We can see faulty logic almost everywhere.
It can be seen on commercials, newspaper,
Week 5
English 9
Name: __________________________________Year and Section: _____________
EXPECTATIONS
This is your self-instructional learner module in English 9. All the activities provided in this
lesson will help you learn and understand about faulty logic, unsupported facts, and emotional appeal.
As you go through this lesson you are expected to:
• identify different types of faulty logic and writer’s style in presenting facts.
• recognize faulty logic, unsupported facts, and emotion appeal present in a certain statement
or article;
• evaluate an article based on its given logic, facts and style of winning the audience.
LESSON
To start our lesson, take a look at this picture. What is the message of the product? Why did
the product use the characters in their commercial?
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The picture tells about spending time with the child as much as the parents can while they are
young. This is poster advertisement that deals with emotion. Many product advertisements try to touch
the emotion of their target consumers because undeniably, to be moved because of our emotion, is a
strong force that governs our choices and decisions. To avoid falling into this situation, you must learn
to recognize faulty logic, unsupported facts and ideas that appeal to emotion.
Faulty means having faults or imperfect and logic means reason or sound judgment.
Therefore, faulty logic is an imperfect reason.
shows, and many more. We should be careful to recognize faulty logic so that we know what is true
from not.
6 TYPES OF FAULTY LOGIC
1. Circular reasoning - The writer (or speaker or ad) supports a claim with restatements of that same
claim. The argument goes around and around with the reason making the same claim as the original
argument.
The strategy to detect this, is by checking if there are statements that the ending will be almost the
same or, at least, very similar to the beginning.
Example:
• Nica is a great communicator because she delivers her speech well.
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2. Overgeneralization - The writer reaches conclusions from a limited
number of facts.
The strategy here is look for context clues like all, every, always, never.
Example:
• All flight attendants are tall. Nica is a flight attendant, therefore, she is
tall.
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3. Self-Contradiction - The writer states a position that contradicts an
earlier stated premise.
Strategy to detect, look for statement that the beginning and ending will be
opposites—they will contradict each other.
Example:
• I am a hardworking student. I will do my homework after watching Netflix.
Doing the homework after watching Netflix is contradicting the fact that the student is hardworking.
4. False Causality - This occurs when two events happen at the same
time, and an assumption is made that one event causes the other.
Strategy, look for a cause and effect relationship; the cause will be
FALSE.
 Example:
• I am singing aloud, and it rains hard.
There is no connection between the singing and the rain. As you can see, these examples can be facts, but they lack evidence to prove the claim.
Another tricky technique where a reader falls most of the time is the use of emotional appeal.
5. Over-Simplification - This occurs when a single cause is assumed to
have created a problem or an issue. In reality, the problem or issue may Emotional appeal is a logical fallacy, whereby a debater attempts to win an argument by trying
have been created by a number of causes. to get an emotional reaction from the opponent and audience. In an emotional appeal, persuasive
Strategy, look for the cause mentioned in the statement. If many causes language is used to develop the foundation of an appeal to emotion-based arguments instead of facts.
have been cut down to ONE CAUSE , it contained over simplification. Producing an emotional appeal requires an understanding of your audience and what may strike their
emotions the most.
Example:
Examples:
• Typhoon Ondoy brought flood in the metro. The flood was caused by heavy rains.
Remember that there are many factors and reasons of floods not only the heavy rains.  Rabbits are being tested for a newly formed beauty
product.
6. Assumptions - This occurs when the writer may be proven false or may be merely stating an
opinion.
In detecting the assumptions, the strategy is to ask yourself with these ACTIVITIES
questions: Does this statement involve a stereotype? Is this statement Activity 1: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. If your answer is faulty logic, identify its type and
just an opinion? Can this statement be proven false? If the answer is yes write it on the provided space.
to any of these questions, then the faulty logic is probably an 1. Camille is the class valedictorian. She will surely have a successful life.
assumption. A. Faulty logic C. Emotional appeal
Example: B. Unsupported fact D. Language Insensitivity
• Planting helps boost immune system. 2. I failed in my exam because my aunt passed away and I couldn’t focus on reviewing my lessons.
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A. Faulty logic C. Emotional appeal
Aside from faulty logic a statement or a certain article may also contain facts that support the
B. Unsupported fact D. Language Insensitivity
details given by the writer or speaker. However we can’t avoid to encounter facts which are
unsupported. What do we mean by unsupported fact? 3. Coby is hunk, he is handsome and loved by many.
Unsupported facts are those claim that don’t have an adequate evidence to prove it. There 4. A. Faulty logic C. Emotional appeal
should be enough evidence to prove your claim. It can come from different resources and not just from B. Unsupported fact D. Language Insensitivity
the opinion of others. Therefore, if your claim doesn't have a concrete evidence, it is considered as 4. Axel forgot his wallet at home because he needed to go to the hospital immediately for his wife.
unsupported fact. 5. A. Faulty logic C. Emotional appeal
B. Unsupported fact D. Language Insensitivity
Examples: 5. The first day of class is awesome, it will be an exciting school year!
• I am beautiful. A. Faulty logic C. Emotional appeal
B. Unsupported fact D. Language Insensitivity

• Oslob is the most amazing place in

Cebu.
 C. Overgeneralization
D. Self-Contradiction
Activity 2
Identify whether the given statements are faulty logic, unsupported facts, or emotional appeal. Write FL
if it is faulty logic, UF for unsupported facts, and EA for emotional appeal. Write your answer on the
space provided.
_____1. I parked the car not knowing it was a tow away zone because my baby was crying hard at the
backseat.
_____2. Mayon Volcano is the most beautiful volcano in the Philippines.
_____3. You are beautiful even without make-up because you have fair skin.
_____4. Let us support the clean and green program of our city government. By the way I can’t join the
cleanup drive on Saturday because we have our one week vacation in Baguio.
_____5. Eighteen years old individual can vote because it is the legal age to vote.

POSTTEST
Choose the letter of the best answer in each test item.
_____ 1. It is a logical fallacy whereby a debater attempts to win an argument by trying to get an
emotional reaction from the opponent and audience.
A. Faulty logic
B. Unsupported fact
C. Emotional appeal
D. Language Insensitivity
_____ 2. This is considered as an imperfect reason.
A. Faulty logic
B. Unsupported fact
C. Emotional appeal
D. Language Insensitivity
_____ 3. Facts claimed by an individual or a group of individuals that have occurred but were
unable to provide sufficient evidence to support their claim.
A. Faulty logic
B. Unsupported fact
C. Emotional appeal
D. Language Insensitivity
_____ 4. This occurs when a single cause is assumed to have created a problem or an issue.
A. Assumptions
B. Overgeneralization
C. Over-Simplification
D. Self-Contradiction
_____ 5. The writer states a position that contradicts an earlier stated premise.
A. Circular reasoning
B. False Causality