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Tugas Atk 1: Problem Himmelblau Edisi 7: Halaman 56
Tugas Atk 1: Problem Himmelblau Edisi 7: Halaman 56
4. A solution in waters contains 1,704 kg of HNO3/kg H2O, and the solution has a
specific gravity of 1,382 at 20°C. what is the mass of HNO3 in kg per cubic meter of
solution at 20°C?
m HNO2 = 1.704 Kg
ρ HNO2 = 1382
T = 20oC
Ditanya = V HNO2
m
Penyelesaian => ρ =
V
m
V=
ρ
g 1 kg 1000.000 cm3
1382 x x
cm3 1000 gr 1 m3
1.382.000 .000
=
1000
= 1.382.000
1704 Kg
V= Kg
1.382.000 3
m
= 12 x 10-4 m3
HALAMAN 59:
1. Commerical sulphuric acids is 98% H2SO4 and 2 % H2O. What is the mole ratio of
H2SO4 to H2O?
98 % = 98 g H2SO4 dan 2% = 2 g air
98
Mol H2SO4 = = 1 mol
98
2
Mol air = = 0,1111 mol
18
1
Mole fraksi H2SO4 = = 0,9
1,11
2. A compound contains 50% sulphur and 50% oxygen by mass. Is the empirical formula
of the compound (1) SO , (2) SO2 , (3) SO3 or (4) SO4?
1 mol s
50 g S ( ) = 1,59 mol S = 1
32,0669
1 mol O
50 g O ( ) = 3,125 mol O = 2
15,999 g
S02
3. How many kg os activated carbon ( a substances use in removing trace impurities)
must be mixed with 38 kg of sand so that the final mixture is 28% activated carbon?
VCC . C + XCP.P = XCµ. µ C+P=µ
1 + C + 0.38 = 0,28 . µ C + 38 = µ
C+P=µ
a(b+c) = ab + ac
14,37 + 38 = 52,37
0,28 (c+38) = 0,28 . C + 0,28 . 38
0,28C + 10,64 + 0,28C + 10,64 XCC . C + XCP . P = XCµ . µ
C = 0,28C + 10,64
C – 0,28C = 10,64 1 . 14,37 + 0 . 38 = 0,28 . µ
0,72 C = 10,64
14,37 + 0 = 0,28 µ
10,64
C=
0,72 14,37 = 0,28 µ
= 14,37
14,37
=µ
0,28
51,32 = µ
27,3
CH4 = x 3 lb mol = 0,82 lb mol
100
9,9
H2 = x 3 lb mol = 0,297 lb mol
100
44,8
N2 = x 3 lb mol = 1,344 lb mol
100
lb
CO = 0,18 lb mol x 28 = 5,04 lb
lb mol
lb
CH4 = 0,82 lb mol x 16 = 13,12 lb
lb mol
lb
H2 = 0,297 lb mol x 2 = 0,594 lb
lb mol
lb
N2 = 1,344 lb mol x 28 = 37, 632 lb
lb mol
= 72, 226 lb
HALAMAN 66:
1. How many ml/gr is equivalent to a 1,2% solution of a substance in water?
2. If a membrane filters yields a count of 69 fecal coliform (CF) colonies from 5 mL of
well waterm what should be the reported FC concentration?
3. The danger point ib breathing sulphur dioxide for humans is 2620 μg/m 3. How many
ppm in this value?
Concentration( ppb)=24 , 45×concentration( μg/m3 )÷molecular weight
24 , 45×2620
ppb= =999 , 8907 ppb
64 ,066
1 ppm
999 , 8907 ppb× =1 ppm
1000 ppb
Explain what is correct and what is not correct about this latter.
- the first paragraf of the letter is ok. in the the second paragraph, the author is
wrong. the molecullar weight, even in SI, is the ratio of mass to mole (or the mass
per a fixed number of molecular) and is not dimensionless.
- paragraf pertama dari surat itu benar . di paragraf kedua, penulis salah. berat
molekul, bahkan dalam SI, adalah rasio massa terhadap mol (atau massa per
jumlah molekul tetap) dan bukan tanpa dimensi.
2.2 The following objectives were given at the beginning of a chapter discussing the
concept of a mole. Do the objectives describe the correct characteristics of the
mole? Answer yes or no.
Objective 1. The student will know that the mole is a counting unit and that
one mole of any substance contains the same number of units as one mole of
any other substance.
Objective 2. The student will know that the mole is defined as the amount of
substance containing Avogadro's number of units or particles of that
substance.
Objective 3. The student will be able to calculate the atomic or molecular
masses grams from the molar masses of the respective atoms or molecules,
and vice- versa.
Yes
2.3 Explain the differences between mole, molecule, and molecular weight.
- A molecule is a number of moleculles, whereas a molecule is a collection of two
or more atoms that exist in nature in a certain arrangement which are bound by
chemical forces, and the molecular weight is the mass per mole.
- Mol adalah sejumlah molekul, sedangkan Molekul adalah kumpulan dua atom
atau lebih yang ada di alam suatu susunan tertentu yang terikat oleh gaya kimia,
dan berat molekul adalah massa per mol.
2.4 What is wrong, or correct, about each of the following answers to the question:
What is a mole?
It is not a weight
2.5 A textbook states: "A mole is a quantity of material whose weight is numerically
equal to the molecular weight." State whether this statement is correct, incorrect,
or partially correct, and explain in no more than three sentences the reasoning
behind your answer.
2. One mole of oxygen molecules contains more independent units (O 2) than one
mole of oxygen atoms (O).
(a) True, because there are two atoms of O for every molecule of O 2.
(b) True, because one mole of O2 weighs more than one mole of O.
(c) False, because both of them have the same number of particles.
(d) False, because one mole of O has the same mass as one mole of O̟ 2.
Mr C55H72MgN4O5 = 882
Mol = 1 mol
MassaC 55 H 72 Mg N 4 O 5=Mol x Mr
¿ 1 x 882=882 gram
=3180950 g
=120x58,44g
= 7010g
= 54431,04gmol/58,44
=931,4gmol
= 0,2645544gmol/58,44
= 0,004527
1 g mol CaC O3
n=10 g CaC O3 x =0,1 g mol CaC O3
100 g CaC O3
1 lb mol CaC O 3
n=20 lb CaC O 3 x =0,2 lbmol CaC O 3
100 lb CaC O 3
Diket Mr : 95 g/mol
gram
4 gmol =
95
Diket Mr : 44 g/mol
m
2 lbmol =
44
453,59 gram
m = 88lb = 88lb x = 39915,92 gram
1lb
(c) 16 g of N2 to lb mol
Diket Mr : 28 g/mol
0,0022lb
16 gram x 0,0352
Mol = 1 gram = = 1,257 x 10-3 lbmol
28
28
Diket Mr : 46
gram
3lb x 453,59 1360,77
mol : 1 lb = = 29,582 gmol
46
46
m
16,1lbmol =
36,5
m = 587,65 lb
m
19,4 lbmol =
74,5
M = 1445,3
Diket Mr : 85g/mol
gram
11,9 gmol =
85
0,0022lb
Gram = 1011,5 gram x = 2,2253 lb
1 gram
(d) 164 g mol of SiO2
Diket Mr : 60
gram
164 gmol =
60
0,0022lb
Gram = 6560 gram x = 21,648 lb
1 gram
2.13 A solid compound was found to contain 42.11% C, 51.46% 0, and 6.43% H. Its
molecular weight was about 341. What is the formula for the compound?
C : O : H
(CH2O)n = 341
30 x n = 341
n = 11
Jadi, nama formula (rumus molekulnya) adalah
(CH2O)11 = C11H22O11
= 286 = 176
(a) How many pounds of compound are contained in each of the following (do for
cach vitamin):
16 g 1 lb
= x = 0,035 lb
❑ 454 gram
2.00 g mol 176 gram 1 lb
Vit C = x x = 0,775 lb
❑ 1 g mol 454 gram
16 g 1 lb
= x = 0,035 lb
❑ 454 gram
(b) How many grams of compound are contained in each of the following (do for
each vitamin):
2.15 You are asked to decide what size containers to use to ship 1,000 Ib of cotton-seed
oil of specific gravity equal to 0.926. What would be the minimum size drum
expressed in gallons?
Diket= m = 1,000 lb
ρ = 0,926
m
Pzat =
v
2.16 The density of a certain solution is 8.80 Ib / gal at 80°F. How many cubic feet will be
occupied by 10,010 lb of this solution at 80°F?
8,80 lb
Diket: P= T = 80℉
50 L
m = 10,010 lb
Ditanya : V (ft3)
m
Dijawab : V=
ρ
2.17 Which of these three sets of containers represent each one mole of lead (Pb), one
mol of zinc (Zn), and one mo! of carbon (C).
massa(g)
V= g Set 2 adalah yang benar
density ( 3 )
cm
Panjang 20 um
2.19 A cylindrical rod of silica (SiO2) is heated to its melting point and at hread of silica
0.125 mm in diameter is drawn from the melt. By careful control of the temperature
and the tension on the thread being drawn, long fibers of uniform diameter can be
ob- tained that make optical fibers.
(a) Calculate how much fiber (in km) can be drawn from one cylinder of silica 1.0m in
length and 2.5 cm in diameter. Also estimate the mass. The specific gravity of silica
is 2.25.
h=40 m of fiber
106 g (
(
Mass = (density)(volume) = 2,25 x
m 3 )4,9 x 10−4 m 3 )=1,10 g
(b) Before optical fiber is used, it is typically covered with a thin protective coating of
a polymer. The fiber discussed above is coated with a 50 μm layer of a polymer with
density 1,740 kg / m³. How much polymer is needed to coat the entire fiber?
0,0125 x 10−3 m −5 −4
r coating = +5 x 10 m=1,1 x 10
2
r 0,125 x 10−3 m −5
fiber= =6,25 x 10
2
2 2
40 m (( 1,1 x 10−4 m ) π−( 6,25 x 10−5 ) π )=1,1 x 10−3 m3
1740 kg
(1,1 x 10−3 m 3) =1,9 kg polimer
m3
2.20 In fully vaulted storage systems (see Figure P2.20) the primary container is installed
in a completely sealed reinforced concrete vault of monolithic construction. Leak
detection is normally achieved by the installation of monitoring wells or sensors in
the backfill area. These vaults must be constructed by pouring the floor and walls as
continuous structural elements. Chemical resistant coatings on interior surfaces and
water barrier coatings on exterior surfaces are required.
2005 ft 2 3 3
1m 100 cm
❑ |(
3,281 ft ) |( 1m ) |2,2cmg =1,25 x 10 kg
3
5
2.21 A sample has a specific volume of 5,2 (m3)(kg-1) and a molar volume of 1160 (m3)(kg
mole-1). Determine the molecular weight of the material.
1 kg 1160 m 3
BM = X =223,1kg/kg mol
5,2m 3 kg mol
2.22 Five thousand barrels of 28° API gas oil are blended with 20,000 bbl of 15° API fuel
oil. What is the dencity of the mixture in lb/gal and lb/ft3? Assume that the volume
are additive. 1 bbl = 42 gal. The DENSITY OF WATER AT 60° F is 0,999 g/cm3.
60 ℉ 141,5
Specific grafity =
60 ℉ ° API + 131,5
141,5
s . g .28 ° = =0,887
28+131,5
ρ28 ° = 0,887 × 62,4 lb/ft ³ = 55,36 lb/ft ³
42 gal 1 ft ³
v 28° = 5000 bbl × × =28,07 ×103 ft ³
1 bbl 7,481 gal
55,36lb
m 28 ° = 3
× 28,07 ×103 f t 3=155 , 39552×10 4 lb
ft
141,5
s . g .15 ° = =0,966
15+131,5
42 gal 1 ft ³
v15 ° = 20.000 bbl × × =1,123 ×105 ft ³
1 bbl 7,481 gal
60,27 lb
m 15 ° = 3
× 1,123 ×105 f t 3=67,68321× 105 lb
ft
2.23 In a handbook you find that the conversion between ° API and density is 0,800
density = 45,28° API . Is this a misprint?
60° F 141,5
Sp. gr. = =0,8
60° F ° API + 131,5
36,3
° API = =45,38
0,8
60° F
Sp. gr. ≠ density
60 F
2.24 The specific grafity of acetic acid is 1,049. What is the density in lb m/ft3?
1,049lbm /F 3 HA C
X 62,4 lbm/¿ft3 HO = 65,4 lbm/ft3
1,00 lmb/ F 3 H 2 O
2.25 The specific grafity of a fuel oil is 0,82. What is the density of the oil in lb/ft 3? Show
all units.
0,82lb /ft ³ lb
3
×62,4 3 =51lb / ft ³
1lb/f t H 2 O f t H 2O
2.26 The specific grafity of Ag2O is 7,30 with the reference H2O AT 25℃. What is the
specific grafity the reference water is at 4℃?
g
ρ=7,30× 0,997 =7,278 g/¿ cm3
cm3
7,278 g /cm3
specific grafity pada 4℃ = = 7,278
1 g /cm3
2.27 The Handbook of Physics and Chemistry lists in one column a 30% fulfuric acid
solution at 20℃ as having a specific grafity of 1,2185. In the next column it lists the
grams/liter of H2SO4 in the solution as being equal to 365,6. Is this value correct?
ρ = 1,2185 g/cm3
0,3656 g 1000 c m3
X = 365,6 g H2SO4/L
c m3 1L
2.28 The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, P. L. 92-500, specifies legally acceptable
methods for wastewater analys. Analys for cyanide is done according to the method
outlined in “Standard Methods of the Examination of Water Wastewater.” Mercuric
chloride is used in the analytic procedure to decompose complex cyanides, and 200
mg are used per analysis.
The Illinois Pollution Control Board has established Water Quality Standards
that limit mercury (as Hg) to 0.0005 ppm in any effluent. Permit holders are required
to submit daily reports on their effluent. Will a permit holder discharging 100,000
gal / day be in violation of the cited standard if one analysis is made?
2.29 You are asked to make up a laboratory solution of 0.10 molar H 2SO4 (0.10 mol
H2SO4/L) from concentrated (96.0%) H2SO4. You look up the specific gravity of
96.0% H2SO4 and find it is t.858. Calculate
2.30 A bartender claims that his special brand of rum is so strong that ice cubes sink in it.
Is this possible?
2.31 The density of benzene at 60 ° F is 0.879 g / cm3. What is the specific gravity of
benzene at 60 ° F / 60 ° F?
gram
0,879
ρ cm3 1 lb (30,48 cm)3
Sp .Gr .= benzena = x x 3
=0,8785
ρair pada 60℉ lb 453,59 gram (1 ft )
62,4 3
ft
kg liq kg H 2 O
0,90 3
10 3
m m3 kg liq
x =900
kg H 2 O 1 m3
3
m
1 m3 3
3,2808 ft 0,454 kg ft 3
900 kg liq
x (
1m ) x
1 lb m
=0,0178
lb m
(c) If the liquid is placed in a 1.5-L bottle that has a mass of 232 g, how much will the
full bottle weigh?
0,9(1000 g) 1,5liter
x +232 g=1582 g
liter 1
2.33 Given a water solution that contains 1,704 kg of HNO3 / kg H2O and has a specific
gravity of 1.382 at 20 ° C, express the composition in the following ways:
Massa H2O = 1 kg
s.g. = 1,382
BM HNO3 = 63 g/gmol
2.34 OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) has established limits for the
storage of various toxic or hazardous chemicals (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119, Ap- pendix
A). The maximum limit for acetaldehyde is 113.0 kg. What is the minimum size
spherical vessel that can be used to store this liquid at room temperature?
2.35 For the purpose of permit compliance, all hazardous materials are categorized into
three hazard categories: toxicity, flammability, and reactivity, and assigned numbers
in cach category from 0 to 4 (most severe). Methyl alcohol (methanol, CH 3OH) has
the code 1, 4, 0 in the liquid state. For the toxic category, any amount of stored toxic
material of category I over 0.35 oz. must be reported by city ordinance. Must a
one- half liter bottle of methanol (sp.gr. = 0.792) be reported?
MeOH
Sp.gr. = 0,792 g ( cm3 )
0,500 L 1000 cm3 0,792 g MeOH 1lb 16 ons
x x 3
x x =13,96 ons
1 1L cm 454 g 1lb
2.36 Oil (sp.gr. = 0.8) is flowing through a 6 inch diameter pipe with a velocity of 56.7 ft /
s. What is the flowrate of the oil in m / s?
Sp.gr = 0,8
d = 6 inchi
v = 56,7 ft/s
56,7 ft
Q=vA= x π ¿¿
s
2.37 Forty gal / min of a hydrocarbon fuel having a specific gravity of 0.91 flow into a tank
truck with load limit of 40,000 Ib of fuel. How long will it take to fill the tank in the
truck?
lb fuel 62,4 lb H 2 O
0,91
1 ft 3 fuel ft 3 H 2 O 1 ft 3 40 gal
x x x x =132 menit
40000 lb fuel lb H 2 O 1 7,48 gal 1 menit
1,0
ft 3 H 2 O
2.38 Calculate the empirical formula of an organic compound with the following mass
analysis: carbon, 26.9%; hydrogen, 2.2%; and oxygen as the only other element
present.
massa C 26,9 g
mol C= = =2,2417 mol
Ar C g
12
mol
massa H 2,2 g
mol H = = =2,2 mol
Ar H g
1
mol
massa O 70,9 g
mol O= = =4,4312 mol
Ar O g
16
mol
¿ 1:1 :2
2.39 Given the following mass percent composition, determine the empirical formula:
49.5% C; 5.2% H; 28.8% N: 16.5% O.
massa C 49,5 g
mol C= = =4,125 mol
Ar C g
12
mol
massa H 5,2 g
mol H = = =5,2 mol
Ar H g
1
mol
massa N 28,8 g
mol N = = =2,057 mol
Ar N g
14
mol
massa O 16,5 g
mol O= = =1,031 mol
Ar O g
16
mol
2.40 Calculate the mass and mole fractions of the respective components in NaCIO 3
Na = 23 g
Cl = 35,5 g
O₃ = 48 g
106,5 g
massa A
Fraksi massa A =
massa total campuran
2.41 The specific gravity of a solution of KOH at 15 ° C is 1.0824 and contains 0.813 Ib KOH
per gal of solution. What are the mass fractions of KOH and H2O in the solution?
Sp.gr KOH =1.0824
ρKOH = (1.0824)ρH2O
= 9.03 lb/gal
lbΣXi = 1.0
2.42 Prepare an expression that converts mass (weight) fraction (ω) to mole fraction (x),
and another expression for the conversion of mole fraction to mass fraction, for a
binary mixture.
ma
ω
a = ma+mb
ωa + ωb = 1
ωb = 1 – ωa
na
xa = na+nb
xa + xb = 1
xb = 1 – xa
Kemudian akan terbentuk suatu rumus untuk mencari tau suatu mol
m
n= M , dengan dinyatakan m sebagai massa dan M sebagai berat suatu molekul
2.43 You have 100 kilograms of gas of the following composition:
CH4 30%
H2 10%
N2 60%
2.44 You analyze the gas in 100 kg of gas in a tank at atmospheric pressure, and find the
following:
2.45 Suppose you are required to make an analysis of 317 lb of combustion gas and find
it has the following composition:
CO2 60%
CO 10%
N2 30%
What is the average molecular weight of this gas in the American Engineering System
of units?
lbmole BM lbmole × BM
CO 2 60 44 2.640
CO 10 28 280
N2 30 28 840
100 3.760
2.46 You purchase a tank with a volume of 2.1 ft³ . You pump the tank out, and add first
20 lb. of CO2 and then 10 lb of N2. What is the analysis of the final gas.in the tank?
lb BM
CO 2 20 44
N2 10 28
2.47 How many ppb are there in 1 ppm? Does the system of units affect your answer?
Does it make any difference if the material for which the ppb are measured is a gas,
liquid, or solid?
1 ppm artinya 1 per sejuta atau 0,000001 atau 1 ×10−6 . Sedangkan 1 ppb artinya 1
per milyar atau 0,000000001 atau 1 ×10−9. Sehingga jumlah ppb dalam 1 ppm
10−9 −3
adalah =10 atau 0,001. Iya, untuk menyatakan konsentrasi larutan yang
10−6
sangat encer, biasanya digunakan ppm. Ppm ekivalen dengan fraksi massa untuk
zat padat dan zat cair. Sedangkan gas ekivalen dengan fraksi mole.
2.48 The table lists values of Fe, Cu, and Pb in Christmas wrapping paper fo r two
different brands. Convert the ppm to mass fractions on a paper free basis.
Concentration, ppm
Fe Cu Pb
Brand B 350 50 5
1310 350
Fe → Brand A = = 0,216 Brand B = = 0,864
6060 405
2000 50
Cu → Brand A = = 0,33 Brand B = = 0,123
6060 405
2750 5
Pb → Brand A = = 0,454 Brand B = = 0,012
6060 405
2.49 Harbor sediments in the New Bedford, Massachusetts, area contain PCBS at levels up
to 190,000 ppm according to a report prepared by Grant Weaver of the
Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Office ( Environ. Sci. Technol., 16 (9)
(1982): 491A. What is the concentration in percent?
190.000 g PCB
x 100 % = 19%
106
2.50 NIOSH sets standards for CCI, in air at 12.6 mg / m³ of air (a time weighted average
over 40 hr). The CCI4 found in a sample is 4800 ppb (parts per billion; billion = 10 9).
Does the sample exceed the NIOSH standard? Be careful!
4800 g mol CCL4 103 g mol air 1kg mol air 154 g CCL 4 103 mgCCL4
= x x x x
10 9 g mol air 1 kg mol air 22,4 m 3 1 g mol CCL 4 1 g CCL 4
2.51 The following table shows the annual inputs of phosphorus to Lake Erie:
Short tons / yr
Source
30,100
Outflow 4,500
Retained 25,600
(c) What percentage of the input comes from detergents, assuming they represent
70% of the municipal waste?
(d) If 10 ppb of phosphorus triggers nuisance algal blooms, as has been reported in
some documents, would removing 30% of the phosphorus in the municipal waste
and all the phosphorus in the industrial waste be effective in reducing the eu-
trophication (ie , the unwanted algal blooms) in Lake Erie?
2.52 A gas contains 350 ppm of H2S in CO2. If the gas is liquified, what is the weight
fraction H2S?
270 g H 2 S 270 g H 2 S
= 6 = 6
10 g CO2 10 g total liquid
2.53 Sulfur trioxide (SO3) can be absorbed in sulfuric acid solution to form more
concentrated sulfuric acid. If the gas to be absorbed contains 55% SO3, 41% N2, 3%
SO2 and 1% O2, how many parts per million of O2 are there in the gas? (b) What is
the composition of the gas on a N2 free basis?
1% mol 1 10 4
¿ 1 % O 2 dalam100 % gas udara= = x
100 % mol 100 10 4
104 4
¿ 6
atau 10 ppm( part per million atau bagian per juta)
10
N2 bebas jadi tidak perlu dihitung tapi tetap dicantumkan sehingga keadaan gas
100%. Sedangkan n total 55% + 3% + 1% = 59%
n suatuunsur
Cari persen mol tiap unsur fraksi mol tiap unsur x 100 %= x 100 %
ntotal semua unsur
n SO 55 %
x 100 %= x 100 %=93,2 %
3
ntotal 59 %
n SO 3%
x 100 %= x 100 %=5,08 %
2
ntotal 59 %
nO 1%
x 100 %= x 100 %=1,69 %
2
ntotal 59 %
Ar Ca = 40
Ar C = 12
3 x Ar C = 48
Mr CaCO3 = 100
Ar Mg = 24,3
gram
100 CaCO
Mr CaCO3 gram . mol 3 CaCO3
= =2,5
Mr Ca gram Ca
40 Ca
gram . mol
gram
100 CaCO
Mr CaCO3 gram . mol 3 CaCO3
= =4,1
Mr Mg gram Mg
24,3 Mg
gram .mol
CaCO3 mg CaCO3 mg mg mg
(
total CaCO 3= 2,5
Ca
x 56,4
liter )(
Ca + 4,1
Mg
x 8,8
liter
Mg =141 )
liter
CaCO3 +36,08
liter
CaC
2.55 Twenty-seven pounds (27 lb) of chlorine gas is used for treating 750,000 gallons of
water each day. The chlorine used up by the microorganisms in the water is
measured to be 2.6 mg / L. What is the residual (excess) chlorine concentration in
the treated water?
2.56 A newspaper report says the FDA found 13-20 ppb of acrylonitrile in a soft drink
bottle, and if this is correct, it only amounts to 1 molecule of acrylonitrile per bottle.
Is this statement correct?
Tidak benar. Dalam 1 botol mengandung 1 mol x 1023 atau lebih tepatnya bukan
13-20 ppb (billion atau miliyar atau (x 109))
2.57 Several studies of global warming indicate that the concentration of CO 2 in the
atmosphere is increasing by roughly 1% per year. Do we have to worry about the
de-crease in the oxygen concentration also?
Secara mol, konsentrasi CO2 di udara sekitar 330 part per millions (ppm),
sedangkan O2 sekitar 209.500 ppm. Jika konsentrasi CO2 di atmosfer meningkat
sekitar 1% tiap tahun yakni sekitar 3,5 ppm tiap tahun (330 ppm menjadi 333,5
ppm), sehinggan membuat konsentrasi O2 turun dari 209,500 menjadi 209,497
ppm, yang penurunannya kurang dari 0,002% atau lebih tepatnya 0,0015%. Angka
itu sangatlah kecil, sehingga tidak perlu khawatir tentang penurunan O2.
C 50.2
O 20.1
N 14.0
H 8.2
P 3.0
Other 4.5
This compound gives a ratio of 10.5 g ceils / mol ATP synthesized in the meta-
bolic reaction to form cells. Approximately how many moles of C are in the cells per
mole of ATP?
gram
10,5
50,2 gram ( mol ) ( ATP )
mol C= x
gram 100 gram
12
mol
2 x 10 7 disintegrasi 80 % 6
b. x =16 x 10 cpm
1menit 100 %
2.60 Several alternative compounds have been added to gasoline including methanol,
ethanol, and methy-ter-butyl ether (MTBE) to increase the oxygen content of gasoline in
order to reduce the formation of CO on combustion. Unfortunately, MTBE has been found
in ground water at concentrations sufficient to cause concern. Persistence of a compound
in water can be evaluated from its half-life, t1/2, i.e., The time for one-half of the compound
to leave the system of interest. The half-life depends on the conditions in the system, of
course, but for environmental evaluation can be approximated by
where (OH-) is the concentration of hydroxyl radical in the system that for this
problem of the contamination of water is equal to 1.5 x 106 molecules / cm³. The
values of k determined from experiment are:
Ethanol 1 x 10-12
Calculate the half-life of each of the three compounds, and order them according to
their persistence.
Methanol :
ln 2
t 1/ 2= −12 6
=30,8065 x 105
(0,15 x 10 )(1,5 x 10 )
Etanol :
ln 2
t 1/ 2= −12 6
=4,6210 x 105
(1 x 10 )(1,5 x 10 )
MTBE :
ln 2
t 1/ 2= −12 6
=7,7016 x 105
(0,60 x 10 )(1,5 x 10 )
HALAMAN 95:
1. Complete the following table with the proper equivalent temperature:
℃ ℉ °K ° Ra
( 1,81 ∆℃
-40 ℃ = 40℃ x
∆℉
)+32 °=72 °+ 32°=104 ℉
1∆ K
-40 ℃=( 40 ℃ x
1∆℃ )
+273,15° =40 ° +273 °=313,15 K
1,8 ∆ ° Ra
-40 ℃=( 40 ℃ x
1 ∆℃ )
+ 492° =72° + 492°=564 ° Ra
1∆℃ 1
( 77,0 °−32 ° ) ℉ x =45 ° x =25 ° C
1,8 ∆ ℉ 1,8
77,0 ℉=25 ℃= (25 ° +273,15 ° ) K =298,15 ° K
1 ∆° Ra
(77,0 ℉ x
1∆℉ )
+460 °=77,0 ° + 460° =537 ° Ra
1 ∆ ° Ra
698 ° K =( 769,73℉ x
1∆℉ )
+ 460° =1.256,73° Ra
1∆℃ 1∆℃
x ( 69,8° Ra−492° )= x (−422,2° Ra ) =(−234,56 ℃ )
1,8 ∆ ° Ra 1,8 ∆ ° Ra
1,8 ∆ ℉
(
69,8 ° Ra= (−234,56)° C x
1∆℃ ) +32 °=(−422,2 ) ℉ +32 °=(−390,2)℉
1∆ K
69,8 ° Ra=( (−234,56)° C x
1∆℃ )
+273,15 °=38,59 ° K