Calc - Knust 6

CALCULUS I (MATE 237)
Fredrick Asenso, Wireko
Valley View University
August, 2020
Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

CALCULUS I (MATE 237) August, 2020 1 / 61
DIFFERENTIATION OF TRANCEDENTAL FUNCTIONS
INTRODUCTION
Trancedetal functions in this case refers to the Trigonometric functions,
Exponential functions, Logarithmic functions and others like hyperbolic
functions. Here we look at their derivatives.
• Note that from limits of trigonometric functions, the following identities

hold
sin θ cos θ − 1
lim =1 lim =0 (1)
θ−→0 θ θ−→0 θ

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Here we now turn our attention from the derivatives of polynomials.
DERIVATIVES OF KEY TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
d d
[cos(x)] = − sin x [sec(x)] = sec(x) tan(x)
dx dx
d d
[sin(x)] = cos x [csc(x)] = − csc(x) cot(x)
dx dx
d d
[tan(x)] = sec2 x [cot(x)] = − csc2 (x)
dx dx
• We now establish these identities.

PROOF
d
[sin(x)] = cos x (2)
dx
• To prove this just recall your trigonometric identities and play with them.
We shall recall the limit definition and apply it here;
d
[sin(x)] = cos x =⇒ f (x + h) = sin(x + h)
dx
f (x + h) − f (x)
= lim
h−→0 h
sin(x + h) − sin(x)
= lim
h−→0 h

PROOF
Now recall the compound angle identity for
sin(x + h) = sin(x) cos(h) + cos(x)] sin(h).
[sin(x) cos(h) + cos(x) sin(h)] − sin(x)

= lim
h−→0 h
sin(x) cos(h) − sin(x) + cos(x) sin(h)
= lim
h−→0 h
sin(x)[cos(h) − 1] + cos(x)[sin(h)]
= lim
h−→0 h
sin(x)[cos(h) − 1] cos(x)[sin(h)]
= lim + lim
h h
h−→0 h−→0

cos(h) − 1 sin(h)
= lim sin(x) + lim cos(x)
h−→0 h h−→0 h

PROOF
• Now to work out the limits, let us apply eqn (1)

cos(x) − 1 sin(h)
= sin(x) lim + cos(x) lim
h−→0 h h−→0 h
= sin(x) [0] + cos(x) [1]
= cos(x)(1)
= cos(x)

PROOF
d
[cos(x)] = − sin x (3)
dx
We shall recall the limit definition and apply it here;
d
[cos(x)] = sin x =⇒ f (x + h) = cos(x + h)
dx
f (x + h) − f (x)
= lim
h−→0 h
cos(x + h) − cos(x)
= lim
h−→0 h

PROOF
Now recall the compound angle identity for
cos(x + h) = cos(x) cos(h) − sin(x) sin(h).
[cos(x) cos(h) − sin(x) sin(h) − cos(x)

= lim
h−→0 h
[cos(x) cos(h) − cos(x) − sin(x) sin(h)
= lim
h−→0 h
cos(x)[cos(h) − 1] − sin(x)[sin(h)]
= lim
h−→0 h
cos(x)[cos(h) − 1] sin(x)[sin(h)]
= lim − lim
h h
h−→0 h−→0

cos(h) − 1 sin(h)
= lim cos(x) − lim sin(x)
h−→0 h h−→0 h

PROOF
• Now to work out the limits, let us apply eqn (1)

cos(h) − 1 sin(h)
= cos(x) lim − sin(x) lim
h−→0 h h−→0 h
= cos(x) [0] − sin(x) [1]
= − sin x(1)
= − sin(x)

PROOF
d
[tan(x)] = sec2 x (4)
dx
We shall recall the Quotient rule and apply it here;
sin(x)
tan(x) = cos(x)
d sin(x)
[tan(x)] = , use quotient rule
dx cos(x)
g (x)f 0 (x) − g 0 (x)f (x)
=
[g (x)]2
d d
cos(x) dx [sin(x)] − sin(x) dx [cos(x)]
= 2
[cos(x)]

PROOF
cos(x)[cos(x)] − sin(x)[− sin(x)]

=
cos2 (x)
cos2 (x) + sin2 (x)
=
cos2 (x)
1
=
cos2 (x)
= sec2 x
• Recall that cos2 (x) + sin2 (x) = 1

PROOF
d
[csc(x)] = − csc x cot x (5)
dx
1
csc(x) = sin(x)
d 1
[csc(x)] = , use quotient rule
dx sin(x)
g (x)f 0 (x) − g 0 (x)f (x)
=
[g (x)]2
d d
sin(x) dx [1] − (1) dx [sin(x)]
= 2
[sin(x)]

PROOF
d d
sin(x) dx [1] − (1) dx [sin(x)]
= 2
sin (x)
sin(x)[0] − (1)[cos(x)]
=
sin2 (x)
− cos(x)
=
sin2 (x)
− cos(x) 1
=
sin(x) sin(x)
= − csc(x) cot(x)

PROOF
d
[sec(x)] = sec x tan x (6)
dx
1
csc(x) = cos(x)
d 1
[sec(x)] = , use quotient rule
dx cos(x)
g (x)f 0 (x) − g 0 (x)f (x)
=
[g (x)]2
d d
cos(x) dx [1] − (1) dx [cos(x)]
= 2
[cos(x)]

PROOF
d d
cos(x) dx [1] − (1) dx [cos(x)]
= 2
cos (x)
cos(x)[0] − (1)[− sin(x)]
=
cos2 (x)
sin(x)
=
cos2 (x)
sin(x) 1
=
cos(x) cos(x)
= sec(x)tan(x)

PROOF
d
[cot(x)] = − csc2 (x) (7)
dx
cot(x) = cos(x)
sin(x)
d cos(x)
[cot(x)] = , use quotient rule
dx sin(x)
g (x)f 0 (x) − g 0 (x)f (x)
=
[g (x)]2
d d
sin(x) dx [cos(x)] − (cos(x)) dx [sin(x)]
= 2
[sin(x)]

PROOF
d d
sin(x) dx [cos(x)] − (cos(x)) dx [sin(x)]
= 2
sin (x)
sin(x)[− sin(x)] − (cos(x))[cos(x)]

=
sin2 (x)
− sin2 (x) − cos2 (x)
=
sin2 (x)
−(sin2 (x) + cos2 (x))
=
sin2 (x)
1
=− 2
sin (x)(x)
= − csc2 (x)
PROOF
Now let us differentiate some questions involving these trig identities we
just established.
EXAMPLES
Compute the derivative of the following trigonometric functions
i. cos x 3 − sin3 x + tan(3x)
ii 3 sec x − 10 cot x
2x
iii sin x+1 + 2 cos(2x)
sin t
iv 3−2 cos t
v y = 5 sin x cos x + 4cscx

SOLUTION 1
i. cos x 3 − sin3 x + tan(3x)
Here we apply more of chain rule;
d d d
= [cos x 3 ] − [sin x]3 + [tan(3x)]
dx dx dx
d d d
= − sin(x 3 ) [x 3 ] − 3(sin x)2 [sin x] + sec2 (3x) [3x]
dx dx dx
= − sin(x 3 )3x 2 − 3(sin x)2 [cos x] + sec2 (3x)[3]
= −3 x 2 sin(x 3 ) − 3 (sin2 x) cos x + 3 sec2 (3x)

SOLUTION 2
ii 3 sec x − 10 cot x
d d
= [3 sec x] − [10 cot x]
dx dx
d d
= 3 [sec x] − 10 [cot x]
dx dx
= 3 [sec x tan x] − 10 [− csc2 x]
= 3 sec x tan x + 10 csc2 x

SOLUTION 3

2x
iii sin x+1 + 2 cos(2x)

d 2x d
= sin − [10 cot x]
dx x +1 dx

2x d 2x d
= cos − 10 [cot x]
x + 1 dx x + 1 dx

2x 2
= cos − 10 [− csc2 x]
x +1 (x + 1)2

2 2x
= cos + 10 csc2 x
(x + 1)2 x +1

SOLUTION 4
sin t
iv 3−2 cos t
Here we use the quotient rule

d sin t
=
dt 3 − 2 cos t
(3 − 2 cos t)(sin t)0 − (sin t)(3 − 2 cos t)0
=
(3 − 2 cos t)2
(3 − 2 cos t)(cos t) − (sin t)(2 sin t)
=
(3 − 2 cos t)2
3 cos t − 2 cos2 t − 2 sin2 t
=
(3 − 2 cos t)2
3 cos t − 2(cos2 t + sin2 t) 3 cos t − 2
= 2
=
(3 − 2 cos t) (3 − 2 cos t)2
SOLUTION 5
v y = −5 sin x cos x + 4 csc x
Recall to apply the product rule for the first term
d d
= [5 sin x cos x] + [4 csc x]
dx dx
d d
= 5 [sin x cos x] + 4 [csc x]
dx dx
= 5 [sin x(cos x)0 + cos x(sin x)0 ] + 4 [− csc x cot x]
= 5 [− sin x(sin x) + cos x(cos x)] − 4 csc x cot x
= 5 [− sin2 x + cos2 x] − 4 csc x cot x
= −5 sin2 x + 5 cos2 x − 4 csc x cot x

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

• Now we turn our attention to the derivatives of inverse trig function.
These are essential identities to note.
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
d 1 d 1
[cos−1 (x)] = − √ [sec−1 (x)] = √
dx 1 − x2 dx |x| x 2 − 1
d 1 d 1
[sin−1 (x)] = √ [csc−1 (x)] = − √
dx 1 − x2 dx |x| x 2 − 1
d 1 d 1
[tan−1 (x)] = [cot−1 (x)] = −
dx 1 + x2 dx 1 + x2
• We now establish these identities.

ALTERNATE NOTATION
cos−1 (x) = arccos x sec−1 (x) = arcsecx

sin−1 (x) = arcsin x csc−1 (x) = arccscx
tan−1 (x) = arctan x cot−1 (x) = arccotx

PROOF
1
d
• For dx [cos−1 (x)] = − √1−x 2
, We let y = cos−1 (x), this therefore
becomes;
y = cos−1 (x), multiply both sides by cos

cos y = cos cos−1 (x)
cos y = x, differentiate implicitly
0
(− sin y )y = 1
1 p
y0 = − , where sin y = 1 − cos2 y
sin y
1
y0 = −p , let cos y = x
1 − cos2 y
d 1
(cos−1 x) = − √
dx 1 − x2
PROOF
−1
• For d
dx [sin (x)] = √ 1
1−x 2
, We let y = sin−1 (x), this therefore becomes;
y = sin−1 (x), multiply both sides by sin

sin y = sin sin−1 (x)
sin y = x, differentiate implicitly
0
(cos y )y = 1
1
q
0
y = , where cos y = 1 − sin2 y
cos y
1
y0 = p , let sin y = x
1 − sin2 y
d 1
(sin−1 x) = √
dx 1 − x2
PROOF
−1 1
• For d
dx [tan (x)] = 1+x 2
, We let y = tan−1 (x), this therefore becomes;
y = tan−1 (x), multiply both sides by tan

−1
tan y = tan tan (x)
tan y = x, differentiate implicitly
2 0
(sec y )y = 1
1 p
y0 = , where sec2 y = 1 + tan2 y
sec2 y
1
y0 = , let tan y = x
1 + tan2 y
d 1
(tan−1 x) =
dx 1 + x2

EXAMPLES
• Differentiate the following functions;
i. f (t) = 4 cos−1 t − 10 tan−1 t
d d
f 0 (t) = (4 cos−1 t) − (10 tan−1 t)
dt dt
d d
= 4 (cos−1 t) − 10 (tan−1 t)
dt
dt

1 1
=4 √ − 10
1 − x2 1 + x2
4 10
=√ −
1−x 2 1 + x2

EXAMPLES
• Differentiate the following functions;
√
ii. f (t) = z sin−1 z
d √
f 0 (t) = ( z sin−1 z)
dt
√ d d √
= z (sin−1 z) + (sin−1 z) ( z)
dt dt
√

1 1 1
= z √ + (sin−1 z) z − 2
1−z 2 2
√ −1
z sin z
=√ + √
1−z 2 2 z

DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHM FUNCTIONS

• Here we shall discuss the derivatives of the Exponentiial and Logarithm
functions.
• The common exponential function in calculus is the natural exponential

function, e x , and the of logarithm is the natural log ln(x).
• We will have a more general approach, however, look at the general

exponential and logarithm functions.

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Let us first consider the exponential function f (x) = ax for a > 1. To
compute the derivative, the power rule fails here so we implore knowledge
from other means;
d x
f 0 (x) = [a ], where a = e ln a
dx
d ln a x
= [e ]
dx
d x ln a
= [e ], apply chain rule u = x ln a
dx
= [e x ln a ] ln a
= [e ln a ]x ln a, where a = e ln a
d x
[a ] = ax ln a
dx
EXAMPLE
2 +x)
Compute the derivative of y = 7(x
• This is a composite function, that is;

2 +x
y (x) = 7x u(x) = x 2 + x
by the chain rule,
dy dy du
= .
dx du dx
Now consider
dy 2 du
= ln(7)7(x +x) , and = 2x + 1
dx dx
therefore;
dy dy 2
= = ln(7)7(x +x) . (2x + 1)
dx dx
SOME DEFINITIONS OF e
The Natural Exponential Function e is defined as
1 n

i. e = lim 1+ n
n−→∞
1
ii. e = lim (1 + n) n
n−→∞
e h −1
iii. e is the unique positive number for which lim h =1
h−→0
P∞ 1
iv. e = n=0 n

• Now we prove that
d x
(e ) = e x (8)
dx
Before we prove, recall that ln(e) = logee = 1
d x e x+h − e x
(e ) = lim
dx h−→0 h
ex eh − ex
= lim
h−→0 h
e (e h − 1)
x
= lim
h−→0 h
h
x e −1
= e lim
h−→0 h

Now we make the following substitutions as
let n = e h −1 =⇒ n+1 = e h , then ln(n+1) = ln(e h ) =⇒ ln(n+1) = h

(9)
then as h −→ 0 then n −→ 0 from the substitution;

x n 1
= e lim , multiply through by
n−→0 ln(n + 1) n
!
1
n
= e x lim 1
n
n−→0
n ln(n + 1)
!
1
= e x lim 1
n−→0 ln(n + 1) n

 
1
= ex  1

ln lim (n + 1) n
n−→0
1
Note that e = lim (1 + n) n
n−→0

x 1
=e
ln e
= ex

LOGARITHM FUNCTIONS
• We now prove that
d 1
[ln(x)] = (10)
dx x
e
Before we prove, recall that ln(e) = loge = 1
d ln(x + h) − ln(x)
ln(x) = lim
dx h−→0 h
1
= lim [ln(x + h) − ln(x)]
h−→0 h

1 x +h
= lim ln
h−→0 h x

1 h
= lim ln 1 +
h−→0 h x
1
h h
= lim ln 1 +
h−→0 x
LOGARITHM FUNCTIONS
Now we make the following substitutions as
h 1 x 1 x
let = =⇒ h = also = (11)
x n n n n
then as h −→ 0 then n −→ ∞ from the substitution where n = xh ;
n
1 x
= lim ln 1 +
n−→∞ n
1
1 n x

= lim ln 1 +
n−→∞ n
1 n

1
= lim ln 1 +
x n−→∞ n
1 n

1
= ln lim 1 +
x n−→∞ n
LOGARITHM FUNCTIONS
Note that e = lim (1 + n1 )n , then,
n−→0
1 n

1
= ln lim 1 +
x n−→∞ n
1
= ln(e)
x
1
=
x

EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHM FUNCTIONS

• We now prove that
d
[ln(e x )] = 1 (12)
dx
d d
[ln(e x )] = [x ln(e)], ln e = 1
dx dx
d
= [x]
dx
=1

EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHM FUNCTIONS

• You are required to prove that
d ax
e = a e ax (13)
dx
• Given that f (x) = e x and g (x) = ln(x). Prove that
1
g 0 (x) = (14)
f 0 (g (x))
• You are required to prove that

d 1
loga x = (15)
dx x ln a

EXAMPLES
• Differentiate the following functions
i. f (w ) = 4w − 5 log9 w
ii. g (x) = 3e x + 10x 3 ln x
5e x
iii. y = 3e x +1
iv. y = x x
v. y = (1 − 3x)cos x
x 5√
vi. y = (1−10x) x 2 +2

SOLUTION I
i. f (w ) = 4w − 5 log9 w
this example does not involve the natural logarithm and natural exponential
functions. Let us differentiate
d w d
f 0 (w ) = (4 ) − (5 log9 w )
dw dw
d w d
= (4 ) − 5 (log9 w )
dw dw
5
= 4w ln w −
w ln 9

SOLUTION II
ii. g (x) = 10x 3 ln x + 3e x
This differentiation will involve differentiation by the product rule. This is

applied to the first term.
d d
g 0 (x) = (10x 3 ln x) − (3e x )
dw dw
d 3 d x
= 10 (x ln x) − 3 (e )
dw dw
d d 3 d x
= 10 [x 3 (ln x) + ln x (x )] + 3 (e )
dw
dw dw
1
= 10 x 3 + 30 x 2 ln x + 3 (e x )
x
= 10 x 2 + 30 x 2 ln x + 3 e x
SOLUTION III
5e x
iii. y = 3e x +1
This differentiation will involve differentiation by the quotient rule. This is

applied to the first term.
(3 e x + 1)(5e x )0 − (5e x )(3 e x + 1)0

y0 =
(3 e x + 1)2
(3 e x + 1)(5e x ) − (5e x )(3 e x )
=
(3 e x + 1)2
15 e 2x + 5 e x − 15 e 2x
=
(3 e x + 1)2
5 ex
=
(3 e x + 1)2

SOLUTION IV
iv. y = x x
Such a function may look simple and scary at the same time. Simple
because it is short but complex because our power rule approach will fail.
Here we take ln on both sides as
ln y = ln x x
this can be rewritten as
ln y = x ln x

SOLUTION IV
we then differentiate implicitly as
d d
(ln y ) = (x ln x)
dx dx
1 0
(y ) = ln x(x)0 + x(ln x)0
y

1 0 1
(y ) = ln x + x
y x
1 0
(y ) = ln x + 1
y
y 0 = y (ln x + 1), y = xx
y 0 = x x (ln x + 1)

SOLUTION V
iv. y = (1 − 3x)cos x
This may look a bit complicated. Here we take ln on both sides as
ln y = ln (1 − 3x)cos x
this can be rewritten as
ln y = cos x ln (1 − 3x)

SOLUTION V
we then differentiate implicitly as
d d
(ln y ) = [cos x ln (1 − 3x)]
dx dx
1 0
(y ) = ln (1 − 3x)(cos x)0 + cos x [ln (1 − 3x)]0
y

1 0 3
(y ) = − sin x ln (1 − 3x) − cos x
y 1 − 3x

0 3
y = −y sin x ln (1 − 3x) + cos x , y = (1 − 3x)cosx
1 − 3x

0 cosx 3
y = −(1 − 3x) sin x ln (1 − 3x) + cos x
1 − 3x

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
INTRODUCTION
• If a function is described by the equation y = f (x) where the variable y
on the left side, and the right side depends only on the independent
variable x, then the function is said to be given explicitly. For example, see
some explicit functions
y = sin(x) y = x 2 + 2x + 5 y = ln cos x (16)
• However, some problems present the function to be defined implicitly.

Such equations have the form
F (x, y ) = 0 (17)
You are to note that any explicit function can be written in an implicit
form. So the above equations could be written implicitly as
y − sin(x) = 0 y − x 2 − 2x − 5 = 0 y − ln cos x = 0 (18)

INTRODUCTION
• There are also some functions that cannot be transfomred from implicit
form to an explicit form. So note that, the transformation we just did its
inverse may not always old.
• There are some functions defined by an implicit equation that cannot be
resolved with respect to the variable y . Examples of such implicit functions
are;
x −y
x 3 +y 3 −3x 2 y 5 = 0 p −4xy 2 = 0 xy −sin(x +y ) = 0 (19)
2
x +y 2
• The good news here is that to differentiate such implicit functions, we

need not to transform them into explicit functions before we can compute
the derivative y 0 (x). If a function is defined implicitly as a function of x by
an equation F (x, y ) = 0, the process is as follows;

STEPS FOR IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

• Diferentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x, assuming that
y is a differentiable function of x and using the chain rule.
• The derivative of zero (on the RHS) will also be zero.
• All the same, if the RHS is not zero but of the form f (x, y ) = g (x, y ),
then we differentiate the LH and RH sides of the equation.
• We then solve the resulting equation for the derivative y 0 (x)

EXAMPLE
Find the derivative of the function given by the equation y 2 = 2px, where
p is a parameter.
Here we differentiate the LH and RH with respect to x, so we have;
y 2 = 2px
d 2 d
(y ) = (2px)
dx dx
dy
2y = 2p
dx
dy p
= , where y 6= 0
dx y

EXAMPLE
Differentiate implicitly the function y (x) given by the equation
y = cos(x + y )
y = cos(x + y )
d d
(y ) = [cos(x + y )]
dx dx
dy dy
= − sin(x + y ) 1 +
dx dx
dy dy
= − sin(x + y ) − sin(x + y )
dx dx
dy − sin(x + y )
=
dx 1 + sin(x + y )

EXAMPLE
Differentiate implicitly the function y (x) given by the equation
x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 4y = 4
x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 4y = 4
d 2 d 2 d d d
(x ) + (y ) − (2x) − (4y ) = (0)
dx dx dx dx dx
dy dy
2x + 2y −2−4 =0
dx dx
dy dy
2y −4 = 2 − 2x
dx dx
dy dy
y − 2y =1−x
dx dx
dy 1−x
=
CALCULUS I (MATE 237)
dx y − 2August, 2020 56 / 61
EXAMPLE
Calculate the derivative of the function given by the equation
x 3 + y 3 = 3xy
(x 3 )0 + (y 3 )0 = (0 )3x 2 + 3y 2 y 0 = (3x)0 y + 3xy 0

3x 2 + 3y 2 y 0 = 3y + 3xy 0
y 2 y 0 − xy 0 = y − x 2
y 0 (y 2 − x) = y − x 2
y − x2
y0 =
y2 − x

FURTHER EXAMPLES ON RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION

• Compute the derivatives of the following functions
i. y = (x 2 − 3)(2x − 1)2
x 2 −3
ii. y = (2x−1)2

SOLUTION I
i. y = (x 2 − 3)(2x − 1)2
This function could be differentiated by using both the product and chain
rules.
y 0 = (x 2 − 3)[(2x − 1)2 ]0 + (x 2 − 3)0 [(2x − 1)2 ]

= (x 2 − 3)[2(2x − 1)(2)] + (2x)[(2x − 1)2 ]
= (x 2 − 3)[8x − 4)] + (2x)(4x 2 − 4x + 1)
= (8x 3 − 4x 2 − 24x + 12) + (8x 3 − 8x 2 + 2x)
= 16x 3 − 12x 2 − 22x + 12)

SOLUTION II
x 2 −3
ii. y = (2x−1)2
This function could be differentiated by using both the quotient and chain
rules.
(2x − 1)2 (x 2 − 3)0 − (x 2 − 3)[(2x − 1)2 ]0

y0 =
[(2x − 1)2 ]2
(8x 2 − 4x + 1) (2x) − (x 2 − 3)[(8x − 4)]
=
(2x − 1)4
16x 3 − 12x 2 − 22x + 12
=
(2x − 1)4

THANK YOU


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Calc - Knust 6

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CALCULUS I (MATE 237)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko

Valley View University

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

• Note that from limits of trigonometric functions, the following identities

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

DERIVATIVES OF KEY TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

• We now establish these identities.

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

[sin(x) cos(h) + cos(x) sin(h)] − sin(x)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

[cos(x) cos(h) − sin(x) sin(h) − cos(x)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

cos(x)[cos(x)] − sin(x)[− sin(x)]

• Recall that cos2 (x) + sin2 (x) = 1

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

sin(x)[− sin(x)] − (cos(x))[cos(x)]

i. cos x 3 − sin3 x + tan(3x)

v y = 5 sin x cos x + 4cscx

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

• We now establish these identities.

cos−1 (x) = arccos x sec−1 (x) = arcsecx

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

y = cos−1 (x), multiply both sides by cos

y = sin−1 (x), multiply both sides by sin

y = tan−1 (x), multiply both sides by tan

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

DERIVATIVES OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHM FUNCTIONS

• The common exponential function in calculus is the natural exponential

• We will have a more general approach, however, look at the general

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

• This is a composite function, that is;

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

let n = e h −1 =⇒ n+1 = e h , then ln(n+1) = ln(e h ) =⇒ ln(n+1) = h

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHM FUNCTIONS

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHM FUNCTIONS

• You are required to prove that

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

ii. g (x) = 3e x + 10x 3 ln x

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)

Fredrick Asenso, Wireko (Valley View University)