ANG PILIPINAS SA PANAHON NG PAMBANSANG

BAYANI

A. ANG KINAMULATAN NG PILIPINAS, 1861

 Ang pagsilang ni rizal ang kapangyarihan ng espanya ang naghari sa pilipinas
 Talamak ang katiwalian sa pamahalaan
 Pagmamalabis sa mga Pilipino
 Marami ang nagging biktima ng kawalan ng katarungan
 Kawalan ng katatagan sa pulitika ng espanya
 Pagkakaroon ng pagbabago sa mga patakaran sa pamamahala ng mga kolonya ng
espanya
 Malimit na pagpapalit ng mga opisyal
 MAGULO ang katapusan ng panahon ng Español, sinimulan ng aklasan ng mga taga-Ilocos
dahil sinarili ng pamahalaan sa Manila ang paggawa at kalakal ng kanilang giliw na
inumin, basi, at natapos sa pagpasok ng mga Amerkano.
 Sa Bohol, tumagal pa ng 27 taon ang himagsikang sinimulan ni Dagohoy nuon pang 1744.
 Nuong 1841, naghimagsik ang mga Tagalog sa Laguna atTayabas dahil sa pagsupil sa
matimtimang ‘Ka Pule’ Apolinario dela Cruz.
 Napuksa ang malaking himagsikan subalit pahiwatig ito ng lumalawak na pag-alsa ng buong
Katagalugan, lalong lumawak nang bitayin ang 3 pari nuong 1872, sina Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgos at Jacinto Zamora.
 Higit ang gulong naganap sa España: Sinakop ng mga taga-France, nalagas ang mga sakop ng
kaharian sa buong America, marami sa madugong himagsikan, hanggang umabot sa digmaan
ng Español laban sa Español sa España mismo.
 Ang gulo, intriga at agawan sa kapangyarihan at katungkulan ay dinala ng mga dayong Español
sa Pilipinas at naipit sa kalupitan ng magkabilang panig ang mga Pilipino na, walang
nabalingan, napilitang naghimagsik nuong 1896.
 Sa isang taginting na saglit, nagkaisa ang mga Tagalog sa pagpalayas sa mga Español subalit
nasupil ang himagsikannang nabigo silang damayan ng mga taga-Ilocos, Bicol at Visaya.
 Sila-silang mga Tagalog mismo ay nagpatayan din, gaya ng mga Español.
 Subalit lahat ay nawalan ng katuturan - ang himagsikan, ang agawan, pati na mismo
ang panahon ng Español - nang dumating ang mga Amerikano nuong 1898 at dinaig silang
lahat.

ANG KASAMAAN NG ADMINISTRASYONG ESPANYOL

 Hindi matatag na administrasyong kolonyal (Instability of Colonial Administration)

 Korupt na Kolonyal na Opisyales (Corrupt Colonial Officials)
 Pagkakaroon ng Representasyon sa Pilipinas sa Spanish Cortes  (Philippine representation in the
Spanish Cortes)
  Nawalan ng mga Karapatan ang mga Pilipino (Human rights denied to Filipinos)
  Walang Pantay-pantay sa Harap ng Batas (No equality before the law)
 Walang Hustisya sa mga Korte (Maladministration of justice)
 Diskriminasyon (Racial Discrimination)
 "Frailocracia“ o Frailocracy
 Pilit na pagtatrabaho (Forced labor)
 Prayle ang mga may-ari ng mga Hacienda (Haciendas owned by the friars)
 Ang Guardia Civil (The Guardia civil)

IBA’T IBANG KATAWAGAN – NANINIRAHAN SA PILIPINAS

 PENINSULARES – mga Kastilang pinanganak sa Espanya; subalit naninirahan sa

Pilipinas
 MESTIZO – magkahalong Kastila at Pilipino
 SANGLEY – mga Intsik at Indio (mga taong nagging Kristiyano)
 PILIPINO – itinawag na Indio

PAGBABAGONG NAGANAP SA PILIPINAS SA PANAHON NG MGA KASTILA

1. Kaunlaran ng Komersyo at Agrikultura

 19th century – binigyang karapatan – dayuhan pangangalakal at paninirahan sa Manila
 nakadagdag ang pagbubukas ng porto ng Sual – Pangasinan, Iloilo, Zamboanga at Cebu –
para – panlabas, pangangalakal
 Ito – nakapagpalago – kabuhayan – Pilipinas
 Umunlad – Agrikultura at dayuhang mangangalakal kasama sa pag-unlad – agrikultura
 *pamilya Mercado o Rizal sa Calamba
2. Pagbabago sa Edukasyon
 Batas ng Eduk. 1863 – pagtatatag ng paaralan para sa mga guro sa Maynila at itinaas –
sahod – guro
 Ang Ateneo Municipal – dati’y nasa ilalim ng pamamahala ng Ayuntamiento – inilipat sa
pangangasiwa ng paring Heswita
 Dito nag-aral – batang – Rizal
3. Sekularisasyon ng mga Pari
 Problema: panahon - panunungkulan ni Obispo Sta. Justa at Gob. Hen. Anda
 Dumami – parokya – dapat – magdag-dag – pari/kura paroko
 Inilagay – paring secular na Pilipino
 Minasama ng mga paring regular – kastila
 Ipinaglaban – P. Jose Burgos ang sekularisasyon ng mga parokya
 Ngunit walang buting ibinunga dahil ipinagkait – pamahalaan -- kahilingan
4. Liberalismo ni Carlos Ma. Dela Torre
 1868 – nakamit – paring liberal – kapangyarihan pagkatapos – rebolusyon
 Carlos Ma. Dela Torre – gobernador at kapitan heneral – Pilipino (ipinadala ni Serrano)
 Dala – diwang liberalismo at demokrasyang pinagtagumpayan sa Rebulosyong 1868\
  Sa pamamagitan nito – nagkaroon – pagkakataon – Pilipino – ipinakita – kanilang
kakayahan sa pagpapaganap sa sariling pamahalaan
 1871 – pinabalik si dela Torre – Espanya at ipinalit si Rafael de Izquierdo

B. ANG MGA GOBERNADOR HENERAL

 Don Rafael de izquierdo
 1871-1873
 Mayabang at malipit ng governador-heneral
 Almirante jose malcampo
 1874-1877
 Mahusay sa pakikidigma ngunit walang alam sa pamamalakad ng pamahalaan
 Fernando primo de rivera
 1880-1883 & 1897-1898
 Naluklok ng dalawang beses bilang governador-heneral
 Valeriano weyler y nicolau
 1888-1891
 Isa pang tiwali at malupit na governador-heneral.
 Nilapitang ng 21 na kababaihan ng Malolos upang magkaroon ng panggabing
pagaaral ng wikang kastila
 Camilo de polavieja
 1896-1897
 Governador-heneral na kinilalang buwaya at nagpabitay kay rizal sa
bagumbayan.
 Eulogio despujol
 1891-1893
 Nakipagsabwatan sa mga frailes para maipatapon si rizal sa dapitan
RAFAEL IZQUIERDO Y GUTIÉRREZ

 Date of birth : September 30, 1820

 Place of birth : Santander, Spain
 Date of death: November 9, 1883
 Place of death : Madrid, Spain
 Other names: Rafael de Izquierdo
 Governor-General of the Philippines from April 4, 1871 – January 8, 1873
 Parents: Antonio Izquierdo del Monte and Antonia Gutiérrez de la Cámara
 A spanish military polititian and statesman
 famous for his use of "Iron Fist" type of government, contradicting the liberal government of his
predecessor, Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada.
 He was the Governor-General during the 1872 Cavite mutiny which led to execution of 41 of the
mutineers, including the Gomburza martyrs
 Also acted as Governor-General of Puerto Rico from March 1862 to April 1862.
 He is responsible for the opening of steamship and telegraph lines in the country.
 He was also known to have promptly rescinded the liberal measures, thus implementing harsher
laws, which ignited an uprising.
 The reformation suggested that the soldiers of the Engineering and Artillery Corps should pay
taxes, from which they were previously exempt.
 requirement to perform manual labour
 These changes eventually led to the 1872 Cavite mutiny, in which around 200 soldiers of the
Engineering and Artillery Corps revolted and killed their officers. In retaliation, many liberals
were implicated in the involvement of the conspiracy.
 The Spanish military court condemned the martyred priests, Fathers José Burgos, Mariano
Gómez and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA), to capital punishment by means of the garrote on
February 17, 1872
 This uprising led to delays in rebuilding Malacañan Palace, and in turn almost transferred
colonial governance back within the walls of Intramuros for security purpose
 The plan to transfer the colonial government to Intramuros ended when Izquierdo fell ill and he
stepped down from his position on January 8, 1873.
 Rafael Izquierdo spent the remaining years of his life in Madrid, Spain, where he died in 1882.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

JOSÉ MALCAMPO, 3RD MARQUESS OF SAN RAFAEL

 Prime Minister of Spain

 5 October 1871 – 21 December 1871
 Monarch: Amadeo I
 Preceded by: Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla
 Succeeded by: Praxedes Sagasta
 Nationality: Spanish
  was a Spanish noble, admiral and politician who participated in the Revolution of 1868 as a
seaman and served as Prime Minister of Spain in 1871, during the reign of King Amadeo I
 he held other important military and political offices such as Minister of State in 1871
 President of the Council of State and Captain and Governor General of the Philippines from 1874
to 1877
 In the reign of King Alfonso XII. During his governorship, the city of Jolo was taken from the
Sultanate of Sulu, and the Marquess was granted the titles of Count of Jolo and Viscount of
Mindanao as victory titles
 He founded the first Masonic Lodge in Cavite called La Primer Luz Filipina
 He died at Sanlúcar de Barrameda

_____________________________________________________________________________________

FERNANDO PRIMO DE RIVERA

 The Marquess of Estella

 115th Governor and Captain-General of the Philippines
 April 23, 1897 – April 11, 1898
 Preceded by: José de Lachambre
 Succeeded by: Basilio Augustín
 102nd Governor and Captain-General of the Philippines
 April 15, 1880 – March 10, 1883
 Preceded by: Rafael Rodríguez Arias
 Succeeded by: Emilio Molíns
 Born: 24 July 1831 in Sevilla, Spain
 Died: May 23, 1921 (aged 89) in Madrid, Spai
 1st Marquess of Estella
 12th Count of Peña Vélez
 17th Count of Torres Rovellas
 23rd Count of Sobremonte
 A Spanish politician, and soldier.
 He was the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines from 1880 to 1883
 he again became the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines
 He temporarily suspended hostilities in the Philippine Revolution through negotiations with
Emilio Aguinaldo in the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and acted briefly as Governor-General of the
Philippines.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

VALERIANO WEYLER

 Governor-General of Cuba (17 January 1896 – 31 October 1897)

 Monarch Alfonso XIII
 Preceded by: Sabas Marín y González
 Succeeded by: Ramón Blanco y Erenas
 Governor-General of the Philippines (5 June 1888 – 17 November 1891)
 Monarch Alfonso XIII
 Preceded by: Emilio Terrero y Perinat
 Succeeded by: Eulogio Despujol y Dusay
 Born: 17 September 1838 in Palma de Mallorca, Spain
 Died 20 October 1930 (aged 92) in Madrid, Spain
 Political party: Partido Liberal
 Military service
 Allegiance: Kingdom of Spain
 Rank: General
 Commands: 6th Army Corps
 From 1878 to 1883, Weyler served as Captain-General of Canary Islands.
 In 1888, Weyler was made Governor-General of the Philippines.7
 Weyler denied the petitions of 20 young women of Malolos, Bulacan, to receive education and to
have a night school. The women became known as the Women of Malolos
 The original petition was denied by the parish priest of Malolos, who argued that women should
always stay at home and take care of the family.
 Weyler happened to visit Malolos afterward and granted the petition on account of the persistence
the women displayed for their petition. José Rizal wrote a letter to the women, upon request by
Marcelo H. del Pilar,

_____________________________________________________________________________________

CAMILO GARCÍA DE POLAVIEJA

 The Marquis of Polavieja

 113th Governor-General of the Philippines (December 13, 1896 – April 15, 1897)
 Monarch: Alfonso XIII of Spain
 Preceded by: Ramón Blanco y Erenas
 Succeeded by: José de Lachambre
 Governor of Cuba (August 24, 1890 – 1892)
 Preceded by:José Chinchilla
 Succeeded by: Alejandro Rodríguez Arias
 Governor of Puerto Rico (1888–1889)
 Born: 13 July 1838 in Madrid, Spain
 Died: 15 January 1914 (aged 75) in Madrid, Spain
 Allegiance: Kingdom of Spain
 Rank: three star general
 Battles/wars: Third Carlist War, Ten Years' War, Philippine Revolution
 a Spanish general born in Madrid on July 13, 1838, in a family of merchants
 The revolution in Cuba led by Antonio Maceo Grajales inspired Philippine insurgents to
revolt as well. Being the last important colony under control of Spain, the Spanish
government tried to contain the Philippine Revolution under the administration of Ramón
Blanco y Erenas.
  The further spread of the insurgency in the Philippines led to the turnover of the post of
Governor general to Blanco's second-in-command, Lieutenant General Polavieja.
 The Filipino historian Gregorio Zaide notes that Polavieja was installed with the help of
powerful Spanish friars including the Archbishop of Manila during that time
 Polavieja oversaw the court martial and death of Jose Rizal on December 30, 1896. Twenty
four more people were executed with Rizal
 As of August 1896, there are 500 soldiers in Manila and 700 in the rest of the archipelago.
Native mercenaries numbered around 6,000
 By January 1897, a total of 25,462 officers and men had arrived from Spain. Governor
Polavieja had an available force of over 12,000 men to suppress the rebels in Luzon alone.
 On February 13, 1897, he opened his first phase, the Cavite campaign. Polavieja advanced
against the revolutionaries with 16,000 men armed with Spanish M93s, and one field
battery. They were led by General José de Lachambre, and many of the soldiers he led were
from Pampanga, fired during Blanco's administration He had scarcely reconquered half of
Cavite when he resigned, owing to his bad health.
 He did, however, dispersed every major rebel contingent in Cavite. Around 4,000 rebels
died in jails of Manila
 Polavieja faced condemnation by his countrymen after his return to Spain. While visiting
Girona, in Catalonia, circulars were distributed among the crowd bearing Rizal's last verses,
his portrait, and the charge that Polavieja was responsible for the loss of the Philippines to
the United States.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

EULOGIO DESPUJOL Y DUSAY

 The Most Illustrious

 Count of Caspe
 109th Governor-General of the Philippines (November 17, 1891 – March 1, 1893)
 Monarch: Alfonso XIII
 Preceded by: Valeriano Weyler, 1st Duke of Rubí
 Succeeded by: Federico Ochando
 Born: 11 March 1834 in Barcelona, Spain
 Died: 19 October 1907 (aged 73) in Riba-roja de Túria, Spain
 Spouse: Leonor Rigalt Muns
 Children: Eulogio Despujol y Rigalt
 The Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines between 1891 and 1893.
 He ruled in the Philippines as a Conservative but later became a Liberal.
 It was during his term when José Rizal, leader of the Philippine propaganda movement, was
sent to Dapitan in Mindanao.
 He would again meet with Rizal, who was on his way to Cuba to work as a military medic
before being intercepted in Barcelona, before sending him back to the Philippines.