Word of the Day

Decorum- /dəˈkôrəm/
noun
- behavior in keeping with good taste and propriety
Synonyms Antonyms
appropriateness, politeness, immortality, discourtesy,
courtesy coarseness
Sentence:
Although Kelly was upset that she did not win the contest, she maintained
decorum and congratulated the winner.
Direct and Indirect Speech
Direct Speech/ Quoted Speech
-Is the actual speech quoted from the speaker

ex.

The teacher said to Ethan, “You have a bright future.”

Indirect Speech/ Reported Speech
-Is the speaker’s speech reported by the third person

ex.

The teacher told Ethan that he had a bright future.

 A. Put THAT before the Indirect Statement
ex.
He said, “The game is exciting.”

He said that the game was exciting.

B. said to told
 C. Pronouns
Direct Speech Indirect Speech Direct Speech Indirect Speech

I he, she me him, her

we they us them
you he, she, they you him, her, them
my his, her mine his, hers
our their ours Theirs
your his, her, their yours his, hers, theirs
 D. Verb Tense
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Present Simple Mark said, “I play the guitar.” Past Simple Mark said that he played the guitar.

Present Mark said, “I am playing the Past Mark said that he was playing the
Continuous guitar.” Continuous guitar.

Present Perfect Mark said, “I have played the Past Perfect Mark said that he had played the
guitar.” guitar.

Present Perfect Mark said, “I have been playing Past Perfect Mark said that he had been playing
Continuous the guitar.” Continuous the guitar.
 D. Verb Tense
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Past Simple Mark said, “I played my guitar.” Past Perfect Mark said that he had played his
guitar.

Past Continuous Mark said, “I was playing my Past Perfect Mark said that he had been playing
guitar.” Continuous his guitar.

Past Perfect Mark said, “I had played my Past Perfect Mark said that he had played his
guitar.” guitar.

Past Perfect Mark said, “I had been playing Past Perfect Mark said that he had been playing
Continuous my guitar.” Continuous his guitar.
 E. Verbs are not changed in the usual way.
1. Universal truth
Ex.
Direct: The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east.”
Indirect: The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
Ex.
Direct: He said, “The world is round.”
Indirect: He said that the world is round.

2. Stating a habit/ Definite past time

Ex.
Direct: The boy said, “I read my books every day.”
Indirect: The boy said that he reads his books every day.
 E. Verbs are not changed in the usual way.
3. Modals
Direct Indirect
can could
may might
might might
could could
will / shall would / should
would would
should should
ought to ought to
must must (regulations/prohibitions/probability)
had to (present necessity or obligation)
 3. Modals
Direct Indirect
Mario said, “I can use cold colors instead of Mario said that he could use cold colors
warm colors.” instead of warm colors.

“I may meet with my sister”, said my My mother said that she might meet with
mother. her sister.

He said, “My house must be located in He said that his house had to be located in
Batangas.” Batangas

They said, “It must be hard to understand They said that it must be hard to
the Algebra.” understand the Algebra.

Patrick said, “I shall wash several loads of Patrick said that he should wash several
laundry tomorrow.” loads of laundry the next day.
Joe said, “I will fix the plug.” Joe said that he would fix the plug.
 3. Modals
F. Adverb of Time and Place
Direct Indirect
Direct speech Indirect Speech
Mario said, “I can use cold colors instead of Mario said that he could use cold colors
now warm colors.” then, at thatinstead
time of warm colors.
“I may meet with my sister”, said my My mother said that she might meet with
today that day, on Sunday, yesterday
mother. her sister.
He said, “My house must be located in
tonight He said
that night,that his house
last night, had night
on Sunday to be located in
Batangas.” Batangas.
tomorrow the next day/ the following day, on Sunday, today
They said, “It must be hard to understand They said that it must be hard to
yesterday the algebra.” understand
the day before/ theday,
the previous algebra.
on Sunday
He said, “I shall not waste my time”. He said that he should not waste his time”.
last night the night before/ the previous night, on Sunday
night
this weekJoe said, “I will fix the plug”. Joe said
that week, last that
weekhe would fix the plug.
 3. Modals
F. Adverb of Time and Place
Direct Indirect
Direct speech Indirect Speech
Mario said, “I can use cold colors instead of Mario said that he could use cold colors
here warm colors.” there instead of warm colors.
“I may meet with my sister”, said my My mother said that she might meet with
this that
mother. her sister.
He said, “My house must be located in
these He said that his house had to be located in
those
Batangas.” Batangas.
They said, “It must be hard to understand They said that it must be hard to
the algebra.” understand the algebra.
He said, “I shall not waste my time”. He said that he should not waste his time”.

Joe said, “I will fix the plug”. Joe said that he would fix the plug.
G. Beginning with question words
Ex.
“Where have you been this afternoon?” the mother asked her son.

The mother asked her son where he had been that afternoon.
Ex.
“Which subject you like the most?” the teacher asked the students.

The teacher asked the students which subject they liked

the most.
 H. Not beginning with question words
Ex.
“Did you watch TV last night?” Tom asked me.

Tom asked me whether I had watched TV the night before.

Ex.
“Can you answer this question?” the teacher asked John.

The teacher asked John if he could answer that question.

 Reported Questions
Exercise:
1. “What are you studying?” he asked her.

2. “Do you like the apple?” the farmer asked Bill.

 Reported Questions
Exercise:
1. “What are you studying?” he asked her.
He asked her what she was studying.

2. “Do you like the apple?” the farmer asked Bill.

The farmer asked Bill if/ whether he liked the apple.
 Report Commands
• Verb giving an order infinitive

• Verb ‘said’ becomes

-told, ordered, asked, commanded, requested, begged

• Add the person to whom the order was given

• Negative commands are changed in the same way with ‘not’

 Report Commands

Ex.
1. “Touch your toes,” he said to us.

2. “Don’t lie down!” he said to me.

3. “Fire!” the lieutenant said.

 Report Commands

Ex.
“Touch your toes,” he said to us.
He told us to touch our toes.

“Don’t lie down!” he said to me.

He ordered me not to lie down.
“Fire!” the lieutenant said.

The lieutenant commanded his soldiers to

fire.
 Exclamation and Yes/ No
-No definite rules for changing into indirect speech

Often use ‘say, remark, exclaim, greet, shout, give exclamation of surprise’
 Ex.
“What a big house!” he said.
He said/ exclaimed that it was a big house.

“Hi, John,” Tom said. “Lovely day, isn’t it!”

Tom greeted John and remarked that it was a lovely day.
 Yes/ no are reported by subject + auxiliary verb (do, does, did etc.)

“Did you watch the TV program last night?” Mary asked Sue. “No,” she replied.

Mary asked Sue if she had watched the TV the night before and Sue replied that she had
not.
Exercise:

1. "Asia is the largest continent," Dan said.

2. Will you make a cup of coffee?" he said.
3. "Make coffee, please," he said.
4. "Don't park in my place," Greg said to me.
5. "They will finish it this year," he said.
Answer:
1.Dan said Asia is the largest continent.
2.He asked me if I would make a cup of coffee.
3.He asked me to make coffee.
4. Greg asked me not to park in his place.
5. He said that they would finish it that year.