1.

3 Electrical Machines

Prepared by :
Herda Balqis Binti Ismail
Faculty of Civil Engineering
UiTM Cawangan Johor Kampus Pasir Gudang
This chapter address CO 1 & PO 1 :

 CO1: Apply the basic knowledge, concepts and

principles of operations, safety and control of using
electrical and mechanical system in the building. (C6)

 PO1:Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural

science engineering fundamentals and an engineering
specialization to wide practical procedures and
practices.
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
• Explain the principles of operations, safety and
control of using electrical machine
- DC motor
- AC motor
 Describe the principle of electric generation
 Explain the basic operation of electrical machine
 Differentiate the Direct Current (DC) and
Alternating Current (AC)
 Differentiate between D.C and A.C motor

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1.3.1 Introduction to electrical machines and Direct
Current (D.C) / Alternating Current (A.C) motor

 Generator
 Theory of generator,
 Basic components in generator
 Alternating Current (A.C)
 A.C Motor
 Direct Current (D.C)
 D.C Motor
 Others component in electrical machines
 Alternator
 Dynamo
 Rectifier
 Inverter HBI _UiTMPG
 A generator is a machine that produces electrical
energy from mechanical energy.

 It does not create energy.

 It changes mechanical energy into electrical

energy.

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 There are two main
types of generator;
 Direct Current (DC)
generators -produces
electric current that
always flows in the
same direction

 Alternating Current (AC)

generators or
alternators -produce
electric current that
reverses direction many
times every second

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Armature/ coils/ windings
 It is made of conductor
(copper). It is where a
current is induced by
magnetic induction during
movement of magnet.

Stator
 The stationary
electromagnetic
structure/part of
generator.

Rotor
 The rotating/moving
electromagnetic
structure/part of
generator.

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 660 MW generator,
stator end windings

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BASIC PRINCIPLES ON HOW A
SIMPLE GENERATOR
WORKS………(1)

 The electricity is produced by means of

a principle coil (i.e.copper) near a
magnet or by moving a magnet near the
coil.

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 BASIC PRINCIPLES ON HOW A
SIMPLE GENERATOR
WORKS………..(2)

If a coil of wire is rotated

between two poles of
permanent magnet (magnetic
field/flux), the two sides of the
coil “cut” the line of force.
Thus, This induces electricity in
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the coil
BASIC PRINCIPLES ON HOW A
SIMPLE GENERATOR
WORKS………..(2)

The voltage of the electricity produced is

called an induced electromotive force (emf).
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BASIC PRINCIPLES ON HOW A
SIMPLE GENERATOR
WORKS………..(3)
 There are three (3) factors that will
increase the voltage produced by a
generator:
(1) The strength of the magnetic field.
- The stronger the magnet the higher the
voltage produced
(2)The speed of the rotation.
- The faster the rotation the more voltage will be
produced
(3)The number of loops of wires that
cut the magnetic field.
 The more the number of the loops the more higher
the voltage.

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 BASIC PRINCIPLES ON HOW A
SIMPLE GENERATOR
WORKS………..(4)
There are two methods of
connection between the coil
and the external circuit which
are:

 Using slip ring

– for producing Alternating
Current (AC) - alternator
- Example: Hydro electric
power plant

 Using split ring (commutator)

– for producing Direct
Current(DC) - generator
- Example: bicycle dynamo

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 DC flows in one direction
 It can be generated from various sources such as :
 Dry and wet cell batteries
 Photovoltaic cells
 Dynamos
 Generators
 Rectifiers

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THE GENERATION OF
DIRECT CURRENT
 To change the simple generator into DC
generator, two things must be done:

 The current must be conducted from the rotating loopof

wire, and
 The current must be made to move in only one
direction

 A device called a split rings/ commutator

performs both tasks

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 SPLIT RINGS /COMMUTATOR

Each half of
the
commutator
rings is call
commutator
segment and is
insulated from
the other half

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 4) One brush
4) One brush feed it in conducts the current
the generator out of the generator.
-No matter how the
current in the loop
alternates, the
commutator segment
containing the
outwards-going
2) The commutator rotates currents is always
with the loop of wire in the the ‘out” brush at the
magnetic filed proper time

3) Two carbon
brushes
connected to
the outside 1) Each end of the rotating
circuit rest loop of wire is connected to
against the commutator segment
rotating
commutator
segment
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ADVANTAGES OF DIRECT
CURRENT
 The power generation can be from a large
generator to a portable generator depending on
the power demand/usage

 DC current can be stored for future used in a

battery. - Power generation from small to
miniature batteries for small electrical gadgets,
example: watches, calculators, clocks, radios,
camera etc.

 The current is more stable and less fluctuation

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DISADVANTAGES OF
DIRECT CURRENT
 The voltage of DC is unable to be changed into
different range of voltage

 DC is very dangerous for public utilization if high

voltage

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 Alternating current or A.C is an electric current that
flows for an interval of time in one direction and then in
the opposite direction.
 It starts from zero and grows to maximum and then
decrease to zero. It continues to reach maximum in the
opposite direction and finally return to zero. The cycle
process repeated indefinitely.

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Cycle or Revolution (Rev)
Half of the positive (+ve) cycle will alter direction to another half
negative (-ve) cycle and vice- versa and complete 1 revolution
(360o)

Period (T) – unit second(s)

Time required to complete 1 revolution

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THE GENERATION OF ALTERNATING
CURRENT
 Tochange the simple DC generator into
an AC generator, two things must be
done:

 The current must be conducted from the rotating loop

of wire and

 The current must be made to move in both directions

A device called slip rings performs both

tasks.

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 1) Each end of wire
loop is connected/fixed
to the slip rings
3) A brush carbon rests
against each ring.
2) The rings
rotated with the 3) Each brush is
wire loop in the connected to a wire
magnetic filed leading to the device
that will use the
electricity. The current
produced in the loop of
wire flows in and out of
the generator through
the rings and brushes
to the devices.

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ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATING
CURRENT

 The voltage could be lowered or raised

economically by using a transformer. This
will reduce losses of electrical power.

 High voltage is for generation and

transmission, and low voltage for safe
utilization.

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DISADVANTAGES OF
ALTERNATING CURRENT
 The current will create a back emf due to the
generated magnetic flux that cuts the neutral
wire. This will affect the power supply in a
circuit.

 The current is not stable and it tends to fluctuate

with time

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 An electric device that allows more
current to flow in one direction than
the other, thus enabling alternating
emf to drive only DC.

 The device most commonly used

for rectification is the semi
conductor diode.

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 The equipment that usually contains
rectifier is:

 Hand phones charger

 AC – DC radio and active speakers
 AC-DC Electric power shower

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 Inverter is used in wide range of
applications, from small switching
power supplies in computers, to
large electric utility applications that
transport bulk power.

 An inverter converts the DC from

sources such as batteries, solar panels,
or fuel cells to AC

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Any
question?

THANK YOU