PE452

Power System Protection

Lecture 12: Busbar Protection

Dr. Ammar Arshad

Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering
Sciences and Technology
ammar.arshad@giki.edu.pk
Bus bar Protection

• Large short circuit capacity

• Faults are rare
– Switchyard, substation are well
protected
• Faults occurs because of
insulation weakening
• Bus bar falls in the overlap
of protective zones on either
side

1
Differential protection of Busbars

• Selection of CT ratios (Wrong method)

2
Differential protection of Busbars
• Selection of CT ratios (Correct method)

3
Mal-operation during faults
• External faults
– Large fault currents forces the CT into saturation
– That leads to reduced secondary current
– Spill current larger than pickup of relay

4
Mal-operation during faults
• Internal faults
– 𝐶𝑇𝑐 secondary current is zero

5
Actual Behavior of a protective CT
• Small 𝐼𝑝 , will induce small 𝐸𝑠
• Working flux requirement will be low
• 𝐼𝑜 requirement is low
𝐼𝑝
– 𝐼𝑠 ≈
𝑁
• As the 𝐼𝑝 increases, the flux requirement increases

6
Actual Behavior of a protective CT

7
Actual Behavior of a protective CT
• BH curve is non-linear
• As the Knee point is passed and the CT saturates
– Large amount of magnetization current is required to
increase the flux slightly

8
 Actual Behavior of a protective CT

• As the 𝐼𝑝 becomes very large

– All the 𝐼𝑠 is taken by the
magnetization branch
– To achieve the peak of the
sinusoidal flux
• Secondary induced voltage
and the burden current
becomes very distorted
– Sharp peaks close the zero
crossing of the primary current

9
Circuit Model of Saturated CT
• A short circuit to signify the fact that the maximum
secondary current is passing through the magnetizing
branch

10
High Impedance Bus bar Protection
External Fault
• 𝑪𝑻𝒄 is saturated
– Two paths during the external fault
• Need a stabilizing resistance in series with OC relay

What will be 𝑽𝒔𝒆𝒕 ??

Assume the switch open
11
High Impedance Bus bar Protection
• How to calculate 𝑹𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒃 ? ? ? ?

• For n feeders
Why n-1?????

• Neglecting the magnetizing currents

– Max external fault current for which relay do not operate

12
High Impedance Bus bar Protection
Internal Fault
• Unsaturated CTs
• Relay should operate for the min. fault current

What will be 𝑽𝒔𝒆𝒕 ??

Assume the switch open
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High Impedance Bus bar Protection
𝑽𝒔𝒆𝒕
𝑰𝒇𝒎𝒊𝒏,𝒔𝒆𝒄 = = 𝑰𝒑𝒖
𝑹𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒃

Why 𝑰𝒐 ????

Minimum internal fault current for n feeders????

14
 High Impedance Bus bar Protection
Stability Ratio

Higher the value of S, better will be the quality of

differential protection.
WHY?????

What will happen if CT secondary gets open

circuited?????

15
High Impedance Bus bar Protection
Supervisory Relay
• Spill will develop a voltage across the high impedance
differential relay
• Pick by the sensitive Overvoltage relay

What will be 𝑽𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒚 ? ? ?

16
Tutorial

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