BASIC SURVEYING

2020
STRUCTURE OF LECTURES
• INTODUCTION TO GEOINFORMATICS
• BASIC CONCEPT OF SURVEYING
• LINEAR MEASUREMENT
• COMPASS SURVEYING
• THEODOLITE AND TOTAL STATION
• TRIANGULAITON (CONTROL SURVEYING)
• LEVELLING AND CONTOURING
• PLANE TABLING
• OBTAINING MAPS
• PROJECT SURVEYS
• GPS
OBJECTIVE OF COURSE
• You should be able to understand the concepts of Basic Surveying
• You should be able to apply surveying techniques and equipment in
real life problems
• You should be able to conceptualize how to use set of tools for
problem solving in optimal way
• You should be able to understand the pitfalls so to avoid these
Lecture 1
• Introduction: geoinformatics & Basic Surveying
Geo + information + matics

Matics: measurement

Measurement and management of geoinformation

Geoinformation: what is it?

• Any artificial or natural objects on below or above the surface of the

earth. ( example: river, tower, forest, water body, house etc.)
Fundamental division of geoinformatics
1. Measurement of geoinformation
• Geometry: What is where?
• Identification: what is what?
2. Management of geoinformation
• Management ( storage, retrieval, presentation of information)
• Manipulation ( analysis based on information)
Measurement Tools
• Pacing, hands, guessing, rods
• Human figure used firstly

• Land surveying techniques:

• Using Chain and compass
• Using tape, compass, theodolite etc.

However these tools are cumbersome

and cannot be done in inaccessible areas
Measurement tools
Electronic land surveying techniques:
• EDMI
• TOTAL STATION

Fast and accurate

Again, these tools are cumbersome and
cannot be done in inaccessible areas, as
points needs to be occupied.
Measurement tools
Aerial photogrammetry
• Emerged during WW1 and
WW2 using pigeons
• Using balloons
• Using aircraft
Measurement tools
Aerial photogrammetry
• Single photograph for interpretation
• Stereo for 3D models generation and measurement
Aerial photogrammetry development:
Analogue > analytical> digital photogrammetry
• Still we need to fly to collect the data every time
• Costly and may not be possible in bad weather
Measurement tools
Satellite remote sensing
• Commercial remote sensing since
1972
• From 600km to 900km altitude
• With the development in satellite
resolution (0.5m) now it can be used
for both measurement and
identification
Measurement tools
GPS – GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
Absolutely new concept to know one`s location
By receiver you can find your location (latitude,
longitude and altitude) using minimum 4
satellite at a time and immediately calculate the
area of the land.
24 earth orbiting satellites; minimum 4 needed;
position known in Geocentric coordinate system
Fast-less accurate; slow very accurate
Management of Geoinformation
• Requirement to store and retrieve information efficiently
• Requirement to present information
• Requirement to incorporate all information collected in analysis to
suit modern application
• the management part i.e GIS – geographical information system –
does it all