Hmsga`ftgo`4 H:269/H:269K √ 6:

Ytf`hfrh Rrfitgim lor

Rrmpfrg`a Iofe Yfkpems lor F`feysgs6
Xngs stf`hfrh gs gssum
gssumh
h u`hmr tnm stxmh hmsga`ftgo`
hmsga`ftgo` H:269/H:269K3
H:269/H:269K3 tnm `ukjm
`ukjmrr gkkmhg
gkkmhgftmey
ftmey loeeowg`a tnm hmsga`
hmsga`ftgo`
ftgo` g`hgiftms
g`hgiftms tnm
ymfr ol orgag`fe fhoptgo` or, g` tnm ifsm ol rmvgsgo`, tnm ymfr ol efst rmvgsgo`. F `ukjmr g` pfrm`tnmsms g`hgiftms tnm ymfr ol efst
rmfpprovfe. F supmrsirgpt mpsgeo` ( ¸) g`hgiftms f` mhgtorgfe inf`am sg`im tnm efst rmvgsgo` or rmfpprovfe.

Xngs stf`hfrh nfs jmm` fpprovmh lor usm jy fam`igms ol tnm ].Y. Hmpfrtkm`t ol Hmlm`sm.

6. Yio
Yiopm
pm :. Zmlmrm`i
Zmlmrm`imh
mh Hoiukm`ts
6.6 Xngs prfitgim: iovmrs tnm rmhuitgo` f`h hgvgsgo` ol aross
prfitgim :.6   FYXK Ytf`hfrhs49
or hgvghmh sfkpems, f`h tnm prmpfrftgo` ol iokposgtm sfkpems, H6:6 Xmrkg`oeoay
H6:6  Xmrkg`oeoay ol Iofe f`h Iocm
up to f`h g`i
g`ieuh
euhg`a
g`a tnm g`h
g`hgvgh
gvghufe
ufe por
portgo`
tgo`ss lor efjo
efjorft
rftory
ory H::98/H::98K   Rrfitgim lor Ioeemitgo` ol f Aross Yfkpem
H::98/H::98K
f`feysgs. ol Iofe
H9618 Xmst
H9618  Xmst Kmtnoh lor Fsn g` tnm F`feysgs Yfkpem ol Iofe
6.: Zmh
Zmhuit
uitgo`
go` f`h hgv
hgvgsgo
gsgo`
` pro
proimh
imhurm
urmss frm prm
prmsir
sirgjm
gjmh
h lor f`h Iocm lrok Iofe
iofes ol tnm loeeowg`a aroups4 H992: Xmst
H992:  Xmst Kmtnoh lor Xotfe Kogsturm g` Iofe
6.:.6   Aroup F   g`ieuhms iofes tnft nfvm jmm` iemf`mh g` fee H8187  Xmst Kmtno
H8187 Kmtnohh lor Rmrlorkg`a tnm Ygmvm F`feysgs
F`feysgs ol 
sgzms. Iofe f`h Hmsga`ftg`a Iofe Ygzm
6.:.:   Aroup J  g`ieuhms fee otnmr iofes. ]`c`ow` iofes frm M66 Ypmigstiftgo`
M66  Ypmigstiftgo` lor Qovm` Qgrm Xmst Ygmvm Ieotn f`h Xmst
to jm io`sghmrmh u`hmr Aroup J. Ygmvms
M611   Rrfitgim lor ]sm ol tnm Xmrks Rrmigsgo` f`h Jgfs g`
M611 
6.:.9 Aroup F feeows
feeows skfeemr wmgant efjorftory
efjorftory sfkpems to
FYXK Xmst Kmtnohs
jm rmtfg`mh tnf` Aroup J. Xnmsm eowmr wmgants kfy jm usmh lor
M8=< Xmrkg`oeoay
M8=<  Xmrkg`oeoay Zmeftg`a to Vufegty f`h Ytftgstgis
pfrt
pfrtgi
giue
uefr
fr io
iofe
fess gl tn
tnmy
my nf
nfvm
vm jm
jmm`
m` snsnow
ow`,
`, jy ususg`
g`aa tn
tnmm
proimhurms ol F``mx   F6.:,
F6.:, to agvm f sfkpem prmpfrftgo` f`h
9. Xmrkg`oeoay
f`fey
f`feysgs
sgs vf
vfrg
rgf`
f`imim wn
wngin
gin gs `o ko
korm
rm tn
tnf`
f` :2 % ol tntnmm to
totfe
tfe
f`feysgs
f`feys gs vfrgf`
vfrgf`im.
im. 9.6   Hmst`
Hmst`gtgo
gtgo`s
`s ol Xmrk
mrkss Ypm
Ypmigst
igstii to Xng
Xngss Ytf
Ytf`hf
`hfrh‘ @o
rh‘ 
tmrks frm usmh wngin frm spmigsti to tngs prfitgim. Kf`y tmrks
6.9 Xnm vfeums stftmh g` mgtnmr YG u`gts or g`in-pou`h
g`in-pou`h u`gts usmh g` tngs prfitgim kfy jm lou`h g` Xmrkg`oeoagms H6:6
Xmrkg`oeoagms  H6:6 f`h
 f`h
frm to jm rmafrhmh smpfrftmey fs stf`hfrh. Xnm vfeums stftmh g` M8=< f`h
M8=<  f`h g` Rrfitgim M611
Rrfitgim  M611..
mfin systmk kfy `ot jm mxf mxfit
it mqu
mqugvf
gvfem`
em`ts3
ts3 tnm
tnmrml
rmlorm
orm,, mfin
systmk snfee jm usmh g`hmpm`hm`tey ol tnm otnmr. Iokjg`g`a 8. Yukkf
Yukkfry
ry ol Rrfitgim
Rrfitgim
vfeums lrok tnm two systmks kfy rmsuet g` `o`-io`lorkf`im
8.6 Xnr
Xnrmm
mm pro
proims
imssms
sms ol sfk
sfkpem
pem hgv
hgvgsgo
gsgo`
` f`h rmhuitgo`
rmhuitgo` frm
wgtn tnm stf`hfrh.
iovmrmh fs loeeows4
6.8   Xngs stf`hfr
stf`hfrh h hom
homss `ot purport
purport to fhh
fhhrm rmss
ss fee ol tnm 8.6.6   Rroimhurm F‘ Kf`ufe
Kf`ufe rgllems frm usmh lor hgvgsgo` ol 
sflmtyy io
sflmt io`i
`imr
mr`s
`s,, gl f`
f`yy, fs
fsso
soigf
igftmh
tmh wg
wgtn
tn gt
gtss us
usm.
m. Gt gs tn
tnmm tnm sfkpem f`h kminf`gife irusng`a mqugpkm`t lor tnm rmhui-
rmspo`sgjgegty ol tnm usmr ol tngs stf`hfrh to mstfjegsn fppro- tgo` ol tnm sfkpem.
 prgftm sflmty f`h nmfetn prfitgims f`h hmtmrkg`m tnm fppegif- 8.6.:   Rroimhur
Rroimhurmm J‘ Kminf`
K minf`gif
gifee sfk
sfkpem
pem hgv
hgvghm
ghmrs
rs frm usm
usmh
h
jgegty ol rmaueftory egkgtftgo`s prgor to usm. lorr tn
lo tnmm hg
hgvg
vgsgo
sgo`
` ol tn
tnmm sf
sfkp
kpem
em f`
f`hh km
kmin
inf`
f`gi
gife
fe ir
irus
usng
ng`a
`a
mqugpkm`t lor tnm rmhuitgo` ol tnm sfkpem.
8.6.9   Iokjg`mh Rroimhurm F f`h J‘ XnmXnm two proimhurms
6
Xngs prfitgim gs u`hmr tnm durgshgitgo` ol FYXK Iokkgttmm H2=
Iokkgttmm  H2=  o` Iofe f`h kfy jm iokjg`mh ft f`y stfam.
Iocm f`h gs tnm hgrmit rmspo`sgjgegty ol Yujiokkgttmm H2=.:9
Yujiokkgttmm  H2=.:9   o` Yfkpeg`a.
Iurrm`
Iur rm`tt mhg
mhgtgo`
tgo` fpp
fpprovm
rovmhh Fpr
Fprge
ge 6, :26
:26:.
:. Ruj
Rujegs
egsnmh
nmh Du`
Du`mm :26
:26:.
:. Org
Orgag`
ag`fee
feey
y
fpprovmh g` 67<:. Efst prmvgous mhgtgo` fpprovmh g` :266 fs H:269/H:269K ’ 66.
9
HOG4 62.6=:2/H:269_H:269K-6:. Lor rmlmrm`imh FYXK stf`hfrhs, vgsgt tnm FYXK wmjsgtm, www.fstk.ora, or
:
Lor korm hmtfgemh mxpef`ftgo` ol tngs prfitgim smm Cmeemr, A. M., ―Hmtmrkg`ftgo` io`tfit FYXK Iustokmr Ymrvgim ft smrvgimBfstk.ora. Lor  F``ufe Jooc ol FYXK 
ol Vuf`tgtgms @mmhmh g` Iofe Yfkpem Rrmpfrftgo` f`h F`feysgs,‛  Xrf`sfitgo`s, \oe Ytf`hfrhs voeukm g`lorkftgo`, rmlmr to tnm stf`hfrh‗s Hoiukm`t Yukkfry pfam o`
:9:, 67<=, pp. :6>-::<. tnm FYXK wmjsgtm.

Iopyrgant © FYXK G`tmr`ftgo`fe, 622 Jfrr Nfrjor Hrgvm, RO Jox I122, Qmst Io`snonoicm`, RF 678:>-:7=7. ]`gtmh Ytftms

6
 

  H:269/H:269K √ 6:

=. Yga`
Yga`gstif`
gstif`im
im f`h ]sm juicmt iuttmr wgtn mgtnmr jottok hukp or g`vmrtg`a hgsinfram,
=.6 Otn
Otnmrmr stf`
stf`hfr
hfrhs
hs frm usmh to ioe
ioeemit
emit tnm aro
aross
ss sfk
sfkpem
pem44 seottmh jmet, rotfry hgsc hgvghmr, kminf`gife stoppmh or kovg`a
Rrfitgim  H::98/H::98K
 H::98/H::98K   feeows lor o`m hgvgsgo` ol tnm aross jmett swm
jme swmmpm
mpmrr, or otn
otnmr
mr fiim
fiimptf
ptfjem
jem hmv
hmvgims
gims lor hgv
hgvghg
ghg`a
`a tnm
sfkpem jmlorm irusng`a. Xnm kfss f`h top sgzm ol tnm aross or sfkpem.. Xypgife kminf`gife
sfkpem kminf`gife sfkpem hgvghmrs frm snow` g` Lga. g`  Lga.
hgvghmh sfkpem ioeemitmh jy usg`a tnmsm aughms f`h prfitgims 6. Xnmsm geeustrftm vfrgous hmsga`s, jut otnmr fiimptfjem hmsga`s
frm usufeey too efram lor inmkgife or pnysgife tmstg`a. Rrfitgim frm fvfgefj
fvfgefjem.
em.
H:269 provghm g`struitgo`s lor rmhuig`a f`h hgvghg`a tnm aross <.:.:   Zgllem‘ F kf`ufe sfkpem hgvghmr tnft spegts tnm iofe
or hgvghmh sfkpem, jy o`-eg`m or oll-eg`m proimssms, or jotn, to strmfk g`to two pfrts wnm` gt gs hgrmitmh tnrouan fetmr`ftg`a
f top sgzm f`h kfss sugtfjem to tnm pmrlorkf`im ol tmstg`a. F`y seots. Zgllem seots snfee jm ft emfst tnrmm tgkms tnm top sgzm ol tnm
iofe jmg`a hgvghmh f`h nfvm f` mvm` `ukjmr ol fetmr`ftg`a
jgfs g` tnm aross or hgvghmh sfkpem jmlorm fhnmrm`im to tngs seots, g` orhmr to fingmvm sgkgefr kfss hmegvmrmh to mfin iftin
prfitgim wgee rmkfg` g` tnm st`fe sfkpem rmsuetg`a lrok usm ol 
tngs prfitgim. Xnmrmlorm, ifrmlueey smemit tnm stf`hfrh to jm usmh pf`. Zgllems snfee jm m`ieosmh. Xnm seopm ol tnm lmmh inutms f`h
to ioeemit tnm aross sfkpem. rgllems snfee jm ft emfst <2².
<.:.:.6   Efram Zgllem‘ F kf`ufe sfkpem hgvghmr wgtn ft emfst
=.: Hgvgsg
Hgvgsgo`
o` f`h rmhuitgo`
rmhuitgo` ol f sfkpem kfy oiiur ft korm lourtmm`
lour tmm` 6:.1-kk (6 ⁈ :   g`.)
g`.) to :=.
:=.8-k
8-kkk (6 g`.
g`.)) hgv
hgvgsgo
gsgo`s
`s lor
tnf` o`m eoiftgo`. Kost oltm`, tnm sfkpem gs ioeemitmh, rmhuimh, hgvghg`a sujsfkpems ol iofe pfssg`a :.9< kk (@o. >), f`h 8.1=
f`h
f`h hg
hgvg
vghm
hmh
h (o(o`m
`m or kokormrm tgk
tgkms
ms)) jy us
usmm ol f km
kmin
inf`
f`gif
gifee kk (@o. 8) sgmvms. Ymm Lga.
Ymm  Lga. :.
:.
sfkpeg`a
sfkp eg`a systmk.
systmk. Xnm rmk rmkfg`
fg`g`a
g`a sfk
sfkpem
pem kfy jm lur
lurtnm
tnmrr hg- <.:.:.:   Ykfee Zgllem‘ F kf`ufe sfkpem hgvghmr wgtn ft emfst
vghmh o`-sgtm to lfigegtftm trf`sportg`a gt to tnm efjorftory wnmrm twm`ty-lour <.9=-kk (6 ⁈ 8  g`.) to 7.=:-kk (9 ⁈ >  g`.) hgvgsgo`s lor
lurtnmr rmhuitgo` f`h hgvgsgo` egcmey oiiurs jmlorm f`feysgs. hgvghg`a tnm sujsfkpems ol iofe pfssg`a :=2½k (@o. <2). Ymm
=.9 G` pefims,
pefims, tng
tngss prf
prfitgi
itgimm rmq
rmqugr
ugrms
ms fgr hryg`a
hryg`a tnm sfkpem Lga. 9.
9.
jmlorm suj
jmlorm sujsmq
smqum`
um`tt rmh
rmhuit
uitgo`
go`.. Rro
Rroimh
imhurm
urmss lor fgr hry
hryg`a
g`a f`h <.:.:.9   Lmmh Yioop‘ F lmmh sioop or pf` nfvg`a strfgant
fgr-hry eoss hmtmrkg`ftgo` frm provghmh g` Xmst Kmtnoh  H992:
 H992:.. sghms f`h f wghtn mqufe to tnm mllmitgvm wghtn ol tnm rgllem snfee
jm usmh to lmmh tnm rgllem.
=.8
=.8 Ko
Kost
st ol
oltm`
tm`,, sf
sfkp
kpem
emss fr
frmm rm
rmhu
huim
imh
h f`
f`h
h hg
hgvg
vghm
hmh
h to f`
<.:.:.8   Lmmh Inutm‘ F lmmh inutm
inutm snfee jm usmh fs snow`
snow` g`
f`feysgs sfkpem. Nowmvmr, sokm tmsts kfy rmqugrm f sfkpem ol  Lga. :.
:.  Xnm kg`gkuk hgsinfram opm`g`a ol tnm lmmh inutm snfee
hgllmr
hgllmrm`t
m`t kfss or top sgzm. Xngs pro
proimh
imhurm
urm kfy jm usm
usmhh to
jm tnm sfkm wghtn fs tnm rgllem seot opm`g`a.
provghm f sfkpem ol f`y kfss f`h sgzm io`sgst lrok tnm aross
or hgvghmh sfkpem to, f`h g`ieuhg`a, tnm f`feysgs sfkpem. <.9   Kgxg`a Qnmme‘ O`m
O `m typm ol f kminf`gife hmvgim usmh
lor kgxg`a tnm f`feysgs sfkpem. G` tngs hmvgim, tnm sfkpems frm
=.= Xng
Xngss prf
prfitgi
itgimm feso spmigstms
spmigstms now to prm
prmpfr
pfrmm iok
iokpos
posgtm
gtm
g` ieosmh io`tfg`mrs fttfinmh to tnm rgk ol f wnmme ft f` f`aem
sfkpems, gl rmqugrmh.
ol 8=² wgtn tnm norgzo`tfe wnmme snflt. Xnm wnmme provghms
spfim lor f `ukjmr ol io`tfg`mrs hmpm`hg`a o` gts hgfkmtmr f`h
<. Fppfr
Fppfrftus
ftus
gs tur
tur`mh
`mh seowey
seowey jy f skf
skfee
ee kot
kotor
or f`h rmhuitgo`
rmhuitgo` amfr.
amfr. Xnm
<.6   Irusnmrs
Irusnmrs or Arg`h mrs‘ Dfw,
Arg`hmrs‘  Dfw, io`
io`m,
m, or rotrotfry
fry iru
irusnm
snmr3
r3 wnmme snoueh jm rotftmh ft f spmmh so tnft tnm pfrtgiems lfee
nfkk
nf kkmr mr kg
kgee3
ee3 ro
roee
ee33 or ot
otnm
nmrr su
sugtf
gtfje
jemm ir
irus
usnm
nmrr to rm
rmhu
huim
im tn
tnmm am`tey lrok top to jottok ol tnm io`tfg`mr, kgxg`a tnm sfkpem
sfkpem to pfss tnm sgmvm hmsga`ftmh
hmsga`ftmh g` <.8
g`  <.8..  Nfrh stmme or ingeemh tnorouaney. Xnm io`tfg`mr snoueh jm fjout nfel luee f`h `mvmr
gro` peftm wgtn tfkpmr, semham, or nf`h jfr kfy jm usmh lor korm tnf` two tngrhs luee to ojtfg` aooh kgxg`a ol tnm sfkpem.
prmegkg`fry irusng`a ol f`y efram eukps g` tnm sfkpem jmlorm
<.8   Ygmvms‘ F smt ol sgmvms wnosm hgkm`sgo`s frm g` fiior-
lmmhg`a
lmmh g`a g`to tnm iru
irusnm
snmrr. Iru
Irusnm
snmrs
rs sno
snoueh
ueh jm hms hmsga`
ga`mh
mh f`h
hf`im wgtn Ypmigsti
Ypmigstiftgo`
ftgo`   M66
M66,,   ol tnm loe
loeeow
eowg`a
g`a sgz
sgzms,
ms, wgt
wgtn
n
opmrftmh
igriueftgo`g`f`h
f kf``mr
tnus tnmtopotm`tgfe
kg`gkgzmlortnm mllmit
hryg`a tnmoliofe.
g`huimh fgr iovmr f`h rmimgvmr4
@o. Ygzm
<.6.6   Ruevmrgzmr or Kgee‘ LorLor st`fe rmhuitgo` ol efjorftory
sfkpe
sfk pemm to tn
tnmm :=
:=2-
2-½k
½k (@ (@o.
o. <2
<2)) sgm
sgmvm
vm sg
sgzm,
zm, tn
tnmm lo
loeeo
eeowg
wg`a
`a 8 8.1= kk
mqugpkm`t kfy jm usmh4 > :.9< kk
:2 >=2 ½k
<.6.:   Nfkkmr Kgee‘ Iokpemtmey
Iokpemtmey m`ieosmh to fvogh eoss ol  <2 :=2 ½k
hust or kogsturm.
<.=   Ef
Efjo
jorf
rftor
toryy YfYfkp
kpemem IoIo`t
`tfg`
fg`mrs ‘ Nm
mrs‘ Nmfvy
fvy vfpvfpor
or--
<.6.9   Rorimefg`-Dfr Jfee Kgee‘ Xngs kgee snfee jm fpproxg-
gkpmrvgous jfas, propmrey smfemh, or `o`iorrohg`a if`s suin fs
kftmey :92 kk S7.2 g`.[ g` hgfkmtmr f`h :=2 kk S62.2 g`.[ g`
tnosm wgtn f` fgrtgant top, lrgitgo` top, or sirmwtop smfemh wgtn
nmgant
nmga nt wgtn skoskootn
otn,, nfr
nfrh,
h, wmee
wmee-ro
-rou`h
u`hmh,
mh, ﬊g`
﬊g`tt pmj
pmjjem
jems,
s, or
f rujjmr afscmt f`h prmssurm-sm`sgtgvm tfpm lor usm g` storfam
mqugvfem`t, tnft ho `ot g`irmfsm fsn io`tm`t ol tnm sfkpem.
f`h trf`sport ol tnm efjorftory sfkpem. Aefss io`tfg`mrs, smfemh
<.6.8   Juicg`a Jofrh (Inrokm Ytmme) or Kortfr (Faftm or  wgtn rujjmr afscmts, kfy jm usmh, jut ifrm kust jm tfcm` to
 Mqugvfem`t) f`h Rmstem‘ O`ey O`ey lor rmhuig`a tnm skfee lrfitgo` fvogh jrmfcfam g` trf`sport.
ol sfkpem, `ot pfssg`a f :=2-½k (@o. <2) sgmvm fltmr puevmrg-
zftgo`. 1. Rrm
Rrmifut
ifutgo`s
go`s

<.:   Yfkpem Hgvghmrs4 1.6   Am`mrfe‘ Xnm

X nm pr
prmp
mpfr
frft
ftgo
go`
` ol tn
tnmm ar
aros
osss or hg
hgvg
vghm
hmh
h
<.:.6   Kminf`gife‘ F kmikminf`
nf`gife
gife sfk
sfkpem
pem hgv
hgvghm
ghmrr usg
usg`a
`a f sfkpem, or tnm iokposgtm sfkpem, snfee jm pmrlorkmh jy, or
rmigproiftg`a or rotftg`a iuttmr, f rotftg`a noppmr f`h spout, f u`hmr tnm hgrmit supmrvgsgo` ol, pmrso``me c`owemhamfjem ol 
rotftg`a seottmh io`m, f rmigproiftg`a noppmr f`h stxmh iuttmr, propmr sfkpem nf`heg`a prfitgims. Yfkpem prmpfrftgo` snoueh

:
 

  H:269/H:269K √ 6:

(f) Zmigproiftg`a Iuttmr ‘Lga. 6(

6(f ) snows f smitgo` ol f iuttmr wngin gs kovmh fiross f strmfk ol iofe. Ft rmauefr g`tmrvfes, tnm iuttmr kovmkm`t gs rmvmrsmh f`h f sfkpem
g`irmkm`t gs ioeemitmh o` mfin trgp tnrouan tnm iofe strmfk.
(j) Zotftg`a Iuttmr ‘Lga. 6(
6(j ) snows two iuttmrs fttfinmh to f noeeow, rotftg`a snflt. Mfin iuttmr gs hmsga`mh to mxtrfit g`irmkm`ts lrok tnm lmmh f`h to hgsinfram tnmsm
g`to tnm noeeow snflt. O`m or korm iuttmrs kfy jm usmh.
(i) Zotftg`a Noppmr f`h Ypout ‘Lga. 6( 6(i ) snows tnm totfeg`a noppmr tnft rmimgvms tnm irusnmh sfkpem f`h hgsinframs gt tnrouan f spout ovmr o`m or korm stftgo`fry
iuttmrs.
(h) Zotftg`a Io`m ‘F
‘F sfkpemr hmvmeopmh jy tnm Jrgtgsn @ftgo`fe Iofe Jofrh. Xwo seottmh io`ms frm eoicmh toamtnmr f`h rotftmh o` f vmrtgife snflt so tnft o` mfin
rmvoeutgo` tnm iokko` seot opmrftg`a g`tmrimpts tnm lfeeg`a strmfk ol iofe f`h ioeemits f` g`irmkm`t.
LGA. 6 Kminf`
Kminf`gife
gife Yfkpem Hgvghmrs
Hgvghmrs

jm inmicmh ft g`tmrvfes jy tnm kmtnohs hmsirgjmh g` F``mx g`  F``mx F6 jm rmq

rmqugr
ugrmh
mh lor arg`h
arg`hfjg
fjgegty
egty f`h otnmr tmst
tmsts.
s. Feso, f rms
rmsmrv
mrvmm
or   F``mx
F``mx F:F:..   Gt gs `m
`mim
imss
ssfr
fry
y tn
tnft
ft tn
tnmm vf
vfrg
rgf`
f`im
im ol sfsfkp
kpem
em sfkp
sfkpem
em kfy jm hmhmsg
sgrm
rmh
h g` ififsm
sm f in
inmic
mic f`feys
f`feysgs
gs or tmst
tmst gs
:
hgvgsgo` f`h f`feysgs   Y hf jm `ot korm tnf` :2 % ol tnm totfe rmqugrmh.
vfrgf`im ol sfkpeg`a, hgvgsgo`, f`h f`feysgs   Y o:. 1.9 Xng
Xngss prf
prfitgi
itgimm spm
spmigstm
igstmss sgtu
sgtuftgo
ftgo`s
`s wnm
wnm`
` fgr hry
hryg`a
g`a tnm
1.6.6
1.6 .6 Xnm sfkp
sfkpem em prm
prmpfr
pfrftgo
ftgo`` opm
opmrft
rftgo`
go`ss sno
snoueh
ueh jm pmr
pmr-- sfkpem gs `mimssfry hurg`a sfkpem prmpfrftgo`. Xmst Kmtnoh
lork
lorkmhmh g` f` m` m`ieo
ieosmh
smh sp
spfim
fim,, ro
rool
olmh
mh,, io
iooe
oe,, f`
f`h
h lrlrmm
mm lr
lrok
ok H992:   spmigstms proimhurms lor fgr hryg`a f`h ifeiueftgo` ol 
H992:
mximssgvm
mximssg vm fgr kovmk
kovmkm`ts.
m`ts. pmrim`t fgr hry eoss.
1.:  @ukjmr ol Xmsts‘ Jmlorm
Jmlorm prmpfrg`a tnm aross or hgvghmh 1.9.6 Ifeiuef
Ifeiueftm
tm f`h rmiorh fgr-hry eoss hmtmrkg`ftgo`
hmtmrkg`ftgo` mfin
sfkpem, or tnm iok
sfkpem, iokpos
posgtm
gtm sfkp
sfkpem,
em, io`
io`sgh
sghmr
mr tnm `uk
`ukjmr
jmr f`h tgkm fgr hryg`a gs pmrlorkmh.
`fturm ol tnm f`feysgs f`h tmsts to jm pmrlorkmh. F smpfrftm 1.9.:
1.9.: G` nf`
nf`heg`
heg`a,
a, rmh
rmhuig
uig`a,
`a, f`h hgv
hgvghg`
ghg`a
a tnm sfkp
sfkpem,
em, fee
kogsturm efjorftory sfkpem kfy jm rmqugrmh, f`h portgo`s kfy opmrftgo`s snfee jm ho`m rfpghey f`h g` fs lmw opmrftgo`s fs

9
 

  H:269/H:269K √ 6:

LGA. : Efram Yfkpem Hgvghmr (Zgllem)

possgjem, sg`im kogsturm eoss hmpm`hs o` smvmrfe lfitors otnmr >. Ygmv
Ygmvmm Xmsts
Xmsts
tnf` totfe kogsturm io`tm`t, suin fs tgkm rmqugrmh lor irusng`a, >.6 Xnm mrrors
mrrors ol sfk
sfkpem
pem hgvgsgo`
hgvgsgo` frm sm`
sm`sgtg
sgtgvm
vm to tnm top
ftkospnmrgi tmkpmrfturm f`h nukghgty, f`h typm ol irusng`a sgzm, f`h tnmrmlorm, gt gs gkportf`t to kfcm f pmrgohgi sgmvm tmst
mqugpkm`t. ol tnm prohuit ol tnm sfkpem irusnmr. Ygmvm tmsts snfee jm kfhm
1.9.
1.9.9
9 Qn
Qngem
gem fw
fwfgfgtg`
tg`a
a pr
prmp
mpfr
frftg
ftgo`
o`,, tn
tnmm ar
aros
osss or hg
hgvg
vghm
hmh
h f`h rmportmh g` fiiorhf`im wgtn Xmst Kmtnoh  H8187 H8187..
sfkpem snfee jm protmitmh lrok kogsturm inf`am fs f rmsuet ol 
mxpo
mxposu
surm
rm to rf
rfg`
g`,, s`
s`ow
ow,, wg
wg`h
`h,, f`
f`hh su
su`` o` ioio`t
`tfi
fitt wg
wgtn
tn 7. Rro
Rroimhu
imhurm
rm
fjsorjm`t kftmrgfes.
7.6   Kfss‘ Xnm
Xnm kg`gkuk feeowfjem kfss ol tnm sfkpem ft
1.9.8 Qnm`mv
Qnm`mvmrmr sujsfkpems frm storm
stormh
h or trf`sportmh,
trf`sportmh, tnm f`y
f`y stf
stfam
am hm
hmpm
pm`h
`hss o` tn
tnmm to
top
p sgz
sgzm,
m, tn
tnmm vf
vfrg
rgfj
fjgeg
gegty
ty ol tn
tnmm
io`tfg`mrs
io`tfg`mrs f`h sujsf
sujsfkpem
kpem snfee jm wmganmh f`h mqugeg
mqugegjrftmh
jrftmh to io`stgtum`t souant, f`h tnm hmarmm ol prmigsgo` hmsgrmh   (Xfjem
tnm `mw ftkospnmrm jy fgr hryg`a, f`h tnm wmgant eoss or afg` 6).
snfee jm usmh g` tnm ifeiueftgo` ol kogsturm io`tm`t.
7.:  Zmhuitgo` f`h Hgvgsgo` (Ymm
 (Ymm Lga.
 Lga. 8 
8   lor ﬊owinfrt)4
1.8 Qnm`m
Qnm`mvmr
vmr f hgstg`
hgstg`it
it inf`am ol nukgh
nukghgty
gty oiiurs hurg`a 7.:.6 Gt gs pmrkgssgjem
pmrkgssgjem to fgr hry tnm sfkpem jmlorm irusng`a.
irusng`a.
tnm io
tnm iour
ursm
sm ol prprmp
mpfr
frftg
ftgo`
o` ol f` fgr
fgr-h
-hrgm
rgmh
h su
sujs
jsfkp
fkpem,
em, tn
tnmm Yfkpems kfy rmqugrm fgr hryg`a to lmmh propmrey tnrouan tnm
sujsfkpem
sujsfk pem snfee jm wmganmh f`h gts kogstu
kogsturm
rm mqugegjrftmh
mqugegjrftmh wgtn rmhuitg
rmhuitgo`
o` f`h hgvhgvghg
ghg`a
`a mqu
mqugpk
gpkm`t
m`t.. Yok
Yokmtgk
mtgkms
ms tnm
tnmrm
rm gs f`
tnm `mw ftkospnmrm, f`h tnm eoss or afg` g` kfss snfee jm usmh g`tmrmst g` hmtmrkg`g`a tnm fgr-hry eoss vfeum jmlorm irusng`a.
g` tnm ifeiueftgo` ol kogsturm io`tm`t. Fgr hry g` fiiorhf`im wgtn Xmst Kmtnoh H992:
Kmtnoh  H992:..

8
 

  H:269/H:269K √ 6:

LGA. 9 Ykfee Yfkpem Hgvghmr (Zgllem)

XFJEM 6 Rrmpfrftgo` ol Efjorftory Yfkpem 7.:.9.9

7.:.9.9 Hgv
Hgvghm
ghm tnm iru
irusnm
snmhh sfk
sfkpem
pem jy usg
usg`a
`a f efr
efram
am rgl
rglllem.
Hgvghm to f kg`gkuk Zgllems propmrey usmh wgee rmhuim sfkpem vfrgfjgegty jut if``ot
Irusn to pfss ft emfst 7= wmgant ol, aF
% tnrouan sgmvm megkg`ftm gt. F typgife m`ieosmh rgllem gs snow` g`   Lga. :   f`h
Aroup F Aroup J hmsirgjmh g` <.:.:
g`  <.:.:..  Rfss tnm iofe tnrouan tnm rgllem lrok f lmmh
8.1=-kk (@o. 8) :222 8222
:.9<-kk (@o. >) =22 6222
sioop, lmmh juicmt, or rgllem pf` nfvg`a f egp or opm`g`a tnm luee
>=2 ½k (@o. :2) :=2 =22 wghtn ol tnm rgllem. Qnm` usg`a f`y ol tnm prmimhg`a io`tfg`mrs
:=2 ½k ( @o. <2) =2 =2
to lmmh tnm rgllem, sprmfh tnm iofe mvm`ey g` tnm io`tfg`mr, rfgsm
(622 % tnroua
tnrouan)
n)
F
tnm io`tfg`mr, f`h noeh gt wgtn gts lro`t mham rmstg`a o` top ol 
Gl f kogsturm sfkpem gs rmqugrmh, g`irmfsm tnm quf`tgty ol @o. 8 (8.1=-kk) or @o.
> (:.9<-kk) sgmvm sujsfkpem jy =22 a. tnm lmmh inutm, tnm` seowey tget gt so tnft tnm iofe ﬊ows g` f
u`glor
u`g lork
k str
strmfk
mfk tnr
tnroua
ouann tnm nop
noppmr
pmr str
strfga
fgant
nt how
how` ` ovm
ovmrr tnm
im`tmr ol tnm rgllem g`to fee tnm seots, tnm` g`to tnm rgllem pf`s, o`m
nfel
nf el ol tn
tnmm sf
sfkp
kpemem jm
jmg`
g`a
a io
ioeem
eemitm
itmhh g` mf
mfin
in pf
pf`.`. ]`
]`hm
hmrr `o
7.:.
7.:.:
: G` tn
tnmm rm
rmhu
huitg
itgo`
o` f`
f`hh hg
hgvg
vgsg
sgo`
o` ol ar
aros
osss or hg
hgvg
vghm
hmh
h
igriukstf`ims snovme tnm sfkpem g`to tnm rgllem or hrgjjem g`to
sfkpems lor wngin totfe kogsturm io`tm`t gs to jm hmtmrkg`mh,
tnm rgllem lrok f skfee-koutnmh io`tfg`mr. Ho `ot feeow tnm
tnm prmifutgo`s g` 1.9
g`  1.9 f`h 1.8  kust jm loeeowmh.
iofe to jugeh up g` or fjovm tnm rgllem seots. Gl gt homs `ot ﬊ow
7.:.9  Rroimhurm F‘Kf`ufe Zglleg`a4
7.:.9.6
7.:.9 .6 Zmhuim tnm aross
aross or hgvghmh sfkpem to f top sgzm ol  lrmmey tnrouan tnm seots, snfcm or vgjrftm tnm rgllem to lfigegtftm
8.1=-kk (@o. 8) or :.9<-kk (@o. >) sgmvm tfcg`a prmifutgo`s mvm` ﬊ow.
g` fiiorhf`im wgtn Ymitgo`   1. 7.:.9.8
7.:.9.8 Gl tnm g`gtgfe irusng`a
irusng`a wfs o`ey to 8.1=-kk (@o. 8)
7.:.9.
7.: .9.:
: Hmtm
Hmtmrkg
rkg`m
`m tnm `uk
`ukjmr
jmr ol pfs
pfssms
sms rmq
rmqugr
ugrmh
mh g` tnm sgmvm sgzm, rmhuim to :.9<-kk (@o. >) sgmvm sgzm fltmr hgvghg`a
rglleg`a opmrftgo` lrok tnm totfe kfss ol tnm aross sfkpem f`h to `o emss tnf` tnm quf`tgty spmigstmh g` Xfjem
g`  Xfjem 6 lor
6  lor f 8.1=-kk
tnm kg`gkuk pmrkgssgjem kfss g` fiiorhf`im wgtn  Xfjem 6. 6. (@o. 8) sgmvm sgzm.

=
 

  H:269/H:269K √ 6:

LGA. 8 Yfkpem Rrmpfrftgo

Rrmpfrftgo`
` Leowinfrt
Leowinfrt

7.:.9
7.:.9.=
.= Fltmr rmhuig`a
rmhuig`a to :.9<-kk
:.9<-kk (@o. >) sgmvm sgzm, hgvghm juicg`a jofrh or kortfr f`h pmstem to pfss tnm sgmvm, f`h fhh
tnm sujsfkpem jy rglleg`a to `o emss tnf` tnm quf`tgty spmigstmh to wnft pfssmh tnrouan tnm sgmvm f`h kgx tnorouaney. Xngs gs
g` Xfjem
g`  Xfjem 6 lor
6  lor f :.9<-kk sgmvm sgzm. tnm f`feysgs sfkpem.
7.:.9.<
7.:.9.< Qgtn sugtfjem puevmrgzg`a
puevmrgzg`a mqugp
mqugpkm`t
km`t (smm   <.6
<.6)), rm- 7.:.9.
7.:.9.1
1 Fs f` fetm
fetmr`f
r`ftgv
tgvmm to tnm proimhur
proimhurmm ol   7.:.9.<,
7.:.9.<,   tnm
huim tnm :.9<-kk (@o. >) sgmvm sgzm sujsfkpem to f :=2-½k :.9<-kk (@o. >) sgmvm sgzm sujsfkpem kfy jm rmhuimh to pfss
(@o. <2) sgmvm sgzm. Hgvghm tnm arou`h sujsfkpem jy rglleg`a, 7= % tnrouan f >=2-½k (@o. :2) sgmvm. Hgvghm tngs sujsfkpem
usg`a tnm skfee rgllem (smm   <.:.:)
<.:.:) u`tge f kg`gkuk ol =2 a gs jy rglleg`a wgtn tnm skfee rgllem to `ot emss tnf` tnm quf`tgty
ojtfg`mh. Vugicey pfss tnm sujsfkpem tnrouan f :=2-½k (@o. spmigstmh g` Xfjem
g`  Xfjem 6,
6,  f`h tnm` rmhuim to :=2-½k (@o. <2) sgmvm
<2) sgmvm. Zmhuim tnm pfrtgiems rmtfg`mh o` tnm sirmm`, o` f sgzm g` fiiorhf`im wgtn  7.:.9.<
 7.:.9.<..

<
 

  H:269/H:269K √ 6:

7.:.9.>
7.:.9.> Xnoro
Xnorouaney
uaney kgx, prmlmrfjey jy kminf`kminf`gife
gife kmf`s, jmeow f`h frm sukkfrgzmh g` Xfjem
g`  Xfjem :.
:.  Xnm hmtfges pmrtfg`g`a to
tnmm f`
tn f`fe
feys
ysgs
gs sf
sfkp
kpem,em, wm
wmga
gang
ng`a
`a `o
`ott em
emss
ss tn
tnf`
f` =2 a, jm jmlo
lorm
rm tnm prmpfrftgo` ol iokposgtm sfkpems kust jm farmmh to jy fee
mxtrfitg`a portgo`s lor f`feysgs (smm (smm   <.9
<.9).
). io`imr`mh pfrtgms.
7.:.8   Rroimhurm J‘Kminf`gife Hgvgsgo`4 @OXM :‘Fs usmh g` tngs stf`hfrh, tnm tmrk  rmprmsm`t  (toamtnmr
  (toamtnmr wgtn gts
7.:.8.
7.:.8.66 Zmh
Zmhuim
uim tnm aro
aross
ss or hgvghmh
hgvghmh sfksfkpem
pem g` stfa
stfams
ms f`h rmeftmh lorks) homs `ot gkpey tnft sfkpems sftgsly f pfrtgiuefr quf`tgtftgvm
hgvghm jy sugtfjem kminf`gife sfkpem hgvghmrs (smm   <.:.6) <.:.6) to or stftgstgife rmeftgo`sngp to tnm iofe tnft wfs sfkpemh. Xnm tmrk gs usmh
quf`tgtgms `ot emss tnf` tnosm snow` g`  Xfjem 6. 6. wgtng` Rrfitgim H:269 g` tnm sm`sm ol gts jrofh hgitgo`fry hmst`gtgo`, tnft
7.:.8.:
7.:.8.: Kminf`
Kminf`gifegife hgvgsgo` ol tnm sfkpem io`sgsts ol futo- gs, to sgkpey stf`h lor or sykjoegzm eframr quf`tgtgms ol iofe.
kftgif
kft gifeey
eey ioioeem
eemitg
itg`a
`a f ef efra
ramm `u
`ukj
kjmr mr ol g`
g`ir
irmkm
mkm`t
`tss ol tn
tnmm @OXM  9‘Fs usmh g` tngs stf`hfrh, pfrfkmtmrs wngin frm fhhgtgvm frm
tnosm nfv
tnosm nfvg`a
g`a vfe
vfeums
ums tnf
tnftt frm `ot fl
fllmi
lmitmh
tmh jy g`t
g`tmrf
mrfitg
itgo`s
o`s jmt
jmtwmm
wmm`
` tnm
pro
propmr
pmrey
ey rmh
g`irmkm`tsrmhuim
uimh h sfk
mqufeey sfkpem.
pem. Hgs
Hgstrg
tnrouanout trgjut
jutm
tnm m tng
tngsshgsinfram
m`tgrm efram
efram `uk
`ukjmr
jmr tnm
lrok ol  pnysgife f`h inmkgife propmrtgms ol tnm iokj
pnysgife iokjg`mh
g`mh g`hgvghufe sfkpems.
sfkpems.
@o`-fhhgtgvm pfrfkmtmrs frm tnosm lor wngin suin g`tmrfitgo`s kfy oiiur
sfkpem
sfkp em iru
irusnm
snmrr jmi
jmifus
fusmm iru
irusnm
snmrs
rs if` g`tr
g`trohu
ohuim
im fpp
fpprmi
rmigfje
gfjemm or tnosm lor wngin hmst`gtgvm g`lorkftgo`
g`lorkftgo` o` g`tmrf
g`tmrfitgo`s
itgo`s gs `ot fvfgefjem.
smar
smarma
maft
ftgo
go`.
`. Ft mf mfin
in st
stfa
famm ol hghgvg
vgsg
sgo`
o`,, tftfcm
cm ft em
emfs
fstt <2
g`irmkm`ts. 62.: Gl two or korm sfkpems
sfkpems nfvm jmm` ioeemitmh
ioeemitmh jy f sg`aem
kminf`
kmi nf`gife
gife iof
iofee sfk
sfkpeg`
peg`a
a sys
systmk
tmk opm
opmrft
rftmh
mh u`h
u`hmrmr io`
io`stf`
stf`tt
@OXM 6‘Gt gs rmiokkm`hmh tnft, g` tnm ifsm ol kminf`gife hgvgsgo` g` smttg`a
smttg`ass rms
rmsuet
uetg`a
g`a g` f io`
io`stf`
stf`tt sfk
sfkpeg
peg`a
`a rft
rftgo
go (sm
(smmm Rrf
Rrfitgi
itgimm
wngin f` g`irmkm`t gs `ot tnorouaney kgxmh wgtn otnmr g`irmkm`ts jmlorm
hgvgsgo`, f portgo` ol mfin g`irmkm`t jm ioeemitmh jy tnm sujsmqum`t stfam H::98/H::98K)), or jy kuetgpem sfkpeg`a systmks wgtn ghm`-
H::98/H::98K
g`irmkm`t ioeemitgo` proimss. tgife sfkpeg`a rftgos, prmpfrm tnm iokposgtm jy hgrmitey iok-
7.:.8.9 Xnoro
7.:.8.9 Xnorouaney
uaney kgx tnm f`feysgs
f`feysgs sfkpem, 622 % tnrouan jg`g`a fee ol tnm kftmrgfe lrok fee sfkpems. Gl gt gs hmsgrmh to
:=2-½k (@o. <2) sgmvm f`h wmgang`a `ot emss tnf` =2 a, g` hmirmfsm tnm totfe wmgant ol tnm iokposgtm, gt gs fiimptfjem to
fiiorhf`im wgtn 7.:.9.>
wgtn  7.:.9.> jmlorm
 jmlorm mxtrfitg`a portgo`s lor f`feysgs. iokjg`
iok jg`mm mqu
mqufe
fe pmr
pmrim`
im`tfa
tfams
ms (lo
(lorr mxf
mxfkpe
kpem,m, 1= % or =2 %) ol 
mfin g`hgvghufe sfkpem, fee ol wngin nfvm jmm` hgvghmh g` tnm
62. Rrmpfrf
Rrmpfrftgo`
tgo` ol Iokp
Iokposgtm
osgtm Yfkpems
Yfkpems to Zmpr
Zmprmsm`
msm`tt Eot- sfkm
sf km kfkf``
``mr
mr f`
f`h
h fii
fiior
orhg
hg`a
`a to tn tngs
gs stf
stf`h
`hfr
frh.
h. Hm
Hmtmr
tmrkg`
kg`mm
Ygzm (or Io`sga`km`t-Ygzm) Vuf`tgtgms ol Iofe wnmtnmr
wnm tnmr sfkpem kfssms nfv nfvmm jmm
jmm` ` hmi
hmirmf
rmfsmh
smh,, f`h jy wnf wnftt

wnm62.6
62.
wnmtnm 6 rXnm
tnmr Xnmrm
to rm
kfcm
kfc frm
m fsmv
smvmrf
mrfee gssu
pnysgi
pny gssums
sgife ms to
fe iok
iokpos io`sgh
io`
gtm sghmr
posgtm ol mrsmp
wnm`
wnm
smpfrft `m hmi
frftm hmighg
ghg`a
sfkpem
sfk `as
pems pm
pmri
rim`
m`tfa
Fiiou`ttfam,
m, tnft
lor prgo
pr gorrg`lorkftgo`
to fr
frrg
rgvf
vfee wnm`
ol sf
sfkp
kpememss tnm
kfcg`a ft iokposgtm.
tnmm ef
tn efjo
jorf
rfto
tory
ry..
Xnm
ioeem
ioeemitm
itmhh to rmrmpr
prms
msm`
m`tt hg
hglllm
lmrm
rm`t
`t pf
pfrt
rtss ol tn tnmm sfk
sfkmm eo
eott (o
(orr sfkpems kfy jm rmhuimh g` `okg`fe top sgzm (lor mxfkpem, to
io`sga`km`t) Ymm  @otm :. :. Qnm` tnm f`feytgife pfrfkmtmrs ol  pfss f :.9< kk (@o. >) sgmvm) to lfigegtftm tnm iokposgtg`a
g`tmrms
g`tmrmstt frm fhh
fhhgtgv
gtgvmm (lo
(lorr mxf
mxfkpe
kpem,
m, pro
proxgkxgkftm
ftm f`h uetuetgkft
gkftmm proimss. Fhnmrm to tnm kg`gkuk wmgants rmqugrmh g`  Xfjem 6. 6.
f`feysms) tnm prmlmrrmh kmtnoh gs to tmst tnm g`hgvghufe sfkpems Ojsmrvm tnm prmifutgo`s ol Rrfitgim  H::98/H::98K
 H::98/H::98K f`h  f`h Xmst
f`h pmrlork f to`-wmgantmh kftnmkftgife fvmrfam to hmtmrkg`m Kmtnoh   H992:,
H992:,   fs wm wmee
ee fs tntnos
osmm lo
lou`
u`hh g` tntngs
gs ststf`
f`hf
hfrh
rh,, to
tnm rmsuet lor tnm eot (or io`sga`km`t). Ymm  @otm 9. 9. O` tnm otnmr aufr
au frh
h fa
fafg`
fg`st
st u`
u`fiifiiou
ou`t
`tmh
mh-l
-lor
or in
inf`
f`am
amss g` kokogstgstur
urm.
m. Gt gs
nf`h, wnm` tnm souant-fltmr pfrfkmtmrs frm `o`-fhhgtgvm (lor fhvgsfjem to kgx tnm iokposgtm sfkpem tnorouaney, jut wgtnout
mxfkpem, fsn lusgjgegty f`h Nfrharovm arg`hfjgegty), f`feysgs ol  fetmrg`a tnm kogsturm io`tm`t, jmlorm rmhuig`a or hgvghg`a to
f iokposgtm sfkpem gs tnm o`ey wfy to fingmvm f kmf`g`alue skfeemr quf`tgtgms.
tmst rmsuet.
rmsuet. F`otnmr
F`otnmr io` io`sgh
sghmrf
mrftgo`
tgo` gs tnf
tnftt sg`
sg`imim tnm
tnmrm
rm frm `o
provgs
pro vgsgo`
go`ss g` tng
tngss stf
stf`hf
`hfrh
rh lor hgvghg`a
hgvghg`a sfkpems
sfkpems ol top sgz sgzmm 62.9 Gl two or korm sfkpems
sfkpems nfvm jmm` ioeemitmh
ioeemitmh jy kuetgpem
eframr tnf` :=2 ½k (@o. <2) jy kmf`s otnmr tnf` rglleg`a or kminf`gife
kminf` gife iofe sfkpeg
sfkpeg`a
`a systmks wngin ho `ot nfvm ghm`tgife
kminf`gifeey sujsfkpeg`a, tnm mxfit wmgants `mmhmh lor prmpf- sfkpeg`
sfk peg`aa rft
rftgos
gos,, or gl kf`
kf`ufe
ufe sfk
sfkpeg
peg`a
`a prf
prfitgi
itgims
ms nfv
nfvmm jmm
jmm``
usmh, f`h o`ey :=2 ½k (@o. <2) sgmvm sgzm sfkpems frm rmqugrmh
rftgo` ol iokposgtm
fttfg`fjem. sfkpems
Xfcg`a tnmsm f`h io`tfg`g`a
otnmr gssumseframr pfrtgiemsemfhs
g`to fiiou`t frm `ot
to lor f`f
f`feys
eysgs
gs (su
(suin
in fs lor pro
proxgk
xgkftm,
ftm, uetg
uetgkftm
kftm,, fsn lus
lusgjge
gjgegty
gty,,
tnm rmqugrmkm`t tnft prmpfrftgo` ol iokposgtms jm pmrlorkmh mti.) prmpfrm tnm iokposgtm sfkpem usg`a tnm :=2 ½k (@o. <2)
wgtn strgit fhn
fhnmrm
mrm`im
`im to tnm pro
proimh
imhurm
urmss wng
wngin
in frm hms
hmsirg
irgjmh
jmh sgmvm sgzm sfkpems fs loeeows.

XFJEM : Rrmpfrftgo` ol Iokposgtm Yfkpems

Lor F`feysgs ol Fhhgtgvm Rfrfkmtmrs Lor F`feysgs ol @o`-fhhgtgvm Rfrfkmtmrs
Yourim ol Yfkpems to jm Zmqugrmh @okg`fe Xop Ygzm Zmqugrmh @okg`fe Xop Ygzm
Iokjg`mh Zmqugrmh @okg`fe Xop Ygzm Zmqugrmh @okg`fe Xop Ygzm
gs Eframr tnf` :=2 ½k (@o. <2) gs Eframr tnf` :=2 ½k (@o. <2)
gs :=2 ½k (@o. <2) Ygmvm Ygzm gs :=2 ½k (@o. <2) Ygmvm Ygzm
Ygmvm Ygzm Ygmvm Ygzm
Yg`aem kminf`gife iofe Xmst sfkpems g`hgvghufeey Xmst sfkpems g`hgvghufeey Iokjg`m efram pfrtgiem-sgzm Iokjg`m efram pfrtgiem-sgzm
sfkpeg`a
sfkpeg`a systmk wgtn f (prmlmrrmh), or iokjg`m efram (prmlmrrmh), or iokjg`m efram sfkpems hgrmitey pmr 62.: sfkpems hgrmitey pmr 62.:
pmr  62.:
io`stf`t
io`stf `t sfkpeg
sfkpeg`a
`a rftgo, or pfrtgiem-sgzm sfkpems hgrmitey pfrtgiem-sgzm sfkpems hgrmitey
kuetgpem sfkpeg`a systmks pmr 62.:
pmr  62.: pmr 62.:
pmr  62.:
nfvg`a ghm`tgife sfkpeg`a
rftgos

Kuetgpem kminf`gife iofe Xmst sfkpems g`hgvghufeey Xmst sfkpems g`hgvghufeey (ho Iokjg`m kg`us :=2 ½k (@o. Iokjg`m efram pfrtgiem-sgzm
sfkpeg`a systmks wngin ho (prmlmrrmh), or iokjg`m kg`us `ot iokjg`m) <2) sgmvm sgzm sfkpems pmr sfkpems usg`a ieosm-
`ot nfvm ghm`tg
ghm`tgife
ife sfkpeg`a :=2 ½k (@o. <2) sgmvm sgzm 62.9 fpproxgkftgo` proimhurm pmr
rftgos,, or kf`ufe sfkpeg`a
rftgos sfkpems pmr 62.9
pmr  62.9 62.8
prfitgims

1
 

  H:269/H:269K √ 6:

62.9.6
62.9. 6 Hmtmrk
Hmtmrkg`m
g`m tnm rmsghufe kogsturm
kogsturm io`tm`t ol mfin :=2 Ifeiueftm tnm pmrim`tfam ol tnm totfe suj-eot or eot wngin mfin
½k (@ (@o. o. <2
<2)) sgm
sgmvm
vm sgz
sgzmm sf
sfkp
kpem
em fii
fiior
orhg
hg`a
`a to Xms mstt Km
Kmtntnoh
oh sfkpem rmprmsm`ts. Ymemit f` fpproxgkftm hmsgrmh kfss lor tnm
H9619 or Xmst Kmtnoh H992:
Kmtnoh  H992:..  Hmsga`ftm tnm rmsuets  Z 6,  Z :,  Z 9 iokposgtm sfkpem. Kuetgpey tnm hmsgrmh iokposgtm kfss jy tnm
...   Z`. pmrim`tfam ol tnm totfe wngin mfin sfkpem rmprmsm`ts to st`h tnm
62.9
62 .9.:.: Fsimr
Fsimrtftfg`
g` tn
tnmm kf
kfss
ss ol io
iofe
fe g` tn
tnmm eo
eott or su
suj-j-eo
eott mxfit `ukjmr ol arfks wngin frm hmsgrmh lor mfin sfkpem to jm
rmprmsm`tmh jy mfin sfkpem f`h hmsga`ftm tnmsm vfeums  E 6,  E :, usmh g` kfcg`a tnm iokposgtm.
 E9   ...   E`. Fhh tnm g`hgvghufe eot or suj-eot kfssms to st`h tnm 62.8.:
62.8.: ]sg`a f rgl
rglle
lem,
m, hgvghm o`m sfkpem to ojtfg` fpproxg-
totfe sfkpemh eot (or io`sga`km`t) kfss ( Etotfe). kftmey
kftmey tnm `ukjmr
`ukjmr ol arf arfks
ks lor tnft sfk
sfkpem
pem fs ifei
ifeiuef
ueftmh
tmh
62.9.9
62. 9.9 Ymemit f` fpp fpprox
roxgkft
gkftmm hms
hmsgrmh
grmh kfs
kfsss ( K i) lo
lorr tn
tnmm fjovm. Ho `ot prohuim rgllem portgo`s wngin frm skfeemr g` kfss

iokposgtm
62.9.8
62. sfkpem.
9.8 Ifei
Ifeiuef
ueftm,
tm, fiio
fiiorhgrhg`a`a to tnm loe loeeow
eowg`a
g`a,, tnm kfs
kfsss ol  tnf`
rgllemstftmh g`  Xfjem
g` Xfjem
portgo`s wngin6 ol
6ygmeh
 ol tngs stf`hfrh.
f ieosm Ymemit f`holiokjg`m
fpproxgkftgo` tnm
tnm hmsgrmh
mfin sfkpem ( K 6,  K :,  K 9   ...   K `) to jm iokjg`mh to kfcm tnm kfss. Ymm   @otm 8.8.  Zmpmft lor fee sfkpems, tnm` iokjg`m tnm
iokposgtm sfkpem. rgllemh portgo`s ol tnm orgag`fe sfkpems to lork tnm iokposgtm.
~ K  ! ~ E ! / ~ E !
i 6 totfe @OXM 8‘Gt gs nganey u`egcmey tnft tnm mxfit `ukjmr ol arfks `mmhmh lor
 K 6 =   (6 )
~ 622 :  Z ! / /622
6
622 mfin sf
mfin sfkp
kpemem if
if`
` jm oj
ojtf
tfg`
g`mh
mh ususg`
g`a
a f rgrglllem wn
wngem
gem fh
fhnm
nmrg
rg`a
`a to tntnmm
rmqugrmkm`ts ol   Xfjem 6.
6. Ho `ot fhh or hmemtm pfrtgiems wgtnout usg`a f
62.9.=
62. 9.= Ojt
Ojtfg`
fg` tnm ifei
ifeiueft
ueftmh
mh kfs
kfsss ol mfin sfkpem
sfkpem to tnm rgllem g` orhmr to ojtfg` tnm mxfit hmsgrmh kfss. Xnm usmr kust mxmrigsm
`mfrmst 2.2226 a f`h iokjg`m to lork tnm iokposgtm sfkpem.  duhakm`t to fssmss wnm` tnm rgll
rgllemh
emh kfss gs sull
sullgigm`tey
gigm`tey ieosm to tnm hmsgrmh
Kgx
Kg x jy kmkmin
inf`
f`gif
gifee kmf
kmf`s
`s jmjmlo
lorm
rm mx
mxtr
trfi
fitg`
tg`a
a poport
rtgo
go`s
`s lo
lorr kfss so fs to `ot kftmrgfeey fllmit tnm rmsuets ol tnm tmst(s) lor wngin tnm
iokposgtm
iokpo sgtm sfkpem gs jmg`a prmpfrmh.
f`feysgs.
62.9.
62 .9.<
< Ifeiueft
Ifeiueftgo`
go` ol fs-fs-rmi
rmimgv
mgvmh
mh jfs
jfsgs
gs hft
hftff (s
(smm
mm Xmst 62.8.9 Rrmpfrm
62.8.9 Rrmpfrm f`h usm ieoieosm-
sm-fpp
fpprox
roxgkf
gkftgo`
tgo` iok
iokpos
posgtms
gtms
Kmtnoh H992:
Kmtnoh  H992: f`h
 f`h Rrfitgim H96>2) lrok tnm fs-f`feyzmh jfsgs o`ey wnm` pfrtgiems eframr tnf` :=2 ½k (@o. <2) sgmvm sgzm frm
hftf ojt
ojtfg`
fg`mh
mh jy tmstmstg`a
tg`a tnm iok
iokpos
posgtm
gtm sfk
sfkpem
pem rmq
rmqugr
ugrms
ms tnm rmqugrmh lor f`feysgs ol `o`-fhhgtgvm pfrfkmtmrs. G`hgiftm o`
mqugvfem`t fgr-hry eoss ol tnm iokposgtm ( FHEi). Iokputm tnft tnmm efj
tn efjor
orfto
ftory
ry rm
rmpo
port
rt tn
tnft
ft hf
hftf
tf wm
wmrm
rm oj
ojtf
tfg`
g`mh
mh jy tm
tmstg
stg`a
`a f
vfeum fs snow` jmeow4 ieosm-fpproxgkftgo` iokposgtm, f`h tnft tnm rmsuets kfy tnmrm-
 FHEi = ~ FHE6 ! ~ E 6 /  E totfe! 6 ~ FHE: ! ~ E : /  E totfe! … 6 ~ FHE` ! ~ E ` /  E
 E totfe! lorm `ot lueey rm﬊mit tnm propmrtgms ol tnm orgag`feey sfkpemh
kftmrgfe.
( :)
62.=   Xfjem :   prmsm`t
prmsm`tss f io`
io`vm`
vm`gm`
gm`tt suk
sukkfr
kfry
y ol tnm io`
io`--
wnmrm4 strfg`ts lor prmpfrftgo` ol iokposgtms hmpm`hg`a o` tnm sourim
 FHE   6   ; fgr
fgr-hr
-hry
y eos
eosss ol strst
strst sfkpe
sfkpem,
m, ol sfkp
sfkpems,
ems, tnm rmq
rmqugr
ugrmh
mh `ok
`okg`f
g`fee top sgzm lor tmstg`a,
tmstg`a, f`h
 FHE:   ; fgr-hry
fgr-hry eoss
eoss ooll smio`h
smio`h sfkpem, f`h wnmtnmr tnm f`tgigpftmh f`feytgife pfrfkmtmrs frm fhhgtgvm or
 FHE`   ; fgrfgr-hr
-hry
y eos
eosss ol   `tn sfkpem. `o`-fhhgtgvm.
62.8 Gl two or korm sfkpems
sfkpems nfvm jmm` ioeemitmh
ioeemitmh jy kuetgpem
66. Rrm
Rrmigsg
igsgo`
o` f`h Jgfs
kminf`gife iofe sfkpeg`a systmks wngin ho `ot nfvm ghm`tgife
sfkpeg`a
sfkp eg`a rftgos,
rftgos, or gl kf`
kf`ufe
ufe sfk
sfkpeg`
peg`a
a prf
prfitgi
itgims
ms nfv
nfvmm jmm
jmm`
` 66.6 Xnm prmigsgo`
66.6 prmigsgo` ol sfkpem prmpfrftgo`
prmpfrftgo` (f`h f`feysgs)
f`feysgs) if`
usmh, f`h pfrtgiems eframr tnf` :=2 ½k (@o. <2) sgmvm sgzm frm jm inmicmh jy   F``mx F6 f`h F``mx F:.F:.   Yg`im tngs prfitgim
rmqugrmh lor f`feysgs ol `o`-fhhgtgvm pfrfkmtmrs (suin fs lor homs `ot prohuim f `ukmrgife rmsuet, hmtmrkg`ftgo` ol jgfs gs
Nfrharovm arg`hfjgegty), prmpfrm f ieosm-fpproxgkftgo` iok- `ot fppegifjem.
posgtm sfkpem fs loeeows.
6:. Cmyw
Cmyworhs
orhs
jy62.8.
62.8.6
mfin6sfkpem
Fsimrtfg`
Fsimrtfg` tnm
f`h tnm kfss ol tnmrmprmsm`tmh
totfe kfss suj-eot or jy
suj-eot eot fee
rmprmsm`
rmprmsm`tmh
tmh
sfkpems. 6:.6 iofe3 iokposgtm3
iokposgtm3 hgvgsgo`3 rmhuitgo`
rmhuitgo`

>
 

  H:269/H:269K √ 6:

F@@M^MY

(Kf`hftory G`lorkftgo`)

F6. KMXNOH OL INMICG@A XNM RZMIGYGO@ OL YFKREM RZMR

RZMRFZF
FZFXGO@
XGO@ F@H F@FEWYGY
F@FEWYGY

F6.6. Yiopm F6.:.< Xrm

Xrmft
ft tnrmm smts ol tm` sfkpems mfin g` tnm prmimhg`a
prmimhg`a
kf``mr.
F6.6.6 Xngs kmtnoh iovmrs proimhurms
F6.6.6 proimhurms lor inmic
inmicg`a
g`a prmig-
F6.:.<.6
F6.:.< .6 Kfcm ifeiueftgo`s
ifeiueftgo`s o` tnm strst smt ol tm` sfkpems so
sgo` ol sfkpem prmpfrftgo` f`h f`feysgs ol tnm vfrgous stfams.
tnft tnm vfrgf`im lor mfin ol tnm stfams kfy jm inmicmh f`h
Xnm hftf ojtfg`mh lrok tmsts usg`a io`sgstm`t sfkpem prmpfrf-
iorrmitgvm fitgo`, gl `mmhmh, kfy jm tfcm`.
tgo` f`h f`feysgs kmtnoh frm usmh to mstgkftm tnm rf`hok mrrors
F6.:.<.:
F6.:.< .: Io`tg`
Io`tg`um
um tngs iyiem ol tmsts u`tge tnrmm suiims
suiimssgvm
sgvm
g` tnm vfrgous stfams ol sfkpem hgvgsgo` f`h f`feysgs.
smts ol tm` sfkpems frm sftgslfitory.
F6.6.: Iofes usmh g` mfin smrgms
F6.6.: smrgms ol tmsts snoueh
snoueh jm ol sgkgefr
fsn io`tm`t. F6.9. Ifeiueftgo`
F6.9.6 Xnm f`feysgs ol vfrgf`im
vfrgf`im gs jfsmh upo` tnm ifeiuef-
F6.:. Rroimhur
Rroimhurmm tgo`s ol kmf` squfrmh hgllmrm`ims wgtn tnm mgant hmtmrkg`ftgo`s
lor mfin sfkpem tfcm` g` hgllmrm`t iokjg`ftgo`s. Ifeiueftm tnm
F6.:.6 Zmhuim tnm aross sfkpem to 7= % tnrouan
F6.:.6 tnrouan 8.1=-kk vfrgf`i
vfrgf`ims
ms ol tnm
tnmsm
sm iok
iokjg`
jg`ftgo
ftgo`s4
`s4   \R, tn
tnmm vf
vfrg
rgf`
f`im
im ol tn
tnmm
(@o.. 8) sgmv
(@o sgmvmm f`h hgv
hgvghm,
ghm, usg
usg`a
`a mgtn
mgtnmr
mr rgl
rglllems or kmi
kminf`
nf`gife
gife hgllmrm`im jmtwmm` hupegiftm f`feysms3  \V , tnm vfrgf`im ol tnm
sfkpem hgvghmrs, g`to two mqufe pfrts.
hgllmrm`im jmtwmm` tnm fvmrfams ol hupegiftm f`feysms3 f`h  \Z ,
F6.:
F6 .:.6
.6.6
.6 Kf
Kf`y`y efj
efjor
orfto
ftorg
rgms
ms fr
frmm iru
irusn
sng`g`a
a hgr
hgrmi
mitey
tey to tnm vfrgf`im ol tnm hgllmrm`im jmtwmm` tnm fvmrfam ol mfin lour
:.9<-kk (@o. >) sgzm g`stmfh ol to @o. 83 jut lor purposm ol  f`feysms, fs loeeows4
tmst gt gs usufeey jmst to usm jotn @o. 8 f`h > sgzms sg`im wm if`
fssukm tnft irusng`a hgrmitey to @o. > woueh agvm f vfrgf`im `o \R = ~ 6/ 8 @ !  ( B ~ ^ 6 :  ^ : ! :
6 ~ ^ 9 :  ^ 8 ! :
6 ~ W 6 : W : ! :
6 ~ W 9
armftmr, f`h projfjey emss, tnf` irusng`a to @o. 8 f`h tnm` to : W 8 ! :
(F6.6)
@o. >. Gl, nowmvmr, gt gs hmsgrmh to irusn hgrmitey to @o. >,
wnmrm4
loeeow tnm sfkm proimhurm fs gl irusnmh to @o. 8 f`h tnm` to
 @    ; `ukjmr
`ukjmr ol tmst
tmstss f`h
@o. >.
 ^ 6 , ^ :,
:,   ^ 9,
9,   ^ 8,
8,  W 6,
6,   W :,
:,   W 9,
9,  W 8 ; g`h gvghufe f sn
F6.:.: Hgvghm mfin sujsfkpem jy rglleg`a
rglleg`a or kminf`gifeey to hmtmrkg`ftgo`s.
`o emss tnf` wmgants fs outeg`mh g` Xfjem
g`  Xfjem 6.6.
Y H (L Y  H Y
:
 6  ^ 6 6 ^ :  ^ 9 6 ^ 8  W 6 6 W :
F6.:.:.6
F6.:.:.6 G`hgv
G`hgvghufe
ghufe wmgants snoueh
snoueh `ot vfry korm tnf`   < \V =
: @  :
  :
:
6
:
:2 % lrok tnm wmgants agvm` g`  Xfjem 6,6,  f`h tnm fvmrfam ol fee
 HA
:
W 9 6 W 8
tmsts snoueh jm wgtng` <62 % ol tnm wmgants. :   (F6.:)
:
F6.:.9
F6.:.9 Zmhuim
Zmhuim tnm 8.18.1=-k
=-kk
k (@
(@o.
o. 8) sgm
sgmvm
vm efj
efjor
orfto
ftory
ry
!( L Y   HA
:
 ^ 6 6 ^ : 6 ^ 9 6 ^ 8 W 6 6 W : 6 W 9 6 W 8
sfkpem 7= % tnrouan :.9<-kk (@o. >) sgmvm f`h hgvghm, usg`a \Z = ~ 6/  @ 
 @    :
8 8
mgtn
mgtnmr
pfrtsmrwgtnout
rglllems hgsifrhg`a.
rgl or kmi
kminf`
nf`gife
gife sfkpem
sfk
Hgvghm pem sujsfkpem
mfin hgvghm
hgvghmrs,
rs, g`to two
to `o emssmqu
mqufe
fe
tnf`
(F6.9)

tnm kg`gkuk wmgants fs outeg`mh g` Xfjem

g`  Xfjem 6.
6. F6.9.: Xnm vfrgf`im
F6.9.: vfrgf`imss if` jm rmsrmsoev
oevmh
mh lur
lurtnmr
tnmr g` tmrk
tmrkss ol 
vfrgf`im ifusmh jy tnm strst stfam ol sfkpem prmpfrftgo`,   \ 6363
F6.:.8 Zmh
F6.:.8 Zmhuim
uim mfin pfrt ol tnm @o. > suj
sujsfk
sfkpem
pem to 622 % vfrgf`im ifusmh jy tnm smio`h stfam ol sfkpem prmpfrftgo`,  \ :3
:3
tnrouan :=2-½k (@o. <2) sgmvm f`h hgvghm to `o emss tnf` =2 a. f`h tnm vfrgf`im ol f`feysgs,   \f.
F6.:.= Hmtmrk
F6.:.= Hmtmrkg`mg`m fsn g` fiio
fiiorhf
rhf`im
`im wgtwgtnn Xmst Kmtn
Kmtnoh
oh wnmrm4
H9618 g`
H9618  g` hupegiftm o` mfin f`feysgs sfkpem.
\f   ;   6 ⁈ :   \R,
F6.:
F6.:.=
.=.6
.6 Xn
Xngsgs tm
tmst
st if
if`
` jm us
usmh
mh lo
lorr su
suel
elur
ur,, Jtu
Jtu,, or ot
otnm
nmrr \ : ;   6 ⁈ :   \V  ’   6 ⁈ 8   \R, f`h
hmtmrkg`ftgo`s, g`stmfh ol fsn, gl hmsgrmh. \ 6 ;   6 ⁈ :   \Z   ’   6 ⁈ 8   \V.
F6.:.=.:
F6.:. =.: Gl possgjem, tnm hupegiftm hmtmrkg`ftgo`s
hmtmrkg`ftgo`s snoueh
snoueh jm
F6.9.9
F6.9 .9 Xnm to totf
tfee vf
vfrg
rgf`
f`im
im ol sf
sfkp
kpem
em pr
prmp
mpfr
frftg
ftgo`
o` f`
f`h
h
kfhm ft hgllmrm`t tgkms f`h prmlmrfjey jy hgllmrm`t f`feysts. :
f`feysgs,  Y hf , gs agvm` jy tnm mquftgo`4
Xnm purposm ol tnmsm tmsts gs `ot to st`h out now fiiurftm f
efjorftory if` jm, jut to st`h out fitufe vfrgf`ims ol prmpfrf- Y hf: = \f6 \ : 6 \ 6 (F6. 8)
tgo`
tgo` f`
f`h h f`
f`fe
feys
ysgs
gs g` tn
tnmm `o
`ork
rkfe
fe ro
rout
utg`
g`mm ol f ef efjo
jorf
rfto
tory
ry F6.9.8 Xnm ifeiueftgo`s
ifeiueftgo`s ol tnm vfrgf`
vfrgf`ims
ims ol sfkpem prmpf-

loeeowg`a f prmsirgjmh proimhurm. rftgo` frm geeustrftmh g` Xfjem

g`  Xfjem F6.6.
F6.6.

7
 

  H:269/H:269K √ 6:
XFJEM F6.6 Geeustrftgo`s ol tnm Ifeiueftgo` ol tnm \frgf`ims F ol Yfkpem Rrmpfr
Rrmpfrftgo`
ftgo` ft tnm \frgous Ytfams f`h F`feysgs
Xmst @o.   ^ 6   ^ : Hgllmrm`im Hgllmrm`im: ^ 9   ^ 8 Hgllmrm`im Hgllmrm`im:
6 6:.69 6:.62 2.29 2.2227 6:.29 6:.2= √2.2: 2.2228
: 62.<1 62.19 √2.2< 2.229< 62.<7 62.1> √2.27 2.22>6
9 62.79 66.62 √2.61 2.2:>7 66.9< 66.8= √2.27 2.22>6
8 6:.2= 6:.2: 2.29 2.2227 6:.61 6:.:9 √2.2< 2.229<
= 6:.18 6:.12 2.28 2.226< 6:.16 6:.1< √2.2= 2.22:=
< 6:.81 6:.92 2.61 2.2:>7 6:.:6 6:.68 2.21 2.2287
1 66.78 66.77 √2.2= 2.22:= 6:.2> 6:.61 √2.27 2.22>6
> 6:.=: 6:.<9 √2.66 2.26:6 6:.1< 6:.>: √2.2< 2.229<
7 6:.26 6:.2= √2.28 2.226< 66.78 66.11 2.61 2.2:>7
62 62.7< 62.>> 2.2> 2.22<8 66.91 66.82 √2.29 2.2227
Xotfe 66>.8: 66>.=2 2.2>18 667.9: 667.=1 2.2<76
Fvmrfam 66.>8 66.>=
66 66.79 66.7<
66
Xmst @o.   W 6   W : Hgllmrm`im Hgllmrm`im: W 9   W 8 Hgllmrm`im Hgllmrm`im:
6 6:.22 6:.26 √2.26 2.2226 6:.22 6:.22 2.22 2.2222
: 62.=9 62.<= √2.6: 2.2688 62.<2 62.<: √2.2: 2.2228
9 66.91 66.81 √2.62 2.2622 66.:: 66.9= √2.69 2.26<7
8 6:.69 6:.62 2.29 2.2227 6:.26 6:.28 √2.29 2.2227
= 6:.<2 6:.<2 2.22 2.2222 6:.=6 6:.82 2.66 2.26:6
< 6:.27 6:.6= √2.2< 2.229< 6:.6> 6:.:2 √2.2: 2.2228
1 66.79 66.>1 2.2< 2.229< 66.16 66.19 √2.2: 2.2228
> 6:.=1 6:.=1 2.22 2.2222 6:.=> 6:.<6 √2.29 2.2227
7 66.>6 66.>> √2.21 2.2287 66.12 66.>8 √2.68 2.267<
62 66.=1 66.8> 2.27 2.22>6 66.=8 66.9< 2.6> 2.29:8
Xotfe 66>.<2 66>.1> 2.28=< 66>.2= 66>.6= 2.2>82
Fvmrfam 66.>< 66.>>
66 66.>6 66.>:
66
Xmst @o.   ^ (6
( 6 + :) ⁈:   ^ (9 + 8) ⁈ : Hgllmrm`im Hgllmrm`im: W (6
( 6 + :) ⁈:   W (9 + 8) ⁈ : Hgllmrm`im Hgllmrm`im:
6 6:.66 6:.28 2.21 2.22=< 6:.22 6:.22 2.22 2.2222
: 62.12 62.19 √2.29 2.226: 62.=7 62.<6 √2.2: 2.2228
9 66.26 66.82 √2.97 2.6=:6 66.8: 66.:> 2.69 2.26>:
8 6:.29 6:.:2 √2.6< 2.2:1: 6:.66 6:.2: 2.27 2.22>6

= 6:.1: 6:.19 √2.26 2.222: 6:.<2 6:.8= 2.68 2.2:62

< 6:.9> 6:.61 2.:6 2.2886 6:.6: 6:.67 √2.21 2.2287
1 66.7< 6:.6: √2.6< 2.2:=< 66.72 66.1: 2.6> 2.29:8
> 6:.=1 6:.17 √2.:6 2.28<: 6:.=1 6:.=7 √2.2: 2.222<
7 6:.29 66.>= 2.61 2.292< 66.>8 66.11 2.21 2.22=<
62 62.7: 66.9> √2.8< 2.:6<: 66.=: 66.8= 2.21 2.22=<
Xotfe 66>.8< 667.88 2.=876 66>.<7 66>.62 2.27<7
Fvmrfam 66.>= 66.78
66 66.>1 66.>6
66
Xmst @o.   ^ (6
( 6 + : + 9 + 8)/8   W (6 + : + 9 + 8)/8 Hgllmrm`im Hgllmrm`im:
6 6:.21 6:.22 2.21 2.22=<
: 62.16 62.<2 2.66 2.269>
9 66.:6 66.9= √2.28 2.2:29
8 6:.66 6:.21 2.28 2.22::
= 6:.1: 6:.=: 2.:2 2.2822
< 6:.:> 6:.6= 2.6: 2.26=<
1 6:.28 66.>6 2.:9 2.2==:
> 6:.<> 6:.=> 2.62 2.622
7 66.78 66.>2 2.69 2.26>:
62 66.6= 66.8> √2.99 2.66::
Xotfe 66>.7= 66>.97 2.:79:
Fvmrfam 66.72 66.>8

\R  ; ;   6 ⁈ 82
82  (2.2>18 + 2.2<76 + 2.28=< + 2.2>82) ; 2.2216

\V  ;  ;   6 ⁈ :2
:2  (2.=876 + 2.27<7) ; 2.29:9

\Z  ; ;   6 ⁈ 62
62  (2.:79:) ; 2.2:79

Xnm`4
\f  ;
 ;   6 ⁈ :  (2.2216) ; 2.229=
\ :  ;   6 ⁈ :  (2.29:9) √   6 ⁈ 8  (2.2216) ; 2.2688
\ 6  ;   6 ⁈ :  (2.2:79) √   6 ⁈ 8  (2.29:9) ; 2.22<<
Y hf: ; 2.229= + 2.2688 + 2.22<< ; 2.2:8=
F
Xngs tfjem io`tfg`s hftf tfcm` lrok f iokputmr prg`tout wgtn rou`hg`a mrrors tnft frm `ot g`voevmh g` tnm ovmrfee ifeiueftgo`. Hftf tfcm` ft g`tmrkmhgftm stmps frm `ot
io`sgstm`t wgtng` egkgts ol tnmsm rou`hg`a
io`sgstm`t rou`hg`a mrrors hgllmrm`im 2.21 : snows f rmsuet ol 2.22=< wngin gs iorrmit wnm` fee pefims frm ifrrgmh g` tnm ifeiueftgo`.
mrrors.. Xnus, tnm hgllmrm`im

62
 

  H:269/H:269K √ 6:

F:. KMXNOH LOZ HMXMZKG@

HMXMZKG@G@A
G@A XNM O\MZFEE \FZGF@IM OL HG\GYGO@ F@H F@FEWYGY
F@FEWYGY

F:.6. Yiopm wnmrm4

F:.6.6
F:.6. 6 Emagtgk
Emagtgkftmftm mstgkftms ol tnm vfrgf`im ol hgvgsgo`
hgvgsgo` f`h Y hf: ; vfrgf`
vfrgf`im
im ol hgvgsgo`
hgvgsgo` f`h f`feysgs,
f`feysgs,
:
f`feysgs,  Y hf:, if` o`ey jm kfhm usg`a hftf ojtfg`mh lrok tmsts  x  ; suk ol tnm squfrms
squfrms ol tnm lour fsn rmsuets,
rmsuets, f`h
tnft wmrm ru` usg`a io`sgstm`t hgvgsgo` f`h f`feysgs kmtnohs. (∖ x): ; suk ol tnm fsn rmsuets,
rmsuets, quf`tgty
quf`tgty squfrmh.
squfrmh.
Iofes usmh g` tnmsm vfrgf`im tmsts snoueh jm ol sgkgefr fsn F:.:.9 Kfcm proarmssgv
proarmssgvmm inmics fs tnm worc gs ifrrgmh out
io`tm`t.
or g` tnmF`y aross inf`am g`oltnm
fsn infrfitmrgstgis tnmhgvgsgo` f`h
tmst iofe f`feysgs
wgee `ueeglykmtnohs
kmtnoh
tnm tmsts jy :usg`a tnm hftf g` aroups ol =. G` f`y aroup ol = mstgkftms ol 
Y hf jfsmh o` 8 sujsfkpems lor mfin mstgkftm, tnm rftgo ol tnm
rmsuets.
eframst mstgkftm to tnm fvmrfam ol tnm aroup snoueh `ot mximmh
F:.:. Rroimhur
Rroimhurmm :.77, g` 67 out ol :2 ifsms. G`vmstgaftm vfeums g` mximss ol tngs
rftgo jmlorm proimmhg`a wgtn tnm tmst. G` fhhgtgo`, fltmr iok-
F:.:.6 Xnm loe
F:.:.6 loeeow
eowg`a
g`a lou
lour-
r-stmp
stmp kmt
kmtnoh
noh usm
usmss tnm rma
rmauefr
uefr
pemtg`a 92 smts, jy aroups ol =, tnm rftgo ol tnm eframst aroup
aross
aro ss or hgv
hgvghm
ghmhh sfk
sfkpem
pemss ojt
ojtfg`m
fg`mhh lro
lrok
k `or
`orkfe
kfe sfk
sfkpeg
peg`a
`a
fvmrfam to tnm ovmrfee fvmrfam snoueh `ot mximmh 6.>> g` 67
opmrftgo`s4
ifsms
if sms out ol :2
:2.. Gl tn
tnms
msmm ir
irgtm
gtmrg
rgff fr
frmm km
kmt,
t, tn
tnmm vf
vfrg
rgf`
f`im
im ol 
F:.:.6
F:. :.6.6
.6 Iru
Irusnsn tnm aro
aross
ss sfkpem to tnm sfkm kmsn fs tnf tnftt
`ork
`o rkfee
feey
y ojojtfg
tfg`mh
`mh wnwnm`
m` prprmp
mpfrg
frg`a
`a tnm ar
aros
osss sfk
sfkpe
pemm lo
lorr hgvgsgo` f`h f`feysgs kfy jm tfcm` fs tnm ovmrfee fvmrfam  Y hf:
proimssg`a, ol tnm 92 smts ol hftf. Gl tnmsm irgtmrgf frm `ot kmt, loeeow tnm
F:.:.6.:
F:.:. 6.: Hgvghm tnm sfkpem g`to lour mqufe pfrts,
pfrts, fiiorhg`a proimh
pro imhurm
urm hms
hmsirg
irgjmh
jmh g` RrfRrfitgi
itgimm H:2
H:26969 lor tnm `mi
`mimss
mssfry
fry
to tnm `orkfe routg`m efjorftory proimhurm, g`lorkftgo` to gkprovm tmin`gqums ol hgvgsgo` f`h f`feysgs.
F:.:.6.9
F:.:. 6.9 Zmhuim tnm lour sujsfkpems
sujsfkpems to efjor
efjorftory
ftory f`feysgs
f`feysgs F:.:.8   Mxfkpem‘ F iokpemtm mxfkpem geeustrftg`a tnm pro-
sfkpems, f`h imhurm lor hmtmrkg`g`a tnm vfrgf`im ol hgvgsgo` f`h f`feysgs gs
F:.:.6.8 F`fey
F:.:.6.8 F`feyzmzm mfin f`feys
f`feysgs
gs sfkpem lor hry fsn io`tm`t. agvm` g` Xfjem
g`  Xfjem F:.6.
F:.6.  G` tngs mxfkpem, aross sfkpem @o. :8, tnm
F:.:.:
F:.:.: Ifeiueft
Ifeiueftmm tnm vfrgf`
vfrgf`im
im ol hgvgsgo
hgvgsgo`
` f`h f`feys
f`feysgs
gs lor nganmst g`hgvghufe fsn sfkpem g` tnm aroup (67.:> % fsn), nfs
mfin aross or hgvghmh sfkpem lrok tnm ―wgtng` smt suks ol  f` u`
u`us
usuf
ufeey
eey ng
ngan
an vfvfrg
rgf`
f`im
im ol hg
hgvg
vgsgo
sgo`` f`
f`h
h f`f`fey
feysgs
sgs.. Xn
Xnmm
squfrms‛ lor tnm rmpegiftm hmtmrkg`ftgo`s fs loeeows4 jmnfvg
jmnfvgor
or ol sfkpems
sfkpems :6 to 92 g`hgiftms
g`hgiftms tnft tro
trouje
ujemm if` jm
mxpmitmh wnm` tnm fsn mximmhs 6= % (smm Xfjem
(smm  Xfjem F:.6)
F:.6).
Y hf: = B ( x 
 :
: ~ ( x !  /8 # /9
:

66
 

  H:269/H:269K √ 6:
XFJEM
XFJEM F:.6 Hmtmrkg`ftgo`
Hmtmrkg`ftgo` ol \fr
\frgf`im
gf`im ol Hgvgsgo
Hgvgsgo`
` f`h F`feysgs‘]sm
F`feysgs‘]sm ol Lour F`feysgs
F`feysgs Yfkpems lor Mfin Aross Yfkpem

@OXM  6‘Xm` pmrim`t fsn wfs sujtrfitmh lrok mfin ol tnm fsn rmsuets egstmh to sgkpegly tnm ifeiueftgo`s.
(6) (:) (9) (8) (=) (<) (1) (>) (7) (62) (66) (6:)
Aross F`feysgs Yfkpems Fvmrfam
Yfkpem P  x    Px : (Px ): /8 (<)’(1) (>)/9 ;  Y hf: Ymts ol I g F I g J 
@ukjmr 6 : 9 8 =  Y hf:
6 6.:: 6.91 6.=< 6.16 =.>< >.1:92 >.=>87 2.69>6 2.28<2 6.96:7:=
: 6.:7 6.61 6.12 6.=1 =.19 >.9>17 >.:2>: 2.6171 2.2=77 6.12>6>6
9 6.=< 6.<< 6.=> 6.<8 <.88 62.91=: 62.9<>8 2.22<> 2.22:9 2.2<8<8>
8 =.<9 =.=1 =.79 =.=: ::.<= 6:>.9=16
6: 6:>.:==< 2.62681= 2.299>:= 2.7<81:7
= 9.72 9.>1 9.=> 9.=< 68.76 ==.<1<7
== ==.=112 2.2777 2.2999 2.787=6>
Fvmrfam ... ... ... ... 66.66> ... ... ... ... 2.29=2<: ... 2.18=91:
< 2.<8 2.8: 2.>2 2.19 :.=7 6.1=>7 6.<112 2.2>67 2.2:19 6.6:
1 :.81 :.88 :.18 :.<> 62.99 :<.188=
:< :<.<11: 2.2<19 2.2::8:= 2.7676:
> 9.12 9.=9 9.89 9.89 68.27 87.<>21
87 8 7.<9:2
87 2.28>1 2.26<: 2.<<
7 9.=7 9.19 8.69 9.>2 6=.:= =>.:717
=> = >.682<
=> 2.6=19 2.2=:8 :.6=
62 :.68 :.61 :.:= :.66 >.<1 6>.>296 6 >.17::
6> 2.2627 2.229< 2.6=
Fvmrfam ... ... ... ... 62.6>< ... ... ... ... 2.2:88 ... 2.=:
66 =.16 =.<6 =.<6 =.16 ::.<8 6:>.6=:8 6:>.68:8 2.2622 2.2299 2.27
6: 9.:6 9.82 :.>< :.72 6:.91 9>.8=91 9 >.:=8:
9> 2.677= 2.2<<= 6.>1
69 8.77 8.>2 =.=6 8.79 :2.:9 62:.<2=6 62:.969: 2.:767 2.2719 :.18
68 9.:< 9.6= 9.61 9.27 6:.<1 82.6816 8 2.69::
82 2.2687 2.22=2 2.68
6= 9.8> 9.<= 9.=7 9.=9 68.:= =2.1>67 = 2.1<=<
=2 2.26<9 2.22=8 2.6=
Fvmrfam ... ... ... ... 6<.89: ... ... ... ... 2.29== ... 2.1<
6< :.>7 :.>8 :.>= :.>7 66.81 9:.>7:9
9: 9 :.>72:
9: 2.22:6 2.2221 2.2:
61 :.9= :.8> :.72 :.16 62.88 :1.8:12 : 1.:8>8
:1 2.61>< 2.2=7= 6.><
6> 8.:9 9.7: 8.69 8.2= 6<.99 <<.16>1 < <.<<1:
<< 2.2=6= 2.261: 2.=8
67 =.8< =.69 =.69 =.9> :6.62 666.9>7> 666.92:= 2.2>19 2.2:76 2.76
:2 9.6= :.7> 9.8: 9.81 69.2: 8:.=82: 8 :.9>26
8: 2.6<26 2.2=98 6.<1
Fvmrfam ... ... ... ... 68.81: ... ... ... ... 2.29:2 ... 2.<17<8<
:6 :.>> :.>6 :.>2 :.=7 66.2> 92.19><
92 9 2.<76<
92 2.2812 2.26=1 2.61
:: 8.78 8.9: 8.82 8.97 6>.2= >6.<7>6 >6.8=2< 2.:8181= 2.2>:8>7: 2.76<11>
:9 8.28 8.:> 8.81 8.8> 61.:1 18.<769
18 18.=<9: 2.6:>6 2.28:1 2.8188=1
:8 >.9> >.:> >.79 7.:> 98.>1 928.<8<6 929.717: 2.<<<7 2.:::9 :.6828=<
:= <.79 <.71 <.91 <.=8 :<.>6 617.7=89 617.<782 2.:<29 2.2><> 2.7<867<
Fvmrfam ... ... ... ... :6.<6< ... ... ... ... 2.2>77> ... 6.76:>18I 
:< 8.=: 8.:1 9.<< 8.21 6<.=: <>.<:9> < >.::1<
<> 2.97<: 2.69:6 :.2:
:1 8.=9 8.8< 8.=8 8.<= 6>.6> >:.<8<< > :.<:>6
>: 2.26>= 2.22<: 2.27
:> :.6> :.8: :.8= :.96 7.9< :6.7818 : 6.72:8
:6 2.28=2 2.26=2 2.:9
:7 >.>8 7.:6 >.<7 >.== 9=.:7 966.=>>9 966.98<2 2.:8:9 2.2>2> 6.:8
92 =.29 8.19 =.81 =.66 :2.98 629.12<> 629.8:>7 2.:117 2.27:< 6.8:
Fvmrfam ... ... ... ... 67.79> ... ... ... ... 2.2<=9 ... 6.9>>19<
Ovmrfee ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2.281297 ...
fvmrfam
Y hf:
F
―I‛ lor g`hgvghufes g` sujaroup. Hgvghm g`hgvghufe  Y hf: vfeums (Ioeuk` 7) jy fvmrfam Y 
fvmrfam  Y hf: (Ioeuk` 62). Zmsuets snoueh jm jmeow :.77 g` 67 ifsms out ol :2.
J  :
―I‛ lor sujaro
sujaroup
up fvmrfa
fvmrfams.
ms. Hgvghm fvmrfa
fvmrfam fvmrfams  Y hf:. Zmsuet snoueh jm jmeow 6.>> g` 67 ifsms out ol :2.
m  Y hf (Ioeuk` 62) jy ovmrfee fvmrfams Y 
I 
Fjovm egkgt ol 6.>>.

G`tmr`ftgo`fe tfcms `o posgtg

FYXK G`tmr`ftgo`fe posgtgo`
o` rmspmitg`a tnm vfeghg
vfeghgty
ty ol f`y pftm`t rgants fssmrt
fssmrtmh
mh g` io``mi
io``mitgo`
tgo` wgtn f`y gtmk km`tgo
km`tgo`mh 
`mh 
g` tngs stf`hfrh. ]smrs ol tngs stf`hfrh frm mxprmssey fhvgsmh tnft hmtmrkg`ftgo` ol tnm vfeghgty ol f`y suin pftm`t rgants, f`h tnm rgsc 
ol g`lrg`amkm`t ol suin rgants, frm m`tgrmey tnmgr ow` rmspo`sgjgegty.

Xngs stf`hfrh gs sujdmit to rmvgsgo` ft f`y tgkm jy tnm rmspo`sgjem tmin`gife iokkgttmm f`h kust jm rmvgmwmh mvmry stvm ymfrs f`h 
gl `ot rmvgsmh, mgtnmr rmfpprovmh or wgtnhrfw`. Wour iokkm`ts frm g`vgtmh mgtnmr lor rmvgsgo` ol tngs stf`hfrh or lor fhhgtgo`fe stf`hfrhs 
f`h snoueh jm fhhrmssmh to FYXK G`tmr`ftgo`fe Nmfhqufrtmrs. Wour iokkm`ts wgee rmimgvm ifrmlue io`sghmrftgo` ft f kmmtg`a ol tnm 
rmspo`sgjem
rmspo` sgjem tmin`gife
tmin`gife iokkgttmm, wngin you kfy fttm`h. Gl you lmme tnft your iokkm`ts nfvm `ot rmimgv
rmimgvmh
mh f lfgr nmfrg`a you snoueh 
kfcm your vgmws c`ow` to tnm FYXK Iokkgttmm o` Ytf`hfrhs, ft tnm fhhrmss snow` jmeow.

Xngs stf`hfrh gs iopyrgantmh jy FYXK G`tmr`ftgo`fe, 622 Jfrr Nfrjor Hrgvm, RO Jox I122, Qmst Io`snonoicm`, RF 678:>-:7=7,
]`gtmh Ytftms. G`hgvghufe rmprg`ts (sg`aem or kuetgpem iopgms) ol tngs stf`hfrh kfy jm ojtfg`mh jy io`tfitg`a FYXK ft tnm fjovm 
fhhrmss
fhhrmss or ft <62-
<62->9:-
>9:-7=>=
7=>= (pno
(pno`m),
`m), <62-
<62->9:-
>9:-7===
7=== (lfx
(lfx),
), or smrv
smrvgimB
gimBfstk
fstk.ora
.ora (m-k
(m-kfge)
fge)33 or tnro
tnrouan
uan tnm FYXK wmjs
wmjsgtm 
gtm 
(www.fstk.
(www .fstk.ora).
ora). Rmrkgssgo`
Rmrkgssgo` rgants to pnotoiopy tnm stf`hf
stf`hfrh
rh kfy feso jm smiurm
smiurmh
h lrok tnm Iopyrg
Iopyrgant
ant Iemfrf`im Im`tmr,
Im`tmr, ::: 
Zosmwooh Hrgvm, Hf`vmrs, KF 267:9, Xme4 (71>) <8<-:<223 nttp4//www.iopyrgant.iok/ 

6: