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Medianmode 141018135035 Conversion Gate01 PDF
Medianmode 141018135035 Conversion Gate01 PDF
Rajkumar Teotia
Institute of Advanced Management and Research (IAMR)
Address: 9th Km Stone, NH-58, Delhi-Meerut Road, Duhai,Ghaziabad (U.P)
- 201206
Ph:0120-2675904/905 Mob:9999052997 Fax: 0120-2679145
e mail: rajkumarteotia@iamrindia.com
Median is the central value of the variable that divide the series
into two equal parts in such a way that half of the items lie
above the value and the remaining half lie below this value.
Median is defined as the value of the middle item (or the mean
of the values of the two middle items) when the data are
arranged in an ascending or descending order of magnitude.
Thus, in an ungrouped frequency distribution if the n values are
arranged in ascending or descending order of magnitude, the
median is the middle value if n is odd.
N+1 = 9+1 = 5
2 2
N+1 = 10 + 1 = 5.5
2 2
That is, the size of the 5.5th item is the median. We have to take
the average of the values of 5th and 6th item. This means an
average of 18 and 19, which gives the median as 18.5.
In the case of a grouped series, the median is calculated with
the help of the following formula:
Median = L + N - P.c.f x i
2
f
Where,
L = Lower limit of median class
P.c.f = Previous commutative frequency of median class
f = frequency of median class.
i = Size of the median class.
N = total no of observation or the total of the frequency.
Example – From the following data, calculate median.
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
No. of students 10 20 30 50 40 30
Solution-
Step I- First we will find out the commutative frequency
Marks(x) No. of students (f) Commutative
frequency
C.f
0-10 10 10
10-20 20 30
20-30 30 60
30-40 50 110
40-50 40 150
50-60 30 180
N = 180
Step II - Size of N item = size of 180 item = 90th item
2 2
Step III-
Commutative frequency which includes 90th = 110 Class
corresponding to 110 = 30 – 40 (is the median class)
Marks(x) No. of students Commutative
(f) frequency
C.f
0-10 10 10
10-20 20 30 PCF
20-30 30 60
30-40 50 110 Median
Class
40-50 40 150
50-60 30 180
N = 180
f
L
Step iv – now we will apply the following formula
Median = L + N - P.c.f x i
2
f
Median = 30 + 90 – 60 x 10
50
Median = 36
Example: from the following data calculate median
Marks 45 55 25 35 5 15
No. of students 40 30 30 50 10 20
Solution-
Step I- First we will find out the commutative frequency
Marks in No. of students (f) Commutative
ascending frequency
order (x) C.f
5 10 10
15 20 30
25 30 60
35 50 110
45 40 150
55 30 180
N = 180
Step II - Size of N + 1 item = size of 181 item = 90.5th item
2 2
Q2 = size of 2( N + 1) th item
4
Q3 = size of 3( N + 1) th item
4
Example: - from the following data calculate first and third quartile.
Marks 5 15 25 35 45 55
No. of students 10 20 30 50 40 30
Solution:-
Step I: - Calculation of commutative Frequencies
Step III: -
Q3 = size of 3(N + 1) th item
4
Q3 = 135.7 th item
Q3 = 45
Computation of Quartiles for grouped data:-
Q1 = L + N - P.c.f x i
4
f
Q2 = L + N - P.c.f x i
2
f
Q3 = L + 3N - P.c.f x i
4
f
DECILES
The deciles of a variate that divide the series or the distribution
into ten equal parts are called deciles. Each part contains 10% of
the total observations. Since nine points are required to divide the
data into 10 equal parts, we have nine deciles that are D1 to D9
Computation of Deciles for ungrouped data and
discrete series(after arranging the size of item in
ascending or descending order):-
DJ = size of J (N + 1) th item
10
Where,
J = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
Example: - from the following data calculate first and second Deciles.
Marks 5 15 25 35 45 55
No. of students 10 20 30 50 40 30
Solution:-
Step I: - Calculation of commutative Frequencies
Marks No. of students (f) Commutative frequency
C.f
5 10 10
15 20 30
25 30 60
35 50 110
45 40 150
55 30 180
N = 180
Step II: -
D1 = size of N + 1 th item
10
= Size of 180 + 1 th item = 181 = 18.1 th item
10 10
= size of 18.1 th item = 25, So D1 = 15
Step III: -
D2 = size of 2(N + 1) th item
10
D2 = 36.2 th item
D2 = 25
DJ = L + JN - P.c.f x i
10
f
Where,
J = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
The value of a variate which divides a given series or
distribution into 100 equal parts are known as percentiles.
Each percentile contains 1% of the total number of
observations. Since ninety nine points are required to divide
the data into 100 equal parts, we have 99 percentiles, P1 to P100
PJ = size of J (N + 1) th item
100
Where, J = 1 to 100
Where, J = 1 to 100
Example: - from the following data calculate Q1, D8 and P10.
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
No. of students 10 20 30 50 40 30
Solution:-
Step I: -Calculation of commutative Frequencies
P10
C.f
0-10 10 10
10-20 20 30
20-30 30 60
Q1
30-40 50 110
40-50 40 150
50-60 30 180 D8
N = 180
Step II: - Calculation of Q1
Q1 = L + N - P.c.f x i
4
f
Q1 = 20 + 45 – 30 x 10 = 25
30
Step III: - Calculation of D8
D8 = L + 8N - P.c.f x i
10
f
P10 = 10 + 18 – 10 x 10 = 14
20
Mode is often said to be that value in a series which occurs most
frequently or which has the greatest frequency. But it is not
exactly true for every frequency distribution. Rather it is that
value around which the items tend to concentrate most heavily.
MO = L + ∆1 x i
∆1 + ∆2
Where,
MO = Mode.
L = Lower limit of the modal class.
∆1 = The difference between the frequency of the modal class and the frequency of the pre modal class.
∆2 = The difference between the frequency of the modal class and the frequency of the post-modal class.
i = The size of the modal class
Example- calculate the modal sales of the 100 companies from the following data
Sales in Rs(lakhs) 58-60 60-62 62-64 64-66 66-68 68-70 70-72
No. of companies 12 18 25 30 10 3 2
Solution-
Since the maximum frequency is 30 is in the class 64-66, therefore 64-66 is the
modal class
Mode is determined by the following formula
MO = L + ∆1 x i
∆1 + ∆2
MO = 64 + 5 x 2
5 + 20
MO = 64.4
Example: -
from the following data, calculate Mode:
Marks 5 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 20
No. of students 4 6 5 10 20 22 24 6 2 1
Solution:-
First we will do grouping of the above data with the help of
grouping table. A grouping table must have six columns.
Marks Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6
5 4 x x x
10 6 10 15 x
11 5 11 21
12 10 15 35
13 20 30 52
14 22 42 66
15 24 46 52
16 6 30 32
18 2 8 9 x
20 1 3 x x x
ANALYSIS TABLE
Column No. Marks
5 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 20
1 1
2 1 1
3 1 1
4 1 1 1
5 1 1 1
6 1 1 1
TOTAL 1 3 5 4 1
Merits of Mode
In many cases it can be found by inspection.
Negatively skewed
Positively skewed
Mean ˂ Mode
Mean ˂ Median
‘J’ Shaped Negatively Skewed
Mean ˃ Mode
Mean ˃ Median
Moderately Skewed /Asymmetrical Distribution
Centre of Gravity