DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

IIT DELHI

D S
Dr. Suresh
h Bhalla
Bh ll
Associate Professor
Tel: 2659-1040 Email: Sbhalla@civil.iitd.ac.in
© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
 FOUNDATIONS

Geotechnical Structural
Engineer Engineer

Location and depth criteria

Structural drawings follow
p criteria
location and depth
Bearing capacity criteria- safety
against shear failure of soil Soil pressure does not exceed
allowable pressure as per soil report
Settlement
S ttl t criteria-
it i should
h ld nott
settle excessively. Structurally safe

© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
 TERMINOLOGIES
Ultimate bearing capacity,
capacity qult

Total gross pressure at base of foundation

which causes shear failure.
Ultimate net bearing capacity, qult, net

qult, net = qult - q (q = Effective soil ppressure at foundation base)

Safe net bearing capacity, qsafe, net
Overburden
qsafe, net = (qult, net )/ Factor of safety
Safe bearing pressure, qsafe, pr
Maximum net p pressure that foundation can transmit
without the settlement exceeding the permissible value.
Allowable net bearing
g pressue,
p qall, net WORKING STRESS
APPROACH
Lower of (qsafe, net and qsafe, pr )
© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
 ISOLATED FOOTING 600mm

400mm

Dead + Earthquake
Finished ground level (FGL)
0 5m
0.5m
P Natural ground level (NGL) P = 1200 kN
M 1m
H Water table M = 125 kN-m
D = 2m
1m H = 20 kN
γsoil = 18 kNm-3
B -22
qall, net = 180 kNm
k
Design Steps:
(1) Size of footing to satisfy base pressure requirements
(2) Design of base for bending
(3) Check for one-way shear
(4) Check for two
two-way
way shear
(5) stability against sliding and overturning
© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
 (1) SIZE OF FOOTING TO SATISFY BASE PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS
600mm

400mm

Finished ground level (FGL) Dead + Earthquake

P Natural ground level (NGL)
0.5m
P = 1200 kN Try 2.5x2.5x0.4m
M
H Water table
1m
M = 125 kN-m thick footing
D = 2m
1m H = 20 kNk
γsoil = 18 kNm-3
B
qall, net = 180 kNm-2
NGL
Submerged
density 2m
Under normal conditions
qall, gross = qall, net + q = 180 + 18 x1 + (18-10)x1= 207 kNm-2
Submerged
d i
density
Under wind/ earthquake

qall, gross = 1.25 qall, net + q = 1.25 x 180 + 18 x1 + (18-10)x1= 251 kNm-2

P (total) = Pt = P + Overburden = 1200 + 2.5x2.5x0.4x (25-10) Footing base

+ (2.5x2.5-0.4x0.6) (0.6 x8 + 1.5 x 18)
= 1428.61 kN Soil
M (total) = Mt = M + H*(Footing thickness) = 125 + 20 x 0.4 = 133 kN-m
© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
 (1) SIZE OF FOOTING TO SATISFY BASE PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS
600mm

400mm

Finished ground level (FGL) Dead + Earthquake

0.5m
P Natural ground level (NGL) P = 1200 kN
M 1m
H Water table M = 125 kN-m
D = 2m
1m H = 20 kN
γsoil = 18 kNm-3
σmin B
σmax qall, net = 180 kNm-2
For 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.4 m footing
Area A = B2 = 6.25 m2 Section modulus Z = (B3/6) = 6.25 m3

Pt Mt Pt Mt
σmax = + σmin = -
A Z A Z

279.65 kN/m2 > qall, gross =251 kN/m2 177.51 kN/m2

Try 2.7 x 2.7 x 0.4 m footing A = 7.29 m2 Z = 3.28 m3 Pt = 1461.7 kN

σmax = 241.05 kN/m2 σmin = 159.96 kN/m2
< qall, gross =251 kN/m2
© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
 (1) SIZE OF FOOTING TO SATISFY BASE PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS
600mm

400mm

Finished ground level (FGL) Dead + Earthquake

0.5m
P Natural ground level (NGL) P = 1200 kN
M 1m
H Water table M = 125 kN
kN-m
m
D = 2m
1m H = 20 kN
γsoil = 18 kNm-3
B
qall, -2
ll nett = 180 kNm

P (total) = Pt = P + Overburden

Pt Mt P Mt Poverburden
σ1,2 = ± = ± +
A Z A Z A

Overburden pressure
pressure= 0.4x(25
0.4x(25-10)
10) + 0.6 x (18 10) + 1.5 x 18 = 37.8 kN/m2
(18-10)
Slightly higher since
σmax = 242.95 kN/m2 σmin = 161.85 kN/m2 additional soil considered
at col. location

σmax = 241.05 kN/m2 Exact σmin = 159.96 kN/m2

© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
 (2) DESIGN OF BASE FOR BENDING
Finished ground level (FGL)
M25 concrete
Fe415 steel
kN/ 2
37 8 kN/m
37.8
d = 400-50-10 = 340mm

M = 107.29 kNm/m
161.85 kN/m2
211.41 kN/m2 242.95 kN/m2

Mu = 1.5 x 107.29 = 160.94 kNm/m

160.94 x 10 6 Nmm
-2
Mu/ bd2 = =1.39 Nmm
1000mm x ((340))2 mm2
Ast = 0.417% = 14.2 cm2/m. Provide 16φ @ 140 mm c/c = 14.36 cm2/m = 0.42%
© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 727 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
 (3) CHECK FOR ONE-WAY SHEAR
Finished ground level (FGL)

d = 340mm
d
37.8 kN/m2

kN/m2
161 85 kN/
161.85
221.62 kN/m2 242.95 kN/m2

V = 107.29 kNm/m Vu = 1.5 x 138.1 = 207.13 kN/m

207.13 x 10 3N
Nominal τ
shear stress v
= =0.609 Nmm
N -2
1000mm x (340) mm
Shear strength of concrete (for 0.42% steel) τc = 0.448 Nmm-2 < τv
Pg 73,
73 IS 456
Either increase ‘d’ or increase reinforcement to 1% (let us increase reinforcement)
© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
 (4) CHECK FOR TWO-WAY (PUNCHING) SHEAR
Finished ground level (FGL)

d/2 = 170mm
400+d
P 37.8 kN/m2
600+d

161 85 kN/m2
161.85
201.36 kN/m2
242.95 kN/m2
V = 1200 -(0.9 x 0.74)(201.36-37.8) = 1086.23 kN
Vu = 1.5 x 1086.23 = 1629.34 kN
1629.34 x 103 N
τv = = 1.426 Nmm-2
2(940+740)mm x (340) mm β = (0.4/0.6) c

Shear strength of concrete = ksτc = 1.11 Nmm-2 < τv (Pg. 59, IS 456)
τc = 0.25 fck = 1.11 Nmm-2 ks = 0.5 + βc = 1.0 (<=1.0)
© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
 (4) CHECK FOR TWO-WAY (PUNCHING) SHEAR
Finished ground level (FGL)

d/2 = 170mm
400+d
P 37.8 kN/m2
600+d

161 85 kN/m2
161.85
201.36 kN/m2
242.95 kN/m2
τv = 1.426 Nmm-2 > 1.11 Nmm-2 (ksτc )
Increase thickness to 500mm => d = 440mm
V = 1200 -(1.04 x 0.84)(201.36-37.8) = 1057.1 kN
Vu = 1.5 x 1057.1 = 1585.65 kN
1585.65 x 103 N -2 < k τ
τv = = 0.958 Nmm s c
2(1040+840)mm x (440) mm OK
© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
 *REDESIGN FOOTING FOR BENDING AND 11-WAY
WAY SHEAR

REINFORCEMENT DETAILING
Finished ground level (FGL)

37.8 kN/m2 Ld
Min 150mm

16φ @ 150 mm c/c (Check)

161.85 kN/m2
211.41 kN/m2 242.95 kN/m2 16φ @ 150 mm c/c (Check)

© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
(5) SAFETY AGAINST SLIDING AND OVERTURNING
(for a stand alone footing) Sec 20 600mm
(p33): IS 456:2000
400mm

Finished ground level (FGL) Dead + Earthquake

0.5m
P Natural gground level (NGL)
( ) P = 1200 kN
M 1m
H Water table M = 125 kN-m
D = 2m
1m H = 20 kN
γsoil = 18 kNm-3
B
qall, net = 180 kNm-2
OVERTURNING
Restoring moment > 1.2
1 2 Mo(due to DL) + 11.4
4 Mo(due to IL)
Consider a DL = 90% IL = 0 for
restoring moment calculation Pg. 33, IS 456

SLIDING
DL = Dead load
Restoring force > 1.4 H IL = Imposed load
Consider a DL = 90% IL = 0
© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
 STAND ALONE FOOTING
(
(say ffor a pipe
i support))
P = 50 kN
H = 10 kN M = 10 x 2.3 = 23 kN-m
0.3m Finished ground level (FGL)

T 1.2m
Try 1 2 x1.2m
1 2 footing
f ti
2m
A = 1.44 m2 Z = 0.288 m3
7.04 kN/m2
P M
σ1,2 = ± + σoverburden
152.68 kN/m2 A Z
B σ1,2 = 152.68, -7.04 kN/m2
qall, net = 180 kNm-2
Hence, redistribution of base pressure will take place
© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
 STAND ALONE FOOTING
(
(say ffor a pipe
i support))
e = M/Pt
0.3m Finished ground level (FGL)

Overburden :
e
= 1.2x1.2x0.3x25+ 0.4x0.6x 2.0x25+(1.2x1.2- 0.4x0.6)x1.7x18
2m
= 59.52 kN

7.04 kN/m2 Pt = P + Overburden =109.52 kN

x/3 152.68 kN/m2
X ??
X=?? ??
e = M/Pt = 0.21m
B
(x/3+e) = B/2 => x = 3(0.5B-e) => x = 1.17m
0.5xB σ1 = Pt =>σ1 = 156 kN/m2
© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
 STAND ALONE FOOTING
(
(say ffor a pipe
i support))
0 3m
0.3m Finished ground level (FGL)

2m

??
B

ALTERNATE APPROACH:
Increase size such that no point on footing loses contact with soil
© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
 STAND ALONE FOOTING
(
(say ffor a pipe
i support))

0.3m Finished ground level (FGL)

OVERTURNING
Overturning moment =
1.2 Mo(due to DL) + 1.4 Mo(due to IL)
2m 38.1 kN/m2 = 0 + 1.4x23
= 32.2
32 2 kNm

x/3 Restoring moment = 0.9x59.52x0.6

= 32.14 kNm
1 17
1.17m 156 kN/m2

Marginally unsafe
unsafe, increase dimension to 11.3m
3m
© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
 STAND ALONE FOOTING
(
(say ffor a pipe
i support))
Coeff. of friction

0.3m Finished ground level (FGL)

SLIDING 0.4-0.5 (concrete-soil)

Restoring
i force
f > 14S
1.4 Sliding
i i
Force
2m 38.1 kN/m2
0.9x59.52 x 0.45 1.4 x 10

24.1 kN > 14 kN
x/3 (OK)
1 17
1.17m 156 kN/m2

© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
 ISOLATED FOOTING UNDER
BIAXIAL BENDING
L
y
My

x xB
Mx

P Mx My
σ4 σ1,2,3,4(gross) = ± ± + σoverburden
A Zx Zy
σ2
σ1 Zx=LB2/6 Zy=BL2/6

Mx, My : TOTAL MOMENTS ABOUT THE BASE OF FOOTING

© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
 ISOLATED FOOTING UNDER
BIAXIAL BENDING
(Reinforcement in x direction)
Plane
along xx
L
y
Myt

σ
σavg 4
x xB
σ2 Mxt
σ1

Along xx

P My P My
σxx,min = - σxx, max = + + σoverburden
A Zy + σoverburden A Zy
© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
 ISOLATED FOOTING UNDER
BIAXIAL BENDING
L
y
My
σ
σavg 4 x xB
σ2 Mx
σ1

y
Design Steps:
(1) Size of footing to satisfy base pressure requirements
Similarly,
Reinforcement in y direction (2) Design of base for bending

can be determined (3) Check for one-way shear

((4)) Check for two-wayy shear
(5) stability against sliding and overturning
© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.
 THANK YOU

© Dr. Suresh Bhalla, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. This material is only for CEP 761 students of IIT Delhi. No part of this
material can be copied, printed or transmitted in any form without permission of the copyright holder.