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Chapter 4 PDF
Chapter 4 PDF
Fluid Kinematics
Prof. N. Zgheib
Learning objectives
• discuss the differences between the Eulerian and Lagrangian
descriptions of fluid motion.
• identify various flow characteristics based on the velocity field.
• determine the streamline pattern and acceleration field given a
velocity field.
• discuss the differences between a system and control volume.
• apply the Reynolds transport theorem and the material derivative
Field representation
• Representation of fluid
parameters (𝜌, 𝑽, 𝒂, 𝑝, 𝑇, …) as
functions of the spatial
coordinates is termed a field
representation
• Velocity field is three-
dimensional
• 𝑽 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 𝐢 + 𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 𝐣
+ 𝑤 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 𝐤
Velocity field (i.e., velocity vectors)
and contours of pressure for flow
past an airfoil.
𝑑𝑝
𝑑𝑝
1 𝜇𝑚
One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
• Generally, a fluid flow is a rather complex three-dimensional, time-
dependent phenomenon
• 𝑽 = 𝑽 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑢𝐢 + 𝑣𝐣 +𝑤𝐤
• Some cases allow for simplifications to one- or two-dimensional flow.
• If one of the velocity components is small relative to the two other
components, we may consider two-dimensional flow. 𝑽 = 𝑢𝐢 + 𝑣𝐣
• Similarly, we may consider one-dimensional flow, if two components
are relatively small compared to the other. 𝑽 = 𝑢𝐢
Steady and Unsteady Flows
• Steady flow = no time variation
• Unsteady flow = time dependent flow
• More difficult to analyze and investigate experimentally
• Can be periodic or truly random
• Truly random behavior occurs in turbulent flow and is absent in
laminar flow
Credit: Jakob Kuhnen
Kelkulus
Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines
• Help in flow visualization
• A streamline is a line that is
everywhere tangent to the
velocity field
• The equation for the
streamlines can be obtained
from
𝑑𝑦 𝑣
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines
• A streakline consists of all
particles in a flow that have
previously passed through a
common point
• Easy to generate in experiments:
dye in a water flow, or smoke in
an airflow.
Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines
• A pathline is a line traced out by a
given particle as it flows from one
point to another.
• The pathline is a Lagrangian
concept that can be produced in
the lab by marking a fluid particle.
• Pathlines, streamlines, and
streaklines are the same for steady
flows.
• For unsteady flows none of these
three types of lines need be the
same
Acceleration field
• The material derivative (substantial
derivative)
• Consider a fluid particle moving along
its pathline
𝑽𝐴 = 𝑽𝐴 𝒓𝐴 , 𝑡 = 𝑽𝐴 𝑥𝐴 , 𝑦𝐴 , 𝑧𝐴 , 𝑡
𝑥𝐴 = 𝑥𝐴 𝑡
𝑦𝐴 = 𝑦𝐴 𝑡
𝑧𝐴 = 𝑧𝐴 𝑡
Acceleration field
• Use chain rule to compute acceleration
𝑑𝑽 𝜕𝑽 𝜕𝑽 𝜕𝑽 𝜕𝑽
𝒂= = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝑽 𝜕𝑽 𝜕𝑽 𝜕𝑽 𝜕𝑽
Acceleration field 𝒂=
𝑑𝑡
=
𝜕𝑡
+𝑢
𝜕𝑥
+𝑣
𝜕𝑦
+𝑤
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑎𝑥 = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑎𝑦 = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝑎𝑧 = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Acceleration field
• The acceleration is often expressed as
𝐷𝑽
𝒂=
𝐷𝑡
• The operator
𝐷 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
• Along a streamline, we can use streamline coordinate
𝐷𝑽 𝜕𝑉 𝑉2
𝒂= = 𝑎𝑠 𝒔ො + 𝑎𝑛 𝒏
ෝ 𝑎𝑠 = 𝑉 ; 𝑎𝑛 =
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑠 𝑅
Local vs convective acceleration
𝑑𝑽 𝜕𝑽 𝜕𝑽 𝜕𝑽 𝜕𝑽
𝒂= = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝑑𝑡 ด
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
local convective
acceleration acceleration
Control volume & system
• A system is a collection of matter of fixed identity (always the same atoms
or fluid particles), which may move, flow, and interact with its surroundings
• A control volume, is a volume in space (a geometric entity, independent of
mass) through which fluid may flow.
• In many ways the relationship between a control volume and a system is
similar to the relationship between the Lagrangian and Eulerian flow
description.
Reynolds transport theorem
• The parameter B is termed an
extensive property and the
parameter b is termed an
intensive property.
• The value of B is directly
proportional to the amount of
the mass being considered,
whereas the value of b is
independent of the amount of
mass
Reynolds transport theorem
• Most laws governing fluid motion 𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑 𝒱𝑑𝑏𝜌 𝑠𝑦𝑠
involve the time rate of change of =
an extensive property of a fluid 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
system
= = න 𝜌𝑏𝑽 ∙ 𝒏𝑑𝐴
CS
Relationship between system and control
volume
𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝜕𝐵𝐶𝑉 𝐵ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = න 𝜌𝑏𝑽 ∙ 𝒏𝑑𝐴
= + 𝐵ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝐵ሶ 𝑖𝑛 CSout
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡