Introduction to Physiology

d. Proteins
Functional Organization of the Human body ▪ 1O% to 20% of the cell
▪ Two types
Physiology - Structural = long and thin filaments that come in
▪ Is the science that seeks to explain the physical and bundles and serves as the cytoskeleton
chemical mechanisms that are responsible for the origin, - Functional = globular forms that are mainly the
development, and progression of life. enzymes in cell

Human Physiology e. Ions

▪ Attempts to explain the specific characteristics and ▪ Provides inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions and are
mechanisms of the human body that make it a living being. also necessary for operation for some of the cellular
control mechanisms
Cells ▪ Important ions include
▪ Are the Living Units of the body - Na+, Cl- = abundant extracellular
▪ Cells also have the ability to reproduce additional cells of - OA-. K+ = abundant intracellular
their own kind
▪ All cells try to achieve homeostasis K = Potassium Mg = Magnesium
(Constant and balanced conditions) P = Phospate S = Sulfate
▪ Deliver products of their chemical reactions into the HCO3 = Bicarbonates Na = Sodium
surrounding fluids Cl = Chlorine Ca = Calcium

Protoplasm
▪ Surface outside and inside the cell Cell and Function
▪ Consist of 5 elements
- Water Membranous Structure of the Cell
- Carbohydrates ▪ Composed primarily of lipids and proteins
- Lipids ▪ Kinds of Membranes - cell membrane, nuclear membrane,
- Proteins membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, and membranes
- Ions of the mitochondria, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus

a. Water
▪ 70-85% concentration
▪ Comprises 60% of the entire human body
▪ 2/3 intracellular
▪ 1/3 extracellular, internal environment, milieu interieur
- Plasma
- interstitial fluid

b. Carbohydrates
▪ 1% of the cell, 3% for muscle and 6% for the liver
▪ Little structural function but plays major role in nutrition
▪ 1st energy choice consumed - easy to breakdown and used
▪ Types
- Disaccharides = 2 monosaccharaides
- Sucrose = glucose + fructose
- Lactose = glucose + galactose
- Maltose = glucose + glucose
- Glycogen = carbs in form of dissolved glucose readily
available for cell in extracellular fluid (stored energy)

c. Lipids
▪ Fat, 2% of the cell -phospholipids and cholesterol
▪ 2nd choice of energy consumed
▪ Insoluble in water thus used to form the cell membrane
and intracellular membrane barriers
▪ Forms of Lipids
- HDL = good cholesterol, >60mg/dL
- LDL = bad cholesterol, <100mg/dL
- Triglycerides = natural fat, stores energy, <165mg/dL
- Total cholesterol = <200 mg/dL
 Membrane
Transport System
▪ Active
- Uses ATP (energy)
- Goes against the flow
▪ Passive
- Does not use energy
- Goes with the flow = going with concentrated area

Simple diffusion

Sprain - Ligament
Strain - Tendon

A-band = Striations
Z disc = boundaries from one sarcomere
m-line =
Osmosis
(insert picture) Sliding Filament Theory

Membrane Potential
▪ Voltage difference between inside and outside of cells
▪ Occurs due to the differential distribution of ions in and
out of the cell

Resting Membrane Potential

▪ Skeletal = -90mv (voluntary)
▪ Cardiac = -95 to -85mv (cardiac rhythm)
▪ Neurons = -70mv (excited)

Muscle Physiology Types of Muscle Contractions

Isometric - muscles are contracting, does hold a position
Types of Muscle Isokinetic - does require an eqiupment
▪ Cardiac Isotonic - Musc
- Heart
- Striated, Involuntary Muscle strength - how much load you can carry
- Intercalated Disk Muscle tone - how bulky
- Syncitium - to make certain rhythm of the heart
▪ Skeletal
-
- Striated, Voluntary
▪ Smooth
- Tissues
- Non-Striated, Involuntary

Muscle Functions
▪ Stability
▪ Mobility
▪ Thermoregulation

Low Titch - Type 1 - Enduranace

Muscle Anatomy
Type 2 - Power
▪ Sarcoplasmic Reticulum -
▪ Sarcoplasm
Types of Muscle Responses
▪ Sacromere - basic function unit of the muscles
Twitch
Summation
Muscle bulk
Tetany
Treppe
Skeletal Muscle
 composed of numerous fibers ranging from 10 to 80
micrometers in diameter.
 made up of smaller subunits
 In most skeletal muscles, each fiber extends the entire
length of the muscle. Except for about 2 percent of the
fiber
 each fiber is usually innervated by only one nerve ending,
located near the middle of the fiber.

Saclorema
- Thin membrane enclosing a skeletal muscle fiber
 Plasma membrane - true cell membrane
 Polysaccharide material - outer coat made up of a thin
layer of that contains numerous thin collagen fibrils. At
each
 Tendon Fiber - end of the muscle fiber, this surface layer
of the sarcolemma
 fuses with a tendon fiber. The tendon fibers in turn
 collect into bundles to form the muscle tendons that then
 connect the muscles to the bones.
 Pulmonary Physiology - Main stem / Primary bronchi
o Right primary bronchus - Shorter, wider,
Basic Anatomy subdivided into 3 lobar or secondary bronchi
o Left primary bronchus - Longer, narrow,
Upper Respiratory Tract subdived into 2 lobar or secondary bronchi
- Lobar / Secondary bronchi
▪ Nose o Right secondary bronchus - Superior, middle,
- Made up of soft tissue cartilage inferior bronchi
- Two nostrils / Nasal nares o Left secondary bronchus - Superior and inferior
- Bony brige
bronchi
▪ Nasal Cavity
- Segmentel or Tertiary bronchi
- Separated by two equal chambers by the nasal
- Bronchioles
septum
o Near the end of bronchial tree
- Nasal septum is formed by the vomer and part of the
o Less than 1mm diameter
ethmoid bones
o Noncartilaginous
- Functions: warms, filter and moistens air
- Alveolus
▪ Oral cavity
o Very end of bronchial tree
- Is where the air enters when we breath
o They are sac like structures that cluster
- Roof:
o Hard palate (bony) around terminal bronchus
o Function - exchange oxygen for carbon
o Soft palate (fibrous)
 Closing off between the nasal and oralfies
during the activities such as swallowing,
blowing and certain speech sounds
 Closure also forces foods and liquids down
into the throat and forces air out into the
mouth when blowing and speaking
- Uvula is a soft structure that hangs down in the
middle of the back of the mouth
▪ Pharynx
- Nasal pharynx > Respiratory function
- Oral pharynx > Receives food from the mouth
- Laryngopharynx > Located between the base of the
tongue and the entrance of esophagus
▪ Larynx
- Also known as the “Voice Box”
- Consist of cartilage, ligaments, muscles and the vocal
cords
- It is located between the pharynx and trachea;
Anterior to C4 to C6 vertebra
- Has laryngeal prominence called Adam’s apple
- Functions
o Passageway for air
o Prevents food/liquid passage
o Generate speech sounds
- Epiglottis closes over the vocal cords allowing food/
liquid pass into the esophagus
- Glotis is the opening between the vocal cords of the
area where sound is produced. It is important part of
the cuff mechanism

Lower Respiratory Tract

▪ Trachea
- Also known as the windpipe
- Made up of C-cartilage on all sides except posteriorly
- Located anterior to the esophagus;
C6 to T4 vertebrae
- Divide into the right and left main stem or primary
bronchi

▪ Bronchial Tree