Appendix GB

Appendix GB
Bridge Design Manual - 2002 Girder Bridge Design

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Appendix GB - 16.6m C/C SPAN & 7.32m CLEAR BRIDGE WIDTH

R.C.D.Girder SUPERSTRUCTURE DESIGN BY LRFD METHOD
Project:
Name of River:
Span : 16.60 m c/c , T-girder bridge
Consultant: Louis Berger Group in association with SABA Engineering plc
Designed by : Henok Aberra ( Str. Engineer)
Checked by : Lennart Rahm (Bridge Engineer)
Case: Statical calculation
Given data:
No of girders = 3
c/c of support = 16.60 m
Clear bridge width B = 7.32 m
No of lane = 2
Face of railing/curb to end of slab = 0.40 m
Multiple presence factor = 1.00
Specification used : ERA Bridge Design Manual 2002
Rear Axle load = P = 145.00 kN

= 72.50 kN
Lane load in the transverse direction = 9.30 kN/3m
= 3.10 kN/m
Design tandem axle load = 110.00 kN
2
wearing surface = 1.10 kN/m
Highway railing design loading, PH= 44.48 kN
Material Properties
Type of concrete: C25 concrete cube or C20 cylinder
fc'= 20.00 Mpa
fc=0.4fc'= 8.000 Mpa
3
gc = 24.000 KN/m
Type of steel :
For bars greater than f20 For bars less than or equal to f20
fyk = 400.00 MPa fyk = 350.00 MPa
fs = 160.00 Mpa fs = 175.00 Mpa
Es = 200000 Mpa
Ec = 0.043*gc*1.5*sqrt(fc') = 22610 Mpa
Others
modular ratio n=Es/Ec= 9
fmoment = 0.9
fshear = 0.85
b= 0.85
Modulus of rupture =fr =0.63sqrt(fc') = 2.82 MPa Eq. 9.5
z in Eq. 9.15 = 30000 kPa
For rebar f > 20 mm
rb = 0.85b1fc'/fy*(599.843/(599.843+fy)) = 0.0217
For rebar f <= 20 mm
rb = 0.85b1fc'/fy*(599.843/(599.843+fy)) = 0.0261
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Ethiopian Roads Authority Page GB-1
Appendix GB
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Load Factors
Dead load limit state factor = 1.25

Live load limit state factor = 1.75
Dead load service state factor = 1.00

Live load service state factor = 1.30
Fatique Live load factor = 0.75
Preliminary dimensions
girder depth =0.070*s = 1.162 m

girder depth provided = Dgirder = 1.300 m
c/c of girder spacing = 2.600 m
End of slab to center of exterior girder = 1.460 m
web width recommended = 0.376 m
web width provided = 0.380 m
clear span b/n girders = 2.220 m
Top slab thickness = Tslab = 0.220 m
overhang slab thickness provided = 0.220 m
overhang slab thickness near edge beam = 0.180 m
Edge beam depth from side = 0.400 m
Edge beam depth beneath the bottom slab level = 0.205 m
Width of edge beam = 0.400 m
Total top width = 8.120 m
fillet = 0.000 m
Exterior diapragm depth = 1.000 m
Interior diapragm depth = 1.000 m
width of diphragm = 0.250 m
Total No of diaphragm = 3
c/c distance b/n diaphragm = 8.300 m
TYPICAL CROSS SECTION
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Appendix GB
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GB.1 Design of overhang
OVERHANG SLAB
GB.1.1 Dead load

total overhang length = 1.270 m
Item weight moment Moment depth of railing = 0.300 m
[KN/m] arm [m] [KNm/m] breadth of railing = 0.250 m
Top slab 6.096 0.635 3.871 distance b/n post and curb end = 0.050 m
Bottom Part of
Edge beam 1.972 1.070 2.110 distance b/n back of railing and end of curb = 0.15 m
railing 1.800 0.995 1.791 depth of post = 0.250 m
post 0.960 1.095 1.051 width of post = 0.300 m
wearing su. 0.957 0.435 0.416 c/c of post = 1.500 m
total 11.785 9.239 height of post = 0.800 m
GB.1.2 Live load
a) Railing load
Railing loads shall be applied on an effective length of E =1140+0.833X, Eq. 7.14
E = 1140+0.833X [mm] where: X- is the distance in mm from the center of the post to
= 1.565 m the point under investigation
According to Art. 2.7 of the AASHTO 1996, the design load, P is ,

P= 44.51 kN height of top of rail from top of curb = 0.90 m
Moment arm = 1.010 m
Therefore the railing live load is as follows:
MRLL = 28.73 kNm/m
b) Truck load
According to Art. 7.4 Slabs/Longitudinal Edges, the wheel is put 300mm from face of rail
Eoverhang = 1140+0.833X Where : X = Distance from load to point of support [mm]
= 1614.8 mm = 570 mm
MLL = 25.59 kNm/m

MLL+I = 34.04 kNm/m
dist. from face of rail to overhanging gir. face = 0.870 m

Lane load moment = 1.173 kNm/m
MTotal = 35.21 kNm/m
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Appendix GB
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GB.1.3 Total moment
a) Dead load plus rail live load

MTR = 1.25MDL+1.75MRLL
= 61.82 kNm/m
b) Dead load plus truck live load
MTT = 1.25MDL+1.75MLL
= 73.17 kNm/m
c) Design moment
MD = max(MTR,MTT)
= 73.17 kNm/m
GB.1.4 Design for flexure
Mu= 73.17 kNm/m fmoment = 0.9

dreqd =sqrt(Mu/(frmaxbfy(1-.6rmaxfy/fc')) = 110.76 mm fy = 350.000 MPa
Dreqd =Dreqd+f/2+cover = 168.76 mm fc' = 20.000 MPa
Dprov = 220 mm
dprov=Dprov-f/2-cover = 162.00 mm b= 1000 mm
a=Asfy/(.85fc'b) = 32.85 mm dia. of bar =f = 16 mm
2
As =Mu/(ffy(d-a/2)) = 1595.550 mm /m cover = 50 mm
r max= 0.020
r prov=As/bd = 0.010 OK !
Smax = 330 mm
use f 16 c/c 120 mm
2
As prov. = 1675.52 mm
ALTERNATIVE
use f 16 c/c 190 mm

and
f 12 c/c 210 mm
GB.2 Design of slab
GB.2.1 Design of Interior spans
GB.2.1.1 Dead load

a) Overhang part ( Upto middle of ext. girder)
total overhang length = 1.460 m
moment
Item weight arm Moment depth of railing = 0.300 m
[KN/m] [m] [KNm/m] breadth of railing = 0.250 m
Top slab 7.709 0.730 5.627 distance b/n post and curb end = 0.050 m
Bottom Part of
Edge beam 1.972 1.260 2.485 distance b/n back of railing and end of curb = 0.15 m
railing 1.800 1.185 2.133 depth of post = 0.250 m
post 0.960 1.285 1.234 width of post = 0.300 m
wearing su. 1.166 0.530 0.618 c/c of post = 1.500 m
total 13.607 12.097 height of post = 0.800 m
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Appendix GB
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b) Middle part
2
slab = 5.28 KN/m
wearing surface = 1.10 "
2
total 6.38 KN/m
C
GB.2.1.2 Dead load moment
a) Slab with two girders A B
Dead load Moment at the midspan

Conservatively, the flooring system is assumed simply supported b/n girder centers.
M= 5.39 kNm
b) Slab with more than two girders
In slabs continuous over more than two supports the dead load moment at support and midspan can be taken
as midspan moment for simply supported beam reduced by 20%.
2
Md =wl /8*.8 =wl2/10 = 4.31 KNm/m
GB.2.2 Live load moment a b a= 0.50 mm

b= 1.30 mm
a) Slab with two girders
C
Distribution Widths A B
Eoverhang = 1140+0.833X Where : X = Distance from load to point of support [mm]

= 1614.8 mm = 570 mm
Epositive = 660+0.55*S S = girder spacing [mm]

= 2090 mm
Enegitive = 1220+0.25*S
1870 mm
Moverhang = PX/E
= 25.59 kNm
Live load Moment at the interior wheel location
Reaction at Support A = 122.69 kN
Minterior wheel = 13.88 kNm
b) Slab with more than two girders
Two charts were prepared and equations are drived from the "Trend line" both for
positive and negative moments. Though the spacing is center to center of support, consideration
is taken for the reduction with monoliticity and width of the web. For the derivation of the equation
look at the "Slab design coeff." calculations. For slab supported on two girders, the overhang cantilever
moment is compared with this value and the maximum is taken.
Let x be the center to center of girder spacing.
Mneg = 0.1815x5-3.9473x4+29.948x3-100.41x2+160.34x-86.671
= 18.99 kNm/m
and
Mpos = -0.8166x3+7.8442x2-16.085x+30.271
= 27.12 kNm/m
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Appendix GB
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Impact
According to subchapter 3.13, Table 3-8, the dynamic load allowance is taken to be 33% for the strength limit state
design considerations.
Therefore take I = 0.33
Summary
Dead load moments
Negative moment at support = 4.31 kNm
Positive moment at midspan = 4.31 "
Live load moments
Negative moment at support = 18.99 kNm
Positive moment at midspan = 27.12 "
GB.2.3 Factored design moment

Mneg =1.25MD+1.75(ML+I)= 49.59 KNm/m
Mpos =1.25MD+1.75(ML+I)= 68.52 KNm/m
GB.2.4 Design for flexure

GB.2.4.1 Slab top reinforcement
Mu= 49.59 KNm/m
dreqd =sqrt(Mu/(frmaxbfy(1-.6rmaxfy/fc')) = 91.18 mm fmoment = 0.9
fy = 350.000 MPa
Dprov = 220 mm
2
r max= 0.020
r =As/bd = 0.006 OK !
Smax = 330 mm
use f 16 c/c 190 mm
2
As prov. = 1058.22 mm
GB.2.4.2 Slab bottom reinforcement

Mu= 68.52 KNm/m
dreqd =sqrt(Mu/(frmaxbfy(1-.6rmaxfy/fc')) = 107.18 mm fmoment = 0.9
fy = 350.0 MPa
Dprov = 220 mm
2
r =As/bd = 0.007 OK !
Smax = 330 mm
use f 16 c/c 160 mm
2
As prov. = 1256.64 mm
GB.2.4.3 Distribution reinforcement
According to Eq. 12.12, the amount of distribution reinforcement shall be the percentage of the main
reinforcement steel required for positive moment as given by the following formula:
Percentage = 3840/sqrt(s) <=67%

= 67 % dia. of bar =f = 12 mm
2
As dist = 836.9 mm /m
Smax = 457 mm
use f 12 c/c 130.0 mm
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Appendix GB
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GB.3. Design of Girder
GB.3.1 Exterior Girder
GB.3.1.1 Dead load
GB.3.1.1.1 Dead load of girder
Item Weight[KN/m]
overhang 11.785
Top slab 5.861
girder 11.856
fillet 0.000
wearing surface 1.639
Total 31.141
EXTERIOR GIRDER CROSS SECTION
GB.3.1.1.2 Dead load of diaphragm

a) Near center of span b) Near end of span
Item Weight[KN] Item Weight[KN]

Diaphragm 5.19 Diaphragm 5.19
Fillet 0.00 Fillet 0.00
Total 5.19 Total 5.19
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Appendix GB
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GB.3.1.1.3 Dead load shear and moment
a Girder
Reaction at support =wL/2 = 258.47 KN

* Point of maximum live load moment =(L/2-.711)/L = 0.457
a x [m] VA [KN] Mo[KNm]

0.00 0.00 258.47 0.00
0.05 0.83 232.62 203.80
0.10 1.66 206.77 386.15
0.15 2.49 180.93 547.05
0.20 3.32 155.08 686.49
0.25 4.15 129.23 804.48
0.30 4.98 103.39 901.02
0.35 5.81 77.54 976.10
0.40 6.64 51.69 1029.73
0.45 7.47 25.85 1061.91
0.50 8.30 0.00 1072.64
b Diaphragm
Reaction at support due to the midway diaphragms = 2.60 KN

0.00 0.00 2.60 0.00
0.05 0.83 2.60 2.16
0.10 1.66 2.60 4.31
0.15 2.49 2.60 6.47
0.20 3.32 2.60 8.62
0.25 4.15 2.60 10.78
0.30 4.98 2.60 12.94
0.35 5.81 2.60 15.09
0.40 6.64 2.60 17.25
0.45 7.47 2.60 19.40
0.50 8.30 2.60 21.56
GB.3.1.2 Live load
GB.3.1.2.1 Lane load ( Uniformly distributed load)
The design lane load shall consist of a load of 9.3 N/mm, uniformly distributed in the longitudinal direction.
Transversely, the design lane load shall be assumed to be uniformly distributed over a 3000 mm width. The
force effects from the design lane load shall not be subject to a dynamic load allowance.
Line load per meter on the int. gir.for shear = 7.73 kN/m
Reaction at support =wL/2 = 64.13 kN
Line load per meter on the int. gir.for moment = 7.73 kN/m
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Appendix GB
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0.00 0.00 64.13 0.00
0.05 0.83 57.71 50.56
0.10 1.66 51.30 95.81
0.15 2.49 44.89 135.72
0.20 3.32 38.48 170.32
0.25 4.15 32.06 199.60
0.30 4.98 25.65 223.55
0.35 5.81 19.24 242.18
0.40 6.64 12.83 255.48
0.45 7.47 6.41 263.47
0.50 8.30 0.00 266.13
GB.3.1.2.2 Standard truck load

a) Transversal distribution of wheel load
I) Distribution coefficient for moment in exterior girder
For one design lane loaded the lever rule method is applied.
Distance of first line of wheel from face of rail = 0.60 m

Distance of second line of wheel from face of rail = 2.40 m
According to Art. 3.8 Live Load/Multiple Presence of Live Load, the multiple presence factor is applied where the lever rule is used.
Rex moment(1) = 1.662
The live load flexural moment for exterior beams with concrete decks may be determined by applying the lane load
fraction specified as follows:
For two or more design lanes are loaded: Where : de is the distance in mm from the face of
rail to exterior face of exterior girder. It is positive
de = 870 m if the exterior web is inboard and vise versa.
Rex moment(2) = (0.77+de/2800)*Rin moment -300 <= de <= 1700
= 0.780
Therefore, Rex moment (1) or for half lane load loading (i.e. one line of load )
Rex moment (2) multiplied by two and the maximum is taken.
According to Art. 3.8 Live Load/Multiple Presence of Live Load, the factors shall not be applied in conjunction with
approximate load distribution factors specified above, except where the lever rule is used.
Rex moment= 1.662
II) Distribution coefficient for shear in exterior girder
For one design lane loaded the lever rule method is applied.
According to Art. 3.8 Live Load/Multiple Presence of Live Load, the multiple presence factor is applied where the lever rule is used.
Rin shear(1) = 1.662
For two or more design lanes are loaded:
Rin shear(2) = (0.6+de/3000)*Rin shear

= 0.768
Therefore, Rex shear (1) or for half lane load loading (i.e one line of load )
Rex shear (2) multiplied by two and the maximum is taken.
Rin shear= 1.662
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Appendix GB
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b) Longitudinal distribution of wheel load
CASE-1 P P P/4
CASE-2 P/4 P P
Case -1 Moment and shear at rear wheel position ( truck moving to the right )
a x x1 x2 x3 VA Mo
0.00 0.00 8.000 12.300 16.600 1.861 0.000
0.05 0.83 7.170 11.470 15.770 1.749 1.452
0.10 1.66 6.340 10.640 14.940 1.636 2.717
0.15 2.49 5.510 9.810 14.110 1.524 3.795
0.20 3.32 4.680 8.980 13.280 1.411 4.686
0.25 4.15 3.850 8.150 12.450 1.299 5.391
0.30 4.98 3.020 7.320 11.620 1.186 5.909
0.35 5.81 2.190 6.490 10.790 1.074 6.240
0.40 6.64 1.360 5.660 9.960 0.961 6.384
0.45 7.47 0.530 4.830 9.130 0.849 6.342
0.50 8.30 0.000 4.000 8.300 0.741 6.150
Case -2 Moment and shear at middle wheel position ( truck moving to the left )
a x x1 x2 x3 VA Mo
0.25 4.15 8.150 12.450 0.000 1.241 5.150
0.30 4.98 7.320 11.620 15.920 1.381 5.801
0.35 5.81 6.490 10.790 15.090 1.268 6.293
0.40 6.64 5.660 9.960 14.260 1.156 6.599
0.45 7.47 4.830 9.130 13.430 1.043 6.718
0.50 8.3 4.000 8.300 12.600 0.931 6.650
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Appendix GB
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Summary of maximum live load shear and moments plus impact at different points
Impact
Take I = 0.330
1+I = 1.330
a x VA Mo VA [KN/m] Mo[KNm/m]
0.00 0.00 2.476 0.000 362.36 0.00
0.05 0.83 2.326 1.931 337.92 283.13
0.10 1.66 2.176 3.613 313.48 531.03
0.15 2.49 2.027 5.047 289.05 743.68
0.20 3.32 1.877 6.232 264.61 921.08
0.25 4.15 1.728 7.170 240.17 1063.25
0.30 4.98 1.578 7.858 215.74 1170.17
0.35 5.81 1.428 8.370 191.30 1250.46
0.40 6.64 1.279 8.777 166.86 1312.73
0.45 7.47 1.129 8.935 142.43 1339.76
0.50 8.30 0.985 8.845 118.71 1331.55
GB.3.1.2.3 Design Tandem
P' for shear = 91.38 kN

P' for moment = 91.38 kN
Spacing b/n the axles = 1.20 m
Case -1 Moment and shear at the left wheel position
P' P'
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Appendix GB
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a x [m] x1 [m] x2 [m] VA [KN] Mo[KNm]

0.00 0.00 15.40 16.60 1.928 0.00
0.05 0.83 14.57 15.77 1.828 1.52
0.10 1.66 13.74 14.94 1.728 2.87
0.15 2.49 12.91 14.11 1.628 4.05
0.20 3.32 12.08 13.28 1.528 5.07
0.25 4.15 11.25 12.45 1.428 5.93
0.30 4.98 10.42 11.62 1.328 6.61
0.35 5.81 9.59 10.79 1.228 7.13
0.40 6.64 8.76 9.96 1.128 7.49
0.45 7.47 7.93 9.13 1.028 7.68
0.50 8.30 7.10 8.30 0.928 7.70
Case -2 Moment and shear at the right wheel position
P' P'
a x [m] x1 [m] x2 [m] VA [KN] Mo[KNm]

0.00 0.00 16.60 0.00 1.000 0.00
0.05 0.83 15.77 0.00 0.950 0.79
0.10 1.66 14.94 16.14 1.872 1.91
0.15 2.49 14.11 15.31 1.772 3.21
0.20 3.32 13.28 14.48 1.672 4.35
0.25 4.15 12.45 13.65 1.572 5.33
0.30 4.98 11.62 12.82 1.472 6.13
0.35 5.81 10.79 11.99 1.372 6.77
0.40 6.64 9.96 11.16 1.272 7.25
0.45 7.47 9.13 10.33 1.172 7.56
0.50 8.30 8.30 9.50 1.072 7.70
Summary :- The maximum live load shear and flexure with impact at different points are as follows

0.00 0.00 298.4 0.00
0.05 0.83 279.9 234.94
0.10 1.66 261.3 444.39
0.15 2.49 242.7 628.33
0.20 3.32 224.2 786.78
0.25 4.15 205.6 919.73
0.30 4.98 187.0 1027.18
0.35 5.81 168.5 1109.13
0.40 6.64 149.9 1165.59
0.45 7.47 131.3 1196.54
0.50 8.30 112.8 1202.00
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Appendix GB
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GB.3.1.2.4 Summary of total dead and live load moments
According to subchapter 3.3, the coefficients for load factor service load design are as follows:
For standard truck & lane , design tandem loading
Vu = 1.25VDL+1.75VLL+I Vs = VDL+VLL+I
Mu = 1.25MDL+1.75MLL+I Ms = MDL+MLL+I
The load summary adds up the dead loads and the maximum of the two live load cases,
(i.e standard truck & lane loading).
a x Vu[KN/m] Mu[KNm/m] Vs[KN/m] Ms[KNm/m]

0.00 0.00 960.45 0.00 732.13 0.00
0.05 0.83 885.38 752.93 674.51 574.03
0.10 1.66 810.31 1417.37 616.90 1080.80
0.15 2.49 735.24 1993.33 559.28 1520.29
0.20 3.32 660.16 2480.79 501.67 1892.52
0.25 4.15 585.09 2879.76 444.06 2197.48
0.30 4.98 510.02 3190.24 386.44 2435.17
0.35 5.81 434.95 3427.30 328.83 2616.79
0.40 6.64 359.87 3606.01 271.21 2753.53
0.45 7.47 284.80 3696.23 213.60 2823.01
0.50 8.30 210.99 3697.96 156.92 2825.21
GB.3.2 Interior Girder

GB.3.2.1 Dead load
GB.3.2.1.1 Dead load of girder
Item Weight[KN/m]
Top slab 11.722
girder 9.850
fillet 0.000
wearing surface 2.860
Total 24.431
INTERIOR GIRDER CROSS SECTION
GB.3.2.1.2 Dead load of diaphragm
a) Near center of span b) Near end of span
Item Weight[KN] Item Weight[KN]

Diaphragm 10.39 Diaphragm 10.39
Fillet 0.00 Fillet 0.00
Total 10.39 Total 10.39
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Appendix GB
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GB.3.2.1.3 Dead load shear and moment
a) Girder
Reaction at support =wL/2 = 202.78 KN
* Point of maximum live load moment =(L/2-.711)/L = 0.457

0.00 0.00 202.78 0.00
0.05 0.83 182.50 159.89
0.10 1.66 162.22 302.95
0.15 2.49 141.95 429.18
0.20 3.32 121.67 538.58
0.25 4.15 101.39 631.15
0.30 4.98 81.11 706.89
0.35 5.81 60.83 765.79
0.40 6.64 40.56 807.87
0.45 7.47 20.28 833.12
0.50 8.30 0.00 841.53
b) Diaphragm
Reaction at support due to the midway diaphragms = 5.19 KN

0.00 0.00 5.19 0.00
0.05 0.83 5.19 4.31
0.10 1.66 5.19 8.62
0.15 2.49 5.19 12.94
0.20 3.32 5.19 17.25
0.25 4.15 5.19 21.56
0.30 4.98 5.19 25.87
0.35 5.81 5.19 30.18
0.40 6.64 5.19 34.49
0.45 7.47 5.19 38.81
0.50 8.30 5.19 43.12
GB.3.2.2 Live load
GB.3.2.2.1 Lane load
Remark: In the following Table impact and the transversal distribution factors are included.
Line load per meter on the int. gir.for shear = 8.03 kN/m
Line load per meter on the int. gir.for moment = 6.71 kN/m
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Appendix GB
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a x VA [KN/m] Mo[KNm/m]
0.00 0.00 66.63 0.00
0.05 0.83 59.97 43.91
0.10 1.66 53.30 83.20
0.15 2.49 46.64 117.86
0.20 3.32 39.98 147.90
0.25 4.15 33.31 173.33
0.30 4.98 26.65 194.12
0.35 5.81 19.99 210.30
0.40 6.64 13.33 221.86
0.45 7.47 6.66 228.79
0.50 8.30 0.00 231.10
GB.3.2.2.2 Standard truck load

a) Transversal distribution of wheel load
I) Distribution coefficient for moment in interior girder
The live load flexural moment for interior beams with concrete decks may be determined by applying the lane load
fraction specified as follows:
For one design lane loaded:

According to Art. 3.8 Live Load/Multiple Presence of Live Load, the distribution factor where single lane approximation distribution
is used has to be divided by 1.20.
0.4 0.3 3 0.1
Rin moment(1) = 0.06+(S/4300) (S/L) (Kg/Lts ) Where :
= 0.441 (Kg/Lts3) may be taken as 1.0
1100 <=S <=4900
For two or more design lanes are loaded: 6000 <=L <=73000
0.6 0.2 3 0.1

Rin moment(2) = 0.075+(S/2900) (S/L) (Kg/Lts )
= 0.721
Therefore, Rin moment (1) or for half lane load loading (I.e one line of load )
Rin moment(2) multiplied by two and the maximum is taken.
According to Art. 3.8 Live Load/Multiple Presence of Live Load, the factors shall not be applied in conjunction with
approximate load distribution factors specified above, except where the lever rule is used.
Rin moment= 1.443
II) Distribution coefficient for shear in interior girder
For one design lane loaded:

According to Art. 3.8 Live Load/Multiple Presence of Live Load, the distribution factor where single lane approximation distribution
is used has to be divided by 1.20.
Rin shear(1) = 0.36+S/7600 Where :
= 0.585 1100 <=S <=4900
6000 <=L <=73000
For two or more design lanes are loaded:
Rin shear(2) = 0.2+S/3600-(S/10700)2.0

= 0.863
Therefore, Rex shear (1) or for half lane load loading (I.e one line of load )
Rex shear (2) multiplied by two and the maximum is taken.
Rin shear= 1.726
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Appendix GB
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
b) Longitudinal distribution of wheel load
Summary of maximum live load shear and moments plus impact at different points
a x VA Mo VA [KN/m] Mo[KNm/m]
0.00 0.00 2.476 0.000 376.49 0.00
0.05 0.83 2.326 1.931 351.10 245.87
0.10 1.66 2.176 3.613 325.71 461.13
0.15 2.49 2.027 5.047 300.32 645.80
0.20 3.32 1.877 6.232 274.93 799.85
0.25 4.15 1.728 7.170 249.54 923.31
0.30 4.98 1.578 7.858 224.15 1016.16
0.35 5.81 1.428 8.370 198.76 1085.88
0.40 6.64 1.279 8.777 173.37 1139.95
0.45 7.47 1.129 8.935 147.98 1163.43
0.50 8.30 0.985 8.845 123.34 1156.29
GB.3.2.2.3 Design tandem
P' for shear = 64.36 kN

P' for moment = 48.48 kN

0.00 0.00 231.6 0.00
0.05 0.83 216.4 141.72
0.10 1.66 201.2 268.12
0.15 2.49 186.0 379.20
0.20 3.32 170.7 474.94
0.25 4.15 155.5 555.36
0.30 4.98 140.3 620.46
0.35 5.81 125.1 670.23
0.40 6.64 109.9 704.68
0.45 7.47 94.6 723.80
0.50 8.30 79.4 727.59
GB.3.2.2.4 Summary of total dead and live load moments
According to subchapter 3.3, the coef. for load factor service load design are as follows:
For standard truck & lane , and design tandem loading
Vu = 1.25VDL+1.75VLL+I Vs = VDL+VLL+I
Mu = 1.25MDL+1.75MLL+I Ms = MDL+MLL+I
The load summary adds up the dead loads and the maximum of the two live load cases,
(i.e standard truck & lane loading).
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Appendix GB
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

0.00 0.00 918.83 0.00 697.41 0.00
0.05 0.83 849.05 635.52 644.13 483.83
0.10 1.66 779.27 1196.45 590.84 911.05
0.15 2.49 709.49 1682.79 537.56 1281.65
0.20 3.32 639.71 2094.53 484.27 1595.64
0.25 4.15 569.93 2431.67 430.99 1853.01
0.30 4.98 500.15 2694.22 377.70 2053.76
0.35 5.81 430.37 2895.26 324.42 2207.62
0.40 6.64 360.59 3047.88 271.13 2324.31
0.45 7.47 290.81 3125.90 217.85 2384.38
0.50 8.30 222.34 3129.33 165.54 2387.83
GB.3.3 Summary of Girder shear and moment for design

0.00 0.00 960.45 0.00 732.13 0.00
0.05 0.83 885.38 752.93 674.51 574.03
0.10 1.66 810.31 1417.37 616.90 1080.80
0.15 2.49 735.24 1993.33 559.28 1520.29
0.20 3.32 660.16 2480.79 501.67 1892.52
0.25 4.15 585.09 2879.76 444.06 2197.48
0.30 4.98 510.02 3190.24 386.44 2435.17
0.35 5.81 434.95 3427.30 328.83 2616.79
0.40 6.64 360.59 3606.01 271.21 2753.53
0.45 7.47 290.81 3696.23 217.85 2823.01
0.50 8.30 222.34 3697.96 165.54 2825.21
FACTORED LOADS MOMENT DIAGRAM

y = -59.586x2 + 937.13x + 15.07
4000
3500
3000
2500
Mu [KNm]
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00
x [m]
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Appendix GB
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
SERVICE LOADS MOMENT DIAGRAM

y = -45.376x2 + 714.8x + 11.195
3200
2800
2400
2000
Ms [KNm]
1600
1200
800
400
0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00
x [m]
GB.3.4 Design for Flexure
GB.3.4.1. Exterior girder design
The reinforcement c/c spacing limits according to subchaper 7.3 are as follows:
min. horizontal c/c spacing b/n bars in the web = 0.11 m

min. horizontal c/c spacing b/n bundle bars = 0.11 m
Prov. No of bar in the bottom flange =a= 4
min.vertical c/c spacing b/n bars =s= 0.09 m
max. No of bar per row in the web =b= 4
center of bottom bar to bottom of girder =x= 0.07 m
center of bottom corner bar to nearest side of girder = 0.07 m
GB.3.4.1.1 Effective flange width for flexural compression
The total width of slab effective as a T-girder flange shall not exceed one fourth of
the span length of the girder, c/c spacing b/n girders( if total No of girders is greater or equal to 3), half of c/c spacing
b/n girders plus over hang length (where the effective flange width overhanging on one side of the web shall not exceed
six times the thickness of slab) plus half web width.
The effective flange width may be taken as one-half the effective width of the adjacent interior beam plus the least of:
- one-eighth of the effective span length
- 6.0 times the average thickness of the slab, plus the greater of half the web thickness or one quarter of the
width of the top flange of the basic girder, or
- the width of the overhang
befff comp.= 2.760 m
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Appendix GB
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
GB.3.4.1.2 Web width for computation of equivalent concrete area for Serviceability requirements
befff dist.= 0.380 m
GB.3.4.1.3 Serviceability Requirements

For flexural members designed with reference to load factor and strengths by strength design method, stresses at service
load shall be limited to satisfy the requirements for fatigue and for distribution of reinforcement.
The requirements for control of deflection shall also be checked.
GB.3.4.1.3.1 Fatigue stress limits
Spacing b/n the 35kN and 145kN axels = 4.30 m

Spacing b/n the 145kN and 145kN axels = 9.00 m
Impact
Take I = 0.150
1+I = 1.150
Design Truck moment
Case -1 Moment at rear wheel position (truck moving to the right )
a = x/L x x1 x2 x3 VA Mo
0.00 0.00 3.300 7.600 16.600 1.508 0.000
0.05 0.83 2.470 6.770 15.770 1.395 1.158
0.10 1.66 1.640 5.940 14.940 1.283 2.129
0.15 2.49 0.810 5.110 14.110 1.170 2.913
0.20 3.32 0.000 4.280 13.280 1.058 3.512
0.25 4.15 0.000 3.450 12.450 0.958 3.975
0.30 4.98 0.000 2.620 11.620 0.858 4.272
0.35 5.81 0.000 1.790 10.790 0.758 4.403
0.40 6.64 0.000 0.960 9.960 0.658 4.368
0.45 7.47 0.000 0.130 9.130 0.558 4.167
0.50 8.30 0.000 0.000 8.300 0.500 4.150
Case -2 Moment and shear at middle wheel position (truck moving to the left )
a = x/L x x1 x2 x3 VA Mo
0.25 4.15 3.450 12.450 0.000 0.958 3.975
0.30 4.98 2.620 11.620 15.920 1.098 4.399
0.35 5.81 1.790 10.790 15.090 0.985 4.657
0.40 6.64 0.960 9.960 14.260 0.873 4.727
0.45 7.47 0.130 9.130 13.430 0.760 4.611
0.50 8.3 0.000 8.300 12.600 0.690 4.658
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Appendix GB
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Summary:- The maximum of the above moments is taken
Remark :- The maximum of the two live load distribution coefficient is taken.
- The multiple presence factor is not considered for fatique limit state analysis.
Mdead Mdead M truck M truck

a = x/L Exterior Interior Exterior Interior
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0
0.05 205.96 164.20 153.2 96.8
0.10 390.46 311.58 283.6 179.7
0.15 553.51 442.12 391.1 249.0
0.20 695.11 555.83 475.8 304.5
0.25 815.26 652.71 543.0 349.1
0.30 913.95 732.76 589.4 381.1
0.35 991.19 795.98 615.2 400.4
0.40 1046.98 842.36 620.2 407.2
0.45 1081.32 871.92 604.5 401.3
0.50 1094.20 884.65 604.5 402.1
Max 1094.20 884.65 620.22 407.15
The stress range in straight reinfororcement resulting from the fatique load combination, specified in Table 3-2, shall
not exceed :
ff = 145-0.33fmin+55(r/h) [MPa] r/h = 0.3
fLL = 50.37 MPa
fDL =fmin = 88.86 MPa
ff = 132.18 MPa OK !
GB.3.4.1.3.2 Distribution of Flexural Reinforcements

To control flexural cracking of the concrete, tension reinforcement shall be well distributed within the maximum
flexural zones. To prevent this kind of cracking, the calculated stress in the reinforcement at service load ,fs, in
ksi shall not exceed the value computed by ,
1/3
fs = z/(dcA) <=0.6fy ----------- eq (9.15)
= 240.00 MPa
The live and dead load moment stress is,
fs = fLL + fDL = 229.43 MPa OK !!

Remark : The maximum stress at midspan is checked above. For bar cut-off points indirect check is done by calculating
the theoritical minimum bar cut-off lengthes to satisfy the requirement in the tables below.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Appendix GB
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
GB.3.4.1.4 Reinforcement proportioning
Mmax = 3698 KNm coef. of d = 1.000
The following parameters are read from trendline eq. on the moment diagram charts.
y = ax2+bx+c
Factored moment a= -59.586 b= 937.13 c= 15.07
Service load moment a= -45.38 b= 714.8 c= 11.195
No of bar(or N) 15 14 12 10 8 6 OK !
bar size [mm] 32 32 32 32 32 32 OK !!
2
As[mm ] 12063.7 11259.5 9651.0 8042.5 6434.0 4825.5
No of row(or k) 4 4 3 3 2 2
x bar [m] 0.196 0.186 0.160 0.142 0.115 0.100
d [m] 1.10 1.11 1.14 1.16 1.19 1.20
r 0.0040 0.0037 0.0031 0.0025 0.0020 0.0015
fy[Mpa] 400.000 400.000 400.000 400.000 400.000 400.000
a[mm] 102.845 95.989 82.276 68.563 54.851 41.138
Asf[mm2 ] - - - - - -
As-Asf[mm2 ] 12063.72 11259.47 9650.97 8042.48 6433.98 4825.49
a'[mm] - - - - - -
Mu[KNm] 4571.28 4322.11 3817.83 3253.49 2681.21 2048.88
theo. dist. from midspan of Mu - 0.000 0.000 3.173 4.571 5.700
Remark Rect.Beam Rect.Beam Rect.Beam Rect.Beam Rect.Beam Rect.Beam
rn 0.0356 0.0329 0.0276 0.0226 0.0177 0.0131
t/d 0.199 0.197 0.193 0.190 0.186 0.183
k 0.236 0.228 0.210 0.191 0.172 0.152
kd [mm] 260.78 253.63 238.90 221.62 203.59 182.76
j 0.925 0.926 0.931 0.936 0.943 0.949
2
A [mm /bar] 9930.67 10081.63 10133.33 10792.00 10925.00 12666.67
fs of eq.8-61 [MPa] 240.00 240.00 240.00 240.00 240.00 240.00
Ms [KNm] 2955.37 2789.74 2458.20 2092.59 1725.03 1319.19
theo.dist.from midspan of Ms[m] - 1.320 3.272 4.445 5.350 6.187
Where:
xbar - centroid of rein. from bottom of girder
xbar = (ax+b((k-1)x+s(k-1)k/2))/N
d = D-xbar
r =As/beff*d
a =Asfy/.85fc'b
If T-Beam
Asf=0.85fc'(b-bw)hf /fy
a' =(As-Asf)fy/0.85fc'bw
Mu =Muf+Muw ,if T-Beam
Muf =fAsf fy(d-hf/2)
Muw=f(As-Asf)fy(d-a/2)
If Rect. Beam
Mu=fAsfy(d-a/2)
2
k =(rn+0.5(t/d) )/(rn+t/d)
2 3
j =(6+6t/d+2(t/d) +(t/d) (1/2rn))/(6-3t/d),for kd>t
j =1-k/3, for kd<=t
A-is eff. tension area, in square inches of concrete surrounding the
flexural reinforcement and having the same centroid as that rein.
divided by the number of bars.
1/3
fs =z/(dcA) <=0.6fy
Ms =Asfsjd
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Appendix GB
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Extension length required at bar cutoff
Extension length reqd beyond the point at which it is no longer required is given by ;
Lext reqd = max( 15*dia of bar,deff,1/20 of clear span length )

= 1129.1 mm
Bar cut-off locations
Length of standard hook = 0.635 m

cover to hooked bar at end = 0.05 m
Total superstructure length = 16.90 m
Moment at
theor. Length with
Bar size No.of Cutoff Theor. extension
Bar type [mm] bar/gir. [KNm] Length [m] [m]
G6 32 1 4322.11 2.641 4.899

G5 32 2 3817.83 6.543 8.801
G4 32 2 3253.49 8.889 11.147
G3 32 2 2681.21 10.700 12.958
G2 32 2 2048.88 12.373 14.631
G1 32 6 - 17.751 17.751
GB.3.4.2. Interior girder design
The reinforcement c/c spacing limits according to subchapter 7.3 are as follows:
min. horizontal c/c spacing b/n bars in the web = 0.11 m
min. horizontal c/c spacing b/n bundle bars = 0.11 m
Prov. No of bar in the bottom flange =a= 4
min.vertical c/c spacing b/n bars =s= 0.09 m
max. No of bar per row in the web =b= 4
center of bottom bar to bottom of girder =x= 0.07 m
center of bottom corner bar to nearest side of girder = 0.07 m
GB.3.4.2.1 Effective flange width for flexural compression
The total width of slab effective as a T-girder flange shall not exceed one fourth of
the span length of the girder,c/c spacing b/n girders( if total No of girders is greater or equal to 3).
For interior girder, the effective flange width may be taken as the least of:
- one-quarter of the effective span length
- 12.0 times the average thickness of the slab, plus the greater of half the web thickness or one quarter of the
width of the top flange of the girder, or
- the average spacing of the adjacent beams
befff comp.= 2.600 m
GB.3.4.2.2 Web width for computation of equivalent concrete area for Serviceability requirements
befff dist.= 0.380 m
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Appendix GB
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
GB.3.4.2.3 Reinforcement proportioning
Mmax = 3697.96 KNm

The following parameters are read from trendline equation in the moment diagram charts.
y = ax2+bx+c
Factored moment a= -59.586 b= 937.13 c= 15.07
Service load moment a= -45.38 b= 714.8 c= 11.195
No of bar(or N) 15 14 12 10 8 6
bar size [mm] 32 32 32 32 32 32
2
As[mm ] 12063.7 11259.5 9651.0 8042.5 6434.0 4825.5
No of row(or k) 4 4 3 3 2 2
x bar [m] 0.196 0.186 0.160 0.142 0.115 0.100
d [m] 1.10 1.11 1.14 1.16 1.19 1.20
r 0.0042 0.0039 0.0033 0.0027 0.0021 0.0015
fy[Mpa] 400.000 400.000 400.000 400.000 400.000 400.000
a[mm] 109.174 101.896 87.339 72.783 58.226 43.670
Asf[mm2 ] - - - - - -
As-Asf[mm2 ] 12063.72 11259.47 9650.97 8042.48 6433.98 4825.49
a'[mm] - - - - - -
Mu[KNm] 4557.54 4310.14 3809.04 3247.38 2677.30 2046.68
theo. dist. from midspan of Mu - 0.000 0.000 3.192 4.579 5.703
Remark Rect.Beam Rect.Beam Rect.Beam Rect.Beam Rect.Beam Rect.Beam
rn 0.0378 0.0350 0.0293 0.0240 0.0188 0.0139
t/d 0.199 0.197 0.193 0.190 0.186 0.183
k 0.243 0.234 0.216 0.197 0.176 0.156
kd [mm] 268.58 261.14 245.79 227.72 208.82 186.92
j 0.923 0.925 0.930 0.935 0.941 0.948
2
A [mm /bar] 9930.67 10081.63 10133.33 10792.00 10925.00 12666.67
fs of eq.8-61 [MPa] 240.00 240.00 240.00 240.00 240.00 240.00
Ms [KNm] 2951.56 2785.97 2454.52 2088.98 1722.34 1317.58
theo.dist.from midspan of Ms[m] - 1.366 3.286 4.454 5.356 6.190
Where:
xbar - centroid of rein. from bottom of girder
xbar = (ax+b((k-1)x+s(k-1)k/2))/N
d = D-xbar
r =As/beff*d
a =Asfy/.85fc'b
If T-Beam
Asf=0.85fc'(b-bw)hf /fy
a' =(As-Asf)fy/0.85fc'bw
Mu =Muf+Muw ,if T-Beam
Muf =fAsf fy(d-hf/2)
Muw=f(As-Asf)fy(d-a/2)
If Rect. Beam
Mu=fAsfy(d-a/2)
2
k =(rn+0.5(t/d) )/(rn+t/d)
2 3
j =(6+6t/d+2(t/d) +(t/d) (1/2rn))/(6-3t/d),for kd>t
j =1-k/3, for kd<=t
A-is eff. tension area, in square inches of concrete surrounding the
flexural reinforcement and having the same centroid as that rein.
divided by the number of bars.
1/3
fs =z/(dcA) <=0.6fy
Ms =Asfsjd
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Appendix GB
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bar curtailment
The following parameters are read from trendline equation in the moment diagram chart.
y = ax2+bx+c
a= -59.586 b= 937.13 c= 15.07
Length of standard hook = 0.635 m

cover to hooked bar at end = 0.05 m
Total superstructure length = 16.90 m
Moment at
theor. Length with
Bar size No.of Cutoff Theor. extension
Bar type [mm] bar/gir. [KNm] Length [m] [m]
G5 32 1 4310.14 2.731 4.989
G4 32 2 3809.04 6.571 8.830
G3 32 2 3247.38 8.909 11.167
G2 32 2 2677.30 10.712 12.970
G1 32 2 2046.68 12.379 14.637
G 32 6 - 17.751 17.751
GB.3.5 Design for Shear for Exterior and Interior girders

According to Eq. 12.25 and 12.26, Design of cross sections subject to shear shall be based on:
Vu <= fVn and Vn =Vc+Vs
The shear stress carried by concrete is calculated as
b= 2.00
vc =0.083*b*sqrt(fc') = 0.742 MPa
fvc = 0.668 MPa
For the shear in excess of the concrete capacity, the value carried by shear reinforcement is given by
the equation as follows:
For shear reinf. perpendicular to the axis of the member, Vs=Avfyd/s
===> s=Avfy/(v-fvc)bw
Maximum spacing requirements
According to eq. 12.34,, Av>=0.083sqrt(fc')bw s/fy ==> s<=Avfy/(0.083sqrt(fc')bw)

where:
bw = 380 mm
smax=Avfy/(0.083sqrt(fc')bw) = 561.3 mm Dia. of shear rein. = 12 mm
No of legs = 2
fy = 350.000 MPa
fs = 175.000 MPa
Moreover, according to Eq. 12.35 fshear = 0.9
If Vu < 0.1fc'bvdv, then: If Vu >= 0.1fc'bvdv, then:
smax <= 0.8dv<=600mm smax <= 0.4dv<=300mm
dv = 1062.79 mm
0.1fc'bvdv = 807.7238 kN Vu = 960.45 kN
smax = 300.00 mm
=
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Appendix GB
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Therefore, the max. spacing is the smaller of the two.
smax = 300 mm
Sections located less than a distance d from support may be designed for the same shear,V,
as that computed at a distance d. But in this case the shear at support is considered.
Vd = 859.4 kN
Spacing at different points
vmax=Vd/bw*d = 2.048 MPa davg = 1129.07 mm

smin=fAvfy/(v-fvc)bw = 130.0 mm bw = 380 mm
FACTORED LOADS SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
1100
1000
900
800
700
Vu [KNm]
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00
x [m] y = -89.471x + 958.16
The shear eq. from the shear force trendline is as follows : V = -ax+b
a = 89.471
b = 958.16
spacing bar size No of legs fy v-fvc v V dist.from sup No of sp.
[mm] [mm] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [KN] [m]
60 12 2 350.00 - - - - 1
130 12 2 350.00 1.442 2.110 885.39 0.813 12
150 12 2 350.00 1.250 1.918 822.98 1.511 10
200 12 2 350.00 0.938 1.606 688.90 3.009 4
250 12 2 350.00 0.750 1.418 608.45 3.909 0
250 12 2 350.00 0.750 1.418 608.45 3.909 18
Total length = 8420 mm
N.B . The first bar shall be put at a distance not farther than half the minimum spacing from c/l of support.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Appendix GB
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
GB.4 Computation of skin reinforcement
The skin reinforcement on each face is given by the following formula.
N.B. Skin reinforcement is needed for D>900mm.
Ask>=0.001(d-760) ; but the spacing of bar shall not be greater than the lesser of d/6 or 300.
2
Ask >= 0.001(d-30) [mm /mm] Where: d is in inches.
2
>= 369.071 mm /m f of bar for skin rein. = 16 mm
smax = 180 mm
Use 2 f 16 c/c 180.0 mm
GB.5 Computation of Deflection
GB.5.1 Calculation of moment of inertias
GB.5.1.1 Calculation of gross moment of inertia
Remark : For simplifying the calculation the slab surface is assumed level, i.e. without crossfall.
The center of gravity from bottom of girder is calculated as follows:
Area ycg
Part [m2] [m] Area*ycg
Slab 2.12 1.19 2.52 Ycg = S[Area*ycg]/S[Area]
Girder 1.2312 0.54 0.66 = 0.95 m
Sum 3.35 3.18
y* = ABS(ycg-Ycg)
Area y*
Part [m2] [m] Icg A*(y*)2 Icg+A*(y*)2
Slab 2.12 0.24 0.01198 0.12096 0.1329
Girder 1.2312 0.41 0.11967 0.20789 0.3276
Sum, Ig = 0.4605 m4
GB.5.1.2 Calculation of effective moment of inertia

3 3
Ie = [Mcr/Ma] Ig+[1-(Mcr/Ma) ]Icr <=Ig
Mcr = fr*Ig/yt
= 1364.39 kN.m
No. of
W [kN/m] girder (No.Gir)*W
Dead load of Exterior girder = 31.14 2 62.28
Dead load of Interior girder = 24.43 1 24.43
SUM Wt = 86.71 kN/m
Ma = Wt*L2/8
= 2986.81 kNm
From previous calculation, kd for the factored live and dead load is used for the computation.
kd = 260.78 mm
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Appendix GB
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Area ycg
Part [m2] [m] Area*ycg
Slab 2.116 1.17 2.48 Ycg = S[Area*ycg]/S[Area]
Girder 0.046 1.06 0.05 = 1.17 m
Transformed reinf. 0.109 0.20 0.02
Sum 2.16 2.52 y* = ABS(ycg-Ycg)
Area y*
Part [m2] [m] Icg A*(y*)2 Icg+A*(y*)2
Slab 2.116 0.0024 0.01198 0.00001 0.0120
Girder 0.046 0.1077 0.00001 0.00054 0.0005
Transformed reinf. 0.109 0.9713 0.00000 0.10244 0.1024
Sum, Icr = 0.1150 m4
Therefore, the effective moment of inertia is,

Ie = [Mcr/Ma]3Ig+[1-(Mcr/Ma)3]Icr <=Ig
4
= 0.1479 m
GB.5.1.3 Calculation of dead load deflection using the effective moment of inertia
The maximum deflection is calculated as follows:
4
Def. Max. = 5[w*l ] Ec = 22610 Mpa
384EIe
= 25.64 mm
Since the instantaneous deflection is based on Ie, the long term deflection may be taken as the
instantaneous deflection multiplied by the following factor.
Factor = 3.0-1.2(As'/As)>=1.6
Where
As' = area of compression reinforcement (mm2)
As = area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement (mm2)
Since As' =0, the multiplying factor is 3.0
Factor = 3.0
Long term deflection = 76.91 mm
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Appendix GB
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
GB.5.1.4 Calculation of live load deflection using the effective moment of inertia
The live load deflection at middspan for different loading conditions that is analogous to the moving
load pattern is given as follows:
P P P/4
- When investigating the maximum absolute deflection, all design lanes should be loaded; and all
supporting components should be assumed to deflect equally.
- The live load portion of load combination Service I of Table 3-3( i.e, load factors for both live
and dead load equal to 1.0) with dynamic load allowance factor should be applied.
P with IM = 385.7 kN w lane load = 18.6 N/mm
x =l/2 = 8.3 def. Lane =5wl4/(384EI) = 5.50 mm
-2
Px/(6eIl) = 9.61E-12 mm
According to Chapter 3,
- The live load deflection should be taken as the larger of :
* That resulting from the design truck alone, or
* That resulting from 25 percent of the design truck together with the design lane load.
Def at
midspan
Def at (0.25*Axle
midspan +
(axle) Lane)
a x x1 x2 x3 [mm] [mm]
0.00 0.00 8.000 12.300 16.600 10.52 8.13
0.05 0.83 7.170 11.470 15.770 13.21 8.80
0.10 1.66 6.340 10.640 14.940 15.59 9.40
0.15 2.49 5.510 9.810 14.110 17.61 9.90
0.20 3.32 4.680 8.980 13.280 19.20 10.30
0.25 4.15 3.850 8.150 12.450 20.32 10.58
0.30 4.98 3.020 7.320 11.620 20.91 10.73
0.35 5.81 2.190 6.490 10.790 20.98 10.74
0.40 6.64 1.360 5.660 9.960 20.54 10.64
0.45 7.47 0.530 4.830 9.130 19.61 10.40
0.50 8.30 0.000 4.000 8.300 18.32 10.08
Therefore, the maximum live load deflection is the maximum of the tabulated values above.
Def. Live load Max = 20.98 mm

For Vehicular load, the deflection limit is equal to Span/800.
Span/def. Live load Max = 791 ~ 800, OK !
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Appendix GB

Bridge Design Manual - 2002 Girder Bridge Design

Appendix GB - 16.6m C/C SPAN & 7.32m CLEAR BRIDGE WIDTH

Specification used : ERA Bridge Design Manual 2002

Rear Axle load = P = 145.00 kN

Dead load limit state factor = 1.25

Dead load service state factor = 1.00

Fatique Live load factor = 0.75

girder depth =0.070*s = 1.162 m

TYPICAL CROSS SECTION

GB.1.1 Dead load

GB.1.2 Live load

According to Art. 2.7 of the AASHTO 1996, the design load, P is ,

MLL = 25.59 kNm/m

dist. from face of rail to overhanging gir. face = 0.870 m

MTotal = 35.21 kNm/m

a) Dead load plus rail live load

GB.1.4 Design for flexure

Mu= 73.17 kNm/m fmoment = 0.9

use f 16 c/c 190 mm

GB.2 Design of slab

GB.2.1 Design of Interior spans

GB.2.1.1 Dead load

Dead load Moment at the midspan

b) Slab with more than two girders

GB.2.2 Live load moment a b a= 0.50 mm

Eoverhang = 1140+0.833X Where : X = Distance from load to point of support [mm]

Epositive = 660+0.55*S S = girder spacing [mm]

Reaction at Support A = 122.69 kN

Minterior wheel = 13.88 kNm

b) Slab with more than two girders

Let x be the center to center of girder spacing.

GB.2.3 Factored design moment

GB.2.4 Design for flexure

GB.2.4.2 Slab bottom reinforcement

GB.2.4.3 Distribution reinforcement

Percentage = 3840/sqrt(s) <=67%

GB.3.1 Exterior Girder

GB.3.1.1 Dead load

GB.3.1.1.1 Dead load of girder

GB.3.1.1.2 Dead load of diaphragm

Item Weight[KN] Item Weight[KN]

Reaction at support =wL/2 = 258.47 KN

a x [m] VA [KN] Mo[KNm]

Reaction at support due to the midway diaphragms = 2.60 KN

a x [m] VA [KN] Mo[KNm]

GB.3.1.2 Live load

GB.3.1.2.1 Lane load ( Uniformly distributed load)

GB.3.1.2.2 Standard truck load

I) Distribution coefficient for moment in exterior girder

Distance of first line of wheel from face of rail = 0.60 m

Rex moment(1) = 1.662

Rex moment= 1.662

II) Distribution coefficient for shear in exterior girder

For two or more design lanes are loaded:

Rin shear(2) = (0.6+de/3000)*Rin shear

Rin shear= 1.662

GB.3.1.2.3 Design Tandem

P' for shear = 91.38 kN