4.9.

Prandtl-Reuss Material Model (12 Theory) 213

where B = K +~G is known as the constrained modulus. Thus, when a j

reaches the value given by Eq. (4.106), the material yields, and further
increase of vertical stress results in both plastic and elastic strains as the
stress state moves along the perfectly plastic yield surface. In the plastic
range, the stress-strain relations (4.92) for the shear components have the
form
d dej + 2s 2 de2)
dS j = 2G e j -
G(Sj
e Sj (4.107)

When we use the fact that dS = de =0 and de j =2dE j/3, Eq. (4.107)
jj jj

becomes

(4.108)

since e = 12 = hi in the plastic range. Equation (4.108) indicates that dS 2 = 0

also because dS jj = o.
Thus, in the uniaxial strain test, the stress changes beyond the initial yield
are pure ly of the hydrostatic pressure type:
daj=dsj+~dlj=~dlj (4.109a)
da2=ds2+~dlj=~dlj (4.109b)
The material behaves as though it were a fluid once it has reached its limiting
shear resistance, and the eorresponding volume changes are pure ly elastic
~dlj = K dEj (4.110)
Substitution of Eq. (4.110) into Eq. (4.109a) leads to the vertical stress-strain
relation in the plastic range
daj=KdEl (4.111)
Figure 4.13 depicts schematically the behavior of Prandtl-Reuss material
in a uniaxial strain test. The slope of the al vs. Ej curve (Fig. 4.13a) breaks,
or softens, when yielding oeeurs and becomes equal to the bulk modulus.
Accordingly, the loading slopes of the (a j - a2) vs. (Ej - E2) curve and the
(aj - a2) vs. I j/3 curve beeome zero (Fig. 4.13b and d). Since dEfk = 0, the
slope of the I j/3 vs. Ekk eurve remains eonstant (Fig. 4.13c). Once the
material unloads, it follows the linear elastic relations (4.105) until it reaches
the yield surface again on the opposite side of the yield surface, correspond-
ing to
1
J3(a j -a2 )=-k (4.112)

and then the material flows plastieally again, according to Eqs. (4.92). This
unloading behavior is also shown in Fig. 4.13.

EXAMPLE 4.3. Examine the behavior of Prandtl-Reuss material under a

plane stress condition defined by aij = [al' 0, a 3 ].