺤﻨﺎء‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‪ ،‬وﯾﺒﺪأ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )أو اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن( ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﻣﺴﻠﻜﺎً أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ اﻋﺘﺒﺮت اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت أﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻛﺮات )‪ (Spheres‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮاﺻﺔ اﻟﻰ أﻗﺼﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻟﻺﻟﺘﺼﺎق‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ )‪ (74%‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺎح‪ .‬وإذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫)‪ (Mw‬ھﻲ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ‪ (NA) ،‬ﻋﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو‪ (d) ،‬ھﻲ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺊ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ )‪ (Molecular Volume Vm‬ﯾﺼﺒﺢ ‪:‬‬
‫‪π 3‬‬ ‫‪Mw‬‬
‫= ‪Vm‬‬ ‫‪d = 0.74‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪NAd‬‬
‫وﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (b‬ﻟﻠﺠﺰيء اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ )اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺮق ‪ (excluded volume‬ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪:‬‬

‫‪b = 4NVm‬‬
‫)‪(531‬‬
‫)‪(532‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻓﺎﻟﺰ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٨٧‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺆدﯾﮫ ‪ 1.0 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻗﺪره ‪ 20.0 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ 27.0 ºC‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‪:‬‬
‫أ( ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ب( ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﻗﯿﻢ ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪(a = 5.464 L2 atm mol-2, b = 0.03049 L mol-1‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪RT ( 0.08205 L atm / K mol ) (300 K‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.23 atm‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪20.00 L mol-1‬‬
‫ب( ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ‬
‫‪RT‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪- 2‬‬
‫‪V-b V‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪( 0.08205 L atm/K mol ) (300 K) - 5.464 = 1.218 atm‬‬
‫) ‪( 20 - 0.0304‬‬ ‫‪400 L2 mol-2‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٨٨‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ‪ 6 mol‬ﻣﻦ أول أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن )‪ (CO‬ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ‬
‫)‪ (3 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ ،(25 ºC‬ﻗﺎرن ﺑﯿﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن‪ (R = 0.0821 L. atm K-1 mol-1) :‬وﺛﻮاﺑﺖ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(a = 1.49 atm.L2 mol-2, b = 0.0399 L/mol2‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫)‪(532‬‬
‫)‪(533‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ‪ :‬ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎره ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺎً ‪:‬‬

‫‪nRT‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪6 mol × 0.0821 L.atm mol -1K -1 × 298 K‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪3L‬‬
‫‪P = 48.932 atm‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً ‪ /‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎره ﻏﺎزاً ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺎً ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪a n2 ‬‬
‫‪P +‬‬ ‫‪ (V- nb) = nRT‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V2 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1.49 × (6) 2 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫)‪ ( 3 - (6 × 0.0399) ) = 6 × 0.0821 × (25 + 273‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪(3) 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪( P + 5.96 ) × (2.7606) = 146.795‬‬
‫‪ 146.795 ‬‬
‫‪P =‬‬ ‫‪ - 5.96 = 47.22 atm‬‬
‫‪ 2.7606 ‬‬
‫وﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ )‪ (48.932 atm‬أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ )‪ (47.22 atm‬واﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ أن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﮭﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ھﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ)‪(١٨٩‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ‪ 3 g‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪ H2‬ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪225cm3‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪0 ºC‬‬
‫ب( ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻏﺎزاً ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫أ( ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻏﺎزاً ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺎً‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ‪ (R = 0.0821 L . atm/mol . K) :‬وﺛﻮاﺑﺖ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪( a = 0.072 L2. atm/mol2. b = 0.244L/atm‬‬
‫و )اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ = ‪.(1‬‬
‫)‪(533‬‬
‫)‪(534‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺣﺴﺎب ﺿﻐﻂ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎره ﻏﺎزاً ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺎً ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪nRT‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪ 3g ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪ × (0.0821 Latm/K.mol) × (273 K‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2 × 1‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫)‪(225 × 10-3 L‬‬
‫‪P = 149.42 atm‬‬
‫ب( ﺣﺴﺎب ﺿﻐﻂ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎره ﻏﺎزاً ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺎً وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺎن در ﻓﺎﻟﺰ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n2 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪ ( V- nb ) = nRT‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V2 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫(‬‫‪1.5) ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ P + 0.244‬‬ ‫) ‪ (0.225 - 1.5 × 0.0271) = (1.5 mol ) × ( 0.0821 L.atm/molK) × ( 273 K‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(0.225‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪(P + 10.84) (0.184) = 33.62‬‬
‫‪33.62‬‬
‫= ‪P + 10.84‬‬
‫‪0.184‬‬
‫‪P = 182.72 - 10.84‬‬
‫‪P = 171.88 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٩٠‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻟﮫ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ )‪ (b‬أﻛﺒﺮ )ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‬
‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫د( ‪C3H8‬‬ ‫ج( ‪C2H2‬‬ ‫ب( ‪CH4‬‬ ‫أ( ‪He‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ )‪ (b‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ ﻟﻤﻮل ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫)‪(534‬‬
‫)‪(535‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ زاد ﻋﺪد اﻟﺬرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰيء ﺗﺰداد ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (b‬ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‪ ،‬وﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﺈن‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز )اﻟﺒﺮوﺑﺎن‪ (C3H8‬ﻟﮫ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٩١‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺬي ﺳﯿﻤﺎرﺳﮫ )‪ (2 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (N2‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻗﺪره‬
‫)‪ (1 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (0 ºC‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪ :‬أ( ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ب( ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ )ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ(‪.‬‬
‫‪(a = 1.39 atm.L 2 mol-2,‬‬ ‫‪b = 0.0391L mol-2,‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن = ‪R‬‬
‫)‪0.0821‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ )‪(PV = n R T‬‬
‫ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪(P (ideal gas) = 44.827 atm‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪a n2 ‬‬
‫ﯾﺴﺎوي‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪ (V- nb) = nRT‬‬ ‫ب( ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ )وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻓﺎن در ﻓﺎﻟﺰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V2 ‬‬
‫)‪( P(real gas) = 43.07 atm‬‬

‫وﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﻷﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ أھﻤﻠﺖ‬
‫ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ أﻗﺮت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٩٢‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﯾﻚ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻏﺎزات ﺧﻠﻄﺖ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺳﻌﺘﮫ )‪ (10 L‬ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻲ ﺿﻐﻄﺎً ﻛﻠﯿﺎً ﻗﺪره‬
‫)‪ (800 mmHg‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (30 ºC‬ﻓﺈذا اﺣﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮط ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (8 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز )‪(CO2‬‬
‫)‪ (6 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز )‪ (O2‬وﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﺠﮭﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ‪ N2‬اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪ N2‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺛﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪،(C = 12, N = 14, O = 16) :‬‬
‫)‪(535‬‬
‫)‪(536‬‬
‫)‪(R = 0.0821 L. atm K-1 mol-1‬‬

‫) ‪( a = 2.5 atm L2 mol-2, b = 0.032 L mol-2‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ‪ /‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻟﻐﺎزي )‪ (CO2, O2‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫= ‪n CO2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.1818 mol‬‬
‫)‪Mw 12 + (2 × 16‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.1875 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪2 × 16‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎً‪ /‬ﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﺮوف ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ )‪: (nt‬‬
‫‪Pt V‬‬
‫= ‪nt‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪ 800‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪atm  × 10 L‬‬
‫= ‪nt‬‬ ‫‪ 760‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)‪(0.0821 L atm mol-1 K -1 ) (303 K‬‬
‫‪n t = 0.4231 mol‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎً ‪ /‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪n t = n N2 + (n CO2 + n O2‬‬
‫) ‪n N2 = n t - (n CO2 + n O2‬‬
‫)‪n N2 = 0.4231 - (0.1818 + 0.1875‬‬
‫‪n N2 = 0.0538 mol‬‬
‫راﺑﻌﺎً‪ /‬ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PN 2 V = n N 2 R T‬‬
‫‪n N2 R T‬‬
‫= ‪PN 2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫)‪(0.0538 mol) × (0.0821 L.atm K -1 mol -1 ) × (303 K‬‬
‫= ‪PN 2‬‬
‫‪10 L‬‬
‫‪PN 2 = 0.1338 atm‬‬
‫)‪(536‬‬
‫)‪(537‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎً ‪ /‬ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n2 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪ ( V - nb ) = nRT‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V2 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪(0.0538) 2 × 2.5 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫)‪ (10-(0.0538 × 0.032) ) = 0.0538 × 0.0821 × (30 + 273‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪(10) 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪( P + 7.2361 × 10 ) (9.9983) = 1.3383‬‬
‫‪-5‬‬
‫‪1.3383‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪- 7.2361 × 10-5‬‬
‫‪9.9983‬‬
‫‪P = 0.13378 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٩٣‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن ‪(R = 0.0821, a = 3.6 atm.L 2 mol-2, b = 0.0427 L. ):‬‬

‫‪mol-2‬‬
‫)‪ (3.5 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن )‪ (CO2‬ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺳﻌﺘﮫ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ب( اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫أ( اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (0.75 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (22 ºC‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪) :‬ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪(113.024 atm :‬‬
‫ب( اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ‪ ) :‬ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪(62.88 atm :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٩٤‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪(R = 0.0821 L . atm K-1 mol-1, a = 4.17 atm.L2 mol-2, b = 0.037 L. mol-2‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺸﺎدر وزﻧﮭﺎ ‪ 6.8 g‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (- 4 ºC‬إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ب( ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (4 L‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ‪ :‬أ( اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(537‬‬
‫)‪(538‬‬
‫)ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪(2.20849 atm :‬‬
‫ب( ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ )اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ( ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪(2.175 atm ) :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٩٥‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (1 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫إﻧﺎء ﺳﻌﺘﮫ )‪ (1 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ ، (0 ºC‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ‪(R = 0.0821 L. atm K-1 mol-1) :‬‬
‫وﺛﻮاﺑﺖ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ‪(a = 1.136 atm. L2 mol-2, b = 0.03183 L. mol -2) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪(22.01417 atm) :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٩٦‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (2 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﺸﺎدر )‪ (NH3‬ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (5 L‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪(27‬‬
‫)‪ ºC‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪(a = 4.17 atm L2 mol-2, b = 0.037 L mol-2, R = 0.0821 L. atm K-1‬‬
‫)‪mol-1‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪(9.33 atm) :‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٩٧‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻹﯾﺜﺎﻧﻮل )‪ (C2H5OH‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (85 ºC‬ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء‬
‫ب( ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن‬ ‫أ( ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤﮫ ‪ ، 35 L‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪:‬‬
‫درﻓﺎﻟﺰ‬
‫)‪(538‬‬
‫)‪(539‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن ‪ (R = 0.0821 L. atm mol-1 K-1) :‬وﺛﻮاﺑﺖ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(a = 12.02 atm L2 mol-2), (b = 0.84 L. mol-2‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ )ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪(0.851 atm) :‬‬
‫ب( ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ )ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪(0.840 atm :‬‬
‫)‪(539‬‬
‫)‪(540‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫ﺇﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﺍﳊﺮﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺇﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫‪Liquefaction of Gases‬‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﺮﯾﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻵﺧﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ أﻣﻜﻦ إﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﺟﺔ‬

‫‪Critical Temperature‬‬
‫ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ أﻧﮫ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﻗﻮﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺤﺪث ﺳﯿﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً‪ .‬وﺗﻌﺮف درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ھﺬه‬
‫ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة‪ ،‬وﯾﺸﺎر إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ )‪.(Tc‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺮف درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً أو ھﻲ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﺎزﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻮق درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻋﻨﯿﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أﻧﮫ ﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﻛﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺎح ﻋﻠﻰ ھﯿﺌﺔ ﻏﺎز‪ .‬وﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳊﺮﺝ ‪: Critical Pressure‬‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺤﺮج ھﻮ أﻗﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺿﺮوري )ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺒﺬل( ﻹﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻮق درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻷي ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ أن ﺗﺤﺪث ﺳﯿﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻓﻮق )‪ (647 K‬أي )‪ (374 °C‬ﯾﻮﺟﺪ )‪ (H2O‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ أن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‪ ،‬ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ ،(647K‬ﯾﻤﻜﻨﮭﺎ أن ﺗﺤﺪث إﻧﺪﻣﺎﺟﺎً‪ .‬وﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت )‪ (CO2‬ﺗﻜﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺎء‪ ،‬وﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺣﺮاز‬
‫)‪(540‬‬
‫)‪(541‬‬
‫اﻟﺴﯿﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻮق )‪ (304 K‬أي )‪ .(31 °C‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﻮى ﻟﻠﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﻮى‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أن اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ )‪(5.2 K‬‬
‫أي )‪ (- 267.9 ºC‬وﻋﻨﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺟﺪاً ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﺑﻄﯿﺌﺔ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أن ﻗﻮى ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ اﻟﻀﻌﯿﻔﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻨﮭﺎ أن ﺗﺒﻘﻰ اﻟﺬرات ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (٢٣‬ﻓﺈن ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ‬
‫ﯾﻜﻮن أﯾﻀﺎً ھﻮ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب‪ ،‬وﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺪرك أن درﺟﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻘﯿﺎﺳﺎً ﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪.‬‬
‫)‪(541‬‬
(542)
Critical Conditions of Gases ‫ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‬: ٢٣ ‫ﺟﺪول‬

Pc, Pc,
Compounds Tc , K Zc Compounds Tc , K Zc
atm atm
‫ﻣﯿﺜﺎن‬Methane 191 45.8 0.290 ‫اﻟﻜﺤﻮل اﻟﻤﯿﺜﯿﻠﻲ‬Methyl Alcohol 513 78.5 0.220
‫إﯾﺜﺎن‬Ethane 306 48.2 0.284 ‫ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﯿﺜﯿﻞ‬Methyl Chloride 416 65.9 0.276
‫ﺑﺮوﺑﺎن‬Propane 370 42.0 0.276 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 533 39.5 0.26
‫ﺑﯿﻮﺗﺎن‬n-Butane 425 37.5 0.274 ‫اﻟﺘﻮﻟﻮﯾﻦ‬Toluene 594 41.6 0.270
‫أﯾﺰوﺑﯿﻮﺗﺎن‬Iso-butane 408 36.0 0.282 Tri-Chloro Fluoro Methane 471 43.2 0.277
‫()ﻓﺮﯾﻮن‬11
‫ﺑﻨﺘﺎن‬Pentane 470 33.3 0.268 Tri-Chloro Trifluoro Ethane(13 487 33.7 0.274
‫)ﻓﺮﯾﻮن‬
‫أﯾﺰوﺑﻨﺘﺎن‬Iso-pentane 461 32.9 0.268 ‫ ﺑﺮوم‬Bromine (Br2) 584 102 0.307
Neo-pentane 434 31.6 0.260 ‫ﻛﻠﻮر‬Chlorine, Cl2 417 76.1 0.276
‫ھﻜﺴﺎن‬Hexane 508 29.9 0.264 ‫ھﯿﻠﯿﻮم‬Helium (He) 5.3 2.26 0.300
‫ھﯿﺒﺘﺎن‬Heptane 540 27.0 0.260 ‫ھﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬Hydrogen (H2) 33.3 12.8 0.304
‫أوﻛﺘﺎن‬Octane 569 24.6 0.258 ‫ﻧﯿﻮن‬Neon (Ne) 44.5 26.9 0.307
‫إﯾﺜﯿﻠﯿﻦ‬Ethylene 282 50.0 0.268 ‫ﻧﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‬Nitrogen (N2) 126.0 33.5 0.291
‫ﺑﺮوﺑﯿﻠﯿﻦ‬Propylene 365 45.6 0.276 ‫أﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬Oxygen (O2) 155 50.1 0.29
‫ﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﻦ‬1- Butene 420 39.7 0.276 (‫ﻧﺸﺎدر )أﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ‬Ammonia (NH3) 406 111 0.242
‫ ﺑﻨﺘﯿﻦ‬-١1-Pentene 474 40.0 - ‫ﺛ ﺎﻧﻲ أﻛ ﺴﯿﺪ‬Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 304 72.9 0.276
‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬
‫ﺣ ﺎﻣﺾ‬Acetic Acid 595 57.1 0.200 ‫أول أﻛ ﺴﯿﺪ‬Carbon Monoxide (CO) 133 34.5 0.294
‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬
‫أﺳﯿﺘﻮن‬Acetone 509 46.6 0.237 ‫ھﯿﺪرازﯾﻦ‬Hydrazine 653 145 -
‫أﺳﯿﺘﯿﻠﯿﻦ‬Acetylene 309 61.6 0.274 ‫ﻛﻠﻮرﯾ ﺪ‬Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) 325 81.5 0.266
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺰﯾﻦ‬Benzene 562 48.6 0.274 ‫ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘﯿ ﺪ‬Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) 374 88.9 0.284
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬
1,3-Butadiene 425 42.7 0.270 ‫أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮﯾﻚ‬Nitric Oxide (NO) 180.0 64 0.25
‫ھﻜ ﺴﺎن‬Cyclohexane 553 40.0 0.271 ‫أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوز‬Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 310 71.7 0.271
‫ﺣﻠﻘﻲ‬
Dichloro-difluoro 385 39.6 0.273 ‫ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺖ‬Sulfur (S) 1313 116 -
methane
‫إﯾﺜﯿﻠﯿﻦ‬Ethylene 282 50.0 0.268 ‫ﺛ ﺎﻧﻲ أﻛ ﺴﯿﺪ‬Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 431 77.8 0.268
‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ‬
‫ﺛﻨ ﺎﺋﻲ‬Diethyle Ether 467 35.6 0.261 ‫ﺛﺎﻟ ﺚ أﻛ ﺴﯿﺪ‬Sulfur Trioxide (SO3) 491 83.8 0.262
‫إﯾﺜﯿﻞ إﯾﺜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺤ ﻮل‬Ethyl Alcohol 516 63.0 0.249 ‫ﻣﺎء‬Water (H2O) 647 218 0.320
‫إﯾﺜﯿﻠﻲ‬
Ethylene 468 71.0 0.25
‫أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻹﯾﺜﯿﻠﯿﻦ‬Oxide
(542)
‫)‪(543‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳊﺮﺝ‬
‫‪Critical Volume‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﺮج ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﻐﻠﮫ ﺟﺰيء ﺟﺮاﻣﻲ ﻟﻐﺎز أو ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ‪ .‬وﯾﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٥٠‬ﻣﻌﻨﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ وﻗﺪ رﺳﻢ ﻓﯿﮫ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﺠﺰيء ﻏﺮاﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻷﯾﺰوﺑﻨﺘﺎن ‪ isopentane‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣ ٣-‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ × ‪ ١٠‬م‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٥١‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ – اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻺﯾﺰوﺑﻨﺘﺎن ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﯿﺮ اﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت‬
‫ذات درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ‪ ،isothermals‬وﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ‪(553K = 280‬‬
‫)‪ °C‬ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻗﻄﻌﺎً ﻣﺨﺮوﻃﯿﺎً زاﺋﺪاً‪ ،‬وﻧﺮى ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫)‪ (473 K = 200 °C‬اﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎً ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﯿﻦ أﻧﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪ (39 × 105 N/m2‬ﯾﺤﯿﺪ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻮﺿﻮح ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻠﻚ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ وأن ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻇﮭﻮر‬
‫)‪(543‬‬
‫)‪(544‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮫ ﻣﺜﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٥١‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ھﻲ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ = ‪ (460.8 K = 187.8 ºC‬ﯾﻈﮭﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎً ﺧﻄﻮﻃﺎً أﻓﻘﯿﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫درﺟﺎت أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ )‪ (458 K = 185ºC‬وﺗﺪل ھﺬه اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أن زﯾﺎدة‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎھﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎً ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً ﺟﺪاً ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ إﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ .‬ﺣﯿﺚ‬
‫ﯾﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻐﺎز وﺣﺪه ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﻤﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ‪ .‬وﯾﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪،‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ أﻗﺼﻰ اﻟﯿﺴﺎر ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻓﯿﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺣﺪه‪ .‬وﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫أﻗﻞ ﻛﺜﯿﺮاً ﻣﻦ اﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻧﺤﺪاراً ﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ .‬وﯾﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻌﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮل اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ اﻷﻓﻘﻲ )‪(two phase region‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻌﺎً ﻓﺈن أﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ )‪ (critical point‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﺟﯿﻦ‪ .‬وﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت ﺷﺒﯿﮭﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٥١‬‬
‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﮭﺮ ﻓﯿﮫ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﺣﺮﺟﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺤﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﺎف‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٣‬اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫وﯾﺒﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟﻮد أﺑﺨﺮة ﻣﻮاد ﺗﻜﻮن ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ )أو ﻗﺮب( درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮي أو ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻇﺮوف ھﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز أي إذا اﻗﺘﺮﺑﺖ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ وﺿﻐﻄﮫ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻓﺈن ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻐﺎز ﺳﯿﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺳﯿﻄﺮأ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ أن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮫ ﺳﺘﻘﺘﺮب ﻛﺜﯿﺮاً ﻋﻤﺎ ھﻲ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ وﺟﻮد ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ھﻮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻹﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﯿﺔ )‪(Z‬‬
‫)‪ (compressibility factor‬أو ﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ )‪ (Z‬ﺣﯿﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV=ZnRT‬‬
‫إن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ )‪ (Z‬ھﺬه ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز أي ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(544‬‬
‫)‪(545‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬وﻇﺮوﻓﮫ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (٢‬ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ‬ ‫‪ (١‬ﺿﻐﻄﮫ‬

‫وإن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﻠﻞ )‪reduced pressure (Pr‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻘﻠﻠﺔ )‪reduced temperature (Tr‬‬
‫واﻟﻠﺬﯾﻦ ﯾﻌﺮﻓﺎن ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫= ‪Pr‬‬
‫‪Pc‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫= ‪Tr‬‬
‫‪Tc‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ھﺬا ﯾﺘﻀﺢ أن اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ )‪ (Z‬داﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﻠﻞ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻘﻠﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪Z = f (Pr, Tr‬‬
‫وﯾﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ )‪ (Z‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ Tr, Pr‬واﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫)‪ (١٥٢‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺒﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻹﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﯿﺔ )‪ (Z‬ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻘﻠﻠﺔ )‪(Tr‬‬
‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﻠﻞ )‪.(Pr‬‬
‫)‪(545‬‬
(546)
: ١٥٢ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
(546)
‫)‪(547‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻧﺨﻔﺎض درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﮫ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﺳﯿﻘﺘﺮب‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﺘﺴﯿﯿﻞ وﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺳﯿﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻔﺮوض وﺟﻮده ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻹﻋﺘﯿﺎدﯾﺔ‪ .‬وﻟﻮ ﻓﺮﺿﻨﺎ أن ھﺬا اﻹﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﺳﯿﻜﻮن‬
‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار )‪ (b‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ ھﻮ )‪ .(V – b‬وأن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﺳﺘﺰداد وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﯿﺰداد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ وأن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ھﺬه ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﻦ وإن ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪Pα‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﺳﺘﺒﺪال ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎواة ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ )‪ (a‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ وﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز وأن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ ھﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪P+‬‬
‫‪V2‬‬
‫وإن ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪a ‬‬
‫‪ P + 2  ( V- b ) = RT‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V ‬‬
‫‪for n moles :‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪a n2 ‬‬
‫‪ P + 2  ( V- nb ) = nRT‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V ‬‬
‫وﺗﺪﻋﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ‪ van der Walls equation‬وإن )‪(a, b‬‬
‫ھﻲ ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ‪ .‬وھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ھﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﮭﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ أﺿﯿﻒ‬
‫ﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ )اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ( وإن ﻗﯿﻢ )‪ (a, b‬ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوي ﺻﻔﺮاً وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﻮد ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ PV = nRT :‬وﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻤﺖ‬
‫)‪(547‬‬
‫)‪(548‬‬
‫اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎً ﻋﻨﺪ دراﺳﺔ ﺣﯿﻮد اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك‬
‫ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻓﺎﻟﺰ )‪(a, b‬‬
‫ﻹﯾﺠﺎد ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ )‪ (a), (b‬ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻀﺮب ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ﻟﻤﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪a ‬‬
‫‪ P + 2  ( V- b ) = RT‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V ‬‬
‫ﺑـ ‪V2‬‬
‫ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪( PV‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪+ a ) (V - b) = V 2 RT‬‬
‫‪PV 3 - PV 2 b + aV- ab = V 2 RT‬‬
‫‪P(V 3 - V 2 b) = V 2 RT + ab - aV‬‬
‫)‪P(V 3 - V 2 b) = V 2 RT + a (b - V‬‬
‫‪V 2 RT‬‬ ‫)‪a (b - V‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫) ‪( V3 - V 2 b ) ( V3 -V 2 b‬‬
‫‪V 2 RT‬‬ ‫)‪a (b - V‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪+ 2‬‬
‫)‪V (V - b‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪V (V - b‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬ ‫)‪a (b - V‬‬
‫= ‪P‬‬ ‫‪+ 2‬‬
‫)‪( V - b ) V (V- b‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬ ‫)‪a ( V - b‬‬
‫= ‪P‬‬ ‫‪- 2‬‬
‫)‪( V - b ) V (V- b‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫= ‪⇒P‬‬ ‫‪- 2‬‬
‫‪V- b V‬‬
‫)‪(548‬‬
‫)‪(549‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺛﺒﻮت‬ ‫= ‪P‬‬ ‫‪- 2‬‬ ‫وﻋﻨﺪ أﺧﺬ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻷﺧﯿﺮة‬
‫‪V- b V‬‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬

‫‪RT‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪- 2‬‬
‫‪V- b V‬‬
‫‪ ∂P ‬‬ ‫‪- RT‬‬ ‫‪2a‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫= ‪‬‬ ‫‪+ 3‬‬
‫) ‪ ∂V T ( V - b‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪ ∂2P ‬‬ ‫‪2RT‬‬ ‫‪6a‬‬
‫= ‪ 2‬‬ ‫‪- 4‬‬
‫) ‪ ∂V T ( V - b‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻓﺈن ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻷوﻟﻰ واﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻢ ﺗﺴﺎوي ﺻﻔﺮاً ﻷن ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺗﺴﺎوي ﺻﻔﺮاً‪.‬‬
‫‪ ∂P ‬‬ ‫‪- RT‬‬ ‫‪2a‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫= ‪‬‬ ‫‪+ 3‬‬
‫) ‪ ∂V T ( V - b‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪ ∂P ‬‬ ‫‪- RTC‬‬ ‫‪2a‬‬
‫‪⇒‬‬ ‫= ‪‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬
‫) ‪ ∂V TC ( VC - b‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪VC3‬‬
‫‪RTC‬‬ ‫‪2a‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫=‬
‫‪( VC‬‬ ‫)‪- b‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪VC3‬‬
‫وإن ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ∂2P ‬‬ ‫‪2 RTC‬‬ ‫‪6a‬‬
‫= ‪ 2‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬
‫∂‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪TC‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬‫‪C‬‬
‫‪2RTC‬‬ ‫‪6a‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫=‬
‫) ‪( VC - b‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪VC4‬‬
‫‪2RTC‬‬ ‫‪6a‬‬ ‫‪RTC‬‬ ‫‪2a‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪4 :‬‬
‫=‬ ‫وﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪= 3 :‬‬
‫) ‪( VC - b‬‬ ‫‪( Vc - b ) VC‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪VC‬‬
‫)‪(549‬‬
(550)
RTC 2a
( Vc - b)
2
VC3
=
2RTC 6a
( ) VC4
3
VC - b
(V - b)
3
RTC 2a VC4
× C
= 3×
( Vc - b)
2
2RTC VC 6a
Vc - b V
= c
2 3
3Vc - 3b = 2Vc
3Vc - 2Vc = 3b
⇒ Vc = 3b
RTC 2a
= : ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ Vc = 3b : ‫( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬Vc) ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻋﻦ‬
( Vc - b )
2
VC3
: ‫ﯾﻨﺘﺞ‬
RTC 2a
= ..................where Vc = 3b
( Vc - b)
2
VC3
RTC 2a
=
( 3b - b ) ( 3b )
2 3
RTC 2a
2
=
4b 27b3
27 b3 RTC = 8 a b2
8 a b2
Tc =
27 b3 R
8a
⇒ Tc =
27Rb
 a 
: ‫ﻓﺈن‬  P + 2  ( V- b ) = RT ‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
 V 
(550)
(551)
a RTC
Pc + =
Vc ( Vc - b )
2
RTc a
Pc = - 2
( Vc - b ) Vc
RTc a
: ‫( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﯿﻦ‬Tc, Vc) ‫ ﻋﻦ ﻗﯿﻢ‬Pc = - 2 : ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
Vc - b Vc
 8a 
 Tc = , Vc = 3b 
 27Rb 
: ‫ﯾﻨﺘﺞ‬
RTc a
Pc = - 2
Vc - b Vc
 8a 
R 
Pc =  27Rb 
-
a
( 3b )
2
3b - b
 8a 
R 
Pc = 
27Rb  a
- 2
2b 9b
 8a  1  a 
4
Pc = R  × - 2
 27Rb  2b  9b 
4a a
Pc = 2
- 2
27b 9b
4a 3a a
Pc = 2
- 2
⇒ Pc =
27b 27b 27b 2
: ‫وإن اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺤﺮج ھﻲ‬
(551)
‫)‪(552‬‬
‫‪8a‬‬
‫‪Tc‬‬
‫‪= 27bR‬‬
‫‪Pc‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪27b 2‬‬
‫‪Tc‬‬ ‫‪8a‬‬ ‫‪27 b 2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫×‬
‫‪Pc‬‬ ‫‪27 b R‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪Tc‬‬ ‫‪8b‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪Pc‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫‪8 b Pc = R Tc‬‬
‫‪RTc‬‬
‫=‪⇒b‬‬
‫‪8 Pc‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫= ‪Pc‬‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻋﻦ )‪ (b‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫‪27b 2‬‬
‫‪27 TC2 R 2‬‬
‫=‪a‬‬
‫‪64 Pc‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ھﺬا ﯾﺘﻀﺢ أن ﻟـ )‪ (a‬ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة وأﻧﮭﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪.‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪a ‬‬
‫‪ P + 2  ( V- b ) = RT‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V ‬‬
‫ﯾﺠﺐ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ )‪ (a‬و )‪ (b‬ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ وﺣﺪات اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫واﻟﺤﺠﻢ وﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ وﺟﻮد ﻋﺪد )‪ (n‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﺆول اﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪a n2 ‬‬
‫(‪2 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪V- nb ) = nRT‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)‪(552‬‬
‫)‪(553‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ھﻲ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ (P‬وﯾﺴﺒﻘﮫ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ )‪ (a, b‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ‪:‬‬
‫‪27 TC2 R 2‬‬ ‫‪RTc‬‬
‫=‪a‬‬
‫‪64 Pc‬‬
‫و‬ ‫=‪b‬‬
‫‪8 Pc‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٩٨‬‬
‫أرﯾﺪ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺿﻐﻂ اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ )‪ (NH3‬اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﯿﻦ )‪ (2 moles‬واﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﻐﻞ‬

‫ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻣﻘﺪاره )‪ (5 L‬وﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ )‪(27 ºC‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪a n2 ‬‬
‫‪ P + 2  ( V- nb ) = nRT‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪a n2 ‬‬
‫‪P +‬‬ ‫‪ ( V- nb ) = nRT‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V2 ‬‬
‫‪a n2‬‬ ‫‪nRT‬‬
‫‪P+‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪V - nb‬‬
‫‪nRT‬‬ ‫‪a n2‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪- 2‬‬
‫‪V - nb‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ﺟﺪول اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات )ﺟﺪول ‪ ،(٢٣‬ﻧﺠﺪ أن اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻷﻣﻮﻧﯿﺎ ھﻲ ‪Pc = 111 atm , Tc = 406 K :‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻜﻮن وﺣﺪات اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑـ ‪ N/m2‬وإن ‪:‬‬
‫‪N/m 2‬‬
‫‪Pc = 111atm × 101325‬‬ ‫‪= 1.125 × 107 N/m 2‬‬
‫‪atm‬‬
‫واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪V = 5 Liter = 5 × 10-3 m3‬‬
‫وﻹﯾﺠﺎد ﻗﯿﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ )‪ (a, b‬ﻧﻌﻮض ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(553‬‬
‫)‪(554‬‬
‫‪27 R 2 TC2‬‬ ‫‪RTc‬‬

‫=‪a‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫=‪b‬‬
‫‪64 Pc‬‬ ‫‪8 Pc‬‬
‫‪RTc‬‬
‫=‪b‬‬
‫‪8 Pc‬‬
‫‪406 K × 8.314 J/Kmol‬‬
‫=‪b‬‬ ‫‪= 3.7515 × 10-5 J.m 2 /N.mol‬‬
‫‪8 × 1.1247 × 10 N/m‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪but J = N.m‬‬
‫‪∴ b = 3.7515 × 10-5 m3 /mol‬‬
‫‪27 TC2 R 2‬‬
‫=‪a‬‬
‫‪64 Pc‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪J‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪27 × ( 406 K ) ×  8.314‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪J 2 m2‬‬
‫=‪a‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪K. mole ‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪0.42‬‬‫‪74‬‬
‫) ‪64 × 1.1247 × 107 (N/m 2‬‬ ‫‪N. mol2‬‬
‫‪N.m4‬‬
‫‪a = 0.4274‬‬
‫‪mol2‬‬
‫‪nRT‬‬ ‫‪a n2‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪- 2‬‬
‫‪V - nb‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪2 × 8.314 × 300‬‬ ‫‪4 × 0.4274‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪= 9.445 N/m 2‬‬
‫‪( 5 × 10 ) - ( 2 × 3.7515 × 10 ) 25 × 10‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬ ‫‪-6‬‬
‫وأﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪P × 5 × 10-3 = 2 × 8.314 × 300‬‬
‫‪P = 9.977 N/m 2‬‬
‫وھﺬا ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(١٩٩‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺨﺰان اﻟﻼزم ﻟﺨﺰن )‪ (250 Kg‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (N2‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪاره )‪ (8.68 atm‬ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ )‪.(25 ºC‬‬
‫)‪(554‬‬
‫)‪(555‬‬
‫أ( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ب( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻹﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﯿﺔ )‪. (Z‬‬
‫‪Tr‬‬ ‫‪Pr‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬
‫‪0.214‬‬ ‫‪0.262‬‬ ‫‪0.7‬‬
‫‪2.365‬‬ ‫‪0.259‬‬ ‫‪0.99‬‬
‫‪4.67‬‬ ‫‪3.86‬‬ ‫‪0.99‬‬
‫‪0.422‬‬ ‫‪3.86‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﻠﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (126 K‬درﺟﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺤﺮج ﻟﮫ ھﻮ‬
‫)‪) ، (Pc = 33.5 atm‬اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(N = 14 :‬‬
‫اﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ھﻮ )‪ (28 g/mol‬وﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (n‬ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪250 × 103g‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪= 8.9286 × 103 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪28 g mol‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ وﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ (R‬ھﻲ )‪ ((8.314 J/K. mol‬ﻟﺬا ﯾﺠﺐ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻦ وﺣﺪة اﻟﺠﻮ‬
‫اﻟﻰ ﻧﯿﻮﺗﻦ‪/‬م‪:(N/m2) ٢‬‬
‫‪1 atm = 1.01325 × 105 N m -2‬‬

‫‪P = 8.68 × 1.01325 × 105 = 8.7950 × 105 N/m 2‬‬
‫‪P = 33.5 × 1.01325 × 105‬‬
‫‪P = 3.3944 × 106 N/m2‬‬
‫‪8.765 × 105 × V = 8.9286 × 103 × 8.314 × 298‬‬
‫‪V = 25.152 m 3‬‬
‫)‪(555‬‬
‫)‪(556‬‬
‫وھﻮ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺨﺰان‪.‬‬

‫ب( ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV = Z nRT‬‬
‫) ‪Z = f(Pr Tr‬‬
‫‪P 8.7950 × 105‬‬
‫= ‪Pr‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.2591‬‬
‫‪Pc 3.3944 × 105‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪298‬‬
‫= ‪Tr‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 2.3651‬‬
‫‪Tc‬‬ ‫‪126‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺆال ﻧﺠﺪ أن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻹﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﯿﺔ )‪ (Z‬ھﻮ )‪ (0.99‬ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻘﻠﻠﯿﻦ)‪ (Pr, Tr‬وﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪8.795 × 105 × V = 8.9286 × 103 × 0.99 × 8.314 × 298‬‬
‫‪⇒ V = 24.9005 cm3‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺨﺰان اﻟﻼزم‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ھﺬا ﻧﺠﺪ أﻧﮫ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﺈن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﯾﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ‪:‬‬
‫‪∆V = 25.1520 - 24.9005 = 0.2515 m3‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٠٠‬‬
‫أ( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن در ﻓﺎﻟﺰ‪ ،‬اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (100 g‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز‬
‫أول أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن )‪ (CO‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮫ )‪ (5 L‬وﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫)‪.(40 ºC‬‬
‫ب( ﻗﺎرن ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮة )أ( ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻮن اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪.(C = 12, O = 16‬‬
‫)‪(556‬‬
‫)‪(557‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪an 2 ‬‬
‫(‪2 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪V - nb ) = nRT‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫= ‪n CO‬‬ ‫‪= 2.273 moles‬‬
‫‪44‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﯿﻦ )‪ (a, b‬ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪27 Tc2 R 2‬‬
‫=‪a‬‬
‫‪64 Pc‬‬
‫وﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاﺟﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pc = 92.7 atm = 9.393 × 106 N/m2‬‬
‫‪Tc = 304 K‬‬
‫‪27 (304)2 × (8.314)2‬‬
‫=‪a‬‬ ‫‪= 0.287 N.m4 /mol2‬‬
‫) ‪64 (9.393 × 10‬‬‫‪6‬‬
‫وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ‪:‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n2 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪ ( V - nb) = n R T‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪V2 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2 ‬‬
‫‪ P + 0.287 × ( 2.273)  ( 5 × 10-3 ) - ( 2.273 × 3.363 × 10-5 ) = 2.273 × 8.314 × 313‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪) ‬‬
‫‪-3 2‬‬
‫)‪0.287 × ( 2.273‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2.273 × 8.314 × 313‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫) ) ‪(( 5 × 10 ) - ( 2.273 × 3.363 × 10‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬
‫) ‪( 5 × 10‬‬
‫‪-3 2‬‬
‫‪P = 1.201 × 106 - 5.932 × 104‬‬

‫‪P = 1.1416 × 106 N/m 2‬‬
‫ب( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(557‬‬
‫)‪(558‬‬
‫‪PV=nRT‬‬
‫‪P × 5 × 10-3 = 2.273 × 8.314 × 313‬‬
‫‪P = 1.183 × 106 N/m 2‬‬
‫أي أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار )‪(0.0414 × 106 N/m2‬‬
‫ﻷﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﯾﻔﺘﺮض أن اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ وﻻ وﺟﻮد ﻟﻘﻮى‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮫ ﻟﺬا ﻛﺎن ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﺘﺼﺎدﻣﺎت ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻺﻧﺎء‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﺒﺐ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬أﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﻓﺈن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮫ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻌﻔﮭﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻗﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﻲء‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺘﺼﺎدﻣﺎت ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻺﻧﺎء اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد‬
‫ﻓﯿﮫ اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٠١‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﻔﺮ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ وﺿﻐﻂ )‪ .(100 atm‬إﺣﺴﺐ وزن اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬اﻟﻼزم‬
‫ﻟﻤﻞء أﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﺳﻌﺘﮭﺎ )‪ (100 L‬ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻼً ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ )‪Compressibility (Z‬‬
‫‪Factor‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﯾﺠﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ )‪ (Z‬واﻟﺬي ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ داﻟﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻘﻠﻠﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫)‪Z = f (TrPr‬‬
‫وإن ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ )‪ (Pr, Tr‬ﯾﻤﺜﻼ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (٢٣‬ﻧﺠﺪ أن ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(558‬‬
‫)‪(559‬‬
‫‪Pc = 50.1 atm‬‬

‫‪Tc = 155 ο K‬‬
‫‪P 100‬‬
‫= ‪Pr‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.996‬‬
‫‪Pc 50.1‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪273‬‬
‫= ‪Tr‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.761‬‬
‫‪Tc‬‬ ‫‪155‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻠﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٥٢‬وﻟﻠﺠﺰء اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﺎً ﻋﻤﻮدﯾﺎً ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﻠﻞ )‪ (1.996‬وﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﺎً ﻟﻠﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻠﻠﺔ )‪ (1.761‬ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﯿﻦ ‪(1.80‬‬
‫)‪ & 1.70‬وﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﺨﻄﯿﻦ ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎً أﻓﻘﯿﺎً ﯾﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺼﺎدات )ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ‪(Z‬‬
‫وﻣﻨﮫ ﻧﻘﺮأ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪.(Z‬‬
‫‪Z = 0.927‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ )‪ (Z‬ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪P V= Z n R T‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫× ‪100 × 100 = 0.927‬‬ ‫‪× 0.082 × 273‬‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫‪m = 15420.33 g‬‬
‫‪m = 15.420 Kg‬‬
‫)‪(559‬‬
‫)‪(560‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﺍﳊﺮﺟﺔ‬

‫‪Measurement of Critical Constants‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ آﻧﺪروز أو‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ رﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز وﺣﺠﻤﮫ وﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫‪ .isothermal process‬أﻣﺎ اﻷﺳﺎس ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ )ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻟﻐﺎز(‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة ﻓﺈن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ )‪ (dL‬وﺑﺨﺎره اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ )‪ (dV‬ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺘﯿﻦ‪ ،‬وﯾﺘﻼﺷﻰ )ﯾﺨﺘﻔﻲ( اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤﺎ )اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮ أو اﻟﻤﺤﺪب(‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻧﺪﺭﻭﺯ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﺍﳊﺮﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (١‬ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺮاد ﻗﯿﺎس ﺛﻮاﺑﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ )اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺗﺤﺖ اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر(‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺼﻠﺔ )‪) (A‬أﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ زﺟﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻣﺔ ﻗﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ( اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻘﻲ‬
‫)‪ (B‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪. (١٥٤ ،١٥٣‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (١٥٣‬ﺟﮭﺎز ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‬
‫)‪(560‬‬
‫)‪(561‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٥٤‬ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺗﺒﺮد اﻟﺒﺼﻠﺔ )‪ (A‬أوﻻً ﻟﻨﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻤﯿﯿﺰ ﺑﻮﺿﻮح ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺑﺨﺎره )ﺑﺤﯿﺚ‬
‫ﯾﺼﺒﺢ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻹﻧﻔﺼﺎل ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ واﺿﺤﺎً(‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﺛﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺨﻦ اﻟﺒﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﻂء )ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺞ( ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﻤﺎم ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﺘﻼﺷﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ )اﻟﺤﺪ اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ( اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻤﯿﯿﺰ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺑﺨﺎره اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ وأن ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ‪critical‬‬
‫‪) temperature‬ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻗﺪ وﺻﻠﺖ اﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ(‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﻋﻨﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﮭﺎ واﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺤﺮج‬
‫‪ .critical pressure‬وﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺤﺮج ﻣﻦ ﻗﯿﺎس ﻓﺮق ﺳﻄﺤﻲ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬وإﺿﺎﻓﺘﮫ ﺟﺒﺮﯾﺎً ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﯿﺎس‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﯾﻠﯿﺘﯿﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮج‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﺘﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬
‫)‪ . (Cailletet and Mathias‬وﺗﻨﺺ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺨﻄﻂ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ واﻟﺒﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﻷي ﻣﺎدة ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ )اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ (١٥٥‬وﺗﻌﺮف‬
‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ )‪ (dL‬واﻟﺒﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ )‪ (dV‬اﻟﻤﺘﺰن ﻣﻌﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫)‪(561‬‬
‫)‪(562‬‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪ (Orthobaric Densities‬وﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻛﺎﯾﻠﺘﯿﺖ وﻣﺎﺛﯿﺎس ﻓﺈن ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺨﻂ ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (d + dV ) ‬‬
‫‪T=a+b  L‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪١٥٥‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ )‪ : (a, b‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎن ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻤﮭﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ‪ : T ،‬درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

‫وﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﯾﻜﻮن ‪(dL = dV = dC) :‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ : dC :‬اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﯾﻠﯿﺘﯿﺖ وﻣﺎﺛﯿﺎس ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪TC = a + b d C‬‬
‫وﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ‪ Tc‬ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ dc‬وﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ‪Vc‬‬
‫‪ (٥‬ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﺮج ‪ Critical Volume‬اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺈن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة ھﺬه ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﻟﺒﺨﺎره اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ ﺗﻜﻮن داﻟﺔ ﺧﻄﯿﺔ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة وﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٥٦‬اﻟﻤﺸﺎﺑﮫ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻷﯾﺰوﺑﻨﺘﺎن ‪.Iso-pentane‬‬
‫‪ (٦‬وإن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ )‪ (dL‬ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮازن ﻣﻊ ﺑﺨﺎره )‪ (dv‬وھﺬا ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف‬
‫ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ ‪orthobaric densities‬‬
‫)‪(562‬‬
‫)‪(563‬‬
‫‪ (٧‬وﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻛﺎﻟﯿﺘﯿﺖ وﻣﺎﺗﯿﺲ ‪(1886) L. Calletet and V. E Mathias‬‬

‫ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪( d L + d V ) = a + bT‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ أن )‪ (a, b‬ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ وأن )‪ (T‬درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﺒﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٥٦‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺘﺎن اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ ﺣﯿﺚ أن‬
‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪ (AC‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺒﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪(BC‬‬
‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارﯾﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬وإن اﻟﺘﻘﺎء ھﺬﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫)‪ (C‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺨﺎره ‪ ،‬وإن اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ‪critical density‬‬
‫وإن ﻣﻘﻠﻮب اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﺮج ‪ critical volume‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻛﯿﻠﻮ ﻏﺮام‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٥٦‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺒﻨﺘﺎن وﺑﺨﺎره‬

‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ ﻓﺈن ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ أﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺪرﺟﺔ وﺗﺴﺨﻦ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻗﯿﺎس ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺑﺨﺎره وإن ‪:‬‬
‫‪W = dV . Vv + dL . VL‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ )‪ (W‬ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺪرﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(563‬‬
‫)‪(564‬‬
‫وﯾﺘﺒﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ أﻋﻼه وﺟﻮد ﻣﺠﮭﻮﻟﯿﻦ ھﻤﺎ )‪ (dL, dV‬وﻹﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺘﯿﻦ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺠﮭﻮﻟﺘﯿﻦ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة وﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ وﯾﻘﺎس‬
‫أﯾﻀﺎً ﺣﺠﻤﺎ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ واﻟﺒﺨﺎر وﺑﺤﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﯿﻦ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺮج ﻗﯿﻤﺘﻲ )‪ (dL, dV‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﺎ اﻟﺒﺨﺎر واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﺇﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫‪Liquefaction Methods of Gases‬‬
‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮ اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ ،‬وﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﻤﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ ﺟﺪاً ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات‪ ،‬وأن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻟﮭﺎ ﺣﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻨﻔﺮدة‪ ،‬وﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺔ وﻣﺘﻮاﺻﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺟﺪاً وﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻹﺗﺠﺎھﺎت اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ )ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺔ وﻋﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ( ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫ﺑﻘﻮة ﺗﺠﺎذب وﻗﻮة اﻟﺘﺼﺎق أﻛﺒﺮ ‪ ،‬وھﺬه اﻟﻘﻮى ﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﺄن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﮭﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‪ .‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺤﺪودة‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬وأن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﻤﺮ اﻟﺤﺮ ﻟﮭﺎ أﻗﺼﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻮم ﻓﺈن ﺧﻔﺾ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﺆدي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪوث ﺗﻼﺻﻖ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤﺎ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﺘﻢ إﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﺒﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ .‬وإذا زاد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﻘﺘﺮب‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ وﯾﻜﻮن ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً )اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﺠﻠﺐ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻼﺻﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ(‪ ،‬وﺣﯿﺚ أن ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺳﺘﻘﺎوﻣﮫ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﺈن ﺧﻔﺾ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ( ﯾﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ إﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز )اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﯾﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻼزم ﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬
‫)‪(564‬‬
‫)‪(565‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺴﯿﯿﻞ( ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ ﻓﺈن اﻹﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ودرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ھﻮ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﻨﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ وأن رأﯾﻨﺎ أن ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺣﺮﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‪.‬‬
‫إن ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﯿﯿﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺒﺨﯿﺮ وأﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﺄﺑﺨﺮة‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ أو ﻗﺮب درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﺗﺘﻜﺜﻒ‬
‫ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ وأﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﺜﻒ إﻣﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ أو ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ وﺟﺪ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ وﺣﺪه ﻻ ﯾﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﺘﺴﯿﯿﻞ ﻏﺎزات ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫اﻟﺪاﺋﻤﺔ ﻛﺎﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬واﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (H2‬واﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم )‪ (He‬واﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪(N2‬‬
‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﮭﺎ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﺣﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺟﺪا‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ وﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪھﺎ اﻟﻰ‬
‫درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة أدﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ أﻣﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﯿﯿﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺳﺎﻟﺘﮫ ﻓﻮﻗﮭﺎ ﻣﮭﻤﺎ زاد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ وﺗﻌﺮف ھﺬا‬
‫‪ ،critical temperature‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺤﺮج‬ ‫اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ‬
‫‪ critical pressure‬ھﻮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻼزم ﻹﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (٢٤‬ﯾﻤﺜﻞ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺤﺮج ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻐﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫)‪(565‬‬
‫)‪(566‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ٢٤‬ﻗﯿﻢ )‪ (P, V, and T‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ‪ .‬اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز‬ ‫‪Pc, atm‬‬ ‫‪Vc Liters/mol‬‬ ‫‪Tc, K‬‬
‫‪H2‬‬ ‫‪12.8‬‬ ‫‪0.070‬‬ ‫‪33.3‬‬
‫‪He‬‬ ‫‪2.26‬‬ ‫‪0.062‬‬ ‫‪5.3‬‬
‫‪CH4‬‬ ‫‪45.6‬‬ ‫‪0.099‬‬ ‫‪190.2‬‬
‫‪NH3‬‬ ‫‪112.2‬‬ ‫‪0.072‬‬ ‫‪405.6‬‬
‫‪H2 O‬‬ ‫‪217.7‬‬ ‫‪0.056‬‬ ‫‪647.2‬‬
‫‪CO‬‬ ‫‪35.0‬‬ ‫‪0.090‬‬ ‫‪134.4‬‬
‫‪Ne‬‬ ‫‪26.9‬‬ ‫‪0.044‬‬ ‫‪44.8‬‬
‫‪N2‬‬ ‫‪33.5‬‬ ‫‪0.090‬‬ ‫‪126.0‬‬
‫‪NO‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬ ‫‪0.058‬‬ ‫‪179‬‬
‫‪O2‬‬ ‫‪49.7‬‬ ‫‪0.074‬‬ ‫‪154.4‬‬
‫‪CH3OH‬‬ ‫‪78.5‬‬ ‫‪0.118‬‬ ‫‪513.1‬‬
‫‪HCl‬‬ ‫‪81.6‬‬ ‫‪0.087‬‬ ‫‪324.6‬‬
‫‪Ar‬‬ ‫‪48.0‬‬ ‫‪0.076‬‬ ‫‪150.7‬‬
‫‪CO2‬‬ ‫‪72.8‬‬ ‫‪0.094‬‬ ‫‪304.2‬‬
‫‪SO2‬‬ ‫‪77.7‬‬ ‫‪0.123‬‬ ‫‪430.4‬‬
‫‪n-C2H12‬‬ ‫‪33.0‬‬ ‫‪0.310‬‬ ‫‪470.3‬‬
‫‪Cl2‬‬ ‫‪76.1‬‬ ‫‪0.124‬‬ ‫‪417‬‬
‫‪C 6 H6‬‬ ‫‪47.9‬‬ ‫‪0.256‬‬ ‫‪561.6‬‬
‫‪Kr‬‬ ‫‪54.3‬‬ ‫‪0.107‬‬ ‫‪209.4‬‬
‫‪Xe‬‬ ‫‪57.9‬‬ ‫‪0.120‬‬ ‫‪289.8‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻄﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻓﻜﺮة ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز‪:‬‬
‫• ﻛﻠﻤﺎ زادت ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت زادت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﺴﮭﻞ إﺳﺎﻟﺘﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً اﻟﻤﺎء ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮫ ﻗﻮﯾﺔ ودرﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻟﮫ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ )‪ (647.2 K‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﺴﮭﻞ إﺳﺎﻟﺘﮫ‪ .‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺤﺎل‬
‫)‪ (HCl, CO2, NH3‬ﻓﺪرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫ﻷن اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﺴﮭﻞ إﺳﺎﻟﺘﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﺼﻌﺐ إﺳﺎﻟﺘﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫)‪ (H2, N2‬درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ )‪ (33.3 K, 126.1 K‬وذﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻷن اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﺻﻐﯿﺮ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﺼﻌﺐ إﺳﺎﻟﺘﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(566‬‬
‫)‪(567‬‬
‫• ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺨﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺟﺪاً‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪ (5.3 K‬ﻷن اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﺿﻌﯿﻒ ﺟﺪاً‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﺼﻌﺐ ﺟﺪاً إﺳﺎﻟﺘﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• وﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﻰ ﺟﺪول )‪ (٢٣‬ﯾﺘﻀﺢ أﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫اﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺳﺎﻟﺘﮭﺎ‪ .‬وﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬
‫اﻹﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺟﻮل وﻃﻮﻣﺴﻮن ‪Joule – Thomson effect‬‬
‫وھﺬا اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ "أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻤﺪد اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮط ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺎز وذﻟﻚ ﻷن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺒﺬﻟﮭﺎ اﻟﻐﺎز أﺛﻨﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺎز"‪.‬‬
‫وﻛﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﺎن ﺟﯿﻤﺲ ﺟﻮل‪ ،‬ووﻟﯿﻢ ﻃﻮﻣﺴﻮن أول ﻣﻦ درس ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬
‫‪١٨٦٢-١٨٥٢‬م وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻤﯿﺖ ھﺬه اﻟﻈﺎھﺮة ﺑﺎﺳﻤﯿﮭﻤﺎ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ إﺳﺎﻟﺘﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﺡ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﺁﻧﺪﺭﻭﺯ )‪ (Thomas Andrews‬ﻹﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ اﻟﻨﺘ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻮﺻ ﻞ إﻟﯿﮭ ﺎ ﺗﻮﻣ ﺎس آﻧ ﺪروز )‪ (Thomas Andrews‬ﻋ ﺎم‬
‫)‪ (1869‬ﻋﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑ ﻮن ھ ﻲ اﻷﺳ ﺎس اﻟ ﺬي ﻣﻜ ﻦ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ﺷ ﺮوط إﺳ ﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻏ ﺎز ﻣ ﺎ‪ ،‬وﻟﻘ ﺪ ﺗﻤﺜﻠ ﺖ ﺗﺠﺎرﺑ ﮫ ﺑﻘﯿ ﺎس اﻟﺘﻐﯿ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﺠ ﻢ ﻛﻤﯿ ﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺛ ﺎﻧﻲ أﻛ ﺴﯿﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﺑﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬وﻣ ﻦ ﺛ ﻢ ﺗﻤﺜﯿ ﻞ ذﻟ ﻚ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﯿ ﺎً ﺑﻤﻨﺤﻨ ﻰ‬
‫ﯾ ﺴﻤﻰ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻣﺘ ﺴﺎوي درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة أوﺑ ﺎﻵﯾﺰوﺛﯿﺮم‪ .‬وﻟﻘ ﺪ ﺗ ﻢ رﺳ ﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗ ﺔ ﺑ ﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة واﺣ ﺪة‪ ،‬واﺷ ﺘﮭﺮت‬
‫ھ ﺬه اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﯿ ﺎت ﺑﺎﺳ ﻢ آﯾﺰوﺛﯿﺮﻣ ﺎت آﻧ ﺪروز واﻟﺘ ﻲ ﯾﻤﺜﻠﮭ ﺎ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١٥٧‬ﺣﯿ ﺚ ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(567‬‬
‫)‪(568‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :١٥٧‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯿﺎت آﻧ ﺪروز ﻣﺘ ﺴﺎوﯾﺔ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺜ ﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗ ﺔ ﺑ ﯿﻦ ﺿ ﻐﻂ وﺣﺠ ﻢ ﻛﻤﯿ ﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺛ ﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫أ( ﯾﺴﻠﻚ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (48.1 °C‬ﺳﻠﻮﻛﺎً ﻗﺮﯾﺒ ﺎً ﻣ ﻦ ﺳ ﻠﻮك اﻟﻐ ﺎز اﻟﻤﺜ ﺎﻟﻲ وﻟﻜﻨ ﮫ ﯾﺒ ﺪأ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮد ﻋﻨﮫ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ اﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫ب( ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺗﺒ ﺪأ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻈﮭﻮر ﺛ ﻼث ﻣﻨ ﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺘﻤﯿ ﺰة ﻟﻜ ﻞ ﻣﻨﺤﻨ ﻰ‬
‫ھﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ )‪ : (ab‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ وھ ﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ )‪ (CO2‬ﻏﺎزاً‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ )‪ : (cd‬وﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﻔﯿ ﻒ ﺑﺰﯾ ﺎدة اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫وھﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ )‪ (CO2‬ﺳﺎﺋﻼً‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ )‪ : (bc‬وﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻓﯿﮭ ﺎ اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺿ ﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑ ﺖ‪ ،‬وﺗﻤﺜ ﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺒﺪأ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ )‪ (CO2‬ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (b‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟ ﻰ ﺳ ﺎﺋﻞ واﻟﺘ ﻲ ﯾﻜﺘﻤ ﻞ ﻓﯿﮭ ﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨ ﺪ )‪ (c‬ﺗﺤﻮﻟ ﮫ اﻟ ﻰ ﺳ ﺎﺋﻞ وھ ﺬا ﯾﻌﻨ ﻲ أﻧﮭ ﺎ ﺗﻤﺜ ﻞ ﻇ ﺮوف ﺗﺤ ﻮل )‪ (CO2‬ﻣ ﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺘ ﮫ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﮫ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(568‬‬
‫)‪(569‬‬
‫ج( أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺒﺪأ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﯾﻘﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪.‬‬
‫د( ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣ ﺎ ورد ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻔﻘ ﺮة )ﺟ ـ( ﻓ ﺈن اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ ) ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟ ﺬي ﺗﺒ ﺪأ ﺑ ﮫ ﻋﻤﻠﯿ ﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮل اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ( ﯾﺰداد ﺑﺎﻧﺨﻔﺎض درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬
‫ھـ( ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪء ﺗﺤﻮل اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻰ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻓﺈن ) ‪ ( ΔP = 0‬وﻣﻨﮫ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ΔP ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ =0‬‬
‫‪ ΔV T‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﮭﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (١‬ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺳﺎﺋﻼً إﻻ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ )اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ( أو أدﻧﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‪ .‬وھﺬا ﻣﺎ ﺟﻌﻞ آﻧﺪروز ﯾﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ أن ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﯾ ﺴﺘﺤﯿﻞ ﻟﻠﻐ ﺎز أن‬
‫ﯾﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬وﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜ ﻮن ھ ﺬه‬
‫اﻟﺪرﺟ ﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔ ﻀﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﮭ ﺬا اﻟ ﺴﺒﺐ وﺣﯿ ﺚ ﻟ ﻢ ﯾﻜ ﻦ ﻣﻤﻜﻨ ﺎً إﺳ ﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌ ﺾ اﻟﻐ ﺎزات ﻣﺜ ﻞ‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿ ﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‪ ،‬واﻟﻨﯿﺘ ﺮوﺟﯿﻦ واﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ واﻵرﺟ ﻮن واﻟﻤﯿﺜ ﺎن ﻓﺈﻧﮭ ﺎ ﺳ ﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻐ ﺎزات‬
‫اﻟﺪاﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﺳﺒﺐ ﻋﺪم اﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓ ﻲ ﻛﻮﻧﮭ ﺎ داﺋﻤ ﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ وﻟﻜ ﻦ‬
‫ﻷن اﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧ ﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣ ﺔ ﺣﯿﻨﺌ ﺬ ﻟ ﻢ ﺗﻜ ﻦ ﺑﻘ ﺪر ﯾﻤ ﻚ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻮﺻ ﻮل اﻟ ﻰ درﺟ ﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺟﺪاً اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ أو ﻋﻨﺪ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﮭ ﺎ أن ﯾﺘﺤ ﻮل اﻟ ﻰ ﺳ ﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺗ ﺴﻤﻰ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻻ ﯾﺘﺤ ﻮل اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﻋﻨ ﺪ أﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﻨﮭ ﺎ اﻟ ﻰ ﺳ ﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫‪(gas critical‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳ ﺐ ﺑﺪرﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻐ ﺎز‬
‫)‪ temperature‬وﯾﺴﻤﻰ أﻗﻞ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻺﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺤﺮج‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ أن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻋﻨﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﻈﺮوف ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﺮج‪.‬‬
‫وأﺧﯿﺮاً ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات إﻋﻄﺎء ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع إﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات ﯾﺴﺘﻨﺪ اﻟﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺮق اﻟﮭﺎم ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ واﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﯾﻜﻤﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ‬
‫)‪(569‬‬
‫)‪(570‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﯿﻦ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺷﻚ أﻧﮭﺎ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‪ .‬وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮل أن ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ زﯾﺎدة ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬
‫اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻧﺠﺎزه ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت وھﺬا ﯾﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ وﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﻗﻠﺖ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻓﺈن ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺳﺘﻈﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻲ ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ إﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺣﯿﺚ‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫= ‪ke‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻮن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ذات دﻻﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗ ﺪرة اﻟﺠ ﺰيء ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ذﻟﻚ أن ھﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿ ﺔ ﻣﺘ ﻰ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ ﻋﻠﯿﮭ ﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻓﺈﻧﮭ ﺎ ﺳﺘ ﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮة اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻌ ﺼﯿﺔ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ھ ﺬه اﻟﻤﻘ ﺎدﯾﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬وﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ذات ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪر أو ﺑﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺪر اﻟﻤﻄﻠ ﻮب ﻻﺳ ﺘﻤﺮارﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ ﻓ ﺈن اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﻋﻨ ﺪ ھ ﺬه‬
‫اﻟﺪرﺟﺎت ﻟﻦ ﯾﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ أو ﻋﻨﺪ أﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘ ﺪار اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣ ﺔ ﻻﺳ ﺘﻤﺮارﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ھﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟ ﺔ ﺳ ﺎﻟﻔﺔ اﻟ ﺬﻛﺮ‪ .‬ﻣﻤ ﺎ ﯾﻌﻨ ﻲ أن اﻟﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﺳ ﻢ‬
‫ﻓﻲ إﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات ھﻮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﯾﻠﯿﮫ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(570‬‬
‫)‪(571‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻞ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ ﺁﻧﺪﺭﻭﺯ )‪ (Thomas Andrews‬ﻹﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ )‪(1869‬‬
‫ﻗﺎم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ أﻧﺪروز ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻐﺎز ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺎت‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﺘﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﻈﮭﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬اﺷﺮح ھﺬا اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (A-B‬ﯾﻘﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﺎزدﯾﺎد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪ ،‬وھﺬا ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (B-C‬ﯾﺒﺪأ اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﺑ ﺎﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟ ﻰ ﺣﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺳ ﺎﺋﻠﺔ )ﯾﻜ ﻮن ﻓ ﻲ ﺻ ﻮرة ﻣﺨﻠ ﻮط ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻐ ﺎز‬
‫واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ(‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻘﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ذاﺗﯿﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺛﺒﻮت اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (C‬ﯾﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ زادت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ )‪ (B-C‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺼﻞ اﻟﻰ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺮارة )‪(31 °C‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ D‬وﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﻻ ﯾﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻐ ﺎز اﻟ ﻰ ﺳ ﺎﺋﻞ وﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﺳ ﻤﯿﺖ ھ ﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟ ﺔ ﺑﺪرﺟ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٥‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ )‪ (31 °C‬ﻻ ﯾﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﺎز ‪ CO2‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ )‪ (31 °C‬ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﺎز ‪ CO2‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ )‪ (31 °C‬ﻣﮭﻤﺎ زاد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(571‬‬
‫)‪(572‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﻴﻞ‬
‫‪Liquefaction Methods‬‬
‫ﺃ( ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺎﺭﺍﺩﺍﻱ‬

‫‪Faraday’s Method‬‬
‫ﻛﺎن ﻓﺎراداي‪ ،‬ﻋﺎم )‪ ،(1823‬أول ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎم ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻹﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات )أول ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺎول اﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ‪ ،‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻹﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﺜﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ‪ CO2‬وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ ‪SO2‬‬
‫وأﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ‪ NO‬وﻏﺎز اﻟﻜﻠﻮر‪ Cl2‬وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ وﺧﻔﺾ‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺨﺎﻟﯿﻂ ﻣﺒﺮدة‪ .‬وﻟﻘﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﺎراداي اﻟﺠﮭﺎز اﻟﻤﺒﺴﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٥٨‬‬
‫وﻟﻘﺪ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ أﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ زﺟﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮف )‪ (V‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺤﻀﺮ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬
‫ﻓﻲ أﺣﺪ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﮭﺎ وﺗﺴﺨﯿﻨﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻄﺮف اﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻐﻤﻮﺳﺎً ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﺑﮫ ﺛﻠﺞ أو‬
‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻣﺒﺮد‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻐﺎز داﺧﻞ اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ وﯾﮭﺮب اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻰ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ واﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮس ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮط اﻟﻤﺒﺮد‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﯿﺘﺤﻮل ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻧﺨﻔﺎض درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ )ﯾﺴﺎل اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺿﻐﻄﮫ اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺎراداي ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ إﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﺜﻞ ‪HCl, Cl2,‬‬
‫‪...H2S, CO2, SO2, NH3‬اﻟﺦ وﻟﻜﻨﮫ ﻓﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ إﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﺜﻞ ‪He, H2,‬‬
‫‪ N2, O2‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﮫ أﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﻀﻐﻮط ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺟﺪاً )ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ (3000 atm‬وﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺪاﺋﻤﺔ ‪ permanent gases‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﺸﻠﺖ اﻟﺠﮭﻮد اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎم ﺑﮭﺎ آﺧﺮون‬
‫ﻟﺘﺴﯿﯿﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻰ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺟﺪاً واﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ ﯾﻌﻮد اﻟﻰ أن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ھﺬه اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ ﺟﺪاً )ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫)‪ (a‬ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺎن درﻓﺎﻟﺰ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫)‪(572‬‬
(573)
.‫ ﺟﮭﺎز ﻓﺎراداي ﻹﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات‬: ١٥٨ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
(573)
‫)‪(574‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﻄﺎع أﻧﺪراوس)‪ (Andrews 1869‬أن ﯾﺒﯿﻦ أن ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻇﺮوف ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﯾﺔ وﺿﻐﻂ وھﺬه ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﻌﺪ اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﮫ ﻟﻠﻈﺎھﺮة‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج وھﻮ أﻧﮫ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻰ ﻣﺎدون درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ إﺳﺎﻟﺘﮫ )ﯾﻠﺰﻣﮭﺎ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﺣﺎد وﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﺎل اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﯿﺪ(‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪم‬
‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺪاﺋﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻂ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‪ .‬وأن اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﻄﺎع ﻓﺎراداي ﺗﺴﯿﯿﻠﮭﺎ ﻟﮭﺎ‬
‫درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﺑﺔ ﻟﺪرﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺠﻮ اﻻﻋﺘﯿﺎدي‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻓﺴﺮ آﻧﺪروز اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺸﻞ ﻓﺎراداي ﻓﻲ إﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫اﻟﺪاﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺄن ﻓﺎراداي ﻓﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ إﺳﺎﻟﺘﮭﺎ ﻷن درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺟﺪاً وﻟﻢ‬
‫ﯾﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﺣﯿﻨﺬاك ﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﮭﺎ اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺖ‬
‫)‪Pictet Method (1877‬‬
‫ﻧﺠﺢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻜﺘﯿﺖ )‪ (1877‬ﻓﻲ إﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬واﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ)‪ (H2‬ﻷول ﻣﺮة‬
‫وأوﺿﺢ أﻧﮭﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﯾﻌﻮدا داﺋﻤﯿﻦ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻣﺒﺪأ اﻟﺸﻼﻻت )أو ﻣﺘﻮاﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ‬
‫)ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻌﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﺑﺈﻋﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ(‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻏﺎزي )ﻏﺎز‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎل( ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮاً ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺎً أﻣﻜﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻋﻨﺪ )ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ‬
‫)‪ (-56 °C‬وھﺬه‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺖ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ( أﻣﻜﻨﮫ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ )ﻹﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﺎز ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ‪ ، (CO2‬وﻋﻨﺪ )ﺗﺒﺨﯿﺮ ‪ (CO2‬أﻣﻜﻨﮫ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (-130 °C‬وھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻹﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬
‫)‪ (O2‬اﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮط‪ .‬وﻗﺪ أﻣﻜﻨﮫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﻼﻻت )إﻋﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ واﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ(‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﻰ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة أدﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬وأدﻧﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أﻣﻜﻨﮫ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ )‪ (- 218 °C‬ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺒﺨﯿﺮ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ و )‪.(- 228.71 °C‬‬
‫)‪(574‬‬
‫)‪(575‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﻠﻨﯿﻮن ‪(TC = - 228.71 °C) Ne‬‬
‫واﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (TC = - 239.9 °C‬واﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم )‪.(TC = - 267.84 °C‬‬
‫وﻟﻠﺘﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﻰ ھﺎﺗﯿﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺘﯿﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻊ )اﻟﻀﻐﻂ –‬
‫اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ( اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﺈﺣﺪى اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺘﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻟﯿﻨﺪ وھﺎﻣﺒﺴﻮن )‪١٨٩٥) (Lind and Hampson’s Method‬م(‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺟﻮل ﻃﻮﻣﺴﻮن )‪ (Joule – Thomson Effect‬ﻹﺣﺪاث اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ‬
‫)ﺑﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺛﻢ اﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﻟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺪد ﻓﺘﻘﻞ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺎز(‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻛﻠﻮد وھﯿﻼن )‪ (Cloud's and Haylan’s Method‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫إﺣﺪاث اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺪد اﻷدﯾﺎﺑﺎﺗﻲ اﻟﻔﺠﺎﺋﻲ )‪.(Adiabatic Expansion‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪ :‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻴﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻫﺎﻣﺒﺴﻮﻥ ‪Lind-Hampson’s Method‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻟﯿﻨﺪ وھﺎﻣﺒﺴﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺟﻮل‪ -‬ﻃﻮﻣﺴﻮن واﻟﺬي ﯾﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﻷي ﻏﺎز ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺪد اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﻲء ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ذات ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ ﺳﻮف ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪ .‬وﯾﺒﺮد اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ أﻧﮫ أﺛﻨﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد ﺳﻮف ﺗﺴﺘﻐﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺪد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﻐﺎز ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺸﻐﻞ داﺧﻠﻲ‪ .‬واﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٦٠ ،١٥٩‬ﯾﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺠﮭﺎز‬
‫اﻟﺬي اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﮫ ﻟﯿﻨﺪ ﻓﻲ إﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاء‪.‬‬
‫)‪(575‬‬
‫)‪(576‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٥٩‬ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻟﻨﺪ ﻟﺘﺴﯿﯿﻞ اﻟﮭﻮاء‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٦٠‬ﺟﮭﺎز ﻟﯿﻨﺪ ﻹﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاء‪.‬‬
‫)‪(576‬‬
‫)‪(577‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﻄﺎع ﻟﯿﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﯿﯿﻞ اﻟﮭﻮاء وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺪد اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮط ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﮫ اﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎً ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻐﺎز‪ .‬إن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﺎل ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ وﺟﻮد ﻗﻮى ﺗﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺑﯿﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺪد ﺑﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ أﻗﻞ ﻓﺈن ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت ھﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﺤﺎول ﻓﻚ اﻹرﺗﺒﺎط ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ وﯾﺘﻢ ذﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻣﺘﺼﺎص ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ وﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ اﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎً ﻓﻲ‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻐﺎز‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﯾﻨﻘﻰ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻤﺮاد ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪه ﻣﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ‪ CO2‬واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾﺔ‬

‫واﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﯾﻀﺦ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻓﻲ أﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﯿﺔ )ﺟﮭﺎز ﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (compressor‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ )‪) (200 atm‬ﯾﺰﯾﺪ ﻋﻦ )‪ (2.00 × 107 N/m2‬وﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﺈن درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﮭﻮاء ﺗﺰداد )ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺣﺮارة أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻀﻐﻂ(‪ .‬وأﺛﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﺈن أي ﺑﺨﺎر ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﺳﻮف ﯾﺘﻜﺜﻒ وﯾﺰاح ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬وﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺨﻔﯿﺾ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة وﻟﯿﺲ زﯾﺎدﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﺈن ھﺬا‬
‫اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺬي ارﺗﻔﻌﺖ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻤﺮر ﻓﻲ ﻣﺒﺎدل‬
‫‪) heat exchanger‬أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ﻧﺤﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﺒﺮدة( ﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﺾ درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮاري‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻤﺮر ھﺬا اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻓﻲ أﻧﺒﻮب ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﻲ )‪ (c‬ﯾﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﺑﻔﻮھﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺟﺪاً‬
‫ﻟﯿﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﯿﻂ ذي اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ )اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ‪ (D‬ﻟﯿﺼﻞ ﺿﻐﻄﮭﺎ اﻟﻰ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪(1‬‬
‫)‪ atm‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﺼﻤﺎم )‪) (V‬اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ھﻨﺎ ھﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﻤﺪد ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ(‪ .‬وﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺪد‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﺗﮭﺒﻂ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺎز )ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﮭﻮاء( اﻟﻰ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪( - 78‬‬
‫)‪ .°C‬واﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻔﯿﺾ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة أﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﺪد ﺳﻮف ﯾﺴﺘﻐﻞ اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫)‪(577‬‬
‫)‪(578‬‬
‫ﺟﺰءاً ﻣﻦ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﮫ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﯿﺒﺮد اﻟﮭﻮاء‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﯾﻤﺮر اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪه ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﺮة ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺤﻠﺰوﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳﯿﺔ )‪(c‬‬
‫وﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ أﻗﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﺗﻤﺪده‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺑﻌﺪ إﺗﻤﺎم اﻟﺪورة ﻋﺪة ﻣﺮات )ﯾﻌﻮد اﻟﻰ اﻟﻀﺎﻏﻄﺔ )‪ (compressor‬ﺗﻌﺎد اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺮة ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ وﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪...‬اﻟﺦ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﯿﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ‬
‫ﯾﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺪد ﺳﻮف ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أن اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺼﻤﺎم )‪ .(V‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺬي ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﻜﺜﻒ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻌﺎد ﻣﺮة ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻜﺘﻤﻞ اﻟﺪورة‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻘ ﺪ ﻧﺠ ﺢ ﻟﯿﻨ ﺪ ﻓ ﻲ إﺳ ﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌ ﺾ اﻟﻐ ﺎزات ﻣﺜ ﻞ )‪ (N2, O2‬وأﻣ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻛ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم )‪ (He, H2‬ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺳﺎﻟﺘﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻇﺮوف درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ أن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻓ ﺈن ھ ﺬه اﻟﻐ ﺎزات ﺻ ﻌﺒﺔ اﻹﺳ ﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫كﻣﺎ وأﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺴﻠﻚ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﺎً ﺷﺎذاً ﻋ ﻦ اﻟ ﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﻌﺘ ﺎد ﻟﻠﻐ ﺎزات اﻷﺧ ﺮى ﺣﯿ ﺚ ﺗﺒ ﯿﻦ ﻓﯿﻤ ﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ أﻧ ﮫ ﺑﺰﯾ ﺎدة اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﺗﺮﺗﻔ ﻊ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮭﻤ ﺎ ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﻟﺘﻤ ﺪد اﻟﻤﻔ ﺎﺟﻲء )ﺑﯿﻨﻤ ﺎ ﺑ ﺮدت‬
‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻐﺎزات أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﻤﺪدھﺎ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن ﻏﺎزي اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم ﻗﺪ ﺳ ﺨﻨﺎ( وإن ھ ﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻐ ﺎزات ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺗﺒﺮﯾ ﺪھﺎ ﺑﺘ ﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺟ ﻮل‪ -‬ﻃﻮﻣ ﺴﻮن )‪.(Joule Thomson – Effect‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺒﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺤﺺ أﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻨﮭﻤﺎ أن ﯾﺴﻠﻜﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﺴﻠﻚ اﻟﻐ ﺎزات اﻷﺧ ﺮى إذا ﻛﺎﻧ ﺎ ﻗ ﺪ ﺗ ﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪھﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﺪد اﻟﻰ ﻣﺎدون درﺟﺘﻲ ﺣﺮارة ﺗﺤﻮﻟﮭﻤ ﺎ ﺣﯿ ﺚ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة اﻟﺘﺤ ﻮل‬
‫‪.(- 240 °C) He‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ‪ ، (- 80 °C) H2‬وﻟﻠﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم‬
‫)‪(578‬‬
‫)‪(579‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ‪:‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻛﻠﻮﺩ – ﻫﻴﻼﻥ‬

‫‪Cloud – Haylan’s Method‬‬
‫ﻓ ﻲ ھ ﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘ ﺔ ﯾ ﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﮭ ﻮاء اﻟﻤ ﻀﻐﻮط ﻟﻜ ﻲ ﯾﻌﻤ ﻞ ﺷ ﻐﻼً ﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿ ﺎً أﺛﻨ ﺎء ﺗﻤ ﺪده‬
‫اﻷدﯾﺎﺑ ﺎﺗﯿﻜﻲ )اﻷدﯾﺎﺑ ﺎﺗﻲ( ﺣﯿ ﺚ ﯾﻜ ﻮن اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﻣﻌ ﺰوﻻً ﺣﺮارﯾ ﺎً‪ .‬إذ ﯾ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻐ ﺎز اﻟ ﻰ‬
‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ )‪ (200 atm‬ﺛ ﻢ ﺑﻌ ﺪ ذﻟ ﻚ ﯾ ﺴﻤﺢ ﻟ ﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤ ﺪد ﺿ ﺪ ﻣﻜ ﺒﺲ ﯾﺤﺒ ﺴﮫ‪ .‬وأﺛﻨ ﺎء اﻟﺘﻤ ﺪد‬
‫ﺿﺪ اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺎز أن ﯾﻘ ﻮم ﺑ ﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﯿﻜ ﺎﻧﯿﻜﻲ )ﺷ ﻐﻞ ﺧ ﺎرﺟﻲ(‪ .‬وﻧﺘﯿﺠ ﺔ ﻟﮭ ﺬا‬
‫اﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺰول اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز‪ ،‬وﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗ ﮫ‪،‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﯾﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﻨﺒﺜﻖ اﻟﻰ ﺗﯿﺎرﯾﻦ – ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﻷﺣ ﺪھﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤ ﺪد ﺿ ﺪ اﻟﻤﻜ ﺒﺲ )ﯾﻌﻤ ﻞ‬
‫ﺷﻐﻼً ﺧﺎرﺟﯿ ﺎً(‪ ،‬وﯾﻤ ﺮر اﻵﺧ ﺮ ﺧ ﻼل ﺟﮭ ﺎز ﺧ ﺎﻧﻖ )ﺿ ﯿﻖ ﺟ ﺪاً( ﺛ ﻢ ﯾ ﺴﻤﺢ ﻟ ﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤ ﺪد‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﮭﺒﻂ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺟﻮل‪ -‬ﻃﻮﻣﺴﻮن )ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﺷﻐﻼً داﺧﻠﯿﺎً(‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻛﻠﻮد ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮاً ﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻟﯿﻨﺪ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻛﻠ ﻮد‪ ،‬ﻻ‬
‫ﯾﻀﯿﻊ اﻟﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻤﺪد اﻟﮭﻮاء ھﺒﺎء‪ ،‬ﺑ ﻞ ﯾ ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ھ ﺬا اﻟ ﺸﻐﻞ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗ ﺸﻐﯿﻞ اﻟﺠﮭ ﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾ ﺪ ﺳ ﯿﻜﻮن أﻛﺒ ﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧ ﺔ ﺑﻤ ﺎ ﯾﺤ ﺪث ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘ ﺔ اﻷوﻟ ﻰ‬
‫)ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻟﯿﻨﺪ – ھﺎﻣﺒﺴﻮن(‪ ،‬وﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ أﻣﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﺻ ﻞ اﻟ ﻰ اﺳ ﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﻤﯿ ﻊ اﻟﻐ ﺎزات‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ أﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻵوﻧﺔ اﻷﺧﯿﺮة )‪ (1908‬ﺗﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻛﻤﺮﻟﯿﻨﻎ أوﻧﯿﺲ ‪Kammerlingh‬‬
‫‪ Onnes‬اﻟﻰ اﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم )‪.(He‬‬
‫وﺗﺘﻀﺢ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٦٢ ،١٦١‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﺑﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻓﯿﻤﺮ ﺧﻼل اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ )‪ (P‬وﯾﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ )‪(A‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﻤﺪد اﻟﻐﺎز وﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﺷﻐﻼً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺒﺲ ﻓﻲ آﻟﺔ ﺛﻢ ﯾﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ اﻵﻟﻲ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺬھﺐ ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ اﻹﺳﺎﻟﺔ وﯾﺒﺮد اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺿﺎﻏﻂ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﺳﯿﻤﺮ ﺧﻼل اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﯿﺼﻞ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬أﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻓﺴﻮف ﯾﺴﺤﺐ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻜﺒﺲ ﺳﺎﺣﺐ‪،‬‬
‫)‪(579‬‬
‫)‪(580‬‬
‫وﺗﺘﻮاﻟﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺮات ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١٦١‬ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻛﻼود ﻟﺘﺴﯿﯿﻞ اﻟﮭﻮاء‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪١٦٢‬‬
‫وﻻ زاﻟ ﺖ اﻟﻄ ﺮق واﻟﺘﺠ ﺎرب اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻠﯿ ﺔ واﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿ ﺔ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﺑﮭ ﺪف اﯾﺠ ﺎد أﻓ ﻀﻞ اﻟﻄ ﺮق‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻠﯿ ﺔ واﻟﻌﻠﻤﯿ ﺔ ﻹﺳ ﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐ ﺎزات‪ ،‬ﻓﻔ ﻲ ﻋ ﺎم )‪ (1927‬ﺗﻤﻜ ﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤ ﺎن دﯾﺒ ﺎي‬
‫وﺟﯿ ﺎك )‪ (Debye and Giaque‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﺻ ﻞ اﻟ ﻰ ﺗﺒﺮﯾ ﺪ ﺷ ﺪﯾﺪ ﺟ ﺪاً ﺣﺘ ﻰ أﻗ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫)‪ (1.0 K‬ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﯾﻘ ﺔ أﻓ ﻀﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺮﯾ ﺪ وھ ﻲ إزاﻟ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿ ﺴﯿﺔ اﻷدﯾﺒﺎﺗﯿ ﺔ‬
‫)‪(580‬‬
‫)‪(581‬‬
‫)‪(adiabatic demagnitization‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻤﻐﻨﻄﺔ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﻟ ﻮﺣﻆ ھ ﺬا اﻟﺘ ﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺑﺄﻓ ﻀﻞ‬
‫ﻣ ﺎ ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺎت ﺣ ﺮارة ﻣﻨﺨﻔ ﻀﺔ وﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ﻣ ﻮاد ﻏﯿ ﺮ ﺣﺪﯾﺪوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿ ﺴﯿﺔ‬
‫)‪ .(not ferromagnetic‬وﯾ ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻋ ﺎدة ﻓ ﻲ ھ ﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘ ﺔ ﻣ ﻮاد ﺑﺎراﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿ ﺴﯿﺔ‬
‫)‪ (paramagnetic‬ﻣﺜ ﻞ ﻛﺒﺮﯾﺘ ﺎت اﻟﺠ ﺎدوﻟﯿﻨﯿﻮم وﻓﻠﻮرﯾ ﺪ اﻟ ﺴﯿﺮﯾﻮم‪.............‬اﻟ ﺦ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﺒﯿﻦ أﻧﮭﻤﺎ أﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪو‪ -‬ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ )‪.(ferromagnetic‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻹﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات أھﻤﯿﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻧﻈ ﺮاً ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘ ﺎت اﻟﻌﺪﯾ ﺪة‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻓﺒﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺮﯾﻎ ﻋﺎل‪.‬‬
‫• وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻤﺴﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺠﻔﯿﻒ اﻟﻐﺎزات وﺗﻨﻘﯿﺘﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎزات ﻋﺪﯾﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ )‪(Kr, Ne, Ar, O2‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﻮاء اﻟﻤﺴﺎل‪.‬‬
‫• ﻛﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻐ ﺎزات ﺳ ﮭﻠﺔ اﻹﺳ ﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺜ ﻞ )‪ ، (NH3, SO2‬ﺛﻨ ﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻠ ﻮرو‪ -‬ﺛﻨ ﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻠ ﻮرو‬
‫اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن )ﻓﺮﯾﻮن( )‪ (Cl2CF2‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ أﻏﺮاض اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ‪.‬‬
‫• وﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺧﻠﯿﻂ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻮدرة اﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺮﻗﻌﺎت‪.‬‬
‫• ﻛﻤ ﺎ ﯾ ﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬واﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿ ﻮم )‪ (He‬ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻧﻄ ﺎق واﺳ ﻊ ﻓ ﻲ أﻏ ﺮاض‬
‫اﻟﻠﺤﺎم‪.‬‬
‫• ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﻠﻮر)‪ (Cl2‬ﻛﻤﺰﯾﻞ ﻟﻸﻟﻮان‪.‬‬
‫)‪(581‬‬
‫)‪(582‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٠١‬‬
‫اﺣ ﺴﺐ ﻋ ﺪد ﻣ ﻮﻻت اﻟﮭﯿ ﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮدة ﻓ ﻲ )‪ (18 L‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺿ ﻐﻂ ﻗ ﺪره‬
‫)‪ (70 cm. Hg‬ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪.(27 ºC‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ‪(R = 0.0821 L. atm/K . mol) :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV = n R T‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪ 70 cm Hg ‬‬
‫‪ 76 cm Hg atm -1  × 18 L‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪( 0.0821 L atm mol K ) × (27 + 273) K‬‬
‫‪-1 -1‬‬
‫‪n = 0.673 mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٠٢‬‬
‫اﺣ ﺴﺐ وزن )‪ (10 L‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻏ ﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘ ﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﻓ ﻲ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة )‪ (27 ºC‬وﺿ ﻐﻂ‬
‫)‪) (74 cm Hg‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن )‪.(R = 0.0821 L. atm mol-1 K-1‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PV = n R T‬‬
‫‪ m N2 ‬‬
‫‪PV = ‬‬
‫‪ Mw N ‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2 ‬‬
‫‪P V Mw N 2‬‬
‫= ‪m N2‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪ 74 cm Hg ‬‬
‫‪ 76 cm Hg -1  × 10 L × (2 × 14) g mol‬‬
‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪m N2 = ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪0.0821 L . atm mol -1 K -1 × (27 + 273) K‬‬
‫‪m N2 = 11.07 g‬‬
‫)‪(582‬‬
‫)‪(583‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٠٣‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻏﺎزي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (0.5 g‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺘ ﺮوﺟﯿﻦ‪ (1.0 g) ،‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻣﻮﺟ ﻮد‬
‫ﻓﻲ أﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ )‪ (15 L‬ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ .(25 ºC‬اﺣﺴﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫ب( اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز‪.‬‬ ‫أ( ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز‬
‫ج( اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ اﻟﻐﺎزات‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ‪:‬‬

‫‪m N2‬‬ ‫‪0.50 g‬‬
‫= ‪n N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.01786 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw N 2‬‬ ‫‪( 2 × 14 ) g mol-1‬‬
‫‪m O2‬‬ ‫‪1.0 g‬‬
‫= ‪n O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.03125 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪( 2 × 16 ) g mol-1‬‬
‫‪n t = n N 2 + n O2 = 0.01786 + 0.03125 = 0.04911 mol‬‬
‫ب( ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﻞ ﻏﺎز ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪة ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n N 2 = 0.01786 mol, n O2 = 0.03125 mol, n t = 0.04911 mol‬‬
‫)‪a‬‬
‫‪PN2 V = n N 2 R T‬‬
‫‪n N2 R T‬‬ ‫‪0.01786 mol × 0.0821 L. atm mol-1 K -1 × (25 + 273) K‬‬
‫= ‪PN2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪15 L‬‬
‫‪PN2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.029131 atm‬‬
‫)‪b‬‬
‫‪PN2 V = n N 2 R T‬‬
‫‪n O2 R T‬‬ ‫‪0.03125 mol × 0.0821 L. atm mol-1 K -1 × (25 + 273) K‬‬
‫= ‪PO2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪15 L‬‬
‫‪PO2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0510 atm‬‬
‫ج( اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ اﻟﻐﺎزات ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(583‬‬
‫)‪(584‬‬
‫‪PN2 = 0.029131 atm, PO2 = 0.0510 atm‬‬

‫‪Pt = PN2 + PO2‬‬
‫‪Pt = 0.029131 + 0.0510‬‬
‫‪Pt = 0.080 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٠٤‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌ ﺪل اﻟﺠ ﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌ ﻲ ﻟ ﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺟﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت اﻷوﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﻓ ﻲ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة‬
‫)‪ .(27 ºC‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن )‪ (R = 8.314 × 107 erg/mol K‬ﺣﯿﺚ )‪(1erg = 1g . cm2/s2‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن )‪(AwO = 16‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ‪:‬‬

‫‪3RT‬‬
‫= ‪u 2 = u rms‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ Mw‬ھﻮ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز وﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ وﺣﺪﺗﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣﺪة ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻐﺎزات )‪.(R‬‬
‫ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ وﺣﺪة )‪ (R = 8.314 J/mol K = 8.314 kg m 2/s2 mol K‬ﻓﺈن وﺣ ﺪة‬
‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ )‪ (Mw‬ﺗﻜﻮن ‪ kg/mol‬ﻷن اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ‪ R‬ﺑﮫ وﺣﺪة ‪.kg‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻓﺈن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ R‬اﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎة ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (8.314 × 107 erg/mol K = 8.314 × 107 g . cm2/s2 mol K‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3RT ‬‬
‫ھﻲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓ ﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌ ﺔ‬ ‫= ‪ u rms‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ‪‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈن وﺣﺪة اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Mw ‬‬
‫داﺋﻤﺎً )‪ .(g/mol‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن وﺣﺪة اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن ‪: cm/s‬‬
‫)‪(584‬‬
(585)
3RT
u rms =
Mw
3 × ( 8.314 × 107 g cm2 s-2 mol-1 K -1 ) × ( 27 + 273) K
u rms =
( 2 × 16 ) g mol-1
u rms = 2338312500 cm2 s-2
u rms = 48356.1 cm s-1
u rms = 483.56 m s-1
(٢٠٥) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
.‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬
.(AwH = 1) ‫( و‬R = 8.314 J/mol K) ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن‬
dHg = 13.59 g/cm3 ‫ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ‬: ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
 3RT 
 u rms =  ‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
 Mw 
‫( واﺧﺘﯿ ﺎر ھ ﺬه اﻟﻮﺣ ﺪة‬kg/mol) ‫ ھ ﻮ اﻟ ﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﻲ وﯾﻜ ﻮن ﺑﻮﺣ ﺪة‬Mw ‫ﺣﯿ ﺚ أن‬
: ‫( اﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎة ھﻲ‬R) ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ أن ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬
(R = 8.314 J/mol K = 8.314 kg m2/s2 mol K)
3RT
u rms =
Mw
3 × ( 8.314 kg m2 s-2 mol-1 K -1 ) × ( 0 + 273) K
u rms =
 2 × 1 -1
  kg mol
 1000 
u rms = 3404583 m2 s-2
u rms = 1845.15 m s-1
(585)
‫)‪(586‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺣﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3RT ‬‬

‫= ‪  u rms‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘﯿﻤ ﺔ )‪ (PV‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻗﯿﻤ ﺔ )‪ (RT‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗ ﺔ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Mw ‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪3PV‬‬
‫= ‪u rms‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺤﺔ ﻟﻘﯿﻢ ‪ P‬و ‪ V‬ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﺑﮭ ﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣﺪة ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪ cm/s‬أو ‪.m/s‬‬
‫§ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ )اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻻري( ‪:‬‬
‫‪Vm = 22.4 L = 22400 cm3‬‬
‫§ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P = 1 atm‬‬
‫‪P = 76 cm Hg‬‬
‫‪ P=h.d.g‬‬
‫) ‪⇒ P = ( 76 cm × 13.59 g cm-3 × 981 cm s -2‬‬
‫‪P = 1013216.04 g/cm s 2‬‬
‫‪P = 1013216.04 dyne/cm‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﻌﻮض ﺑﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪة )‪: (g/mol‬‬

‫‪P = 1013216.04 g cm-1 s-2‬‬
‫‪3PV‬‬
‫= ‪u rms‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫) ‪3 × (1013216.04 g cm -1 s-2 ) × ( 224000 cm 32 mol-1‬‬
‫= ‪u rms‬‬
‫‪2 g mol-1‬‬
‫‪u rms = 184510.3 cm /s‬‬
‫‪u rms = 184.510 m /s‬‬
‫)‪(586‬‬
‫)‪(587‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٠٦‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌ ﻲ ﻟ ﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻨﯿﺘ ﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (N2‬ﻓ ﻲ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة )‪(27 ºC‬‬
‫وﺿﻐﻂ )‪ .(70 cm Hg‬ﺣﯿﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(R = 8.314 J/mol K = 8.314 kg m 2/s2‬‬
‫)‪(8.314 × 107 erg/ mol K = 8.314 × 107 g cm2/s2‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن )‪(AwN = 14‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣ ﺴﺎب اﻟﺠ ﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌ ﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳ ﻂ )ﻣﻌ ﺪل( ﺳ ﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻨﯿﺘ ﺮوﺟﯿﻦ ﺑﺈﺣ ﺪى اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘ ﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺘﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪3RT‬‬
‫= ‪u rms‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪3PV‬‬
‫= ‪u rms‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬

‫‪3RT‬‬
‫= ‪u rms‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪3 × (8.314 × 107 g cm 2 s -2 mol -1 K -1 × (27 + 273) K‬‬
‫= ‪u rms‬‬
‫‪(2 × 14) g mol-1‬‬
‫‪u rms = 51694.85 cm/s‬‬
‫‪u rms = 516.95 m/s‬‬
‫وإذا ﻋﻮﺿﻨﺎ ﺑﻘﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (R = 8.314 kg m2 s-2 mol-1 K-1‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﯾﻌﺒ ﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻨﮫ ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪: (kg mol-1‬‬
‫)‪(587‬‬
(588)
3RT
u rms =
Mw
3 × (8.314 kg m2 s-2 mol-1 K -1 × (27 + 273) K
u rms =
 2 × 14  -1
  kg mol
 1000 
u rms = 516.95 m/s
: ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﺤﻞ‬
: ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬

P = 70 × 13.59 × 980.5 = 932749.65 g cm2 s-2
nRT
V=
P
1 mol × ( 0.0821 L.atm mol-1 K-1 ) × (27 + 273) K
V =
 70 
  atm
 76 
V = 26.7411 L = 26741.1 cm3
3PV
⇒ u rms =
Mw
3 × ( 932749.65 g cm2 s-2 ) × 26741.1 cm 3
u rms =
(2 × 14 )
u rms = 51695.6 cm/s 2
u rms = 516.956 m/s 2
(٢٠٧) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
: ‫اﺣﺴﺐ وزن‬
(O2) ‫أ( ﺟﺰيء واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻷﻛﺴﺠﯿﻦ‬
(CO2) ‫ب( ﺟﺰيء واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬
.(O = 16, C = 12) : ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‬
(NA = 6.023 × 1023) ‫وﻋﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو‬
(588)
‫)‪(589‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫‪Mw O2 = 2 × 16 = 32 g/mol‬‬
‫‪Mw CO2 = (12 ) + ( 2 × 16 ) = 44 g/mol‬‬
‫‪Mw O2‬‬ ‫‪32 g mol-1‬‬
‫= ‪m O2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 5.320 × 10-23 g molecule-1‬‬
‫‪NA‬‬ ‫‪6.023 × 1023 molecules mol-1‬‬
‫‪Mw CO2‬‬ ‫‪44 g mol-1‬‬
‫= ‪m CO2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 7.305 × 10-23 g molecule-1‬‬
‫‪NA‬‬ ‫‪6.023 × 10 molecules mol‬‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٠٨‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ ﺳ ﺮﻋﺔ ﺟﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻏ ﺎز اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ )‪ (O2‬ﺗ ﺴﺎوي )‪ (4.25 × 104 cm/s‬ﻋﻨ ﺪ‬
‫درﺟ ﺔ ﺻ ﻔﺮ درﺟ ﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾ ﺔ ﻓﻜ ﻢ ﺳ ﺘﻜﻮن ﺳ ﺮﻋﺔ ﺟﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻏ ﺎز ﺛ ﺎﻧﻲ أﻛ ﺴﯿﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن )‪ (CO2‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪(O = 16, C = 12 :‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﺈن ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻏﺎزﯾﻦ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺮاھﺎم ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺸﺎر‪:‬‬
‫‪u O2‬‬ ‫‪Mw CO2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪u CO 2‬‬ ‫‪Mw O 2‬‬
‫‪4.25 × 104‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪u CO2‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫‪4.25 × 10 4‬‬
‫= ‪u CO2‬‬
‫‪44‬‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫‪u CO2‬‬ ‫‪= 3.62 × 104 c ms-1‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٠٩‬‬
‫إذا ﻋﻠﻤ ﺖ أن ﺳ ﺮﻋﺔ ﺟﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻏ ﺎز اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺼﻔﺮ اﻟﻤﺌ ﻮي ھ ﻲ‬

‫)‪ (3.62 × 104 cm/s‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﺳ ﺮﻋﺔ ﺟﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت ﻏ ﺎز اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﯿﻦ ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة‬
‫)‪.(25 ºC‬‬
‫)‪(589‬‬
‫)‪(590‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﻓﺈن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ )‪ (KE‬ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳ ﺐ ﻣ ﻊ درﺟ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫‪( KE )273 K α T273‬‬
‫‪( KE )298 K α T298‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪( KE )273 K‬‬ ‫‪m O u12‬‬
‫‪2 2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪( KE )298 K = mO2 u 22‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪( KE )273 K 1/2 mO2 u12 T1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪( KE )298 K 1/2 mO2 u 22 T2‬‬
‫‪u12 T1‬‬
‫⇒‬ ‫=‬
‫‪u 22 T2‬‬
‫‪u1‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬
‫‪= 1‬‬
‫‪u2‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬
‫‪4.25 × 104 cm s -1‬‬ ‫‪273‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪u2‬‬ ‫‪298‬‬
‫‪4.25 × 104 cm s -1‬‬
‫= ‪u2‬‬
‫‪273‬‬
‫‪298‬‬
‫‪u 2 = 4.440 × 104 cm/s‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢١٠‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌ ﺪل ﻣﺮﺑ ﻊ ﺳ ﺮﻋﺔ ﺟﺰﯾﺌ ﺎت اﻟﻨﯿ ﻮن )‪ (Ne‬ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة )‪ (25 ºC‬إﻟ ﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻶرﺟﻮن )‪ (Ar‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫)‪(590‬‬
‫)‪(591‬‬
‫‪u Ne‬‬ ‫‪Aw Ar‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪u Ar‬‬ ‫‪Aw Ne‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ Aw Ar‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ u Ne ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ Ar ‬‬
‫‪u‬‬ ‫‪ Aw Ne‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪u 2 Ne‬‬ ‫‪Aw Ar‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪u Ar‬‬ ‫‪Aw Ne‬‬
‫‪u 2 Ne‬‬ ‫‪39.95‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪u 2 Ar‬‬ ‫‪20.18‬‬
‫‪u 2 Ne‬‬
‫‪= 1.980‬‬
‫‪u 2 Ar‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢١١‬‬
‫أ( اﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ )‪ (1 mol‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ )‪.(25 ºC‬‬
‫ب( اﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﺠﺰيء واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أ( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫= ‪KE‬‬ ‫‪nRT‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪× 1 mol × (8.314 J mol -1 K -1 ) × ( 298 K‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫= ‪KE‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪KE = 3716.360 J/mol‬‬
‫‪KE = 3.720 kJ/mol‬‬
‫ب( اﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟ ﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛ ﺔ )‪ (3716.360 J‬ﻟﻤ ﻮل واﺣ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻐ ﺎز اﻟﻤﺜ ﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬واﻟﻤ ﻮل‬
‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﯾﺤﻮي ﻋﺪد أﻓﻮﺟﺎدرو ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز )‪(N = 6.023 × 1023‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﺠﺰيء واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(591‬‬
‫)‪(592‬‬
‫‪KE mole‬‬
‫= ‪Ke molecule‬‬
‫‪NA‬‬
‫‪3716.360‬‬
‫= ‪Ke molecule‬‬
‫‪6.023 × 1023‬‬
‫‪Ke molecule‬‬ ‫‪= 6.17 × 10-21 Joule/molecule‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢١٢‬‬
‫اﺣ ﺴﺐ ﻛﺜﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﺑﻮﺣ ﺪة )‪ (kg/m3‬ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺿ ﻐﻂ )‪ (105 N/m2‬ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜ ﻮن اﻟﺠ ﺬر‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎﺗﮫ ھﻮ )‪.(3 × 102 m/s‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز أﻣﻜﻦ اﺷﺘﻘﺎق اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫‪m N u2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺮف ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ اﻷﺧﯿﺮ ﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺼﻮرة ﺑﺪﯾﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ )‪ (mN‬ھﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‪ (V) ،‬ھﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ ،‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (d‬ﺗﺴﺎوي )‪(mN/V‬‬
‫وﺗﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫‪m N u2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪1 mN 2‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬
‫‪3  V ‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‪P‬‬ ‫‪(d ) u 2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪3P‬‬
‫‪d= 2‬‬
‫‪u‬‬
‫ووﺣﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ھﻨﺎ ھﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(592‬‬
‫)‪(593‬‬
‫‪P = 1 × 105 N m-2‬‬

‫‪P = 1 × 105 (kg m s-2 ) m -2‬‬
‫‪⇒ P = 1 × 105 kg m-1 s-2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3P‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام وﺣ ﺪات‬ ‫‪d = 2 ‬‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺤ ﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓ ﺔ ﻧﻌ ﻮض ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪u ‬‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )‪: (kg m-1 s-2‬‬

‫) ‪3 × (1 × 105 kg m-1 s-2‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫) ‪( 3 × 10 m s‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪-1 2‬‬
‫) ‪3 × (1 × 10 kg m s‬‬‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬
‫) ‪( 9 × 10 m s‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪d = 3.33 kg/m 3‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢١٣‬‬
‫)‪ (100 g‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزي اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (31.014 %‬وزﻧﺎً‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ وﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻣﻘﺪاره )‪ (0.99456‬ﻟﺘ ﺮ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺿ ﻐﻂ ﻣﺤ ﺪد وﻓ ﻲ درﺟ ﺔ‬
‫)‪ .(150 ºC‬اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻ وزن ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺘﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 31.014% ‬‬
‫‪m N2 = ‬‬ ‫‪ × 100 g = 31.014 g‬‬
‫‪ 100% ‬‬
‫‪100 - 31.014‬‬
‫= ‪mCH 4‬‬ ‫‪× 100 g = 68.986 g‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪31.014‬‬
‫= ‪n N2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 1.108 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬ ‫‪2 × 14‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪68.986‬‬
‫‪n CH 4‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4.312 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw 12 + 4‬‬
‫)‪(593‬‬
‫)‪(594‬‬
‫وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐ ﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿ ﺔ ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺣ ﺴﺎب ﺿ ﻐﻂ ﻛ ﻞ ﻏ ﺎز ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺣ ﺪة ﻛﻤ ﺎ‬

‫ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ n N2 = 1.108 mol‬‬
‫‪PN2 V = n N2 R T‬‬
‫‪n N2 R T‬‬
‫= ‪PN2‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪(1.108 mol ) × ( 0.0821 L.atm mol-1K -1 ) × (150 + 273) K‬‬
‫= ‪PN2‬‬
‫‪0.99456 L‬‬
‫‪PN2 = 38.69 atm‬‬
‫وﯾﺤﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻤﯿﺜﺎن ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ n CH 4 = 4.312 mol‬‬
‫‪PCH 4 V = n CH 4 R T‬‬
‫‪n CH 4 R T‬‬
‫= ‪PCH 4‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪( 4.312 mol ) × ( 0.0821 L.atm mol-1K -1 ) × (150 + 273) K‬‬
‫= ‪PCH 4‬‬
‫‪0.99456 L‬‬
‫‪PCH 4 = 150.570 atm‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺗﺒﺎع إﺣﺪى ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺘﯿﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ واﻟﺬي ﯾ ﻨﺺ ﻋﻠ ﻰ أن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠ ﻲ ﻟﻠﻐ ﺎزات‬
‫ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﯾﺴﺎوي ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫‪PN2 = 38.69 atm‬‬
‫‪PCH4 = 150.570 atm‬‬
‫‪Pt = PN2 + PCH4‬‬
‫‪Pt = 38.69 + 150.570‬‬
‫‪Pt = 189.260 atm‬‬
‫)‪(594‬‬
‫)‪(595‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻲ )‪: (nt‬‬
‫‪ n N2 = 1.108 mol‬‬
‫‪ n CH4 = 4.312 mol‬‬
‫‪∴ n t = n N2 + n CH 4‬‬
‫‪n t = 1.108 + 4.312‬‬
‫‪n t = 5.42 mol‬‬
‫وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪n t = 5.42 mol‬‬
‫‪Pt V = n t R T‬‬
‫‪nt R T‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪( 5.42 mol ) × ( 0.0821 L. atm mol-1 K-1 ) × (150 + 273) K‬‬
‫= ‪Pt‬‬
‫‪0.99456‬‬
‫‪Pt = 189.260 atm‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢١٤‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة )‪ (25 ºC‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﺒﻌﮫ ﺑﺒﺨﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز )‪ (190 cm3‬واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ )‪ (740 mmHg‬وإن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﺋ ﻲ ﻟﺒﺨ ﺎر اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺨﻠ ﯿﻂ ﻣ ﺴﺎو ﻟﻠ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺨ ﺎري ﻟﻠﻤ ﺎء ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة‬
‫)‪ (25 ºC‬وﯾﺴﺎوي )‪ (24 mmHg‬اﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺠﺎف )‪ (dry gas‬ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺿ ﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻟﮫ ﯾﺴﺎوي )‪ (760 mmHg‬ﻓﺎرﺿﺎً أن ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯿﺎ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ﻧﺤ ﺴﺐ ﺿ ﻐﻂ اﻟﻐ ﺎز اﻟﺠ ﺎف ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﻛ ﺎن اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ )‪ (V = 190 cm3‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻗ ﺎﻧﻮن‬

‫داﻟﺘﻮن ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(595‬‬
‫)‪(596‬‬
‫‪Pt = Pdry gas + PH2 O‬‬

‫‪Pdry gas = Pt − PH2O‬‬
‫‪Pdry gas = 740 − 24‬‬
‫‪Pdry gas = 716 mmHg‬‬
‫ﻓﺈذا ﻓﺮﺿﻨﺎ أن ﺿﻐﻂ ھﺬا اﻟﻐﺎز ھﻮ )‪ (P1 = 716 mmHg‬واﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪.(V1 = 190 cm3‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ ﻓ ﺈن ﺿ ﻐﻂ اﻟﻐ ﺎز ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿ ﺔ ھ ﻮ )‪ (P2 = 760 mmHg‬ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺣﺠ ﻢ‬
‫)‪(V2‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪ (V2‬ﻧﻄﺒﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﻮﯾﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1 = 736 mmHg, V1 = 190 cm3‬‬
‫‪P2 = 760 mmHg,‬‬ ‫? = ‪V2‬‬
‫‪P1V1 = P2 V2‬‬
‫‪736 mmHg × 190 cm3 = 760 mmHg × V2‬‬
‫‪736 mmHg × 190 cm3‬‬
‫= ‪V2‬‬
‫‪760 mmHg‬‬
‫‪V2 = 184 cm 3‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢١٥‬‬
‫ﺧﻠ ﯿﻂ ﯾﺘﻜ ﻮن ﻣ ﻦ )‪ (0.495 g‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻐ ﺎز )‪ (A‬اﻟ ﺬي وزﻧ ﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﻲ )‪ (66 g/mol‬و‬
‫)‪ (0.182 g‬ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻐ ﺎز )‪ (B‬واﻟ ﺬي وزﻧ ﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﻲ )‪ .(45.5 g/mol‬وإن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﮭﻤﺎ ھﻮ )‪ .(76.2 cmHg‬اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎزﯾﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺟﺪ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت وﻣﻨﮫ وﻧﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻏﺎز ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(596‬‬
‫)‪(597‬‬
‫‪mA‬‬ ‫‪0.495‬‬
‫= ‪nA‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.0075 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw A‬‬ ‫‪66‬‬
‫‪mB‬‬ ‫‪0.182‬‬
‫= ‪nB‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.004 mol‬‬
‫‪Mw B‬‬ ‫‪45.5‬‬
‫‪nt = 0.0075 + 0.004 = 0.0115 mol‬‬
‫‪n A 0.0075‬‬
‫= ‪XA‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.6520‬‬
‫‪n t 0.0115‬‬
‫‪nB‬‬ ‫‪0.004‬‬
‫= ‪XB‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.3480‬‬
‫‪nt‬‬ ‫‪0.0115‬‬
‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ‪ A‬ﻧﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪PA = X A Pt‬‬
‫‪PA = 0.6520 × 76.2 cmHg‬‬
‫‪PA = 49.680‬‬
‫وﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ‪: B‬‬

‫‪PB = X B Pt‬‬
‫‪PB = 0.3480 × 76.2 cmHg‬‬
‫‪PB = 26.520‬‬
‫وﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺠﻤﻊ ھﺬه اﻟﻀﻐﻮط ‪:‬‬
‫‪PA = 49.680‬‬
‫‪PB = 26.520‬‬
‫‪Pt = PA + PB‬‬
‫‪Pt = 49.680 + 26.520‬‬
‫‪Pt = 76.2 cmHg‬‬
‫وﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻜﻠﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮب ﯾﺴﺎوي اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ اﻟﻮارد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢١٦‬‬
‫ﺗ ﻢ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﺤ ﺴﺎب اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺨ ﺎري ﻟﻠﻜﻠ ﻮروﺑﻜﺮﯾﻦ‬
‫)‪ Chloropicrin (CCl3NO2‬وﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫وزن اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺨﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﮭﻮاء‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫‪0.92 g‬‬ ‫‪731 mmHg‬‬ ‫‪2.151 L‬‬ ‫‪35 ºC‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة‪.‬‬
‫)‪(597‬‬
(598)
(C = 12, Cl = 35.5, N = 14, O = 16) ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‬

.(R = 0.0821 L. atm mol-1 K-1) ‫و‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
: ‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ‬
PCCl3 NO2 = X CCl3 NO2 Pt
: (X CCl3 NO 2 ) ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً اﻟﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ‬
n CCl NO
X CCl3NO 2 = 3 2
n CCl NO + n air
3 2
 m CCl3NO 2 
 
 Mw CCl3 NO 2 
X CCl3NO 2 =
 m CCl3NO 2   PV 
  +  
 Mw CCl3 NO 2   RT 
 0.92 
 
X CCl3NO 2 =  164.5 
 0.92   760 × 2.151V
731

  
+ 
 164.5   0.0821 × (35 + 273) 
0.005593
X CCl3NO 2 =
0.087410
X CCl3NO 2 = 0.0640
: ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬

X CCl3 NO2 = 0.0640
PCCl3 NO2 = X CCl3 NO2 Pt
PCCl3 NO2 = 0.0640 × 731 mmHg
PCCl3 NO2 = 46.784 mmHg
(598)
‫)‪(599‬‬
‫*ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢١٧‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺒﺎح وزﻧﮫ )‪ (30.2341 g‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﺎرﻏﺎً ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﮭ ﻮاء‪ ،‬ووزﻧ ﮫ )‪(30.6771 g‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻤﻸ ﺑﻐﺎز )‪ ، (N2O‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن وزﻧﮫ )‪ (270 g‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻤﻸ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء وﻋﻨﺪ درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮارة )‪ (15 ºC‬وﺿﻐﻂ )‪ .(740 mmHg‬ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺮاض أن ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‪ N2O‬ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎً وﻗﺎرﻧﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء )‪ .(1 g/cm3‬و )‪(R = 0.0821 L. atm mol-1 K-1‬‬
‫واﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪.(N = 14, O = 16‬‬
‫*ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤ ﺴﺐ أوﻻً وزن اﻟﻐ ﺎز ‪ N2O‬وذﻟ ﻚ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻔﺮق ﺑ ﯿﻦ وزن اﻟﻤ ﺼﺒﺎح اﻟﻔ ﺎرغ ووزن‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎح وھﻮ ﻣﻠﻲء ﺑﻐﺎز ‪: N2O‬‬
‫‪m N2O = 30.6771 - 30.2341‬‬
‫‪m N2O = 0.443 g‬‬
‫ووزن اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺬي ﻣﻞء ﺑﮫ اﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎح ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪:‬‬

‫‪m H2O = 270 - 30.2341‬‬
‫‪m H2O = 239.7659 cm3‬‬
‫وﻧ ﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣ ﻸ اﻟﻤ ﺼﺒﺎح ﺑﺎﻟﻤ ﺎء ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ﺣﺠﻤ ﮫ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل اﻟﻌﻼﻗ ﺔ ﺑ ﯿﻦ اﻟ ﻮزن‬

‫واﻟﺤﺠﻢ واﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪d H2O‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪239.7659‬‬
‫=‪V‬‬
‫‪1 g cm3‬‬
‫‪V = 239.7659 cm3‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(599‬‬
‫)‪(600‬‬
‫‪PV = n R T‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪PV‬‬ ‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪mRT‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫‪( 0.443 g ) × ( 0.0821 L. atm mol-1 K -1 ) × (15 + 273) K‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬
‫‪ 740 ‬‬ ‫‪ 239.7659 cm3 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪-1 ‬‬
‫‪ 760 ‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ 1000 cm L ‬‬
‫‪Mw = 44.87 g/mol‬‬
‫وﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﺠﻮاب ﻧﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Mw N 2O = 14 + ( 2 × 16 ) = 46 g/mol‬‬
‫وﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ )اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ( واﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢١٨‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﯿﻜﺘﻮر ﻣﺎﯾﺮ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﺗ ﻢ ﺗﺒﺨﯿ ﺮ )‪ (0.152 g‬ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﺮﻛ ﺐ ﻟ ﮫ‬
‫اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪ (C4H5)n‬وﻗﺪ أزاح ﺣﺠﻤﺎً ﻣﻘﺪاره )‪ (36.0 cm3‬ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟ ﺔ‬
‫ﺣ ﺮارة )‪ (16 ºC‬وإن اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠ ﻮي )‪ (764.0 mmHg‬واﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺒﺨ ﺎري ﻟﻠﻤ ﺎء‬
‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ھﻮ )‪.(13.6 mmHg‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﺎ ﺻﯿﻐﺘﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎع ﻗﺎﻧﻮن داﻟﺘﻮن ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Pt = Pg + PH 2O‬‬
‫‪Pg = Pt - PH2 O‬‬
‫‪Pg = 764.0 - 13.6‬‬
‫‪Pg = 750.4 mm Hg‬‬
‫وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﻐﺎز ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(600‬‬
‫)‪(601‬‬
‫‪PV=nRT‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫= ‪n (C4 H5 )n‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪ 750.4 ‬‬ ‫‪ 36.0 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ × ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪n (C4 H5 )n‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪ 760 ‬‬ ‫‪ 1000 ‬‬
‫‪( 0.0821 L . atm mol-1 K -1 ) × (16 + 273) K‬‬
‫‪n (C4 H5 )n = 1.49810 × 10-3 mol‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ وزن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺨ ﺮ وﻋ ﺪد اﻟﻤ ﻮﻻت ﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺣ ﺴﺎب اﻟ ﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﻲ ﻟﻠﻐ ﺎز‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪n (C4 H5 )n‬‬
‫‪Mw (C4 H5 )n‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪Mw (C4 H5 )n‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪0.152‬‬
‫= ‪Mw (C4 H5 )n‬‬
‫‪1.49810 × 10-3‬‬
‫‪Mw (C4 H5 )n‬‬ ‫‪= 101.462 g/mol‬‬
‫وﻟﺤ ﺴﺎب ﻗﯿﻤ ﺔ )‪ (n‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺼﯿﻐﺔ ‪ (C4H5)n‬ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل اﻟ ﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﻲ اﻟﻤﺤ ﺴﻮب‬
‫)‪: (101.462 g/mol‬‬
‫‪Mw (C 4 H 5 ) n = n ( 4 × 12 + 5 × 1) = 101.462‬‬
‫‪n ( 53) = 101.462‬‬
‫‪101.462‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪53‬‬
‫‪n = 1.9 ≈ 2‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺻﯿﻐﺘﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ھﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪( C4 H 5 )2‬‬ ‫‪= C8 H10‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢١٩‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ ﻛﺜﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻵرﺟ ﻮن )‪ (Ar‬اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﻞ )‪ (1.40 g/cm3‬ﻋﻨ ﺪ درﺟ ﺔ ﻏﻠﯿﺎﻧ ﮫ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐ ﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺤ ﻮل )‪ (1 mol‬ﻣﻨ ﮫ اﻟ ﻰ ﺑﺨ ﺎر ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫)‪ .(- 186 ºC‬اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﻐﻠﯿﺎن وﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (1 atm‬ﻓﺎرﺿﺎً اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(601‬‬
‫)‪(602‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫أوﻻً ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻵرﺟﻮن اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧ ﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻄ ﺎة ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻋ ﻦ وزن وﻛﺜﺎﻓ ﺔ‬
‫اﻵرﺟﻮن ‪:‬‬
‫‪m Ar‬‬
‫= ‪d Ar‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪m Ar‬‬
‫= )‪V (Ar‬‬
‫‪d Ar‬‬
‫‪39.95 g‬‬
‫= )‪V (Ar‬‬
‫‪1.40 g cm - 3‬‬
‫‪V (Ar) = 28.5360 cm 3‬‬
‫‪V (Ar) = 0.0285360 L‬‬
‫وھﺬا ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻵرﺟﻮن اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬

‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻵرﺟﻮن ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻄﺒﻖ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪nRT‬‬
‫= )‪Vg (Ar‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪(1 mol ) × ( 0.0821 L . atm mol-1K -1 ) × ( -186 + 273) K‬‬
‫= )‪Vg (Ar‬‬
‫‪1 atm‬‬
‫‪Vg (Ar) = 7.1427 L‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧ ﮫ ﻟﺤ ﺴﺎب اﻟﺰﯾ ﺎدة ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺤ ﻮل ﺳ ﺎﺋﻞ اﻵرﺟ ﻮن )‪(1 mol Ar‬‬
‫اﻟﻰ ﺑﺨﺎر ‪:‬‬
‫‪V (Ar) = 0.0285360 L‬‬
‫‪Vg(Ar) = 7.1427 L‬‬
‫‪∆V = Vg - V‬‬
‫‪∆V = 7.1427 - 0.0285360‬‬
‫‪∆V = 7.114164 L‬‬
‫وﯾﺘﻀﺢ أن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﻠﯿﻞ ﺟﺪاً ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺒﺨﺎر‪.‬‬
‫)‪(602‬‬
‫)‪(603‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٢٠‬‬
‫اﺣ ﺴﺐ اﻟ ﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﻲ ﻟﻤ ﺎدة ﻋ ﻀﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﺠﮭﻮﻟ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺗﺒﺨ ﺮ )‪ (0.1525 g‬ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓ ﺈن اﻟﺒﺨ ﺎر ﯾ ﺸﻐﻞ ﺣﺠﻤ ﺎً ﻗ ﺪره )‪ (35.05 cm3‬ﻓ ﻲ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة )‪(20 ºC‬‬
‫وﺿﻐﻂ )‪ (730 mmHg‬وأن اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﺎوي ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ‬
‫‪Br‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪73.32 %‬‬ ‫‪4.58 %‬‬ ‫‪22.10 %‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻓﺎرﺿﺎً أن اﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﺄن )‪(R = 0.0821 L. atm mol-1 K-1‬‬
‫واﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ )‪.(C = 12, H = 1, Br = 79.9‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻً ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪PV=nRT‬‬
‫‪PV‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪RT‬‬
‫‪ 730 ‬‬ ‫‪ 35.05 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ atm × ‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪760 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1000 ‬‬
‫‪( 0.0821 L . atm mol-1K -1 ) × ( 20 + 273) K‬‬
‫‪n = 0.00140 mol‬‬
‫وﻣﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n = 0.00140 mol‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬
‫‪Mw‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪0.1525‬‬
‫= ‪Mw‬‬
‫‪0.00140‬‬
‫‪Mw = 108.930 g/mol‬‬
‫وﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻮﺟﺪ وزن ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(603‬‬
‫)‪(604‬‬
‫‪22.10‬‬
‫= ‪wt. of C‬‬ ‫‪× 108.930 = 24.07‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪4.58‬‬
‫= ‪wt. of H‬‬ ‫‪× 108.930 = 4.990‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪73.32‬‬
‫= ‪wt. of Br‬‬ ‫‪× 108.930 = 79.867‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫وﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪wt. of C = 24.07 , wt. of H = 4.990 , wt. of Br = 79.867‬‬
‫‪C : H : Br‬‬
‫‪24.07 4.990 79.867‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪79.9‬‬
‫‪2.006 : 4.990 : 0.9996‬‬
‫‪2:5:1‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻲ ﻓ ﺈن اﻟ ﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿ ﺔ ﺗﻜ ﻮن ‪ C2H5Br :‬واﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻟﮭ ﺎ اﻟ ﻮزن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌ ﻲ‬
‫)‪.(108.9 g/mol‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(٢٢١‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ وﺿﻊ ﻗﻄﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺣﺠﻤﮭﺎ )‪ (0.050 cm3‬ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟ ﺔ )‪ (54 ºC‬ﻓ ﻲ إﻧ ﺎء ﻣﻔ ﺮغ‬
‫ﺳﻌﺘﮫ )‪ ،(1 L‬ﻓﺈذا ﺗﻢ ﺣﻔﻆ اﻹﻧﺎء ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﻢ ﯾﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺎء اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺣﺎﻟ ﺔ‬
‫اﻹﺗ ﺰان ﻋﻠﻤ ﺎً ﺑ ﺄن ﻛﺜﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﻓ ﻲ ھ ﺬه اﻟﺪرﺟ ﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾ ﺔ ھ ﻲ )‪(0.9862 g/cm3‬‬
‫وﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ھﻮ )‪ .(112.5 mmHg‬اﻓﺮض أن ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺴﻠﻚ ﺳ ﻠﻮك اﻟﻐ ﺎز‬
‫)‪(604‬‬

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‫ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ١‬اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ واﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‬

‫واﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (١‬ﯾﻌﺮض اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎت واﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬

‫ﺟﺪول ‪ :١‬اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎت واﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﻤﻮﻻرﯾﺔ ﻟﺜﻼث ﻣﻮاد ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‬

‫وﯾﺼﺤﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﻲ‪ ،‬اﻹﻧﺼﮭﺎر‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺒﻮﻟﯿﻤﻮرﻓﻲ(‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫وﯾﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺨﻮاص‬

‫وﻛﻞ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺘﻲ رﺻﺪت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (٢‬ھﻲ ﻋﺪﯾﻤﺔ اﻟﻠﻮن)‪ ،(colorless‬ﻣﺎﻋﺪا‬

‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ٢‬اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﻛﻐﺎزات ﻋﻨﺪ )‪(1 atm, 25 °C‬‬

‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ٣‬ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات واﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ واﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫‪ (٢‬اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﻀﻐﺎط ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ )‪) (Gases are easily compressed‬ﻟﮭﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(١‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ : ٢‬ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺜﻼث‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(٢‬‬

‫‪Fig. 3 : Diffusion of bromine vapor in air. Some liquid (dark reddish‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ )‪(٣‬‬

‫‪ (٧‬ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺳﺎﻟﺘﮭﺎ )‪(may be liquefied‬‬

‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻮل واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﯿﺘﺮوﺟﯿﻦ )‪ (N2‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ‪ kg/m3‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺗﮫ اﻟﺜﻼث‬

‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪28 × 10-3 Kg‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ‬

‫( واﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ‬Homogeneous mixing) ‫إن ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻠﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬

‫ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺠﺎف ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬:٦‫ﺟﺪول‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪m× a‬‬

‫واﻟﻮﺣ ﺪة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻘ ﻮة ھ ﻲ اﻟﻨﯿ ﻮﺗﻦ )‪ ،(N‬ﺣﯿ ﺚ )‪ ، (1 N = 1 kg m/s2‬واﻟﻮﺣ ﺪة‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪-6 kg  ‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬

‫‪(mm Hg = millimeter of‬‬ ‫واﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﺒﺪﯾﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻜﺜﺮة ھﻲ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﮫ ھﻲ ‪ :‬اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬

‫‪ (١‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪: (Temperature) T‬‬

‫وﻣﻦ أھﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﯾﯿﺲ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ( ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺳﻠﺰﻳﻮﺱ ‪Celsius Temperature Scale‬‬

‫ﺏ( ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ‪Fahrenheit Temperature Scale‬‬

‫ﺝ( ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﻛﻴﻠﻔﻦ ‪Kelven Temperature Scale‬‬

‫ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪات ھﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ أو درﺟﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬

Fig. 7 : Temperature scales. Zero on the absolute scale is the lowest

‫‪ (٢‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ‪ Mass‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ )‪(Quantity‬‬

‫وﻓﻲ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (٣‬ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ‪: (Volume) V‬‬

‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻮﺣﺪات ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (٤‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪: (Pressure) P‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (change in distance‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬

‫واﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ )‪ (SI unit‬ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺔ ھﻲ )‪ (m/s‬وﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم أﯾﻀﺎً )‪(cm/s‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﺴﺎرع )‪: (acceleration‬‬

‫وﯾﻘﺎس اﻟﺘﺴﺎرع ﺑﻮﺣﺪة )‪ (m/s2‬أو )‪.(cm/s2‬‬

: ‫( ﺣﯿﺚ‬N) ‫( ﻟﻠﻘﻮة ھﻲ اﻟﻨﯿﻮﺗﻦ‬SI unit) ‫واﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‬

: ‫وأﺧﯿﺮاً ﻧﻌﺮف اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺄﻧﮫ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬

‫( واﻟﺬي ﯾﻌ ﺮف ﺑﺄﻧ ﮫ واﺣ ﺪ ﻧﯿ ﻮﺗﻦ ﻟﻜ ﻞ ﻣﺘ ﺮ‬pa) ‫واﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ھﻲ اﻟﺒﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬

‫ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺎت اﻷرﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز ووﺣﺪاﺗﮭﺎ‬: ٧ ‫ﺟﺪول‬

‫واﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﺣﺪات اﻟﻘﻮة واﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ =‬

‫وﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻮﺣﺪات )ﺟﻮ ‪ (atm‬ﻛﻮﺣﺪة ﺑﺪﯾﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺟﺪول ‪ : ٩‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي )‪ (atm‬وﺑﻘﯿﺔ وﺣﺪات اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

‫وﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﻮر )‪ (torr‬ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﻮر ﺷﯿﻠﻲ )‪ (Torricelli‬و)‪ (Pa‬ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

‫‪Evanglista‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮ )‪ (Barometer‬وھﻮ ﻣﻦ اﺧﺘﺮاع اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻹﯾﻄﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫أ( ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ ‪ 71 cm Hg‬اﻟﻰ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ )اﻟﺒﺎﺳﻜﺎل( ‪:‬‬

‫‪76 cm Hg = 101325 Pa‬‬

‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﯿ ﻖ ﻗ ﻮة ﻣﻘ ﺪارھﺎ )‪ (F = 100 N‬ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﻜ ﺒﺲ ﻣ ﺴﺎﺣﺘﮫ‬