The Problem: Ilocos Sur National High School - Senior High School

1
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Chapter I
THE PROBLEM
Introduction
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Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
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Specifically, the research sought answers to the following questions:
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Significance of the Study
Realizing the objectives of this paper, the researchers intend to provide
benefits for the following: the Tinguian tribe, teachers, and local government
unit. (At least 5 expected benefits)
Tinguian tribe. Results of this research will help the members of the
Tinguian in appreciating their history and culture and the importance of
recording them for the preservation of the succeeding generations.

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Teachers. The teachers in Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur and other social
science educators in the province will benefit from this study because they will
be familiar with the existence of the community of indigenous people (IP). The
result may help them tailor their teaching strategies to raise awareness and
promote historical and cultural appreciation among IP and non-IP learners.
Local government unit (LGU). The LGU could also be benefitted from
the results as such could give them baseline information which could be used
in improving their programs and services for their community. They may also
consider creating measures to advance appreciation and preservation of their
local culture.
Scope and Delimitation
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(Clearly state the coverage and limitations of this study)
Theoretical Framework
This section presents significant literatures dealing with the research
study.
On Topic 1
3
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On Topic 2
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On Topic 3
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Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework of the study is shown below.
Figure. The Paradigm

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The paradigm shows that the study explored the Tinguian Tribe in Lao-
ingen, Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur in terms of their origin and history, cultural
practices, and the cultural preservation initiatives undertaken.
Operational Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined as they will be used in this study:
(Alphabetically arranged)
 Term 1. Meaning in complete statement.
 Beliefs. It refers to a faith or statement that is true and something that
exists for people.
 Elders. It denotes the people of greater of age and influential members of
the tribe often a chief or ruler; a superior.
 Cultural Practices. It pertains to the traditional and customary practices of
Tinguian Tribe abd other cultural groups.
Assumptions
The study is premised on the following assumptions:
1. The culture, origin, and cultural preservation initiatives of the Tinguian tribe
in Lao-ingen, Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur can be explored using interviews.
2. The interview schedule was valid and reliable in determining the objectives
of this study.
3. The responses of the informants were honest and true reflection of their
understanding of their history and culture. (at least 3)

5
Methodology
This portion presents a discussion of the research design, research
locale, population and sample, instrumentation, procedures, and ethical
considerations in the study.
Research Design
This qualitative research used the case study design to describe the
three variables, which follows: (1) origin, (2) cultural practices that are still
observed, and (3) preservation of the tribe.
The study explored the origin and cultural practices that are still
observed by the Tinguian. The research proponents further examined the
culture of the tribe to deepen the understanding all about them and also to
giving a reason to preserve the tribe. Moreover, the research proponents
conducted a semi-structured focused-group discussion with the elders of the
tribe who are involved in the study.
Research Locale
The study will be conducted at Barangay Lao-ingen, one of the villages
in Sto. Domingo and is known to be located far from the town. In particular, the
study will be undertaken in Sitio Sabat where the majority of Tinguian are
permanently residing.
Population and Sample

6
In determining the sample size, the researchers used purposive
sampling with the assistance of the local chieftain. There are approximately
300 members of the said community. Among the tribe, the five elders were
chosen as informants because of their rich experiences and expert knowledge
about local history and culture. The informants were selected for the study
through careful observation based on following the criteria:
1. member of the tribe

2. 40 years old and above,
3. have stayed within the tribe, and
4. willingness to participate in the study.
The informants were presented below.
Table 1: Profile of Informants
Informants Age Residence Position

A 54 Sitio Sabat, Lao-ingen Chief
B 87 Sitio Sabat, Lao-ingen Vice Chief
C 81 Sitio Sabat. Lao-ingen Member
D 44 Sitio Sabat, Lao-ingen Member
E 70 Sitio Sabat, Lao-ingen Member
F 87 Poblacion, Sto. Domingo Not a member

Local historian
The table shows that all the informants are tribal elders. One informant, a local
historian of the town, was considered because of his rich knowledge about the
Tinguian tribe in his town.
Instrumentation
The researchers used semi-structured interview to gather information
using an interview schedule about the cultural practices and preservation of
the tribe. The interview schedule was content-validated by experts and was
translated in Ilokano language. (Appendix A and B)

7
Procedures
In realizing the objectives of the study, the researchers followed a
definite procedure which will be conducted from December 15, 2019 – January
15, 2019. Specifically, the researchers observed the following:
a. prepared a content-validated interview schedule/observation schedule in
English and Ilokano;
b. secured permission to conduct the study from the Principal of Ilocos Sur
National High School (Appendix A), municipal mayor of Sto. Domingo,
Ilocos Sur (Appendix B), Brgy. Captain of Lao-ingen (Appendix C), and
Tinguian chieftain of Sitio Sabat (Appendix D);
c. met the target informants and explained the objectives, nature, and
requested extent of their participation in the research;
d. identified those who are willing to participate in the research to read and
sign the informed consent document (Appendix E);
e. distributed and assisted the informants in answering the content-validated
interview schedule schedule translated in Ilokano (Appendix F and G);
f. retrieved from the informants the questionnaires needed in the study;
g. analyzed and interpret the data gathered from the interview;
h. validated data gathered from the interview using focused-group discussion
(FGD);
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i. translated the information gathered from Ilokano to English;
j. discussed the findings of the study with the informants without including
their names in the discussion to protect their identity and to affirm the
correctness of the recorded information.
k. supported the results of the analysis of the data gathered by credible
sources from the theoretical framework;
Ethical Considerations
Risks and Inconveniences
Approval to conduct this study was obtained from the panel of
examiners and the school principal of Ilocos Sur National High School and
research advisory committee which ensured that the research study
satisfactorily complied with the key ethical principles.
The participants are considered vulnerable the account that they are
members of the IP group. Thus, they are vulnerable and prone to risks as they
could be dissuaded or coerced. In order to avoid this, a free prior informed
consent will be secured from the identified informants.
Prior to the handing in the questionnaires to the participants, the
researcher discussed with the target informants the purpose of the study and
explain confidentiality and anonymity. Once they agreed to participate, an
informed consent was obtained from them. The informed consent form stated
voluntary participation of the participants to become informants of the study,
including their awareness of the purpose of the study: data collection method
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and utilization and duration of participation. In addition, the participants gave
consent for dissemination of result of the study.
Chapter II
PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
This section presents aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
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Chapter III
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of the study, the conclusion, and
the recommendations forwarded by the researcher.
Summary
a. (Pages vary depending on the research type and premise)
Findings
(Pages vary depending on the research type and premise)
Conclusions
11
Recommendations
In view of the drawn findings and conclusions, the researcher
recommends the following:
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The number of the entries in the findings, conclusions, and
recommendations should be as many if not more than the number of research
problems or sub-questions.
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REFERENCES
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Books
Agoncillo, T. A. (1990). History of the Filipino people (8th Edition). Quezon City:
Garo Tech Books, Inc.
Alegre, E. & Fernandez, D. (1984). The writer and his milieu: An interview
with “Salvador P. Lopez. Manila: De La Salle
B. Unpublished Thesis
Aleson, D. R. P. (2015). Feminism in selected short stories of Kerima Polotan-

Tuvera. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Northern
Philippines 2015)
WEBLIOGRAPHY
A. Online Journals
Acuňa, R. A. (2009). The world, the text, and S. P. Lopez. Kiritika Kulutra.
Manila: Ateneo de Manila University. Retrieved December 29, 2015,
from: http://kritikakultura.ateneo.net/images/pdf/kk13/splopez.pdf
Galdon, J. A.(1975). Philippine pastoral: Tradition and variation in Manuel
Arguilla. Philippine Studies vol. 23, no. 4 (1975) 428–449. Manila.
Ateneo de Manila University. Retrieved December 29, 2015, from:
http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/viewFile/1832/4
899
B. Conference Papers
de Ungria, R. (2015). Philippine literature in English. National Commission for
Culture and Arts. Retrieved December 29, 2015, from:
http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-
sca/literary-arts/
Duque, R. (2015). Kurditan Samtoy: The literature of a manly race. National
Commission for Culture and Arts. Retrieved December 29, 2015, from:
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http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-
sca/literary-arts/
C. Online Articles
Greyhounds Literature League. (2009). Philippine literary history (1900-1930).

Retrieved December 29, 2015, from:
http://greyhoundsliteratureleague.blogspot.com/2009/07/philippine-
literary-history-1900-1930.html
APPENDICES
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Appendix A
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CURRICULUM VITAE
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CURRICULUM VITAE
1.5x1.5 PHOTO
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name : All Info: Normal Caps, Bold
Address :
Birth Date :
Religion :
Parents :
Father :
Occupation :
Mother :
Occupation :
Sibling/s :
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary :
Address :
School Year :
Secondary :
Junior High School
Address :
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School Year :
Senior High School : Ilocos Sur National High School
Humanities and Social Sciences Strand
Address : Gomez St., Brgy. VII, Vigan City
School Year : 2017 – 2018

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1

ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

aaaaaaaaaaaaaa. (Not more than 5 pages)

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

Specifically, the research sought answers to the following questions:

Significance of the Study

Realizing the objectives of this paper, the researchers intend to provide

unit. (At least 5 expected benefits)

Tinguian in appreciating their history and culture and the importance of

recording them for the preservation of the succeeding generations.

promote historical and cultural appreciation among IP and non-IP learners.

consider creating measures to advance appreciation and preservation of their

Scope and Delimitation

(Clearly state the coverage and limitations of this study)

This section presents significant literatures dealing with the research

The conceptual framework of the study is shown below.

Figure. The Paradigm

practices, and the cultural preservation initiatives undertaken.

Operational Definition of Terms

 Term 1. Meaning in complete statement.

 Term 2. Meaning in complete statement.

 Term 3. Meaning in complete statement.

 Beliefs. It refers to a faith or statement that is true and something that

exists for people.

 Elders. It denotes the people of greater of age and influential members of

the tribe often a chief or ruler; a superior.

 Cultural Practices. It pertains to the traditional and customary practices of

Tinguian Tribe abd other cultural groups.

The study is premised on the following assumptions:

in Lao-ingen, Sto. Domingo, Ilocos Sur can be explored using interviews.

understanding of their history and culture. (at least 3)

This portion presents a discussion of the research design, research

locale, population and sample, instrumentation, procedures, and ethical

considerations in the study.

observed, and (3) preservation of the tribe.

observed by the Tinguian. The research proponents further examined the

giving a reason to preserve the tribe. Moreover, the research proponents

conducted a semi-structured focused-group discussion with the elders of the

tribe who are involved in the study.

The study will be conducted at Barangay Lao-ingen, one of the villages

Population and Sample

In determining the sample size, the researchers used purposive

chosen as informants because of their rich experiences and expert knowledge

through careful observation based on following the criteria:

1. member of the tribe

The informants were presented below.

Table 1: Profile of Informants

Informants Age Residence Position

E 70 Sitio Sabat, Lao-ingen Member

F 87 Poblacion, Sto. Domingo Not a member

The researchers used semi-structured interview to gather information

using an interview schedule about the cultural practices and preservation of

translated in Ilokano language. (Appendix A and B)

In realizing the objectives of the study, the researchers followed a

15, 2019. Specifically, the researchers observed the following:

a. prepared a content-validated interview schedule/observation schedule in

English and Ilokano;

National High School (Appendix A), municipal mayor of Sto. Domingo,

Tinguian chieftain of Sitio Sabat (Appendix D);

requested extent of their participation in the research;

sign the informed consent document (Appendix E);

e. distributed and assisted the informants in answering the content-validated