WEEK-9-Lesson-2

Populations and Sampling

Types of Sampling
There are several ways of doing this. We will look at four major
types here: simple random, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
The basic characteristic of random sampling is that all members of the
population have an equal and independent chance of being included in
the sample.
1- Simple Random Sampling
The most common method of sampling is known as simple
random sampling: "Pick a number out of a hat!" Gay provides a good
example of this type of sampling. A superintendent of schools wants
to select a sample of teachers so that their attitudes toward unions can
be determined. Here is how he did it:
1. The population is 5,000 teachers in the system.
2. The desired sample size is 10%, or 500 teachers.
3. The superintendent has a directory which lists all 5,000 teachers
alphabetically. He assigns numbers from 0000 to 4999 to the teachers.
4. A table of random numbers is entered at an arbitrarily selected
number such as the one underlined below: 59058 11859 53634 48708
71710
5. Since his population has only 5000 members, he is interested only
in the last 4 digits of the number, 3634.
6. The teacher assigned #3634 is selected for the sample.
7. The next number in the column is 48708. The last four digits are
8708. No teacher is assigned #8708 since there are only 5000. Skip
this number.
8. Applying these steps to the remaining numbers shown in the
column, teachers 1710, 3942, and 3278 would be added to the sample.
9. This procedure continues down this column and succeeding
columns until 500 teachers have been selected.
2- Systematic Sampling
A systematic sample is one in which every Kth subject on a list
is selected for inclusion in the sample. The “K” refers to the sampling
interval, and may be every 3rd (K=3) or 10th (K=10) subject. The
value of K is determined by dividing the population size by the sample
size. Let’s say that you have a list of 10,000 persons. You decide to
use a sample of size 1000. K = 10000/1000 = 10. If you choose every
10th name, you will get a sample of size 1000. The superintendent in
our example would employ systematic sampling as follows:
1. The population is 5,000 teachers.
2. The sample size is 10%, or 500 teachers.
3. The superintendent has a directory which lists all 5,000 teachers in
alphabetical order.
4. The sampling interval (K) is determined by dividing the population
(5000) by the desired sample size (500). K = 5000/500 = 10.
5. A random number between 0 and 9 is selected as a starting point.
Suppose the number selected is “3”.
6. Beginning with the 3rd name, every 10th name is selected
throughout the population of 5000 names. Thus, teacher 3, 13, 23, 33
... 993 would be chosen for the sample.
3- Stratified Sampling
Stratified sampling permits the researcher to identify sub-groups
within a population and create a sample which mirrors these sub-
groups by randomly choosing subjects from each stratum. Such a
sample is more representative of the population across these sub-
groups than a simple random sample would be. Subgroups in the
sample can either be of equal size or proportional to the population in
size. Equal size sample subgroups are formed by randomly selecting
the same number of subjects from each population subgroup.
Proportional subgroups are formed by selecting subjects so that the
subgroup percentages in the population are reflected in the sample.
The following example is a proportionally stratified sample. The
superintendent would follow these steps to create a stratified sample of
his 5,000 teachers.
1. The population is 5,000 teachers.
2. The desired sample size is 10%, or 500 teachers.
3. The variable of interest is teaching level. There are three subgroups:
elementary, junior high, and senior high.
4. Classify the 5,000 teachers into the subgroups. In this case, 65% or
3,250 are elementary teachers, 20% or 1,000 are junior high teachers,
and 15% or 750 are senior high teachers.
5. The superintendent wants 500 teachers in the sample. So 65% of the
sample (325 teachers) should be elementary, 20% (100) should be
junior high teachers, and 15% (75) should be senior high teachers.
This is a proportionally stratified sample. (A non-proportionally
stratified sample would randomly select 167 subjects from each of the
three groups.)
6. The superintendent now has a sample of 500 (325+100+75)
teachers, which is representative of the 5,000 and which reflects
proportionally each teaching level.
4- Cluster sampling
Cluster sampling involves randomly selecting groups, not
individuals. It is often impossible to obtain a list of individuals which
make up a target population. Suppose a researcher is interested in
surveying the residents of Fort Worth. Through cluster sampling, he
would randomly select a number of city blocks and then survey every
person in the selected blocks. Or, another researcher wants to study
social skills of Southern Baptist church staff members. No list exists
which contains the names of all church staff members. But he could
randomly select churches in the Convention, and use all the staff
members of the selected churches. Any intact group with similar
characteristics is a cluster. Other examples of clusters include
classrooms, schools, hospitals, and counseling centers. Let’s apply this
approach to the superintendent’s study.
1. The population is 5,000 teachers.
2. The sample size is 10%, or 500 teachers.
3. The logical cluster is the school.
4. The superintendent has a list of 100 schools in the district.
5. Although the clusters vary in size, there are an average of 50
teachers per school.
6. The required number of clusters is obtained by dividing the sample
size (500) by the average size of cluster (50). Thus, the number of
clusters needed is 500/50 = 10 schools.
7. The superintendent randomly selects 10 schools out of the 100.
8. Every teacher in the selected schools is included in the sample.