GKPÍ^XBA ;> NHGFWFAJHW NH KPYA_FWFAJKMFHJ^A HJ XJK GKNHJK NH WXMFJFW^YA

Pkrk gukbqufhr oujgf÷j nh bk gknhjk nh sumfjfstra, bk nhgfsf÷j mës sfljfgkvk hs sf suigajtrktkr

bk oujgf÷j a rhkbfzkrbk nh mkjhrk fjthrjk. Bk suigajtrktkgf÷j (autsaurgfjl) nk gama rhsubtkna quh
bk oujgf÷j nh bk gknhjk shk bbhvknk k gkia par uj thrghra.

A-searfjl4 sh usk gukjna ujk gampkûík mkjhjh bk prapfhnkn nh ujk oujgf÷j nh bk gknhjk nh
sumfjfstra, phra trksbknk sus fjstkbkgfajhs nh pranuggf÷j kb hxtrkjdhra (asearh).

Autsaurgfjl
Autsaurgfj l (suigajtrk
(suigajtrktkgf÷
tkgf÷j)4
j)4 gukjna
gukjna ujk gampkûík
gampkûík suiga
suigajtrktk
jtrktk ujk hmprhs
hmprhsk
k hxthrj
hxthrjk
k pkrk
rhkbfzkr bk aphrkgf÷j hj bulkr nh hdhgutkrbk nhjtra nh bk gampkûík.

Gaj hb autsaurgfjl sh qufhrh fjgrhmhjtkr hb suphrëvft nh bk gknhjk nh sumfjfstra sfj kohgtkr

sfljfgkvkmhjth bas rfhslas. Wh krmk quh uj pkrgfpkjth nh bk gknhjk puhnh sairhvfvfr hj hb
bkrla pbkza s÷ba sf su prhshjgfk fjgrhmhjtk hb suphrëvft nh bk gknhjk.

Xjk vhz quh sh ek tam

tamkna
kna bk nhgfsf
nhgfsf÷j
÷j nh suigaj
suigajtrk
trktkr
tkr,, bas praghs
praghsas
as nh kpr
kpravf
avfsfa
sfajkm
jkmfhj
fhjta
ta
fjgbuyhj4

Pujtukgf÷j y hvkbukgf÷j nhb pravhhnar4   hs hb praghsa hmpbhkna pkrk gkbfgkr hb

nhshmphûa nh bas pravhhnarhs. Bas pravhhnarhs nhihj gampkrkrsh gaj iksh hj su fmpkgta hj hb

suphrëvft nh bk gknhjk y hb gasta tatkb.

Ja saba sh nhih thjhr hj guhjtk hb prhgfa nh pravhhnar, tkmifæj sh nhih thjhr hj guhjtk atrks
okgtarhs nhb pravhhnar, quh kohgtkj hb gasta tatkb nh ekghr jhlagfas gaj æb. Bas gukbhs saj4

;. ^fh
^fhmpa
mpa nh hs
hsphr
phrkk n
nhb
hb rhs
rhsur
urnana
9. Nhsh
Nhshmp
mphû
hûa
a hj bk pujt
pujtukukbf
bfnk
nkn
n4 kohgtk bk vkrfkifbfnkn nhb hmpa nh hsphrk. Xj pravhhnar
gajkibh hjh ujk vkrfkifbfnkn ikdk hj hb hmpa nh hsphrk y vfghvhrsk. Gajoarmh grhgh
bk vkrfkifbfnkn nhb hmpa nh hsphrk, hb fjvhjtkrfa nh shlurfnkn rhquhrfna hj bk gampkûík
tkmifæj.
7. Obhx
Obhxfi
fifb
fbfn
fnkn
kn nhb sumfj
sumfjfs
fstr
tra4
a4 bk hxfifbfnkn nhb sumfjfstra hs hb lrkna nh vkrfkgf÷j hj bk
gkjnkn
gkjn kn nh phnfna
phnfna quh uj pravhhnar puhnh tabhrkr, sfj phrmfr quh atras okgtarh
okgtarhss nhb
nhshmphûa sh nhthrfarhj.

>. Orh
Orhguh
guhjgf
jgfkk nh bk hjtr
hjtrhlk
hlk/tk
/tkmkû
mkûa
a míjfma
rhsurna arnhjkna par bk hmprhsk.
míjfma nhb ba
bath4
th4 kohgtkj hb tkmkûa nh gknk bath nh
8. Gk
Gkbf
bfnk
nknn nhb
nhb ssum
umfj
fjfs
fstr
tra
a
?. Ga
Gast
staa nh trkjs
trkjspa
part
rth
h hjt
hjtrk
rkjt
jth4
h4 hb gasta tatkb nh ubfzkr uj pravhhnar fjgbuyh hb gasta nh
trkjsparth hjtrkjth nh trkhr mkthrfkb nh uj pravhhnar.
<. ^æ
^ærm
rmfj
fjas
as nhb
nhb p
prh
rhgf
gfa4
a4 fjgbuyhj hb hmpa nh rhtrksa phrmfna kjths nh quh sh thjlk quh
rhkbfzkr hb pkla y hb nhsguhjta par gkjnkn aorhgfna par hb pravhhnar.
5. Gkp
Gkpkgf
kgfnkn
nkn nh gaarn
gaarnfjk
fjkgf÷
gf÷j
j nh bk fjoa
fjoarmk
rmkgf÷gf÷j
j4 hs mës nfgfb nh gukjgkr, phra kohgtk bk
gkpkgfnkn nh bk hmprhsk nh flukbkr bk aohrtk y bk nhmkjnk.
6. Gkp
Gkpkgf
kgfnkn
nkn nh
nh gabkia
gabkiarkg
rkgf÷j
f÷j hj
hj hb nf
nfsh
shûa4
ûa4 nkna quh ujk lrkj pkrth nhb gasta nhb pranugta
sh dk hj hb nfshûa, bk gkpkgfnkn nh gabkiarkgf÷j nh uj pravhhnar hs h s fmpartkjth.
;0. ^fpa
^fpass nh gkmifa, fmpuhstas
fmpuhstas y nhrh
nhrhgeas
geas44  puhnhj shr sfljfgkvas pkrk ujk gampkûík
g ampkûík quh

hjh ujk iksh nh okirfgkgf÷j y sumfjfstra lbaikb.

 

;;. _fk
_fkifb
ifbfnk
fnkn
n nhb pravhh
pravhhnar
nar44  uj ok
okgt
gtar
ar fm
fmpa
part
rtkj
kjth
th kb hs
hsga
galh
lhrr uj prav
pravhh
hhna
narr hs bk
praikifbfnkn nh quh puhnk gumpbfr bks pramhsks quh ekgh.

Whbhggf÷j nh pravhhnarhs y jhlagfkgf÷j nhb gajtrkta4  pkrk rhkbfzkr k bk shbhggf÷j

nhb pra
pravhh
vhhnar
nar sh uskj
uskj bas rhsub
rhsubtkn
tknas
as nh bk pujtuk
pujtukgf÷
gf÷j
j y hvk
hvkbuk
bukgf÷
gf÷j
j pkr
pkrk
k fnhj
fnhjgk
gkrr kb mës

knhgukna. Hjtajghs, sh jhlagfk uj gajtrkta nh kiksthgfmfhjta gaj æsth.

Kjths nh shbhggfajkr k bas pravhhnarhs, bk gampkûík nhih nhgfnfr sf ubfzkr s÷ba uja a môbpbhs
pravhhnarhs. Xjk pruhik nh sf bk hmprhsk hjh hb jômhra knhgukna nh pravhhnarhs hs kjkbfzkr hb
fmpkgta quh thjnrë hb suprfmfr a klrhlkr uj pravhhnar. K mhjas quh gknk pravhhnar gumpbk ujk
oujgf÷j uj tkjta nfohrhjth, bk iksh nh sumfjfstra puhnh shr lrkjnh, phra sf uj saba pravhhnar gaj
ujk gkpkgfnkn ôjfgk y vkbfask kumhjth gbkrkmhjth hb gasta tatkb, bk iksh nhb sumfjfstra puhnh shr
phquhûk.

Bk shb
shbhggf
hggf÷j
÷j nh bas pravh
pravhhna
hnarhs
rhs sh bbh
bbhvk
vk k gki
gkiaa ubfzk
ubfzkjna
jna ujk vkr
vkrfhn
fhnkn
kn nh mhg
mhgkjf
kjfsma
smas,
s,
fjgbuyhjna bfgftkgfajhs gamphvks ouhrk nh bíjhk, suikstks fjvhrsks a jhlagfkgfajhs nfrhgtks.

Hj rhkbfnkn, shrík mës gajvhjfhjth pkrk hb gamprknar rhkbfzkr suikstk. Hb prap÷sfta nh bk suikstk
hs bal
balrkr
rkr quh
quh bas bfgft
bfgftkna
knarhs
rhs rhvhbhj
rhvhbhj sus hstru
hstrugtu
gturks
rks nh gas
gastas
tas ksa
ksagfk
gfknas
nas nh mkj
mkjhrk
hrk qu
quh
h hb
gamprknar puhnk shbhggfajkr kb pravhhnar gaj bas gastas mës ikdas.

Bas mhgkjfsmas quh sh uskj gamôjmhjth hj hstks suikstks saj bas sflufhjths4

• Bks suikstks nh prfmhr prhgfa gaj aohrtks shbbknks  rhqufhrhj quh gknk pravhhnar pathjgfkb
hjtrhluh ujk aohrtk shbbknk par hb gajtrkta kjths nh ujk ohgek hsphgígk. Hj bk ohgek prhvfstk, bks
aohrtks sh kirhj y hb gajtrkta sh ksfljk k bk nh mhjar prhgfa.

  • Hj bks suikstks fjlbhsks , hb suikstknar fjfgfk gaj uj prhgfa y bas pravhhnarhs puhnhj ekghr
pudks hj tkjta quh gknk ujk nh æstks shk mhjar quh bk kjthrfar. Hb pravhhnar quh ekgh bk ôbmk
aohrtk (bk mës ikdk) aihjh hb gajtrkta.

• Hj bks suikstks eabkjnhsks , hb suikstknar fjfgfk gaj uj prhgfa ikda y ba vk fjgrhmhjtkjna paga k
paga ekstk quh uja nh bas pravhhnarhs hstë nh kguhrna hj gajtrktkr k hsh prhgfa.

  • Hj bks suikstks nh shlujna prhgfa (_fgcrhy), gknk pasfibh pravhhnar hjtrhlk ujk aohrtk. Hb
gajtrkta sh ksfljk k bk aohrtk mës ikdk, phra kb prhgfa gazkna hj bk shlujnk aohrtk mës ikdk.

Okgtarhs quh fjuyhj hj hb nhshmphûa nh ujk suikstk4

a Wf bk hstrugturk nh gastas sh vh a ja kohgtknk par okgtarhs quh saj gamujhs hj atras

bfgftknarhs
a Pravhhnarhs sfmætrfgas a ja (hstrugturk nh gastas sfmfbkrhs)
a Bas pravhh
pravhhnar
narhs
hs guhjtk
guhjtkj
j gaj tank
tank bk fjo
fjoarm
armkgf
kgf÷j
÷j quh jhg
jhghsf
hsftkj
tkj pkr
pkrk
k nht
nhthrm
hrmfjk
fjkrr bk
hstrugturk nh gatas.
a Wf hb gamprknar hsphgfgk hb prhgfa mëxfma quh hstë nfspuhsta k pklkr par bk oujgf÷j nh
bk gknhjk nh sumfjfstra.
 

PYFJGFPFAW IËWFGAW NH JHLAGFKGF×J

Bk gbkvh nh ujk jhlagfkgf÷j hxftask hs balrkr uj rhsubtkna quh ihjhgfh k tanks bks pkrths. Hs
fmpasfibh aithjhrba sf bks pkrths jhlagfkj gaj iksh hj ujk sabk nfmhjsf÷j, gama hb prhgfa. Hj hstk
sftukgf÷j, ujk pkrth s÷ba puhnh ‒lkjkr” k hxphjsks nh bk atrk. Pkrk grhkr ujk jhlagfkgf÷j hj bk
quh kmiks pkrths skblkj lkjkjna, æstks hjhj quh fnhjgkr mës nh uj ksphgta quh jhlagfkr.

GAJ^YK
GAJ^YK^A
^AWW PKYK
PKYK NF
NFWP
WPAJ
AJFI
FIFB
FBFN
FNKN
KN NHB
NHB PYAN
PYANXG
XG^A
^A V X^FB
X^FBFN
FNKN
KNHW
HW NH BK GKNH
GKNHJK
JK NH
WXMFJFW^YA

Pkrk mhda
Pkrk mhdarkr
rkr bks ubfnknh
ubfnknhss tatkbh
tatkbhs,
s, hb pravhh
pravhhnar
nar nhi
nhihh prh
prhpkr
pkrkr
kr uj gajtrk
gajtrkta
ta quh kbfhj
kbfhjth
th kb
gamprknar k gamprkr mës y kumhjtkr hb jfvhb nh nfspajfifbfnkn nhb pranugta. Hsta rhqufhrh quh hb
pravhhnar gampkrtk ujk pkrth nh bk fjghrnumirh nh bk nhmkjnk nhb gamprknar. K gajjukgf÷j,
sh mhjgfajkj bas trhs gajtrktas quh fjgrhmhjtkj bks ubfnknhs tatkbhs y balrkj quh hb pravhhnar
gampkrtk ujk pkrth nh bk fjghrnumirh nh bk nhmkjnk4

;.  Gajt
Gajtrktas
rktas nh nhva
nhvabugf÷
bugf÷j
j (iuy-
(iuy-ikgc)
ikgc)44  hs uj gaj
gajtrk
trkta
ta phr
phrmft
mfth
h kb nht
nhtkbb
kbbfst
fstk
k nhv
nhvabv
abvhr
hr hb
fjvhjtkrfa quh ja vhjnk ekstk ujk gkjnkn hsphgfgknk, k uj prhgfa prhvfkmhjth kgarnkna.

9.  Gajtrktas nh rhpkrta nh fjlrhsas4  hj bas gajtrktas nh rhpkrta nh fjlrhsas, hb okirfgkjth
gairk kb nhtkbbfstk uj prhgfa nh mkyarha ikda g, y gampkrth ujk orkggf÷j o nh bas fjlrhsas nhb
nhtkbbfstk.
  7.  Gajtrktas nh gkjnkn hxfibh4  hb okirfgkjth phrmfth kb nhtkbbfstk gkmifkr bk gkjnkn
arnhjknk nhspuæs nh aishrvkr bk nhmkjnk.

GAJ^YK^AW PKYK GAAYNFJKY BAW GAW^AW NH BK GKNHJK NH WXMFJFW^YA

Bas nhsguhjt
nhsguhjtas
as par gkjnkn
gkjnkn puh
puhnhj
nhj gaarnfjk
gaarnfjkrr bas gastas
gastas nh bk gkn
gknhjk
hjk nh sumfj
sumfjfst
fstra
ra sf hb
pravhhnar hjh gastas das kbtas par bath. Wfj hmikrla, bas nhsguhjtas par gkjnkn kumhjtkj bk
nfstarsf÷j nh bk fjoarmkgf÷j gama rhsubtkna nh bk nfvfsf÷j nh bas phnfnas hj baths.

GAJ^YK^AW PKYK FJNXGFY MHDAYKW HJ HB NHWHMPHÛA  

Hj mugeas gksas, hb gamprknar qufhrh vhr mhdarks hj hb nhshmphûa nh uj pravhhnar quh hjh

pagas
puhnh fjghjvas pkrk mhdarkr.
aibflkr kb pravhhnar Xj gamprknar
k gumpbfr. gaj sugfhjth
Xj gamprknar panhr
sfj hb panhr hj bk gknhjk
sugfhjth nhuj
rhqufhrh sumfjfstra
gajtrkta
kprapfkna pkrk fjnugfr kb pravhhnar k mhdarkr hb nhshmphûa.

Gabkiarkgf÷j hj hb nfshûa4 phrmfth kb pravhhnar y kb okirfgkjth trkikdkr dujtas hj hb nfshûa

nh bas gampajhjths
gampajhjths nhb pranugta jkb. Kshlurk tkmifæj quh gukbqufhr gkmifa hj hb nfshûa shk
gamujfgkna nh mkjhrk hohgvk k tanks bks pkrths quh fjthrvfhjhj hj hb nfshûa y okirfgkgf÷j nhb
pranugta. Hs grugfkb quh hb okirfgkjth gabkiarh gaj bas pravhhnarhs nurkjth bk htkpk nh nfshûa k
j nh mkjthjhr hj uj jfvhb ikda bas gastas nhb pranugta. Bk gabkiarkgf÷j hj hb nfshûa puhnh
rhnugf
rhnugfrr hb gas
gasta
ta nhb mkt
mkthrf
hrfkb
kb gamprk
gamprkna
na y tkmifæ
tkmifæjj bas gasta
gastass nh bal
balís
ísgk
gk y oki
okirfg
rfgkgf
kgf÷j.
÷j. Bk
gabkiarkgf÷j hj hb nfshûa tkmifæj hs fmpartkjth pkrk ujk gampkûík quh trktk nh aorhghr mugek
vkrfhnkn y phrsajkbfzkgf÷j, yk quh hb ja ekghrba puhnh hbhvkr gajsfnhrkibhmhjth hb gasta nh bk
vkrfhnkn.
 

Pkrk rhnugfr bas gastas nh trkjsparth y mkjhda, hb okirfgkjth nhih gamujfgkr kb nfshûknar hb
tkmkûa nh bas phnfnas hsphrknas nh bas nhtkbbfstks y gajsumfnarhs jkbhs. Hjtajghs, sh puhnhj
nfshûkr bas hmpkquhs pkrk quh bas gastas nh trkjsparth sh rhnuzgkj y bas nh mkjhda sh mfjfmfghj.

Pkrk rhnugfr bas gastas nh fjvhjtkrfa, hb mætana prfjgfpkb gajsfsth hj nfshûkr hb pranugta nh
mkjhrk quh phrmftk kpbkzkr su nfohrhjgfkgf÷j y okgfbfth bk phrsajkbfzkgf÷j mksfvk.

Bk gabkiarkgf÷j nh bas pravhhnarhs hj hb nfshûa puhnh kyunkr k ujk hmprhsk k rhnugfr bas gastas,
mhdarkr bk gkbfnkn y rhnugfr hb hmpa pkrk bbhlkr kb mhrgkna.

Kiksthgfmfhjta4  hb praghsa par hb gukb hb pravhhnar hjvík hb pranugta hj rhspuhstk k bas

phnfnas gabagknas par hb gamprknar. Hb gamprknar y bas pravhhnarhs rhkbfzkj trkjskggfajhs nh
kpravfsfajkmfhjta quh hmpfhzkj gukjna hb gamprknar gabagk hb phnfna y thrmfjkj gukjna rhgfih
y pklk hb phnfna.

Hb praghsa nh kpravfsfajkmfhjta nhih nfshûkrsh pkrk quh bas pbkjhs nh pranuggf÷j y bas jfvhbhs
kgtukbhs nhb fjvhjtkrfa nh gampajhjths nhb okirfgkjth shkj vfsfibhs pkrk hb pravhhnar. Hstk
vfsfifbfnkn phrmfth k bas pravhhnarhs pralrkmkr bk pranuggf÷j nh gampajhjths pkrk kdustkrbk k bks
jhghsfnknhs nhb okirfgkjth. Bk gkpkgfnkn nfspajfibh nh bas pravhhnarhs nhih ekghrsh vfsfibh pkrk
hb okirfgkjth, nh mana quh bas phnfnas nh gampajhjths puhnkj ksfljkrsh kb pravhhnar knhgukna
pkrk lkrkjzkr bk hjtrhlk k hmpa. Hb praghsa nh kpravfsfajkmfhjta tkmifæj nhih thjhr kbhrtks
quh knvfhrtkj tkjta kb gamprknar gama kb pravhhnar nh bas pasfibhs nhshqufbfirfas hjtrh bk aohrtk
y bk nhmkjnk.

Hb praghsa nh kpravfsfajkmfhjta nh mkthrfkbhs nfrhgtas nhih ghjtrkrsh hj mhdarkr bk gaarnfjkgf÷j

y vfsfifbfnkn gaj hb pravhhnar. Hb praghsa nh kpravfsfajkmfhjta nh mkthrfkbhs fjnfrhgtas nhih
ghjtrkrsh hj rhnugfr hb gasta nh trkjskggf÷j nh gknk phnfna. Hb praghsa nh kpravfsfajkmfhjta hj
kmias
kmi as gksas
gksas nhih
nhih gajsab
gajsabfnk
fnkrr bas phn
phnfna
fnass pkr
pkrk
k kpravh
kpravhgek
gekrr bks hgajam
hgajamíks
íks nh hsgkbk
hsgkbk y bas
nhsguhjtas par gkjnkn.

Pbkjhk
Pbkjhkgf÷
gf÷j
j y kjë
kjëbfs
bfsfs
fs nhb kpr
kprav
avfsfa
fsfajkm
jkmfhj
fhjta
ta4  hs kjk
kjkbfz
bfzkr
kr vkr
vkrfas
fas pravh
pravhhna
hnarhs
rhs y
gkthlaríks nh gampajhjths pkrk fnhjgkr apartujfnknhs pkrk rhnugfr hb gasta tatkb.

Bks iuhjks nhgfsfajhs nh kpravfsfajkmfhjta hjhj uj fmpkgta mkyar hj hb bfnhrkzla hj gastas y

bk vhjtkdk gamphvk quh nfsorutk bk hmprhsk.

Kblujas nh bas ihjhgfas nh bks nhgfsfajhs hohgvks nh kpravfsfajkmfhjta saj bas sflufhjths4

• Wh puhnhj balrkr mhdarhs hgajamíks nh hsgkbk sf sh klrhlkj bas phnfnas nhjtra nh bk gampkûík.

• Bks trkjskggfajhs nh kiksthgfmfhjta mës hgfhjths puhnhj rhnugfr sfljfgkvkmhjth hb gasta

tatkb nh bks gamprks.

• Bk gabkiarkgf÷j hj hb nfshûa nk par rhsubtkna pranugtas quh saj mës oëgfbhs nh okirfgkr y
nfstrfiufr, ba quh rhnujnk hj gastas mës ikdas.
 

• Bas iuhjas praghsas nh kiksthgfmfhjta okgfbftkj bk gaarnfjkgf÷j gaj hb pravhhnar y mhdarkj hb

praj÷sga y bk pbkjhkgf÷j. Xjk mhdar gaarnfjkgf÷j nfsmfjuyh bas fjvhjtkrfas y mhdark hb kdusth
hjtrh bk aohrtk y bk nhmkjnk.

• Bas gajtrktas knhguknas gaj hb pravhhnar puhnhj phrmfr quh sh gampkrtk hb rfhsla, ba quh
prapfgfk mkyarhs ubfnknhs tkjta pkrk hb pravhhnar gama pkrk hb gamprknar.

• Bks gampkûíks puhnhj balrkr uj prhgfa nh gamprk mës ikda kb fjgrhmhjtkr bk gamphthjgfk par
mhnfa nh bks suikstks.

HB PKPHB NH BK ^F HJ HB KPYA_FWFAJKMFHJ^A

Eay ník eky ujk kmpbfk vkrfhnkn nh ërhks najnh bk ^F sh hmpbhk hj hb kpravfsfajkmfhjta. Eky ujk
mkyar nfvhrsfnkn nh pranugtas fjoarmëgas nh kpravfsfajkmfhjta quh hj bk mkyarík nh bks ërhks
nh ^F nh bk gknhjk nh sumfjfstra. K gajjukgf÷j sh prhshjtk ujk hxpasfgf÷j nh kblujks nh bks
prfjgfpkbhs ërhks nh pranugtas nh ^F nhjtra nhb ruira nh kpravfsfajkmfhjta4

Gabkiarkgf÷j hj hb nfshûa4  hsth sawkrh hstë nhsjkna k mhdarkr hb nfshûa nh bas pranugtas
mhnfkjth bk gabkiarkgf÷j hjtrh okirfgkjths y pravhhnarhs.

Kpravfsfajkmfhjta4 hb sawkrh nh kpravfsfajkmfhjta irfjnk ksfsthjgfk hj bk gkbfgkgf÷j nh bas

pravhhnarhs y kyunk hj bk shbhggf÷j nh pravhhnarhs, knmfjfstrkgf÷j nh gajtrktas y hvkbukgf÷j nh
pravhhnarhs.

Jhlagfkgf÷j4 bks jhlagfkgfajhs gaj bas pravhhnarhs gamprhjnhj mugeas pksas, hmphzkjna gaj
ujk sabfgftu
sabfgftun
n nh gaz
gazkgf
kgf÷j
÷j Hb praghsa
praghsa nh jhlagfk
jhlagfkgf÷
gf÷j
j tkm
tkmifæ
ifæj
j puh
puhnh
nh fjgbu
fjgbufr
fr hb nfs
nfshûa
hûa y bk
hdhgugf÷j nh bks suikstks.

Gamprks4  hb sa
sawkr
wkrh
h pkr
pkrk
k ‒gamp
‒gamprks
rks”” hdh
hdhgut
gutk
k hb kpravf
kpravfsfa
sfajkm
jkmfhj
fhjta
ta rhkb nh mkt
mkthrf
hrfkb
kb nh bas
pravhhnarhs.

Gabkiarkgf÷j hj hb sumfjfstra4 ujk vhz quh sh hstkibhgh uj kguhrna nh kiksthgfmfhjta hjtrh bk

hmprhsk
hmprhs k y hb pra
pravhh
vhhnar
nar,, hb nhs
nhshmp
hmphûa
hûa nh bk gknhjk
gknhjk nh sumsumfjf
fjfstr
stra
a puh
puhnh
nh mhd
mhdark
arkrr gaj bk
gabkiarkgf÷j hj bas praj÷sgas, pbkjhs nh pranuggf÷j y jfvhbhs nh fjvhjtkrfa.

^AMK NH NHGFWFAJHW WAIYH KPYA_FWFAJKMFHJ^A HJ BK PYËG^FGK

;. Hquf
Hqufpa
pass mubou
muboujgjgfa
fajk
jkbh
bhss
9. Kshlurkr
Kshlurkr bk gaarnfjk
gaarnfjkgf÷j
gf÷j kpr
kprapfkn
apfknkk hjtrh rhl
rhlfajh
fajhss y ujfnknhs
ujfnknhs nh jhla
jhlagfa
gfa
7. Hvkbuk
Hvkbukrr sfhmpr
sfhmprhh hb gasta
gasta tatkb
tatkb nh p
prap
rapfhn
fhnknkn
>. Hstkibhgh
Hstkibhghrr rhbkgf
rhbkgfajhs
ajhs k bk
bkrla
rla pbkza
pbkza gaj ba
bass prfj
prfjgfpkb
gfpkbhs
hs pra
pravhhn
vhhnarhs
arhs

KG^F_FNKN FJ^HYJK A WXIGAJ^YK^KGF×J

Bk nhgfsf÷j nh suigajtrktkr sh iksk hj hb grhgfmfhjta nhb suphrëvft nh bk gknhjk nh sumfjfstra

prapargfajkna par uj thrghra y hb fjgrhmhjta hj hb rfhsla quh sh garrh kb fjgarparkr k uj thrghra.
Bk gampkûík nhih gajsfnhrkr bk suigajtrktkgf÷j sf hb grhgfmfhjta hj hb suphrëvft hs mkyar gaj uj
phquhûa fjgrhmhjta hj hb rfhsla. Nhskrrabbkr bk oujgf÷j nh mkjhrk fjthrjk hs prhohrfibh sf hb
grhgfmfhjta nhb suphrëvft hs phquhûa a hb fjgrhmhjta hj hb rfhsla hs muy lrkjnh.

NH [XÆ MKJHYK BAW ^HYGHYAW FJGYHMHJ^KJ HB WXPHYË_F^ NH BK GKNHJK NH WXMFJFW^YA  

 

Hj agksfajhs bas thrghras kumhjtkj hb suphrëvft nh bk gknhjk nh sumfjfstra yk shk fjgrhmhjtkjna

hb vkbar pkrk hb gbfhjth a nfsmfjuyhjna hb gasta nh bk gknhjk nh sumfjfstra mës quh hj hb gksa nh
quh bk hmprhsk bbhvh k gkia bk tkrhk nh mkjhrk fjthrjk.

Mhgkjfsmas quh bas thrghras puhnhj ubfzkr pkrk ekghr grhghr hb suphrëvft4

;. Kl
Klrh
rhlk
lkgf
gf÷j
÷j nh
nh bk gkpk
gkpkgf
gfnk
nkn4
n4 uj thrghra puhnh fjgrhmhjtkr hb suphrëvft nh bk gknhjk
mhnfkjth bk klrhlkgf÷j nh bk nhmkjnk nh mugeks gampkûíks y balrkjna hgajamíks nh
hsgkbk hj bk pranuggf÷j quh ujk sabk gampkûík ja balrkrík hbbk sabk.
Hb thr
thrghra
ghra fjgrh
fjgrhmhj
mhjth
th hb suphrë
suphrëvft
vft k trk
trkvæs
væs nh bk klr
klrhlk
hlkgf÷
gf÷j
j nh bk gkp
gkpkgf
kgfnkn
nkn,, sf bas
rhquhrfmfhjtas nh vabumhj nh ujk gampkûík saj lrkjnhs y hstkibhs.

9. Kl
Klrh
rhlk
lkgf
gf÷j
÷j nhb
nhb fj
fjvh
vhjt
jtkr
krfa
fa44 uj thrghra
thrghra puhnh
puhnh fjg
fjgrhm
rhmhjtk
hjtkrr hb suphr
suphrëvf
ëvftt nh bk gkn
gknhjk
hjk
mhnfkjth
mhnfkj th bk klrhlk
klrhlkgf÷
gf÷j
j nh bas fjvhjt
fjvhjtkrf
krfas
as nh vkr
vkrfas
fas gbf
gbfhjth
hjths.
s. Bk klr
klrhlk
hlkgf÷
gf÷j
j phr
phrmft
mfth
h
nfsmfjufr sfljfgkvkmhjth tank bk fjghrnumirh y mhdarkr bks hgajamíks nh hsgkbk hj
bks gamprks y hb trkjsparth.
Hb thrghra quh bbhvk k gkia bk klrhlkgf÷j nh fjvhjtkrfas gajtrfiuyh hj mkyar mhnfnk kb
suphrëvft nh bk gknhjk gukjna bk nhmkjnk nh bas gbfhjths sh hjguhjtrk orklmhjtknk y hs
fjgfhrtk.

7. Klrh
Klrhlk
lkgf
gf÷j
÷j nh
nhbb trkj
trkjsp
spar
arth
th pa
parr fj
fjth
thrm
rmhn
hnfk
fkrf
rfas
as nh tr
trkj
kjsp
spar
arth
th44   uj thrg
thrghra
hra pu
puhn
hnh
h
fjgrhmhjtkr hb suphrëvft mhnfkjth bk klrhlkgf÷j nh bk oujgf÷j nh trkjsparth mës nh ba quh
panrík ekghr uj hxphnfnar saba. Hb thrghra klrhlk bas hmikrquhs nh môbpbhs hxphnfnarhs
y, par tkjta, rhnugh hb gasta nh gknk hmikrquh par nhikda nh ba quh panrík balrkr gknk
hxphnfnar saba.
Hb thrghra fjgrhmhjtk hb suphrëvft nh bk gknhjk gukjna bas hxphnfnarhs hjvíkj pkquhths a
gkjnknhs B^B k bas gbfhjths a tkmifæj puhnh fjgrhmhjtkr hb suphrëvft nh bas hmikrquhs
^B klrhlkjna bas vfkdhs nh rhlrhsa gaj gkrlk (ikgcekubs).

>. Klrhlk
Klrhlkgf÷
gf÷j
j nhb trkjs
trkjspar
parth
th par fjth
fjthrmh
rmhnfk
nfkrfa
rfass nh kbmkghjk
kbmkghjkmfh
mfhjta
jta44   uj thrg
thrghr
hra
a qu
quh
h
kbmkghjk tkmifæj puhnh fjgrhmhjtkr hb suphrëvft nh bk gknhjk mhnfkjth bk klrhlkgf÷j
nhb trkjsparth hjtrkjth y skbfhjth. Hsth kbmkghjk pranugtas nh vkrfas okirfgkjths y vhjnh
k mugeas gbfhjths.
Hstk oarmk nh klrhlkgf÷j hs mës hohgvk sf hb fjthrmhnfkrfa kbmkghjk bas pranugtas nh
mugeas pravhhnarhs y khjnh k mugeas gbfhjths quh arnhjkj hj phquhûks gkjnknhs.

8. Kl
Klrh
rhlk
lkgf
gf÷j
÷j nh kbmkg
kbmkghj
hjkd
kdh
h4 uj thrghra
thrghra puhnh fjgrhm
fjgrhmhjt
hjtkr
kr hb sup
suphrë
hrëvft
vft nh bk gkn
gknhjk
hjk
klrhlkjna
klrhlkj na bks jhghsf
jhghsfnkn
nknhs
hs nh kbm
kbmkghj
kghjkdh
kdh nh bas gbfhjt
gbfhjths.
hs. Hst
Hsth
h puh
puhnh
nh hxp
hxpbat
batkr
kr bks
hgajam
hgajamíksíks nh hsg
hsgkbk
kbk gaj bk gajstr
gajstrugg
uggf÷j
f÷j y aph
aphrkg
rkgf÷j
f÷j nh uj kbmkbmkgæj
kgæj mhnfk
mhnfkjth
jth bk
klrhlkgf÷j nh môbpbhs gbfhjths.
Hstk klrhlkgf÷j kpartk mugea kb suphrëvft nh bas pravhhnarhs phquhûas y bks gampkûíks
quh fjfgfkj aphrkgfajhs hj ujk uifgkgf÷j lhalrëgk.
 

?. Klrhlk
Klrhlkgf÷
gf÷j
j nh kiksth
kiksthgfm
gfmfhj
fhjta4
ta4 uj thrghra fjgrhmhjtk hb suphrëvft nh bk gknhjk sf klrhlk
hb kiksthgfmfhjta nh mugeas pkrgfpkjths phquhûas y okgfbftk bks hgajamíks nh hsgkbk hj
bk pranuggf÷j y trkjsparth hjtrkjth.

<. Kl
Klrh
rhlk
lkgf
gf÷j
÷j nh bk fjoar
fjoarmk
mkgf
gf÷j
÷j44 uj thrghra puhnh fjgrhmhjtkr hb suphrëvft mhnfkjth bk
klrhlkgf÷j nh bk fjoarmkgf÷j k uj jfvhb mës kbta quh hb balrkna par ujk gampkûík quh
bbhvk k gkia bk oujgf÷j nh mkjhrk fjthrjk.

5. Klrhlk
Klrhlkgf÷
gf÷j
j nh guh
guhjtk
jtkss pa
parr gairk
gairkr4
r4 uj thrghra puhnh kumhjtkr hb suphrëvft nh bk gknhjk sf
puhnh klrhlkr hb rfhsla nh bks guhjtks par gairkr k uj jfvhb mës kbta quh bk gampkûík a sf
hjh uj gasta nh gairkjzk mës ikda quh hb nh æstk. Puhnh klrhlkr bk gairkjzk nh tanas
bas okirfgkjths (quh khjnh), rhnugfhjna hb gasta nh gairkjzk.
Bk klrhlkgf÷j nh bks guhjtks par gairkr hs praikibh quh fjgrhmhjth hb suphrëvft nh bk
gknhjk, sf bas nhtkbbfstks saj phquhûas y jumhrasas y gknk hjnk kbmkghjk pranugtas nh
mugeas okirfgkjths quh saj kthjnfnas par hb mfsma nfstrfiufnar.

6. Klrh
Klrhlk
lkgf
gf÷j
÷j nh rhb
rhbkg
kgfa
fajh
jhs4
s4  uj thrghra puhnh fjgrhmhjtkr hb suphrëvft nh bk gknhjk nh
sumfjfstra kb nfsmfjufr hb jômhra nh rhbkgfajhs jhghskrfks hjtrh môbpbhs gamprknarhs y
vhjnhnarhs. Wfj uj fjthrmhnfkrfa quh gajhgth k mfbhs nh vhjnhnarhs gaj mfbbajhs nh
gamprknarhs hs jhghskrfa thjhr mfb mfbbajhs nh rhbkgfajhs. Wfj hmikrla, uj thrghra ja
kumhjtk hb suphrëvft klrhlkjna bks rhbkgfajhs hjtrh pagas gamprknarhs y vhjnhnarhs
gukjna bks rhbkgfajhs saj ouhrths y k bkrla pbkza.

;0. Gas
Gastas
tas mës
mës ikda y gkbfnkn
gkbfnkn mës
mës kbtk
kbtk44 uj thrghra puhnh fjgrhmhjtkr hb suphrëvft nh bk
gknhjk sf prapargfajk uj gasta mës ikda a ujk gkbfnkn mës kbtk hj rhbkgf÷j gaj bk
gampkûík nhifna k bk hsphgfkbfzkgf÷j y kpkprhjnfzkdh.
rhjnfzkdh. Wf hb thrghra hjh ujk uifgkgf÷j nh
gasta ikda quh bk gampkûík ja hjh, eky quh thjhr hj guhjtk quh quh bas gastas fjohrfarhs nh
mkja nh airk y lhjhrkbhs saj rkzajhs thmparkbhs pkrk bk suigajtrktkgf÷j, yk quh sf hb
nfohrhjgfkb nh bas skbkrfas hs phrsfsthjth y hb thrghra ja aorhgh jfjlujk nh bks atrks
vhjtkdks kjkbfzknks gaj kjthrfarfnkn, hs mhdar pkrk bk gampkûík mkjthjhr bk prapfhnkn y
trksbknkr bk pranuggf÷j kb hxtrkjdhra (a-searh) k ujk uifgkgf÷j nh mhjar gasta.

^rhs okgtarhs fmpartkjths quh kohgtkj hb fjgrhmhjta hj hb suphrëvft quh prapargfajk uj thrghra
saj4

Hsgkbk4 sf bk hsgkbk hs lrkjnh, hs muy praikibh quh bk prapfk gampkûík balrh hgajamíks nh hsgkbk
fjthrjks sugfhjths. Hj hsth gksa, hs muy paga praikibh quh uj thrghra balrh fr mës bhdas.

Fjghrnumirh4 sf æstks saj prhnhgfibhs, hb fjgrhmhjta hj hb suphrëvft quh pranugh uj thrghra hs

bfmftkna, hsphgfkbmhjth sf bk gampkûík hjh hsgkbk sugfhjth.

  Hsphgfgfnkn nh bas kgvas4  Wf æstas saj hsphgígas nh bk gampkûík y ja puhnhj shr hmpbhknas
par atras, hs muy paga praikibh quh hb thrghra fjgrhmhjth hb suphrëvft.
 

Xjk gampkûík aihjh mës kb suigajtrktkr (autsaurgfjl) k uj thrghra sf sus jhghsfnknhs saj
phquhûks, kbtkmhjth fjgfhrtks y sf bks gampkrth gaj atrks gampkûíks quh suigajtrktkj kb mfsma
thrghra.

YFHWLAW NH X^FBFTKY XJ ^HYGHYA

;. Hb pr
pra
agh
ghssa h
hjh
jh uj nho
hohg
hgta
ta4 Bas mky
mkyarh
arhss pra
praibh
ibhmks
mks sur
surlhj
lhj guk
gukjna
jna bk gam
gampkû
pkûík
ík
suigajtrktk bks oujgfajhs nh bk gknhjk sfmpbhmhjth parquh ek phrnfna hb gajtrab nhb
praghsa. ^hjlk hj mhjth quh fjtranugfr k uj thrghra nhjtra nh uj praghsa nhohgtuasa nh
bk gknhjk s÷ba ba hmphark. Ba prfmhra quh sh nhih ekghr shrë gajtrabkr hb praghsa, buhla
ekghr uj kjëbfsfs gasta-ihjhgfa y hjtajghs nhgfnfr sf bk suigajtrktkgf÷j (autsaurgfjl) hs
jhghskrfk a ja.
9. Wui
Wuihs
hsmkr
mkr hhbb gasta
gasta nh bk bk gaarnf
gaarnfjkg
jkgf÷j
f÷j4 uj hrrar orhguhjth kb suigajtrktkr hs suihsmkr
hb hsouhrza jhghskrfa pkrk gaarnfjkr bks kgvfnknhs hjtrh môbpbhs hjnknhs quh bbhvkj k
gkia tkrhks nh bk gknhjk.
g knhjk. Hsta hs hsphgfkbmhjth gfhrta sf bk gampkûík pbkjhk suigajtrktkr
oujgfajhs hsphgígks nh bk gknhjk k thrghras nfohrhjths. Wuigajtrktkr bks oujgfajhs k
mugeas thrghras hs okgibh (y puhnh shr muy hohgva) sf bk gampkûík gajsfnhrk quh shr
uj gaarnfjknar hs ujk nh sus oartkbhzks.
7. Ga
Gajt
jtkg
kgta
ta rhnu
rhnugfgfna
na gb gbfh
fhjt
jth/
h/pr
prav
avhh
hhna
nar4
r4  uj
ujk
k gamp
gampkû
kûík
ík pu
puhn
hnhh ph
phrn
rnhr
hr hb gagajt
jtkg
kgta
ta
gbfhjth/pravhhnar kb fjtranugfr uj thrghra. Hsta hs sfljfgkva pkrk bks gampkûíks quh
vhjnhj nfrhgtkmhjth k bas gajsumfnarhs phra quh nhgfnhj ubfzkr uj thrghra, yk shk pkrk
gairkr bas phnfnas hjtrkjths a pkrk hjtrhlkr hb pranugta.
>. Pærnf
Pærnfnk
nk nh gkp
gkpkgfnk
kgfnknn fjthr
fjthrjk
jk y grhgfmfhj
grhgfmfhjtata nhb pa
panhr
nhr nhb
nhb thrgh
thrghra4
ra4 ujk gampkûík puhnh
hbhl
hbhlfr
fr mk
mkjt
jthj
hjhr
hr nh mk mkjhjhrk
rk fjth
fjthrj
rjk
k ujk
ujk ououjg
jgf÷
f÷j
j nh bk gknh
gknhjk
jk sfhm
sfhmpr
prh
h quh
quh bk
suigajtrktkgf÷j (autsaurgfjl) fjgrhmhjth nh mkjhrk sfljfgkvk hb panhr nh uj thrghra.
8. Oul
Oulkk nh nknktas
tas h fjoa
fjoarmk
rmkgf÷gf÷j
j gaj
gajnh
nhjgf
jgfkb
kb4 ubfzkr uj thrghra rhqufhrh quh bk gampkûík
gampkrtk fjoarmkgf÷j sairh bk nhmkjnk y, hj kblujas gksas, prapfhnkn fjthbhgtukb.
?. Gaj
Gajtr
trkt
kta
as fj
fjh
hgkgkgh
ghss4 bas gajtrktas gaj mætrfgks nh nhshmphûa quh nfstarsfajkj bas
fjghjvas nh uj thrghra k mhjuna rhnughj bas ihjhgfas nh bk suigajtrktkgf÷j.

^HYGHYAW V GXKY^AW PYA_HHNAYHW NH BALÍW^FGK

Xj pravhhnar balísga a thrghra balísga (7PB) bbhvk k gkia ujk a mës nh bks kgvfnknhs
rhbkgfajknks gaj hb uda nh pranugtas, fjoarmkgf÷j y oajnas quh panríkj shr bbhvknas k gkia
par bk mfsmk gampkûík. ^rknfgfajkbmhjth, hb 7PB sh ek hjoagkna hj oujgfajhs hsphgígks,
tkbhs gama hb trkjsparth, kbmkghjkdh y thgjabalík nh bk fjoarmkgf÷j nhjtra nh bk gknhjk.

Bas gbfhjths iusgkj hmprhsks quh puhnhj knmfjfstrkr prëggkmhjth tanas bas ksphgtas nh su
gknhjk. Hsta ek bbhvkna kb gajghpta nhb gukrta balísga (>PB), hs uj fjthlrknar quh rhôjh bas
rhgursas, gkpkgfnknhs y thgjabalík nh su prapfk arlkjfzkgf÷j y nh atrks arlkjfzkgfajhs pkrk
nfshûkr, gajstrufr y hdhgutkr sabugfajhs fjthlrkbhs nh bk gknhjk nh sumfjfstra.

Bk vhjtkdk oujnkmhjtkb quh uj >PB puhnh prapargfajkr pravfhjh nh ujk mkyar vfsfifbfnkn y
gaar
gaarnf
nfjk
jkgf
gf÷j
÷j hj bk gknh
gknhjk
jk nh bk gamp
gampkû
kûík
ík y uj
ujkk trkj
trkjso
sohr
hrhj
hjgf
gfk
k mh
mhda
dark
rknk
nk hjtr
hjtrh
h ba
bass
pravhhnarhs nh balísgk. Xjk mkyar vfsfifbfnkn y ujk mhdar gaarnfjkgf÷j rhqufhrhj nhb usa
nh thgjabalík nh bk fjoarmkgf÷j (^F) kvkjzknk, hb fmpbhmhjtkr hstk thgjabalík hs nh kbta
 

gasta, uj >PB puhnh fjgrhmhjtkr hb suphrëvft kb rhpkrr hb gasta hjtrh môbpbhs gbfhjths.
Mugeas >PB ekj nhskrrabbkna sus prapfas pkquhths nh kpbfgkgfajhs nh ^F, mfhjtrks quh atras
fjthlrkj kpbfgkgfajhs ^F nh môbpbhs pravhhnarhs.