Lesson 3 - Harmonically Excited Vibration

NOISE & VIBRATION
Topic 3 : Harmonically Excited

Vibration
Ir Dr Zainal Fitri B Zainal Abidin

Jan 2018
CHAPTER OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Equation of Motion
• Response of an Undamped System Under Harmonic Force
• Response of a Damped System Under Harmonic Force
• Response of a Damped System UnderF (t )  F0eit
• Response of a Damped System Under the Harmonic Motion of the Base
•
Introduction
• Forced vibrations occurs when external energy is supplied to the
system during vibration
• The external force can be supplied through either an applied

force or an imposed displacement excitation, which may be
harmonic, nonharmonic but periodic, nonperiodic, or random in
nature.
• Harmonic response results when the system responses to a

harmonic excitation
• Transient response is defined as the response of a dynamic

system to suddenly applied nonperiodic excitations
© 2011 Mechanical Vibrations 3

Fifth Edition in SI Units
CHAPTER OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Response of a Damped System Under F (t )  F eit
0
•
Equation of Motion
• From the figure below, the equation of motion using
Newton’s Second Law of Motion states that
mẍ + cẋ +kx = F(t) (3.1)
• The homogeneous solution of the equation is
mẍ + cẋ +kx =0 (3.2)
A spring-mass-damper system
5
Equation of Motion
• The variations of homogeneous and general solutions
with time for a typical case are shown in the figure
below.
Homogenous solution
particular solution
General/total solution
6
CHAPTER OUTLINE
• Introduction
0
•
Response of an Undamped System Under
Harmonic Force
• Consider an undamped system subjected to a harmonic

force. If a force F (t )  F0 cost acts on the mass m of the
system,
• The homogeneous solution is given by:

xh (t )  C1 cosnt  C2 sin nt (3.4)
where n  (k / m) is the natural frequency
1/ 2
8 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units

Harmonic Force
• Because the exciting force and particular solution is harmonic and has
the same frequency, we can assume a solution in the form:
x p (t )  X cost (3.5) where X is the max amplitude of xp(t)
Thus, Subsitutute eqn 3.5 into eqn 3.3
F0  st
X  (3.6)
k  m 2

2
1    where  st  F0 / k denotes the static deflection

9
 n 
Harmonic Force
F0
x(t )  C1 cosnt  C2 sin nt  cost (3.7)
k  m 2
F0 x0
C1  x0  (3.8a) C2  (3.8b)
10
k  m 2
© 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units
n
Harmonic Force
• Using initial conditions
F0 x0
C1  x0  , C2  (3.8)
k  m 2
n
Hence, the total solution
 F0   x0   F0 
x(t )   x0   cos n t    sin  n t    cost (3.9)
 k  m   n  k  m 
2 2

The max amplitude can be expressed as
X 1
 (3.10)
 st 
2
1   
 n 
Harmonic Force
• The quantity X /  st is called the magnification factor, amplification
factor, or amplitude ratio.
• The variation of the amplitude ratio with

the frequency ratio is shown in the figure.
• The response of the system can be

identified to be of three types.
Magnification factor of an undamped system

Harmonic Force
• Case 1:
When 0 <  / n< 1, the denominator in Eq.(3.10) is positive and the

response is given by Eq.(3.5) without change. The harmonic
response of the system is in phase with external force, shown in
figure.
X 1
 Harmonic response when
 st  
2
1   
 n  0   / n  1

Harmonic Force
• Case 2:
When  / n > 1, the denominator in Eq.(3.10) is negative and the

steady-state solution can be expressed as
x p (t )   X cost (3.11)
where the amplitude is
 st
X 2
(3.12)

   1
 n 
The variations are shown in figure.
Harmonic response when  / n  1

Harmonic Force X

1
 st   
2
1 
 

 n 
• Case 3:
When  / n  1 , the amplitude X given by Eq.(3.10) or

(3.12) becomes infinite.
The forcing frequency is equal to the natural frequency

of the system is called resonance.
The total response if the

system at resonance is
x0  t
x(t )  x0 cosnt  sin nt  st n sin nt (3.15)
n 2
Harmonic response when / n 1
Harmonic Force
• Total Response
The total response of the system, Eq.(3.7) or Eq.(3.9), can also be

expressed as
 st 
x(t )  A cos(nt   )  cost; for 1 (3.16)

2
n
1   
 n 

Harmonic Force
• Total Response
And  st 
x(t )  A cos( n t   )  cost; for 1 (3.17)
 
2
n
1   
 n 

Harmonic Force
• Beating Phenomenon
If the forcing frequency is close to, but not exactly equal to, the
natural frequency of the system, beating may occur.
The phenomenon of beating can be expressed as:
 F0 / m 
x(t )   sin t  sin t (3.22)
 2 
Phenomenon of beats
Harmonic Force
• Beating Phenomenon
The time between the points of zero amplitude or the points of

maximum amplitude is called the period of beating and is given by
2 2
b   (3.23)
2 n  
The frequency of beating defined as

b  2  n  

Harmonic Force
Example 3.1
Plate Supporting a Pump
A reciprocating pump, having a mass of 68kg, is mounted at the middle
of a steel plate of thickness 1cm, width 50cm, and length 250cm,
clamped along two edges as shown in Figure. During operation of the
pump, the plate is subjected to a harmonic force, F(t) = 220 cos 62.832t
N. Find the amplitude of vibration of the plate.

Harmonic Force
Example 3.1
Solution
The plate can be modeled as a fixed-fixed beam having Young’s
modulus (E) = 200GPa, length = 250cm, and area moment of inertia,
1
(I )  (50 10  2 )(10 2 )3  41.667 10 9 m 4
12
The bending stiffness of the beam is given by:
192 EI (192 )( 200 10 9 )( 41.667 10 9 )

k 3  2 3
 102400 .82 N/m (E.1)
l (250  10 )

Harmonic Force
Example 3.1
Solution
Thus,
F0 220
X  
 m  2 102400 .82  68(62.832 ) 2
k   
g
 0.00132487 m  1.32487 mm (E.2)

Harmonic Force
Question 1
• A weight of 50 N is suspended from a spring of

stiffness 4000 N/m and is subjected to a harmonic
force of amplitude 60 N and frequency 6 Hz. Find
(a) the extension of the spring due to the
suspended weight,
(b) the static displacement of the spring due to the
maximum applied force, and
(c) the amplitude of forced motion of the weight

Harmonic Force
Solution 1
24
Harmonic Force
Solution 1
 st
X 2
(3.6)
 
1   
 n 
25
Harmonic Force
Question 2
• A spring-mass system with m = 10kg and k=

5000 N/m is subjected to a harmonic force of
amplitude 250 N and frequency ω. If the
maximum amplitude of the mass is observed to
be 100 mm, find the value of ω

Harmonic Force
Solution 2

Harmonic Force
Question 3
• A spring-mass system is subjected to a harmonic

force whose frequency is close to the natural
frequency of the system. If the forcing frequency
is 39.8 Hz and the natural frequency is 40.0 Hz,
determine the period of beating.

Harmonic Force
Solution 3
Using equation of beating phenomenon

CHAPTER OUTLINE
• Introduction
0
•
Response of Damped System Under Harmonic
Force
mẍ + cẋ + kx = F(t)
  
X k  m 2 cost     c sin t     F0 cost (3.24)

Force
 
X k  m 2 cost     c sin t     F0 cost  (3.24)
• Using trigonometric relations
cos(ωt – Ф) = cosωt cos Ф + sinωt sinФ
sin(ωt – Ф) = sinωt cos Ф – cosωt sinФ
we obtain   
X k  m 2 cos  c sin   F0
X k  m sin   c cos   0
2
(3.27)
F0
• The solution gives X
k  m   c   1/ 2
(3.28)
2 2 2 2
 c 
  tan 1  2 
(3.29)
 k  m 
Force
• The figure shows typical plots of the forcing function and

steady-state response.
(a) Graphical representation (b) Vectorial representation

Force
• Substituting the following,
n 
k c
 2n ;  st 
F0 
; ; r
m m k n
• We obtain
X 1 1
  (3.30)
 st  2 2 2
1/ 2
 2 2
  2
     
(1 r ) ( 2 r )
1      2  
  n    n  
  
 2 
 n  1  2r 
  tan 1  2
 tan  2 
(3.31)
    1  r 
1     
  n 
Response of Damped System Under
Harmonic Force
• The following characteristics of the magnification factor

(M) can be noted from the figure as follows:

Harmonic Force
(  0)
M  r 1
(  0)
3. For any specified value of r, a higher value of damping reduces the value of M.
4. In the degenerate case of a constant force (when r = 0), the value of M = 1.
X 1 1 X 1
  (3.30)  (3.10)
 st   st
1 / 2

2
2 2 2  2 2
 2

     
(1 r ) ( 2 r )
1      2   1   
  n    n    n 
36 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units
Harmonic Force
X 1 1
  (3.30)
 st  2 2 2
1/ 2
(1  r )  (2r ) 2
2 2
     
1      2  
M  r 1   n    n  
7. For 1 , the maximum value of M occurs when

0  X

1
(3.10)
2  st  
2
1   
r  1  2 2 or   n 1  2 2 (3.32)  n 
which can be seen to be lower than the undamped natural

frequency and the damped frequency
d  n 1   2
Harmonic Force
r  1  2 2
 X  1
   (3.33)
  st  max 2 1  
2
X  1
  n    (3.34)
  st  n 2
1 dM 1
9. For   , 0 when r = 0. For   , the graph of M monotonically
2 dr 2
decreases with increasing values of r.

X 1 1
  (3.30) X 1
 st  2 2
1/ 2
(1  r ) 2  (2r ) 2
2  (3.10)
       st
2 2
1      2  

38    n   n   1   
     n 
Response of Damped System
Under Harmonic Force
• The following characteristics of the phase angle
can be observed from the figure and Eq.(3.31)
as follows:

Harmonic Force
1. For an undamped system (  0) ,
Eq.(3.31) shows that the phase
angle is 0 for 0 < r < 1 and 180° for r
> 1. This implies that the excitation
and response are in phase for 0 < r
< 1 and out of phase for r > 1 when
.  0
2. For   0and 0 < r < 1, the phase

angle is given by 0 < Φ < 90°,
implying that the response lags the
excitation.
3. For   0 and r > 1, the phase

angle is given by 90° < Φ < 180°,
implying that the response leads the
excitation.
Harmonic Force
4. For   0 and r = 1, the phase
angle is given by Φ = 90°, implying
that the phase difference between
the excitation and the response is
90°.
5. For   0 and large values of r, the

phase angle approaches 180°,
implying that the response and the
excitation are out of phase.

Harmonic Force
x(t )  X 0ent cos(d t  0 )  X cos(t   ) (3.35)

d  1   2 n (3.36)
x0  X 0 cos0  X cos
x0  n X 0 cos0   d X 0 sin 0  X sin 0 (3.36)

Harmonic Force
• From
x0  X 0 cos0  X cos
x0  n X 0 cos0   d X 0 sin 0  X sin 0 (3.36)

• Quality factor and bandwidth:
For values of damping (,  0.05)

 X   X  1
      Q (3.38)
  st  max   st  n 2
Power absorbed by damper:

W  cX 2 (3.39)
From figure, R1 and R2 is the bandwidth of the system.
Set X /  st  Q / ,2 hence,
1 Q 1
 
(1  r )  (2r )
2 2 2
2 2 2

• Quality factor and bandwidth:
Or r 4  r 2 (2  4 2 )  (1  8 2 )  0 (3.40)
Solving the equation for small values of , 
2 2
 1   2 
r  R     1  2 ,
2 2
r  R     1  2
2 2
(3.42)
 n   n 
1 1 2 2
22  12  (2  1 )(2  1 )  ( R22  R12 )n2  4n2 (3.43)

Using the relation,
2  1  2n (3.44)
1 n
Q  (3.46)
2 2  1

Harmonic Force

Harmonic Force
Example 3.3
Total Response of a System
Solution
a. From the given data,
n  k
m  4000
10  20 rad/s
 st  F0
k  100
4000  0.025 m
 c
cc  c
2 km
 20
2  400010 
 0.05
 d  1   2  n  1  0.052 20   19.974984 rad/s

r 
n  10
20  0.5
 st 0.025
X    0.03326 m (E.1)
1  r   2r 
2 2 2
1  0.05   20.50.5
2 2 2

Harmonic Force
Example 3.3
Solution
 2r  1  2  0.05  0.5 
We have   tan 1  2 
 tan    3.814075  (E.2)
1 r   1  0.5 
2
Using initial conditions x0  0.01 and x0  0

X 0 cos0  0.023186 (E.3)
0  (0.05)( 20) X 0 cos0  X 0 (19.974984 ) sin 0
(0.03326 )(10) sin( 3.814075 ) (E.4)

Harmonic Force
Example 3.3
Solution
Substituting Eq.(E.3) into (E.4),
X 0 sin 0  0.002268 (E.5)

Hence,

X 0  ( X 0 cos0 )  ( X 0 sin 0 )
2

2 1/ 2
 0.023297 (E.6)
X 0 sin 0
tan 0   0.0978176
X 0 cos0
0  5.586765  (E.7)

Example 3.3
Solution
b. For free vibration, the total response is
x(t )  X 0ent cos(d t  0 ) (E.8)

Using the initial conditions,
2 1/ 2
 
1/ 2
  x    0. 05  20  0.01  
2
X 0   x02   n 0    0.01  
2
   0.010012 (E.9)
  d     19 .974984  
 x  n x0  0.05  20 
0  tan 1   0   tan 1     2.865984  (E.10)
 d x0   19.974984 
Force
Question 4

Force
Solution 4

Force
Solution 4

Force
Solution 4

Force
Solution 4

CHAPTER OUTLINE
• Introduction
0
•
Response of Damped System Under F (t )  F0eit
• The equation of motion becomes
x cx kx  F0eit (3.47)
m
• Assuming the particular solution dx p

 iXe it
it
dt
x p (t )  Xe (3.48) 2
d xp
 i 2 2 Xe it
• Substituting eqn 3.48 into eqn 3.47, dt
m(i 2 2 Xeit )  c(i 2 Xeit )  k ( Xeit )  F0 e it
m(i 2 2 X )  c(i 2 X )  k ( X )  F0
F0
X  (3.49 )
( k  m )  ic 2
 k  m 2 c 
X  F0  
(k  m 2 )2  c 2 2 
i (3.50)
 (k  m )  c 
2 2 2 2

it
Response of Damped System Under F (t )  F0e
i
• Using the relation x  iy  Ae
F0 i
X
(k  m ) 
e (3.51)
2 2
c 
2 2 1/ 2
 c 
  tan 1  2 
(3.52)
 k  m 
• Hence, the steady-state solution becomes
F0
x p (t )  ei (t  )
(k  m 
(3.53)
2 2
)  (c ) 2 1/ 2

Frequency Response
The complex frequency response is given by:
kX 1
H (i )   (3.54 )
F0 1  r 2  i 2r
Where H(iω) is known complex frequency response
• The absolute value becomes,

1  2r 
H (i )  H (i ) e (3.56) where  
 i tan  2
(3.57)
1 r 
• Thus, the steady-state solution becomes,
F0
x p (t )  H (i ) ei (t  ) (3.58)
k

Frequency Response
If F (t )  F0 cos,t the corresponding steady-state solution is given by

the real part of Eq.(3.53)
F0
x p (t )  cos(t   )
(k  m )  (c )
2 2

2 1/ 2
F  F 
 Re 0 H (i )e it   Re 0 H (i ) e i (t  )  (3.59)
k  k 

it
Response of Damped System Under F (t )  F0 e
Frequency Response
If F (t )  F0 sin t , the corresponding steady-state solution is given by the

imaginary part of Eq.(3.53)
F0
x p (t )  sin(t   )
(k  m )  (c )
2 2

2 1/ 2
 F0 
 Im  H (i )ei (t  )  (3.60)
k 

Response of Damped System Under F (t )  F0 e it
Complex Vector Representation of Harmonic Motion
F0
Differentiating Eq.(3.58) with respect to time, x p (t )  H (i ) e i (t  ) (3.58)
k
F0
Velocity  xp (t )  i H (i ) ei (t  )  ix p (t )
k
F
xp (t )  (i ) 2 0 H (i ) ei (t  )   2 x p (t )
Acceleration   (3.61)
k
• The various terms of the equation of motion
can be represented in the figure.

CHAPTER OUTLINE
• Introduction
0
•
the Harmonic Motion of the Base
• When the base(support) of a spring mass damper system
undergoes harmonic motion, the equation of motion is
mẍ +c (ẋ-ẏ) + k(x-y) = 0 (3.64)
y(t) = displacement of the base

x(t) = displacement of the mass

Response of Damped System Under the Harmonic
Motion of the Base
dy
• If at motion of the base y(t )  Y sin t  Y cost
dt
From m x c( x y)  k ( x  y)  0 then
x cx kx  ky  cy kY sin t  cY cost  Asin(t   )
m (3.65)
 c 
where A  Y k 2  (c ) 2 and   tan 1  
 k 
• The steady-state response of the mass can be expressed as

Y k 2  (c ) 2
x p (t )  sin(t  1   )
(k  m 
(3.66)
)  (c )
2 2 2 1/ 2
 c 
where 1  tan 1  2 
 k  m 

Response of Damped System Under the Harmonic
Motion of the Base
Y k 2  (c ) 2
x p (t )  sin(t  1   )
(k  m 
(3.66)
)  (c )
2 2 2 1/ 2
Where X and Ф are given by

1/ 2 1/ 2
X  k 2  (c ) 2   1  (2r ) 2 
   2
(3.68)
Y  (k  m 2 )  (c ) 2   (1  r 2 2
)  ( 2 r ) 
 mc 3  1  2r 3 
  tan  1
2
 tan  2
(3.69)
 k ( k  m 2
)  (c )  1  ( 4 2
 1) r 

 1  i 2r  it 
x p (t )  Re 2 Ye  (3.70)
 1 - r  i 2r  
X
Y

 Td  1  (2r ) 2 1/ 2

H (i ) (3.71)

• The following aspects of displacement
transmissibility can be noted from the figure:
1. The value of Td is unity at r = 0 and close to unity
for small values of r.
2. For an undamped system (ζ = 0), Td →∞ at
resonance (r = 1).
3. The value of Td is less than unity (Td < 1) for
values of r >√2 (for any amount of damping ζ ).
4. The value of Td = 1 for all values of ζ at r =√2.

5. For r <√2, smaller damping ratios lead to
larger values of Td. On the other hand, for r
>√2, smaller values of damping ratio lead to
smaller values of Td.
6. The displacement transmissibility, Td, attains
a maximum for 0 < ζ < 1 at the frequency
ratio r = rm < 1 given by:
rm 
1
2
 1  8 1 2
1/ 2

FORCE TRANSMITTED
• Force transmitted to the base (Fig 3.14) due to spring

and dashpot can be determined as :
F  k ( x  y)  c( x y)  m
x (3.72)
F  m 2 X sin(t   )  FT sin(t   ) (3.73)
1/ 2
FT  1  (2r )  2
 r2  2
(3.74 )
kY  (1  r 2 2
)  ( 2 r ) 
Response of Damped System Under the
Harmonic Motion of the Base
Relative Motion
The equation of motion can be written as

z cz kz  m
m y m 2Y sin t (3.75)
The steady-state solution is given by:
m 2Y sin(t  1 )
z (t )   Z sin(t  1 )
(k  m ) 
(3.76)
2 2
 (c ) 2 1/ 2
where
Z •
m 2Y r2  c 
(3.77) , 1  tan 1  1  2r 
Y   tan  2 
(k  m 2 )2  (c )2 (1  r 2 )2  (2r )2  k  m  1 r 
2

RELATIVE MOTION
The motion of the mass relative to the base

(z = x - y) can be written as
z cz kz  m
m y m 2Y sin t (3.75)
The steady-state solution is given by:
m 2Y sin(t  1 )
z (t )   Z sin(t  1 )
(k  m ) 
(3.76)
2 2
 (c ) 2 1/ 2
where
m 2Y c  1  2r 
(3.77) , 1  tan 1 
r2
Z Y 
2   2 
tan
(k  m 2 )2  (c )2 (1  r 2 )2  (2r )2  k  m   1  r 
73
Example 3.4
Vehicle Moving On a Rough Road
•The figure below shows a simple model of a motor vehicle that can vibrate in
the vertical direction while traveling over a rough road. The vehicle has a mass
of 1200kg. The suspension system has a spring constant of 400 kN/m and a
damping ratio of ζ = 0.5. If the vehicle speed is 20 km/hr, determine the
displacement amplitude of the vehicle. The road surface varies sinusoidally
with an amplitude of Y = 0.05m and a wavelength of 6m.
Example 3.4

Example 3.4
Solution
 v  1000  1
•The frequency can be found by   2f  2  3600  6  0.290889 v rad/s
 
For v = 20 km/hr, ω = 5.81778 rad/s. The natural frequency is given by,
1/ 2
k  400  10 3 
n      18.2574 rad/s
m  1200 
•The frequency ratio is

 5.81778
r   0.318653
n 18.2574

Example 3.4
Solution
•The amplitude ratio can be found from Eq.(3.68):

1/ 2 1/ 2
X  1  (2r )2   1  (2  0.5  0.318653 )2 
 2
 2
 1.100964
Y  (1  r )  (2r ) 
2 2
 (1  0.318653 ) 2
 ( 2  0.5  0.318653 ) 
The displacement amplitude of the vehicle is given by
X  1.100964Y  1.4100964 (0.05)  0.055048 m
•A 5cm bump in the road is transmitted as a 7.3cm bump to the chassis

and the passengers of the car.
Example 3.5
Machine on Resilient Foundation
A heavy machine, weighing 3000 N, is supported on a resilient foundation.

The static deflection of the foundation due to the weight of the machine is
found to be 7.5 cm. It is observed that the machine vibrates with an
amplitude of 1 cm when the base of the foundation is subjected to
harmonic oscillation at the undamped natural frequency of the system with
an amplitude of 0.25 cm. Find
a. the damping constant of the foundation,
b. the dynamic force amplitude on the base, and
c. the amplitude of the displacement of the machine relative to the base.


END

Lesson 3 - Harmonically Excited Vibration

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NOISE & VIBRATION

Topic 3 : Harmonically Excited

Ir Dr Zainal Fitri B Zainal Abidin

• The external force can be supplied through either an applied

• Harmonic response results when the system responses to a

• Transient response is defined as the response of a dynamic

© 2011 Mechanical Vibrations 3

mẍ + cẋ +kx = F(t) (3.1)

• The homogeneous solution of the equation is

• Consider an undamped system subjected to a harmonic

• The homogeneous solution is given by:

8 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units

x p (t )  X cost (3.5) where X is the max amplitude of xp(t)

Thus, Subsitutute eqn 3.5 into eqn 3.3

1    where  st  F0 / k denotes the static deflection

The max amplitude can be expressed as

• The variation of the amplitude ratio with

• The response of the system can be

Magnification factor of an undamped system

When 0 <  / n< 1, the denominator in Eq.(3.10) is positive and the

13 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units

When  / n > 1, the denominator in Eq.(3.10) is negative and the

Harmonic response when  / n  1

When  / n  1 , the amplitude X given by Eq.(3.10) or

The forcing frequency is equal to the natural frequency

The total response if the

The total response of the system, Eq.(3.7) or Eq.(3.9), can also be

16 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units

17 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units

The phenomenon of beating can be expressed as:

The time between the points of zero amplitude or the points of

The frequency of beating defined as

19 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units

20 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units

The bending stiffness of the beam is given by:

192 EI (192 )( 200 10 9 )( 41.667 10 9 )

21 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units

22 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units

• A weight of 50 N is suspended from a spring of

23 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units

• A spring-mass system with m = 10kg and k=

26 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units

27 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units

• A spring-mass system is subjected to a harmonic

28 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units

Using equation of beating phenomenon

29 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units

31 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units

• The figure shows typical plots of the forcing function and

(a) Graphical representation (b) Vectorial representation

33 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units

• Substituting the following,

• The following characteristics of the magnification factor

35 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units

7. For 1 , the maximum value of M occurs when

which can be seen to be lower than the undamped natural

decreases with increasing values of r.

39 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units

2. For   0and 0 < r < 1, the phase

3. For   0 and r > 1, the phase

5. For   0 and large values of r, the

41 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units

x(t )  X 0ent cos(d t  0 )  X cos(t   ) (3.35)

42 © 2011 Mechanical Vibrations Fifth Edition in SI Units