Earthing Calculation

Reference - Std 80-2000 IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding

Limiting SC
Limiting SC Actual SC
Item Description Symbols Current at Notes
Current at PCC Current at PCC
PCC

1.00 Earth Conductor Size as per Eq 37 of Std 80-2000

1.01 Type of Conductor Copper Commercial Hard-Drawn

1.02 Three Phase Short Circuit RMS Current I3øSC 40 kA 22 kA 11 kA As per Client
1.03 Max Allowable(Fusing) Temp Tm 300 ºC 300 ºC As per Client
1.04 Ambient Temp Ta 40 ºC 40 ºC
1.05 Reference Temp for Material Constant Tr 20 ºC 20 ºC
1.06 Thermal Coefficient of Resistivity at Reference Temp αr 0.00381 1/ºC 0.00381 1/ºC
1.07 Resistivity of Ground Cond at Reference Temp ρr 1.78 μΩ-cm 1.78 μΩ-cm
1.08 Duration of Short Circuit Current tc 1.00 s 1.00 s 60 cycles
1.09 Thermal Capacity per Unit Volume TCAP 3.42 J/cm³.ºC 3.42 J/cm³.ºC
1.10 1/αº Ko 242 ºC 242 ºC
1.11 Minimum Conductor Cross Section A mm2 121 mm² 61 mm²
1.12 Selected Earthing Cable A mm2 125 mm² 125 mm²

2.00 Earthing Grid Resistance Calculation

2.01 Grid Arrangement
2.0101 No of Rows nr or r 33 33
2.0102 Length of Row Lg 108.1 m 108.1 m
2.0103 No. of Column nc or c 40 40
2.0104 Length of Column Wg 96.2 m 96.2 m
2.0105 Total Length of Conductor Lc 7416 m 7416 m
2.0106 Length of Perimeter Lp 409 m 409 m
2.0107 Size of Conductor 125 mm² 125 mm²
2.0108 Cross Sectional Diameter d 0.012616 m 0.012616 m
2.0109 Number of Electrodes 142.00 nos 142.00 nos
2.0110 Earthing Electrode Length 3m 3m
2.0111 Total Length of Earthing Electrode LR 426 m 426 m
2.0112 Total Length of Buried Conductors LT 7842 m 7842 m

2.02 Surface Layer Derating Factor 𝐶𝑠 =1−(0.09(1−𝜌/𝜌𝑠 )/(2ℎ𝑠 +0.09)) as per Eq 27 of Std 80-2000

At 3m Soil Depth, Ave resistivity of

2.0201 Soil Resistivity ρ 149.7 Ω.m 149.7 Ω.m
BH-6,7,8,9 and 10
Wet as per client; Note: IIEE Std 80
2.0202 Resistivity of Surface Material ρs 3,000 Ω.m 3,000 Ω.m
Value is 5000
2.0203 Thickness of Surface Layer hs 0.2 m 0.2 m
2.0204 Surface Layer Derating Factor Cs 0.8255 0.8255
2.03 Earthing Grid Resistance 𝑅𝑔 =𝜌⌊1/𝐿𝑡 +(1/√20𝐴)∗(1+(1/((1+ℎ∗√20/𝐴))⌋ as per Eq 52 of Std 80-2000
2.0301 Depth of Conductor h 0.6 m 0.6 m
2.0302 Total Area Occupied by Conductor A 10402 m² 10402 m²
2.0303 Earthing Grid Resistance Rg 0.67 Ω 0.67 Ω 0.5 ohms required by client

3.00 Maximum Grid Current

3.01 Symmetrical Grid Current Ig =( Io max) x Sf

3.0101 Max Symmetrical Earth fault Current Io max 22.00 kA 11.00 kA As per Client
Assume that max earth fault flows
3.0102 Current Division Factor Sf 1.0 1.0
through earth grid
3.0103 Symmetrical Grid Current Ig 22.00 kA 11.00 kA
3.02 DC Time Offset as per Eq 74 of Std 80-2000
3.0201 X/R Ratio at Fault X/R 10 10 To be Verified on Site
3.0202 Frequency f 60 60
3.0203 DC Time Offset Ta or TA 0.026526 0.026526

3.03 Decrement Factor as per Eq 79 of Std 80-2000

3.0301 DC Time Offset Ta or TA 0.0265 0.0265

3.0302 Time duration of Fault tc or tf 1.0000 1.0000 As per Client
3.0303 Decrement Factor Df 1.0132 1.0132
3.04 Maximum Earth Grid Current IG = Ig x Df
3.0401 Symmetrical Grid Current Ig 22.00 kA 11.00 kA
Earthing Calculation
Reference - Std 80-2000 IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding

Limiting SC
Limiting SC Actual SC
Item Description Symbols Current at Notes
Current at PCC Current at PCC
PCC
3.0402 Decrement Factor Df 1.0132 1.0132
3.0403 Maximum Grid Current IG 22.290 kA 11.145 kA

4.00 Touch and Step Potential Limits

for 50kg human

4.01 Max Tolerable Touch Potential
for 70kg human

4.0101 Max Tolerable Touch Potential of a 50 kg Body Etouch 50, V 547 V 547 V
4.0102 Max Tolerable Touch Potential of a 70 kg Body Etouch 70, V 740 V 740 V

for 50kg human

4.02 Step Potential Limit
for 70kg human

4.0201 Step Potential Limit of a 50 kg Body Estep 50, V 1,840 V 1,840 V

4.0202 Step Potential Limit of a 70 kg Body Estep 70, V 2,490 V 2,490 V
4.03 Ground Potential Rise - Calculated GPR = IG x Rg
4.0301 Maximum Earth Grid Current IG 22.290 kA 11.145 kA
4.0302 Earth Grid Resistance RG 0.67 Ω 0.67 Ω
4.0303 Ground Potential Rise GPR 14,869 V 7,435 V
4.04 Ground Potential Rise - Limit GPR = IG x Rg
4.0401 Maximum Earth Grid Current IG 22.290 kA 11.145 kA
4.0402 Earth Grid Resistance RG 0.5 Ω 0.5 Ω Clients requirement
4.0403 Ground Potential Rise GPR 11,145 V 5,572 V
4.05 Earth Grid Design Verification
4.0501 Touch Voltage Limit GPR > Etouch GPR > Etouch Earth Grid Design is UNSAFE
4.0502 Step Voltage Limit GPR > Estep GPR > Estep Earth Grid Design is UNSAFE
5.00 Earthing Grid Design Verification
5.01 Geometric Factor, n as per Eq 84 of Std 80-2000

5.0101 Geometric Factor na as per Eq 85 of Std 80-2000

Total Length of Conductor Lc 7416 m 7416 m

Length of Grid Conductor on the perimeter Lp 409 m 409 m
Geometric Factor a na 36.297 36.297

5.0102 Geometric Factor nb as per Eq 86 of Std 80-2000

No of Rows nr or r 33 33 step2.01
No. of Column nc or c 40 40 step2.01
A 1320 1320
Geometric Factor b nb 1.001 1.001
5.0103 Geometric Factor c nc 1 1 For Rectangular or Square Grid=1
5.0104 Geometric Factor d nd 1 1 For Rectangular or Square Grid=1
5.0105 Geometric Factor, n n 36.328 36.328
Average Spacing Between Parallel Grid
5.02
Conductors
No of Rows nr or r 33 33 step2.01
Length of Row Lg 108.083 108.083 step2.01
No. of Column nc or c 40 40 step2.01
Length of Column Wg 96.242 96.242 step2.01
Average Spacing between Parallel Grid Conductor D 2.89 m 2.89 m
5.03 Weighing Factor for Depth of Burial 𝑘ℎ=√(1+ℎ)
Depth of Conductor 0.6 m 0.6 m
5.0301 Weighing Factor for Depth of Burial kh 1.26 1.26
With Earth Elelectrodes along the
5.04 Weighing Factor for Earth Electrode kii 1 1
Grid Perimeters

5.05 Geometric Mean Spacing as per Eq 81 of Std 80-2000

5.0501 Spacing Between Parellel grid Conductors, meters D 2.89 2.89 step 5.02
Earthing Calculation
Reference - Std 80-2000 IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding

Limiting SC
Limiting SC Actual SC
Item Description Symbols Current at Notes
Current at PCC Current at PCC
PCC
5.0502 Depth of Buried Grid Conductors h 0.6 m 0.6 m step 2.03
5.0503 Cross Sectional Diameter of grod Conductor d 0.012616 m 0.012616 m step 2.01
5.0504 Weighting Factor for depth of Conductor Kh 1.26 1.26 step 5.03
5.0505 Weighting Factor for Electrodes on corner mesh Kii 1 1 step 5.04
5.0506 Geometric Mean Spacing Km 0.334 0.334

5.06 Irregularity Factor as per Eq 89 of Std 80-2000

Geometric Factor, n 36.328 36.328

5.0601 Irregularity K Factor Ki 6.021 6.021

5.07 Effective Buried Length

Length of Row Lg (Lx) 108 108 step 2.01

Length of Column Wg (Ly) 96 96 step 2.01
Total Length of Conductor LC 7,416 7,416 step 2.01
Earthing Electrode Length Lr 3 3 step 2.01
Total Length of Earthing Electrode LR 426 426 step 2.01
Effective Buried Lenght Lm 8,087 8,087

5.08 Maximum Mesh Voltage

5.0801 Soil Resistivity ρ 149.7 Ω.m 149.7 Ω.m

5.0802 Geometric Mean Spacing Km 0.334 0.334
5.0803 Irregularity Factor Ki 6.021 6.021
5.0804 Maximum Earth Grid Current IG 22.290 kA 11.145 kA
5.0805 Effective Burried Lenghth LM 8087.49 m 8087.49 m
5.0806 Maximum Mesh Voltage Em 831 V 415 V

5.09 Geometric Spacing Factor as per Eq 94 of Std 80-2000

Depth of Conductor h 0.6 m 0.6 m

Average Spacing between Parallel Grid Conductor D 2.89 m 2.89 m
Geometric Factor, n n 36.328 36.328
Geometric Spacing Factor Ks 0.467 0.467
5.10 Effecitive Burried Length
Total Length of Conductor Lc 7416 m 7416 m
Total Length of Earthing Electrode LR 426 m 426 m
Effective Burried Length Ls 5924 5924

5.11 Step Voltage as per Eq 92 of Std 80-2000

Soil Resitivity ρ 149.7 Ω.m 149.7 Ω.m

Geometric Spacing Factor Ks 0.467 0.467
Irregularity K Factor Ki 6.021 6.021
Maximum Grid Current IG 22.290 kA 11.145 kA
Effective Burried Length Ls 5924 5924
Step Voltage Es 1,582 V 791 V

5.12 Earth Grid Design Verification For Safe Design: Em < Etouch; Es < Estep

5.1201 Maximum Mesh Voltage Em 831 V 415 V

Touch Voltage is SAFE at 11kA
Maximum Tolerable Touch Voltage - 50kg Body Etouch 50, V 547 V 547 V
fault but UNSAFE at 22kA fault
Maximum Tolerable Touch Voltage - 70kg Body Etouch 70, V 740 V 740 V
5.1202 Step Voltage Es 1,582 V 791 V Step Voltage is SAFE both on 70kg
Step Potential Limit - 50kg Body Estep 50, V 1,840 V 1,840 V 50kg body for actual and limiting
Step Potential Limit - 50kg Body Estep 70, V 2,490 V 2,490 V value SC