additionalmathematicstrigonometricf

unctionsadditionalmathematicstrigo
nometricfunctionsadditionalmathem
TRIGONOMETRIC
aticstrigonometricfunctionsadditiona
FUNCTIONS
lmathematicstrigonometricfunctions Name

additionalmathematicstrigonometricf
........................................................................................

unctionsadditionalmathematicstrigo
nometricfunctionsadditionalmathem
aticstrigonometricfunctionsadditiona
lmathematicstrigonometricfunctions
additionalmathematicstrigonometricf
unctionsadditionalmathematicstrigo
nometricfunctionsadditionalmathem
aticstrigonometricfunctionsadditiona
lmathematicstrigonometricfunctions
additionalmathematicstrigonometricf
unctionsadditionalmathematicstrigo
nometricfunctionsadditionalmathem
aticstrigonometricfunctionsadditiona
lmathematicstrigonometricfunctions
 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

5.1 Positive Angle and Negative Angle


90  
y 2 2 radian = 360
Quadrant Quadrant  radian = 180
II I
0
180 () x 360 (2)
Quadrant Quadrant
III IV
3 
270   
2  y
Positive Angle Negative Angle
Anticlockwise
y direction
A positive angle is measured A negative angle is measured
O x
in an anticlockwise direction in a clockwise direction 45
60 from the positive x-axis.
from the positive x-axis.
O x Clockwise
direction

Represent each of the following angles in a Cartesian plane and state the quadrant of the angle.

Example y 1(a) 70 y (b) 150 y

60
60
O x O x O x

Quadrant 1
Example y 2(a) 195 y (b) 345 y
215
215
O x O x O x

Quadrant III
Example y 3(a) 415 y (b) 480 y
395
35
x 360 O x O x
O

395
Quadrant I
Example y 3 y 5 y
5 4(a)  (b) 
5 4 3
 
4 4
O x O x O x

Quadrant III
Example y 5(a) 130 y 1 y
45 (b)  
3

O x O x O x
45

Quadrant IV

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5.2 Six Trigonometric Functions of any Angle (1)

5.2.1 Define sine, cosine and tangent of any angle in a Cartesian plane
1  
sin  
 
r
y  
cos  
Hypotenuse
  
Opposite to  x  
tan  

 
Conclusion :
Opposite
sin  
Adjacent to  Hypotenuse
Adjacent
cos  
Hypotenuse
Opposite
tan  
Adjacent
2
r2 = 32 + 42 Conclusion :
a c
r
4 r = 3 4
2 2


3 r = 5 b
Pythagoras’ Theorem :
c2  a 2  b2  c  a 2  b2
a 2  c2  b2  a  c2  b2
b2  c2  a 2  b  c2  a2

3. Find the length of OA and the values of sine, cosine and tangent of .

(a)  in quadrant I
y
5 12 5
sin  = cos  = tan  =
P (12, 5) OP =      
5 =

O x
12

(b)  in quadrant II
y 6 8 6
sin  = cos  = tan  =
P (8, 6) OP =      
6 =
= = =
 x
8 O

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(c)  in quadrant III
y
3 4 3
sin  = cos  = tan  =
OP =      
=
=
4
O x

3

P (4, 3)

(d)  in quadrant IV
y
12 5 12
sin  = cos  = tan  =
OP =      
=
5
x
O 
12

P (5, 12)

(e) Conclusion: Fill in with  or + sign.

Sin  is positive for  in quadrant ……. and ……. 90

y
Sin  + Sin 
Cos  is positive for  in quadrant ……. and …….
Cos  Cos 
Tan  is positive for  in quadrant ……. and …….
Tan  Tan 

Sin  is negative for  in quadrant ……. and ……. x

0
180
360
Cos  is negative for  in quadrant ……. and ……. Sin  Sin 
Tan  is negative for  in quadrant ……. and ……. Cos  Cos 
Tan  Tan 
4. Find the corresponding reference angle of . 270

(a) y (b) y

55 110
x 180 x 360

Reference angle = 55 Reference angle =  110

= 70

(c) y (d) y

215 300
180 x360 180 x 360

Reference angle = 215  Reference angle =  300

= 35 = 60

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(e) Conclusion:
Reference angle (RA) is the acute angle formed between the rotating ray of the angle and the

______________________________
y

R.A =   R.A = 

R.A =   R.A =  

In Quadrant II: In Quadrant III In Quadrant IV

sin  = sin (180  ) sin  = sin (  180) sin  = sin (360  )
cos  = cos (180  ) cos  = cos (  180) cos  = cos (360  )
tan  = tan (180  ) tan  = tan (  180) tan  = tan (360  )
y y y

  
180   x
x x O
O  180 O 360  

5. Given that cos 51 = 0.6293, find the trigonometric ratios of cos 231 without using a calculator or
mathematical tables.
y Reference angle of 231 = 231 

=
x
cos 231 =

6. Given that sin 70 = 0.9397, find the trigonometric ratios of sin 610 without using a calculator or
mathematical tables.
Reference angle of 610 = 610  
y
=

x sin 610 =

7. Given that tan 25 = 0.4663, find the trigonometric ratios of tan 335 without using a calculator or
mathematical tables.
y Reference angle of 335 =  335

=
x
tan 335 =

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5.2.2 Define cotangent, secant and cosecant of any angle in a Cartesian plane.

1 2
  1

1

r
sin  
  r sin    y
r
 
y
  y
cos    
  1 1  
x  
  cos      x
tan    
 
1 1  
 
tan     
 
3. Definition of cotangent , secant  and cosecant . sin 
4. Since tan   , then
1
 cosec  cos 
sin 
1
 sec  cot  
cos 
1
 cot 
tan 
5. 6.
r 90  Complementary angles:
y
sin  = cos (90  )

y
x
x cos  = sin (90  )
sin   sin  90    
r r tan  = cot (90  )
x y
cos   cos  90     cosec  = sec (90  )
r r
y x sec  = cosec (90  )
tan   tan  90    
x y cot  = tan (90  )

7. Given that sin 48 = 0.7431, cos 48 = 0.6991 and tan 48 = 1.1106, evaluate the value of cos 42.

90  48 cos 42 =

= =
48

8. Given that sin 67 = 0.9205, cos 67 = 0.3907 and tan 67 = 2.3559, evaluate the value of cot 23.

90  67 cot 23 =

= =
67

9. Given that sin 37 = 0.6018, cos 37 = 0.7986 and tan 37 = 0.7536, evaluate the value of sec 53.

90  37 sec 53 =

= =
37

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5.2.3 Find values of six trigonometric functions of any angle

1. Complete the table below.

1
60 30 2 12  12
2 45
2  2
22  12 1 1 1
60 60  3 60 45
2 1 1 1

30 45 60 y

1 cos ( ) = cos 
sin 
2
1 sin ( ) =  sin  O
x

cos 
2 tan ( ) =  tan 
tan  1

2. Use the values of trigonometric ratio for the special angles, 30, 45 and 60, to find the value of the
trigonometric functions below

Example: Evaluate sin 210 a. Evaluate tan 300

Draw diagram to determine positive or negative Draw diagram to determine positive or negative
y

180 x 360

 sin
Find reference angle Find reference angle
Reference angle of 210 = 210  180
= 30
Solve Solve
sin 210 =  sin 30
1
= 
2

b. Evaluate cos 150 c. Evaluate sec 135

Draw diagram to determine positive or negative Draw diagram to determine positive or negative

Find reference angle Find reference angle

Solve Solve

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5.2.4 Solve trigonometric equations

A. Steps to solve trigonometric equation

1. Determine the range of the angle.

2. Find the reference angle using tables or calculator.
3. Determine the quadrant where the angle of the trigonometric function is placed.
4. Determine the values of angles in the respective quadrants.

1. Solve the following equation for 0    360.

Example: sin  = 0.6428 a. cos  = 0.3420

Range :
0    360 0    360

Reference angle :
 = sin1 0.6428
 = 40

Quadrant :
y y y y
S A S A S A S A

40 40
180 x360 180 x360 180 x360 180 x360

T C T C T C T C

Quadrant I Quadrant II Quadrant ____ Quadrant ____

Actual angles
 = 40 ,  = 180  40
 = 40 , 140

b. tan  = 1.192 c. cos  =  0.7660

Range :

Reference angle :

Quadrant y: y y y

x x x x

Quadrant ___ Quadrant ___ Quadrant ___ Quadrant ___

Actual angles

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d. sin  =  0.9397 e. tan  =  0.3640
Range :

Reference angle :

Quadranty: y y y

x x x x

Quadrant ___ Quadrant ___ Quadrant ___ Quadrant ___

Actual angles

f. cot  =  1.4826 g. cosec  =  2.2027

Range :

Reference angle :

Quadranty: y y y

x x x x

Quadrant ___ Quadrant ___ Quadrant ___ Quadrant ___

Actual angles

2. Solve the following equation for 0    360.

example : sec 2 = 2 a. 2 sin 2 = 1.6248

Range : 0    360
0  2  720
1
2
cos 2
1
Reference angle : cos 2 
2
2  60
Quadrant : y
S A

60
180 x360,720
60
T C

Actual angles
2 = 60, 360  60, 60 + 360, (36060) + 360
 = 60, 300, 420, 660

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b. cos 3 =  0.9781 
c. tan =  2.05
2
Range

Reference angle :

Quadrant :

Actual angles

d. sin ( + 10) = 0.7660 e. cos ( + 40) = 0.7071

f. tan ( + 15) = 1 g. cos (  20) = 0.5

h. tan (2  10) =  2.082 i. sin (2  30) = 0.5

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j. sin  = cos 20 k. cos  =  sin 55

Example : 2 sin x cos x = cos x m. 2sin x cos x = sin x

2 sin x cos x  cos x = 0
cos x ( 2 sin x  1) = 0
cos x = 0 , 2 sin x  1 = 0
1
sin x =
2
y
xy = 30
S A

x360 180 x360

T C
x = 90 , 270
x = 30, 150
 x = 30, 90, 150, 270
n. 2 cos 2  + 3 cos  =  1 o. 2 sin2  + 5 sin  = 3

p. tan2  = tan  q. 3 sin  = 2 + cosec 

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3. Given that sin x  p and 00 < x < 900.
Express each of the following trigonometric ratios in terms of p.

(a) sec x = (b) cosec x =

(c) tan x = (d) cot x =

(e) sin ( 900- x) = (f) cos (900- x) =

(g) sec (900- x) = (h) cosec (900 – x) =

(i) tan ( 90o - x) = (j) cot ( 90o – x ) =

(k) sin(-x) = (l) cos (-x) =

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 8 8
4. Given that sin x   and 2700< x < 3600. 5. Given that cos x  - and 1800< x < 2700.
17 17
Without using tables or calculator, find the values Without using tables or calculator, find the values
of. of
x x

(a) cos x = (a) sin x =

(b) tan x = (b) tan x =

(c) cosec x = (c) cosec x =

(d) sec x = (d) sec x =

(e) cos (900 – x) = (e) sec (900 – x) =

(f) sin ( 900 – x ) = (f) cot ( 900 – x ) =

(g) sin (-x) = (g) sin (-x) =

(h) tan (-x) = (h) cos (-x) =

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5.4 Basic Identities
5.4.1 Prove Trigonometric Identities using Basic Identities

Three basic trigonometric identities : Formula of compound angle :

sin 2  + cos 2  = 1 cos2  = 1 – sin2  sin (A  B) = sin A cos B  cos A sin B

sin2  = 1 – cos2 
1 + tan 2  = sec 2  cos (A  B) = cos A cos B Ŧ sin A sin B
1 + cot 2  = cosec 2  tan A  tan B
tan (A  B) =
1 tan A tan B

Formula of double angle : Formula of half angle :

sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A A A
sin A = 2 sin cos
cos 2A = cos A − sin A
2 2 2 2
2 A 2 A
= 2 cos2 A − 1 cos A = cos − sin
2 2
= 1 − 2sin2 A A
= 2 kos2 − 1
2 tan A 2
tan 2A = A
1  tan 2 A = 1 − 2sin2
2
A
2 tan
tan 2A = 2
A
1  tan 2
2

1. Prove the following identities

Example: cot  + tan  = cosec  sec  a. tan2  (1  sin2 ) = sin2 

cos  sin 
cot   tan   
sin  cos 
cos 2   sin 2 

sin  cos 
1

sin  cos 
 cos ec sec 

sin2  c. sin2  + cot2  = cosec2   cos2 

b.  1  cos 
1  cos 

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 1  sin  1  sin x cos x
d.  sec   tan 2  e.   2 sec x
1  sin  cos x 1  sin x

2. Solve the following equations for 0  x  360.

a. 3 sin x + 2 = cosec x

b. 2 cot2 x  5 cot x + 2 = 0 c. cos2 x  3 sin2 x + 3 = 0

d. cot2 x= 1 + cosec x e. 2 tan 2 x = 4 + sec x

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ANSWERS

5.2.1 5.2.4 1 15
3(a) 5.(a) 
5. cos 51= 0.6293 2a. 0  2  720 , 54.33 1 p 2 17
 = 27.17, 62.83, 207.17, 242.83
6. sin 70= 0.9397 b. 0  3  1080 , 12.01 1 15
(b) (b)
 = 56, 64, 176, 184, 296, 304 p 8
7. tan 25= 0.4663  p (c)  17
c. 0   180 , 64 (c)
2 1 p2 15
 = 232
5.2.2 d.  = 40, 120 1 p2 17
7. sin 48 = 0.7431 (d) (d) 
p 8
8. tan 67 = 2.3559 e.  = 5, 275 1 p2 15
(e) (e) 
17
9. cosec 37 = 1.6617 f.  = 30, 210 (f) p 8
(f)
15
5.2.3 g.  = 80, 320 (g)
1 (g) 15
2a. tan 300 =  3 p 17

3 h.  = 62.83, 152.83, 242.83, 332.83 1 (h) 

8
b. cos 150 =  (h)
2 1 p2 17

1 i.  = 30, 90, 210, 270 1 p2

c. sec 135 =  (i)
2 p
5.2.4 j.  = 70, 110 p
(j)
1a.70 , Quadrant I, IV
1 p2
 = 70, 290
b. 0    360 , 50 , k.  = 145, 215 (k) -p
Quadrant I, IV
 = 30, 330
c. 0    360 , 40 , m.  = 60, 180, 300 (l) 1 p2
Quadrant II, III
 = 140, 220
d. 0    360 , 70 n.  = 120, 180, 240 4.(a)
15
Quadrant III, IV 17
 = 250, 290
e. 0    360 , 20.01 o.  = 30, 150 8
Quadrant II, IV (b) 
15
 = 159.99, 339.99
f. 0    360 , 34 p.  = 0, 45, 225 (c) 
17
Quadrant II, IV 8
 = 146, 326
g. 0    360 , 27 q.  = 90, 199.47, 350.53 17
(d)
Quadrant III, IV 15
 = 207, 333
8
(e) 
17
15
(f)
17
8
(g)
17
8
(h)
15

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zefry@sas.edu.my 17