66 2.

Yield and Failure Criteria

Finally, for a fixed value of n3, the relation between the values of (un, Sn)
for this particular valu e of n3 is given by

[un -!( U I + (2)]2 + S~ = HUI - (2)2 + n~( U3 - UI)( U 3 - (2) (2.102)

and in this case, the point (un, Sn) Iies on arc A'B' in Fig. 2.7.
For a given point P with known valu es of nl' n 2 , and n 3 , one can find
(un, Sn) corresponding to these values graphically. Since only two values
of nl, n 2 , and n3 are independent, we can use any two values, for example,
nl and n3, to determine the values (un, Sn) corresponding to these values.
For a fixed value of nh we construct the arc e' D'. Similarly, for a fixed
value of n3, we construct the arc A'B', as shown in Fig. 2.7. The point of
intersection, P', of the two arcs gives the required valu es Un and Sn corre-
sponding to the given valu es nl, n2 , and n3. The third value, n 2 , is used to
check the procedure since the third arc E' F' must pass through the same
point P'.

2.1.9. Haigh-Westergaard Stress Space

This geometric representation of the stress state at a point is very useful in
the study of plasticity theory and failure criteria. Since the stress tensor Uij
has six independent components, it is, of course, possible to consider these
components as positional coordinates in a six-dimensional space. However,
this is too difficult to deal with. The simplest alteroative is to take the three
principal stresses UI, U2, U3 as coordinates and represent the stress state at
a point as a point in this three-dimensional stress space. This space is called
the Haigh- Westergaard stress space. In this principal stress space, every
point having coordinates UI, U2, and U3 represents a possible stress state.
Any two stress states at a point P which differ in the orientation of their
principal axes, but not in the principal stress values, would then be represen-
ted by the same point in the three-dimensional stress space. This implies
that this type of stress space representation is focused primarily on the
geometry of stress and not on the orientation of the stress state with respect
to the material body.
Consider the straight line ON passing through the origin and making
the same angle with each of the coordinate axes, as shown in Fig. 2.8. Then,
for every point on this line, the state of stress is one for which UI = U2 = U3.
Thus, every point on this line corresponds to a hydrostatic or spherical state
of stress, while the deviatoric stresses, Sl = (2UI - U2 - (3)/3, etc., are equal
to zero. This line is therefore termed the hydrostatic axis. Furthermore, any
plane perpendicular to ON is called the deviatoric plane. Such a plane has
the form
(2.103)

where g is the distance from the origin to the plane measured along the