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A GENERAL INPUTS

1 Total area enclosed by ground grid Ae = 13,300 Sqm

2 Length of substation (X axis) Lx = 140.00 meters

3 Breadth of substation (y axis) Ly = 95.00 meters

4 Maximum distance between any two points on the grid Dm = 169.2 meters

5 System nominal voltage Vs = 220.00 kV

6 Fault current for conductor sizing Isc = 40.00 kA

7 Duration of fault current tc = 3.00 secs

8 Duration of fault current for step & touch potential ts = 0.50 secs

9 Soil Resistivity p = 50.37 ohm-meters AVG. VALUE CONSIDERED TO 50.37Ohms-meteras per report

10 Thickness of surface layer (crushed rock) hs = 0.10 meters

11 Surface layer (crushed rock) resistivity ps = 2,500.00 ohm-meters

12 Max. ambient temperature Ta = 50.00 deg C

B EARTHING CONDUCTOR INPUTS

1 Type of Earthing conductor (40 dia MS Rod) d = 40.00 mm As per Specification/BOQ

2 Resistivity of Earthing material at temp. Tr pr = 15.90 micro ohm-meters

3 Type of the joint = Welded

4 Density of Earthing material Sw = 7.86 gm/cc Earthing CBIP Manual Page 31.

5 Specific heat of Earthing material Sh = 0.11400 cal/gm/degC Earthing CBIP Manual Page 31.

6 Temp. coeff. of Earthing material at temp. Tr ar = 0.00423 deg C Earthing CBIP Manual Page 31.

7 Max. allowable temperature Tm = 620.00 deg C Earthing CBIP Manual Page 31.

8 Reference temperature of material constant Tr = 20.00 deg C

9 Depth of burial h = 0.80 meters

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10 Spacing of Grid chosen

- X axis D = 7.00 meters

- Y axis D = 7.00 meters

- No. of parallel conductors Lengthwise nx = 21 nos. < 21 TRUE

- No. of parallel conductors Breadthwise ny = 14 nos. < 14 TRUE

11 Earth Electrodes
- Type M.S. Rod/Pipe -40 dia
- Length Lrs = 3.00 meters
- Numbers proposed rod earth electrode in un-treated pit connected to earth
grid nr = 50 nos. REF. ANNX-1

- Numbers proposed pipe earth electrode in treated pit connected to earth grid np = - nos. REF. ANNX-1
nt = 50 nos.

C ASSUMPTIONS & METHODOLOGY

1 Basis of Earthmat design As per Earthing CBIP Manual Page 37,38

2 Max. allowable temp. of Earthmat Tm = 620.00 deg C
3 Corrosion allowance
- First 12 years Ca = 0.1291 mm/year in diameter As per Earthing CBIP Manual Page 37,38
- Next 12 years Cb = 0.0646 mm/year in diameter As per Earthing CBIP Manual Page 37,38
- After 24 years Cc = Negligible mm/year in diameter
- Total Ct = 12*Ca+12*Cb
= 2.3238 mm As per Earthing CBIP Manual Table 3.9 the Value is 2.25mm
which is well within limit of 2.32mm
D TOLERABLE STEP & TOUCH POTENTIAL

1 Reflection factor between resistivities of soil & crushed rock K = (p-ps)/(p+ps) Ref. Eq 21 on pg 21 of IEEE Std. 80-2000
= -0.9604998

2 Surface layer derating factor Cs = 1-0.09*(1-p/ps)/(2*hs+0.09) Ref. Eq 27 on pg 23 of IEEE Std. 80-2000

= 0.6959

3 Tolerable Step Potential for body weight of 50kg E step = (1000+6*Cs*ps)*0.116/sqrt(ts) Ref. Eq 29 on pg 27 of IEEE Std. 80-2000
= 1,876.49 volts

4 Tolerable Touch Potential for body weight of 50kg E touch = (1000+1.5*Cs*ps)*0.116/sqrt(ts) Ref. Eq 32 on pg 27 of IEEE Std. 80-2000
= 592.16 volts

5 Tolerable metal-to-metal Touch Potential for body weight of 50kg E mm-touch = 116/sqrt(ts) Ref. Eq 34 on pg 28 of IEEE Std. 80-2000
= 164.05 volts

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E EARTHMAT DESIGN CALCULATIONS

1 Coefficient Ko = (1/ar)-Tr Pg 41 of IEEE Std. 80-2000

= 216.41 deg C

2 Thermal capacity per unit volume TCAP = 4.184*Sw*Sh Ref. Eq 39 on pg 43 of IEEE Std. 80-2000
= 3.7490 J/cc/degC

3 Area of cross-section required A = Isc/SQRT[{TCAP/tc*ar*pr*10^4}*{Ln((Ko+Tm)/(Ko+Ta))}]

= 867.560 sq.mm Ref. Eq 40 on pg 43 of IEEE Std. 80-2000

4 Equivalent Diamenter of Earthing conductor required d reqd = 33.236 mm

5 Apply Corrosion factor after 24 Year for Earthing conductor Ct = 2.324 mm

6 Required conductor diameter (min.) after corrosion margin d min = d reqd + 2*Ct
= 37.88 mm

7 Diameter of Earthing conductor chosen d = 40.00 mm > D min = 37.883 mm Hence safe

8 Additional Length of conductor to be substract Lsubsract - meters (in 132kV GIS , 33kV GIS and 33kV O/G feeder area)

9 Total Earthing conductor length Lc = Lx*ny+Ly*nx+Lsubtract

= 3,955 meters

10 Length of Electrodes Pipe & Rod electrode connected to Grid Lr = 150 meters

11 Area of substation Ae = 13,300 sq.m

12 Length of periphery of substation Lp = 2(L+B)

= 470 meters

13 Length to Width Ratio Lx/Ly = 1.47

F Calculating Grid resistance Rg

1 Resistanace of Earth Mesh , Rmesh Rmesh = p*[1/Lc+1/(SQRT(20*Ae))*(1+{1/(1+h*SQRT(20/Ae))})

= 0.2051 ohms Ref. Eq 52 on pg 65 of IEEE Std. 80-2000

2 Resistanace of Rod Rrod each Rrod each (100p/2*Pi*l)loge(4l/d) Ref. clause 9.2.2 IS 3034 pg 20
15.24 ohms
Numbers proposed Rod earth electrode connected to earth Mesh nt = 50 Nos.

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Total effective Resistanace of rod electrode, Rrod Total Rrod Total = Rrod each / nt
0.3048 ohms
3 Resistanace of Pipe electrode, Rpipe each Rpipe each (100p/2*Pi*l)loge(4l/d) Ref. clause 9.2.2 IS 3034 pg 20
15.24 ohms
Numbers proposed Rod/Pipe earth electrode connected to earth Mesh nt = - Nos. Resitivity of Treated pit limited to Resistivity of Soil Ohms
Total effective Resistanace of pipe electrode, RPipe Total RPipe Total = RPipe each / nt
- ohms

Total Pipe & Rod Resistance Relectrode total= (Rrod total x Rpipe total)/(Rrod total + Rpipe total) = 0.3048 ohms

4 Hence , Effective Grid Resistance Rg= (Rmesh x Relectrode total)/(Rmesh + Relectrode total)
Rg = 0.1226 ohms < 1.00 ohms SAFE

Sf = Split Factor(as per IEEE-80)

Based on 1Nos. of Transmission line and 4 Distrbution line that are connected to this substation Considered
220kV TL Line = 2 Nos. & No. of Distribution Line = 0

As per Table C1 of IEEE-80, Eq. Impedance = 1.3 + j0.29 (Two TL lines and Zero distribution line feeder)
Hence Sf = I 1.3 + j0. 29 / I Rg + 1.3 + j0.29
Sf = 0.917

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G Maximum Grid Current IG = Df x Sf x Is

Where , Decrement factor Df = 1.0 (For Fault duration of 0.5 sec or more ref Earthing CBIP Manual page 51/clause 4.3.3)
Split factor Sf = 0.917
Maximum Grid Current IG = Df x Sf x Is
Hence, maximum Grid current considered for Step & Touch potential IG = 36,696 KA

H Earth Grid Potential rise GPR = IG*Rg

= 4,499.5 volts < E touch 801.46 volts NO
Following Condition to be Check

If "YES" then no further analysis is required.

If "NO" then further analysis as given below is required
Also, the Value of GPR shall be less than 5000V

I ATTAINABLE STEP & TOUCH/MESH POTENTIAL

1 Corrective weighting factor for effect of inner condr on corner mesh Kii = 1.00 Yes If Earth-rods along the perimeter or along perimeter+other grid area
1/(2*n)^(2/n) If very few Earth-rods & none on corners
1.00 Ref. Eq 82 on pg 93 of IEEE Std. 80-2000

2 Corrective weighting factor to emphasis effect of grid depth Kh = SQRT(1+h/ho) Ref. Eq 83 on pg 93 of IEEE Std. 80-2000
= 1.342 ho = 1.0m i.e. grid reference depth

3 Correction factor for grid irregular geometry Ki = 0.644+0.148*n Ref. Eq 89 on pg 93 of IEEE Std. 80-2000
= 3.16

4 Effective number of Parallel conductors as per geometery n = na*nb*nc*nd Ref. Eq 84 on pg 93 of IEEE Std. 80-2000
= 16.988 nos.
Where,
Geometric of Grid = Irregular

Geometric factor na = 16.830 2Lc/Lp Ref. Eq 85 on pg 93 of IEEE Std. 80-2000

nb = 1.0094 For Square grids=1.00; Otherwise SQRT(Lp/(4*SQRT(Ae))) Ref. Eq 86

nc1 = 0.7000 For Square grids=1.00; Otherwise (0.7*Ae/(Lx*Ly)

nc = 1.0000 ((Lx * Ly)/Ae)^nc1 Ref. Eq 87

nd = 1.0000 For square, =1 &Otherwise Dm/(SQRT(Lx^2+Ly^2)) Ref. Eq 88

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5 Spacing factor for step voltage Ks = 1/Pi*(1/(2*h)+1/(D+h)+(1-0.5^(n-2))/D) Ref. Eq 94 on pg 94 of IEEE Std. 80-2000
= 0.285

6 Spacing factor for mesh voltage Km = 1/(2*Pi)*(ln((D^2/(16*h*d))+((D+2*h)^2/(8*d*D))-(h/(4*d)))+(ln(8/(Pi*(2*n-1)))*Kii/Kh))

= 0.463 Ref. Eq 81 on pg 93 of IEEE Std. 80-2000

7 Attainable Step Potential Es = (Ks*Ki*p*IG)/(0.75*Lc+0.85*Lr) Ref. Eq 92 & 93 on pg 94 of IEEE Std. 80-2000

= 538.18 volts
Safety Test = 538.18 Volts < E step 1,876 Volts @50kg SAFE

8 Attainable Touch Potential Em = (Km*Ki*p*IG)/(Lc+Lr*(1.55+1.22*(Lrs/(SQRT(Lx^2+Ly^2)))))

= 644.94 volts Ref. Eq 80 &91 on pg 91/94 of IEEE Std. 80-2000
Safety Test = 644.94 volts < E touch 592.16 Volts @50kg NOT SAFE

DESIGN SUMMARY SHEET

1. System nominal voltage Vs = 220.0 kV

2. Fault current for conductor sizing Isc = 40.0 kA

3. Length of substation (X axis) Lx = 140.0 meters

4. Breadth of substation (y axis) Ly = 95.0 meters

5. Soil Resistivity p = 50.4 ohm-meters

6. Thickness of surface layer (crushed rock) hs = 0.10 meters

7. Surface layer (crushed rock) resistivity ps = 2500 ohm-meters

8. Depth of burial h = 0.8 meters

9. Grid Spacing X-Axis D = 7.0 meters

10. Grid Spacing Y-Axis D = 7.0 meters

11. Attainable/Limit Step Potential Es = 538.18 Volts < E step 1,876 Volts @50kg SAFE

12. Attainable/ LimitTouch Potential Em = 644.94 Volts < E step 592 Volts @50kg NOT SAFE

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